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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air pollution modelling

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Academic literature on the topic 'Air pollution modelling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

1

Manins, Peter Charles. "Regional Air Pollution Modelling for Planners." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 6, no. 3 (1995): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.1995.6.3.393(rec).

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Путренко, Віктор Валентинович, and Володимир Олександрович Тихоход. "Geostatistical modelling of air pollution analysis." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 10(76) (August 19, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2015.47889.

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Ebel, Adolf. "Modelling air pollution on regional scales." Journal of Aerosol Science 32 (September 2001): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(01)00111-2.

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Davidson, W. "Receptor modelling in air pollution studies." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 6 (June 1992): XVI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(92)80050-g.

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Hewitt, C. N. "Receptor modelling in air pollution studies." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 4 (April 1992): xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(92)87082-u.

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Topçu, N., B. Keskinler, M. Bayramoǧlu, and M. Akçay. "Air pollution modelling in Erzurum city." Environmental Pollution 79, no. 1 (1993): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90171-j.

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Benarie, Michael M. "The limits of air pollution modelling." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90263-0.

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Colette, A., B. Bessagnet, F. Meleux, and L. Rouïl. "Frontiers in air quality modelling." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 3 (August 2, 2013): 4189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-4189-2013.

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Abstract. The first pan-European kilometre-scale atmospheric chemistry simulation is introduced. The continental-scale air pollution episode of January 2009 is modelled with the CHIMERE offline chemistry-transport model with a massive grid of 2 million horizontal points, performed on 2000 CPU of a high performance computing system hosted by the Research and Technology Computing Center at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CCRT/CEA). Besides the technical challenge, we find that model biases are significantly reduced, especially over urban areas. The high resolution grid also allows revisiting the contribution of individual city plumes to the European burden of pollution, providing new insights for designing air pollution control strategies.

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Colette, A., B. Bessagnet, F. Meleux, E. Terrenoire, and L. Rouïl. "Frontiers in air quality modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-203-2014.

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Abstract. The first pan-European kilometre-scale atmospheric chemistry simulation is introduced. The continental-scale air pollution episode of January 2009 is modelled with the CHIMERE offline chemistry transport model with a massive grid of 2 million horizontal points, performed on 2000 CPU of a high-performance computing system hosted by the Research and Technology Computing Center at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CCRT/CEA). Besides the technical challenge, we find that model biases are significantly reduced, especially over urban areas. The high-resolution grid also allows revisiting of the contribution of individual city plumes to the European burden of pollution, providing new insights to target the appropriate geographical level of action when designing air pollution mitigation strategies.

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Bitta, Jan, Irena Pavlíková, Vladislav Svozilík, and Petr Jančík. "Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling Using Spatial Analyses." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120489.

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Air pollution dispersion modelling via spatial analyses (Land Use Regression—LUR) is an alternative approach to the standard air pollution dispersion modelling techniques in air quality assessment. Its advantages are mainly a much simpler mathematical apparatus, quicker and simpler calculations and a possibility to incorporate more factors affecting pollutant’s concentration than standard dispersion models. The goal of the study was to model the PM10 particles dispersion via spatial analyses in the Czech–Polish border area of the Upper Silesian industrial agglomeration and compare the results with the results of the standard Gaussian dispersion model SYMOS’97. The results show that standard Gaussian model with the same data as the LUR model gives better results (determination coefficient 71% for Gaussian model to 48% for LUR model). When factors of the land cover were included in the LUR model, the LUR model results improved significantly (65% determination coefficient) to a level comparable with the Gaussian model. A hybrid approach of combining the Gaussian model with the LUR gives superior quality of results (86% determination coefficient).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

1

Yan, Haojie. "Bayesian spatial modelling of air pollution." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541668.

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Antonacci, Gianluca. "Air pollution modelling over complex topography." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2004. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/612/1/Gianluca_Antonacci-2004.pdf.

