Journal articles: 'Air pollution level'

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M, Strak, Rodopolou S, Wolf K, Hvidtfeldt U, Stafoggia M, Atkinson R, de Hoogh K, Katsouyanni K, Hoek G, and Brunekreef B. "Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000610272.18231.4e.

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Zhang, Junfeng. "Low-Level Air Pollution Associated With Death." JAMA 318, no. 24 (December 26, 2017): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18948.

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Kedarisetty, Suraj, Evan Jones, Derrick Tint, and Ahmed M. S. Soliman. "Air Pollution and Angioedema." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 161, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599819846446.

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Objective To identify environmental factors that may precipitate angioedema. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting An urban tertiary care medical center. Subjects and Methods After institutional review board approval was obtained, a chart review of all patients who presented to Temple University Hospital with angioedema from January 2012 to December 2014 was performed. Patient demographics and hospital course were gathered. Environmental data on the dates of presentation, including precipitation, humidity, and air pollution, were obtained from regional Environmental Protection Agency online data banks and used for statistical analysis. Results In total, 408 patients, representing 450 episodes of angioedema, met the inclusion criteria for the study. Most patients were female (58%), African American (74%), and on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) upon presentation (61%). Days with unhealthy levels of air pollution were associated with an increased likelihood of angioedema presentation (odds ratio [OR], 1.82; confidence interval [CI], 1.01-3.30; P = .046). Subgroup analysis revealed that elevated ground-level ozone was the primary air pollutant significantly associated with angioedema presentations (OR, 4.95; CI 1.92-12.76; P = .0009). Higher ground-level ozone was also associated with ACE-I angioedema presentations ( P = .017) but not with non-ACE-I angioedema presentations ( P = .86). Air quality was not predictive of angioedema severity or need for intubation. Conclusion Angioedema is a complex, multifactorial disease resulting in potentially life-threatening complications. This is the first study to demonstrate that higher levels of air pollution, specifically ground-level ozone, are associated with significantly increased rates of angioedema episodes, although not severity.

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Lazareva, Е. О., I. N. Lipovitskaya, Е. S. Аndreeva, and Y. V. Yefimova. "Forecast of urban air pollution level by expertise." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 17, no. 4 (2017): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2017-17-4-144-150.

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Pönkä, Antti. "Asthma and Low Level Air Pollution in Helsinki." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 46, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1991.9934386.

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Stein, Ariel F., and Beatriz M. Toselli. "Street level air pollution in Córdoba City, Argentina." Atmospheric Environment 30, no. 20 (October 1996): 3491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00097-0.

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Gibson, Matthew. "Regulation-Induced Pollution Substitution." Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 5 (December 2019): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00797.

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Environmental regulations may cause firms to reoptimize over pollution inputs. By regulating air emissions in particular counties, the Clean Air Act (CAA) gives firms incentives to substitute toward polluting other media, like waterways, and toward pollution from plants in other counties. I test these hypotheses using the EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Regulated plants increase their ratio of water-to-air emissions by 177% (102 log points) and their level of water emissions by 105% (72 log points). Regulation of an average plant increases air emissions at unregulated plants within the same firm by 11%.

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Hua, Shuoyan. "The Correlation Between Temperature Inversion and Atmosphere Pollution in Beijing." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 25 (December 13, 2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v25i.3422.

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This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between temperature inversion and air pollution in Beijing, China in year 2020. The study first analyzed the monthly trend of temperature inversion levels in 2020, finding that it has two peaks in April and October and has the lowest value in August. The writer used line charts and linear regression method to study the correlation between temperature inversion level and the daily AQI level in Beijing in 2020. The study also focused on the relationship between concentration of polluting air particles: PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2 and temperature inversion level, finding that temperature inversion level is positively correlated with the concentration of most polluting particles. The study provided comments for governments and citizens on how to reduce the effect of the air pollution caused by temperature inversion.

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Šmelcerović, Miodrag. "VALORIZATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTH SERBIA FROM THE AIR QUALITY ASPECT." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28041329m.