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The present study deals with air pollution modelling over complex topography, both from the phenomenological and numerical point of view. The theme of air pollution modelling has been faced at first from a phenomenological point of view. Then a numerical approach for the resolution of the diffusion-advection equation has been followed. Two different methods have been explored: puff-models and lagrangian particle models. The eulero-lagrangian puff-model CALPUFF (released by Earth Tech) has been used as a reference: closures and parametrizations adopted by this software have been tested over complex terrain and some minor changes have been introduced into the original code. A further step was the development of a lagrangian particle-tracking program, suitable for not homogenous not stationary flows, and also adapted to complex terrain cases, accounting for vertical skewed turrbulence in any atmospheric stability class. Langevin equation were solved following Thomson's (1987) approach. Special attention was put on near field dispersion processes. In fact, lagrangian models turn out to be the most advanced numerical schemes for pollutant transport simulations but at now only suitable for short term simulations, at least in complex errain where high spatial resolution is needed. An extension for the lagrangian model has been then developed, using the so called "kernel method"; this feature improves considerably the calculation performance, dramatically reducing computation time, so that simulations also become praticable for longer temporal scales; nevertheless it seems the kernel method seems to lead to unreliable results for narrow valleys or very steep slopes, so results cannot be generalized. Moreover, the problem of the determination of vertical profiles of turbulent diffusivity on complex orography has been faced. Both a local approach and a global one (suitable for compact valleys) for the estimate of eddy diffusivity in valley have been investigated. The first one has been adopted in the lagrangian problem previously developed. Since atmospheric turbulence is mostly generated by solar thermal flux, a procedure for the calculation of the effective solar radiation was developed. The method, which can be introduced into meteorological models which use complex orography as input, takes into account for shadowed areas, soil coverage and the possible precense of clouds which filter and reduce the incoming solar radiation. Tests have been carried out using a modified version of model CALMET (EarthTech Inc.). Results are in agreement with turbulence data acquired by means of a sonic anemometer during a field campain performed by the Department. Finally, the analysis of near field dispersion over complex terrain has been extended to the urban context, adopting, basically, the same conceptual tools on a smaller scale. A finite volume three-dimensional numerical model has been developed and tested in simulating dispersion of traffic derived pollutants in the town of Trento. For ground level sources geometry of the domain and emission condition turn out to be very important with respect to meteorological conditions (especially atmospheric stability). The roughness, i.e. the buildings of the study area has been therefore explicitely considered, using a high resolution deigital elevation map of the urban area. This approach has turned out to be necessary for near field dispersion, when the emission source is located inside the roughness and the impact area entirely fall inside the near field. Here a comparison has been made between the predicted numerical solution and data measured by air quality stations which are present in the urban area, showing a good agreement. A further refinement of the study has lead to the development of a two-dimensional x-z lagrangian model at the "street scale", for the study of canyon effects which tends to trap pollutant inside an urban canyon with behaviours which typically depends on geometric features, atmospheric turbulence and wind speed.

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Surapipith, Vanisa. "Air pollution in northern Czech Republic." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251568.

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Luhar, Ashok Kumar. "Random walk modelling of air pollution dispersion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387006.

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Zhong, Jian. "Modelling air pollution within a street canyon." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6491/.

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A street canyon is a typical urban configuration with surrounding buildings along the street, where emissions from vehicles are normally released. Buildings are the artificial obstacles to the urban atmospheric flow and give rise to limited ventilation, especially for deep street canyons. This study implements a large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with a reduced chemical scheme (the LES-chemistry model) to investigate the processing, dispersion and transport of reactive pollutants in a deep street canyon. Spatial variation of reactive pollutants are significant due to the existence of unsteady multiple vortices and pollutant concentrations exhibit significant contrasts within each vortex. In practical applications of using one-box model, the hypothesis of a well-mixed deep street canyon is shown to be inappropriate. A simplified two-box model (vertically segregated) is developed and evaluated against the LES-chemistry model to represent key photochemical processes with timescales similar to and smaller than the turbulent mixing timescale. The two-box model provides the capability of efficiently running a series of emission scenarios under a set of meteorological conditions. In addition, a box model with grid-averaged emissions of street canyons is compared with a two-box model considering each street canyon independently (horizontally segregated) to evaluate uncertainties when grid-averaged emissions are adopted in a grid-based urban air quality model. This study could potentially support traffic management, urban planning strategies and personal exposure assessment.

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Park, Jin Young. "Microscopic modelling of air pollution from road traffic." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11308.

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Vienneau, Danielle Marie. "Spatial modelling of air pollution for exposure assessment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8283.

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Oldham, M. A. "Statistical modelling of asthma and air pollution data." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638363.

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This thesis is motivated by the particular modelling requirements of data collected by a General Practitioner who wished to study the relationship between incidences of asthma and air pollution in Glyn Neath, a small mining village in South Wales. We consider the need to model the function of an individual's peak expiratory flow in such a way that the possible influence of airborne pollutants is testable, using only the binary time series of attacks available for each patient. Korn and Whittemore (1979) presented a threshold model which considered an individual's resistance to an 'onslaught' of pollution. A subtle adaptation of the principles of their research has allowed this methodology to be adapted to the requirements of this thesis. We present a model which is motivated by medically-based criteria and is capable of generating events corresponding to acute episodes of asthma. Statistical analysis of the model introduces correlated random variables with survival probabilities requiring the integration of the appropriate multi-dimensional Normal probability density function. We develop a novel approach for approximating the correlation structure which allows this integration to be reduced to a single dimension. For parameter estimation we consider the method of maximum likelihood and examine the properties of the maximum likelihood estimates. Initial exploration of the estimates indicate that they are substantially biased and hence further refinement of the approximated correlation structure is necessary. The research has achieved its original aim of developing medically based statistical methods.

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Chin, Chi-pang Henry. "Receptor modelling of particulates pollution in Hong Kong by chemical mass balance /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18736063.

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Gupta, Shivam. "Spatial modelling of air pollution for open smart cities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666745.

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A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems
Half of the world’s population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world’s population are expected to further move into urban areas. This urban growth leads to various environmental, social and economic challenges in cities, hampering the Quality of Life (QoL). Although recent trends in technologies equip us with various tools and techniques that can help in improving quality of life, air pollution remains the ‘biggest environmental health risk’ for decades, impacting individuals’ quality of life and well-being according to World Health Organisation (WHO). Many efforts have been made to measure air quality, but the sparse arrangement of monitoring stations and the lack of data currently make it challenging to develop systems that can capture within-city air pollution variations. To solve this, flexible methods that allow air quality monitoring using easily accessible data sources at the city level are desirable. The present thesis seeks to widen the current knowledge concerning detailed air quality monitoring by developing approaches that can help in tackling existing gaps in the literature. The thesis presents five contributions which address the issues mentioned above. The first contribution is the choice of a statistical method which can help in utilising existing open data and overcoming challenges imposed by the bigness of data for detailed air pollution monitoring. The second contribution concerns the development of optimisation method which helps in identifying optimal locations for robust air pollution modelling in cities. The third contribution of the thesis is also an optimisation method which helps in initiating systematic volunteered geographic information (VGI) campaigns for detailed air pollution monitoring by addressing sparsity and scarcity challenges of air pollution data in cities. The fourth contribution is a study proposing the involvement of housing companies as a stakeholder in the participatory framework for air pollution data collection, which helps in overcoming certain gaps existing in VGI-based approaches. Finally, the fifth contribution is an open-hardware system that aids in collecting vehicular traffic data using WiFi signal strength. The developed hardware can help in overcoming traffic data scarcity in cities, which limits detailed air pollution monitoring. All the contributions are illustrated through case studies in Muenster and Stuttgart. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the applicability of the developed approaches for enabling air pollution monitoring at the city-scale under the broader framework of the open smart city and for urban health research.

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Books on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

1

Zwerver, S., and J. van Ham, eds. Interregional Air Pollution Modelling. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1.