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The protection of the environment and people’s health from negative influences of the pollution of air as a medium of the environment requires constant observing of the air quality in accordance with international standards, the analysis of emission and imission of polluting matters in the air, and their connection with the sources of pollution. Having in mind the series of laws and delegated legislations which define the field of air pollution, it is necessary to closely observe these long-term processes, discovering cause-and-effect relationships between the activities of anthropogenic sources of emission of polluting matters and the level of air degradation. The relevant evaluation of the air quality of a certain area can be conducted if the level of concentration of polluting matters characteristic for the pollution sources of this area is observed in a longer period of time. The data obtained by the observation of the air pollution are the basis for creation of the recovery program of a certain area. Vranje is a town in South Serbia where there is a bigger number of anthropogenic pollution sources that can significantly diminish the air quality. The cause-and-effect relationship of the anthropogenic sources of pollution is conducted related to the analysis of systematized data which are in the relevant data base of the authorized institution The Institute of Public Health Vranje, for the time period between the year of 2012. and 2017. By the analysis of data of imission concentrations of typical polluting matters, the dominant polluting matters were determined on the territory of the town of Vranje, the ones that are the causers of the biggest air pollution and the risk for people’s health. Analysis of the concentration of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides indicates their presence in the air of Vranje town area in concentrations that do not exceed the permitted limit values annually. The greatest pollution is caused by the soot content in the air, especially in the winter period when the highest number of days with the values above the limit was registered. By perceiving the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, it is clear that the concentration of polluting matters can be decreased only by establishing control over anthropogenic sources of pollution, and thus it can be contributed to the improvement of the air quality of this urban environment.

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Šmelcerović, Miodrag. "AIR QUALITY AT THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF LESKOVAC." Knowledge International Journal 29, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2901077m.

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The protection of the environment and people’s health from negative influences of the pollution of air as a medium of the environment requires constant observing of the air quality in accordance with international standards, the analysis of emission and imission of polluting matters in the air, and their connection with the sources of pollution. Having in mind the series of laws and delegated legislations which define the field of air pollution, it is necessary to closely observe these long-term processes, discovering cause-and-effect relationships between the activities of anthropogenic sources of emission of polluting matters and the level of air degradation. The relevant evaluation of the air quality of a certain area can be conducted if the level of concentration of polluting matters characteristic for the pollution sources of this area is observed in a longer period of time. The data obtained by the observation of the air pollution are the basis for creation of the recovery program of a certain area. Leskovac is a town in South Serbia where there is a bigger number of anthropogenic pollution sources that can significantly diminish the air quality. The cause-and-effect relationship of the anthropogenic sources of pollution is conducted related to the analysis of systematized data which are in the relevant data base of the authorized institution The Institute of Public Health, for the time period between the year of 2012. and 2017. By the analysis of data of imission concentrations of typical polluting matters, the dominant polluting matters were determined on the territory of the town of Leskovac, the ones that are the causers of the biggest air pollution and the risk for people’s health. Analysis of the concentration of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides indicates their presence in the air of Leskovac town area in concentrations that do not exceed the permitted limit values annually. The greatest pollution is caused by the soot content in the air, especially in the winter period when the highest number of days with the values above the limit was registered. By perceiving the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, it is clear that the concentration of polluting matters can be decreased only by establishing control over anthropogenic sources of pollution, and thus it can be contributed to the improvement of the air quality of this urban environment.

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Zhao, Ze Bin. "Comprehensive Pricing Model of Urban Traffic Air Pollution Based on Bi-Level Programming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 1913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1913.

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In order to reduce the negative impact of urban traffic air pollution, this paper firstly analyzes the relationship between urban traffic air pollution and vehicle speed, after providing the relationship model, the paper establishes a comprehensive pricing model of urban traffic air pollution based on bi-level programming, the model considers the traffic air pollution pricing, and includes the factors of congestion pricing, bus fee, pricing revenue redistribution on improvement of public transport services and the expansion of road capacity. The case study shows that the implementation of comprehensive pricing of urban traffic air pollution can reduce traffic pollution and unreasonable traffic flow, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the city.

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Kristoforovic-Ilic, Miroslava, and Miroslav Ilic. "Air pollution and population health." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, Suppl. 2 (2006): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh06s2145k.

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In the last few decades, there has been increased population concern for quality of environment, for it is, after life style, the second risk factor of disease development. Particular problem is that a large majority of serious impairments of health is manifested only after a long latent period, so it is not always possible to establish clear association with environmental factors. It is considered today that around 40% of lethal cases are caused by polluted environment in various ways, while environment is the most important etiologic factor in 5% of disease incidence. Problems arising due to environment pollution are most frequently related to air pollution. The World Resource Institute, Washington, has developed the indicators for evaluation of risk of environment pollution to population health. There is one common indicator both for developed and developing countries - air pollution. EPA recommended new standards for some polluting substances. The document reviewed these standards and their implementation in our community. New Law on Environment Protection (?Official Gazette of RS? No. 135/2004) from December 20th, 2004, followed by relevant documents on air quality, should be beneficial to experts at the level of subtle diagnostics and proposal of adequate measures with a view to improve the quality of life.