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Sportisse, Bruno, ed. Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04956-3.

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Jeremy, Colls, and Colls Jeremy, eds. Air pollution: Measurement, modelling, and mitigation. 3rd ed. London: Spon Press, 2010.

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Chatwin, P. C. Air pollution modelling for environmental impact assessment. Uxbridge: Brunel University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 1990.

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Zlatev, Z., J. Brandt, P. J. H. Builtjes, G. Carmichael, I. Dimov, J. Dongarra, H. Dop, K. Georgiev, H. Hass, and R. San Jose, eds. Large Scale Computations in Air Pollution Modelling. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4570-1.

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1939-, Zlatev Zahari, and NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Large Scale Computations in Air Pollution Modelling (1998 : Sofia, Bulgaria), eds. Large scale computations in air pollution modelling. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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International, Conference on Air Pollution (5th 1997 Bologna Italy). Air pollution V. Southampton, U.K: Computational Mechanics Publications, 1997.

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Adolf, Ebel, Friedrich R, and Rodhe H, eds. Tropospheric modelling and emission estimation: Chemical transport and emission modelling on regional, global, and urban scales. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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S, Zwerver, Ham J. van, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society., and NATO COMS Pilot Study on Air Pollution Control Strategies and Impact Modelling. Panel 2 on Air Quality Modelling., eds. Interregional air pollution modelling: The state of the art. New York: Published in cooperation with NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society [by] Plenum Press, 1985.

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Zwerver, S. Interregional Air Pollution Modelling: The State of the Art. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

1

Tiwary, Abhishek, and Ian Williams. "Air pollution modelling." In Air Pollution, 313–59. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | Earlier editions written by Jeremy Colls.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469985-8.

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van den Hout, K. D., and H. van Dop. "Interregional Modelling." In Interregional Air Pollution Modelling, 11–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1_3.

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Dop, H. "Atmospheric Distribution of Pollutants and Modelling of Air Pollution Dispersion." In Air Pollution, 107–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39222-4_4.

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Moussiopoulos, N., H. Schlünzen, and P. Louka. "Modelling Urban Air Pollution." In Air Quality in Cities, 121–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05217-4_7.

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Builtjes, Peter, and Richard Kranenburg. "Modelling Clean Air." In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII, 273–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_46.

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Salvador, R., E. Mantilla, M. J. Salazar, and M. Millán. "Air Pollution in the Mediterranean: Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling." In Urban Air Pollution, 341–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9_27.

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Zwerver, S., and J. van Ham. "Summary." In Interregional Air Pollution Modelling, 1–5. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1_1.

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Zwerver, S., and J. van Ham. "Introduction." In Interregional Air Pollution Modelling, 7–9. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1_2.

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van Aalst, R. M., and H. S. M. A. Diederen. "Removal and Transformation Processes in the Atmosphere with Respect to SO2 and NOX." In Interregional Air Pollution Modelling, 83–147. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1_4.

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Klug, W., P. J. H. Builtjes, H. van Dop, N. D. van Egmond, H. Glaab, D. Gömer, B. J. de Haan, et al. "Comparison Between Four Different Interregional Air Pollution Models." In Interregional Air Pollution Modelling, 149–273. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1245-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

1

de With, G. "CFD modelling of radioactive pollutants in a radiological laboratory." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090251.

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MAGAÑA-VILLEGAS, ELIZABETH, SERGIO RAMOS-HERRERA, IRVING IVÁN SALVADOR-TORRES, JESÚS MANUEL CARRERA-VELUETA, and RAÚL GERMÁN BAUTISTA-MARGULIS. "INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODELLING ON UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS IN TABASCO, MEXICO." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180281.

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ULAVI, SAVITHA, and SARAGUR MADANAYAK SHIVA NAGENDRA. "REGRESSION MODELLING FOR PREDICTING VISIBILITY IN A TROPICAL URBAN ENVIRONMENT." In AIR POLLUTION 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air190151.

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Booth, C. A., V. Shilton, M. A. Fullen, J. Walden, A. T. Worsley, and A. L. Power. "Environmental magnetism: measuring, monitoring and modelling urban street dust pollution." In AIR POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air06033.

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Baranka, Gy. "Modelling of air pollutants released from highway traffic in Hungary." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080091.

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Vivanco, M. G., I. Palomino, J. Plaza, B. Artíñano, M. Pujadas, and B. Bessagnet. "An evaluation of SOA modelling in the Madrid metropolitan area." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080131.

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Angelino, E., M. P. Costa, E. Peroni, and C. Sala. "A modelling tool for PM10 exposure assessment: an application example." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080211.

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KRAJEWSKI, GRZEGORZ, and KRZYSZTOF LIS. "COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DISPERSION MODELLING OF CONTAMINANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180201.

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OUCHER, NASSIMA, RABAH KERBACHI, GIORGIO PASSERINI, STEFANO CARLETTI, and NOUREDDINE YASSAA. "OZONE PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTION OVER THE NORTH OF ALGERIA: CARTOGRAPHY AND MODELLING." In AIR POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air200111.

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Amorim, J. H., M. Lopes, C. Borrego, R. Tavares, and A. I. Miranda. "Air quality modelling as a tool for sustainable urban traffic management." In AIR POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air100011.

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Reports on the topic "Air pollution modelling"

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You, Siming, Ondřej Mašek, Bauyrzhan Biakhmetov, Simon Ascher, Sudeshna Lahiri, PreetiChaturvedi Bhargava, Thallada Bhaskar, Supravat Sarangi, and Sunita Varjani. Feasibility and impacts of Bioenergy Trigeneration systems (BioTrig) in disadvantaged rural areas in India. University of Glasgow, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.305660.

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This project aims to evaluate the techno-economic and social feasibility, and socio-environmental impacts of bioenergy trigeneration (electricity, clean cooking fuel, and green soil conditioner) systems that tackle the triple crisis of poor electrification, household air pollution, and farmland contamination in rural India. This system is called BioTrig. A project workshop has been held in November in India to discuss and finalise action plans. A questionnaire has been developed to understand the energy, resource, and new technology acceptance of rural households in India. Chemical process modelling, life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis has been conducted to evaluate the environmental impact and economic feasibility of BioTrig.

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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.

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Weldon, James, ed. Integrerad övervakning av miljötillståndet i svensk skogsmark - IM : årsrapport 2022. Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.5sj2u8o6fa.

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Abstract:

Naturvårdsverkets miljöövervakningsenhet genomför Integrerad övervakning av miljötillståndet i skogsekosystem (IM) inom programområdet ”Skog”. Övervakningen är relaterad till konventionen om effekter av långtransporterade luftföroreningar ”Long-range transboundary air pollution – LRTAP 1979” (UN/ECE). IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL), Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (SGU) och Institutionen för vatten och miljö (IVM) vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) utför övervakningen på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket. Miljöövervakningen omfattar ekosystemstudier på avrinningsområdesnivå med bestämningar av vattenbalans, kemiska ämnesbudgetar och effekter på biota, främst vegetation och studier av markprocesser. Syftet är dels att som referensområden ge relevanta bakgrundsdata, dels att söka skilja effekter av mänsklig påverkan från naturlig variation. Modellering för prognostisering av utvecklingen är ett viktigt inslag. IM programmet lämpar sig också väl till testning av modeller. Mätningarna utförs i skyddade områden med lång kontinuitet, utan skogliga aktiviteter. Deposition av luftföroreningar och potentiell klimatpåverkan är de enda mänskliga störningarna i områdena. Föreliggande rapport redovisar undersökningar från år 2022 och inbegriper de fyra IM-områdena Gårdsjön, Aneboda, Kindla och Gammtratten. Verksamheten under året beskrivs kortfattat i text med glimtar av intressanta resultat som framkommit. Bearbetade data och resultat återfinns i tabellbilagan i slutet på rapporten.

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