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Yang, Zhiming, Qianhao Song, Jing Li, and Yunquan Zhang. "Air Pollution as a Cause of Obesity: Micro-Level Evidence from Chinese Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214296.

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Chinese air pollution is obviously increasing, and the government makes efforts to strengthen air pollution treatment. Although adverse health effects gradually emerge, research determining individual vulnerability is limited. This study estimated the relationship between air pollution and obesity. Individual information of 13,414 respondents from 125 cities is used in the analysis. This study employs ordinary least squares (OLS) and multinomial logit model (m-logit) to estimate the impact of air pollution on obesity. We choose different air pollution and Body Mass Index (BMI) indicators for estimation. Empirical results show Air Quality Index (AQI) is significantly positively associated with the BMI score. As AQI adds one unit, the BMI score increases 0.031 (SE = 0.002; p < 0.001). The influence coefficients of particle size smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), particle size smaller than 10 μm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the BMI score are 0.034 (SE = 0.002; p < 0.001), 0.023 (SE = 0.001; p < 0.001), 0.52 (SE = 0.095; p < 0.001), 0.045 (SE = 0.004; p < 0.001), 0.021 (SE = 0.002; p < 0.001), 0.008 (SE = 0.003; p = 0.015), respectively. Generally, air pollution has an adverse effect on body weight. CO is the most influential pollutant, and female, middle-aged, and low-education populations are more severely affected. The results confirm that the adverse health effects of air pollution should be considered when making the air pollution policies. Findings also provide justification for health interventions, especially for people with obesity.

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Barabash, O. "Assessment of atmospheric air pollution level using dendroindication method." Ecological Sciences 4, no. 27 (2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-4-27-14.

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Barabash, Olena, and Viktoriia Khrutba. "ASSESSMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION LEVEL IN KYIV." Environmental Problems 4, no. 3 (2019): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2019.03.156.

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Kallaste, Tiit. "An approach to forecast the level of air pollution." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 6, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1989-6406.

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D, Greenbaum. "New Health Research on Low-level Ambient Air Pollution." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607308.57442.9c.

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Jachimowski, Artur, Marcin Paprocki, and Magdalena Wojnarowska. "Tackling Air Pollution in Krakow." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400053.

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Data used in order to determine the level of pollutants present in the air in Krakow came from three air quality monitoring stations located in Bulwarowa street, Bujaka street and Krasińskiego avenue. Based on these data, an analysis was performed concerning air quality in Krakow in 2010-2016. Also, a correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relation between air quality parameters and meteorological parameters, such as: wind, precipitation, temperature. An analysis of the results obtained showed that two factors are critical for the variability of air pollution in Krakow. The first of them is low-stack emissions from coal stoves and boilers. The other factor is the type of atmospheric circulation. It has been determined that the worst air quality occurs in the heating season as the prevailing circulation is anticyclonic (high-pressure) characterised by low temperature, lack or small amount of precipitation, weak wind and thermal inversion. The paper presents preventive measures aimed at reducing the amount of pollutants in Krakow. It has been found that in order to reduce the level of air pollution in Krakow, especially in the heating season, it is necessary to intensify operations aimed at eliminating coal and wood stoves and boilers.

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Dong, Daxin, Xiaowei Xu, Wen Xu, and Junye Xie. "The Relationship Between the Actual Level of Air Pollution and Residents’ Concern about Air Pollution: Evidence from Shanghai, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234784.

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This study explored the relationship between the actual level of air pollution and residents’ concern about air pollution. The actual air pollution level was measured by the air quality index (AQI) reported by environmental monitoring stations, while residents’ concern about air pollution was reflected by the Baidu index using the Internet search engine keywords “Shanghai air quality”. On the basis of the daily data of 2068 days for the city of Shanghai in China over the period between 2 December 2013 and 31 July 2019, a vector autoregression (VAR) model was built for empirical analysis. Estimation results provided three interesting findings. (1) Local residents perceived the deprivation of air quality and expressed their concern on air pollution quickly, within the day on which the air quality index rose. (2) A decline in air quality in another major city, such as Beijing, also raised the concern of Shanghai residents about local air quality. (3) A rise in Shanghai residents’ concern had a beneficial impact on air quality improvement. This study implied that people really cared much about local air quality, and it was beneficial to inform more residents about the situation of local air quality and the risks associated with air pollution.

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Belokon, K., and I. Pirogova. "ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN ZAPORIZHZHYA." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 1, no. 38 (September 8, 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.38.2021.18.

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One of the regions of Ukraine, which is subject to significant man-made impacts on the atmospheric air, is the city of Zaporizhzhya. The paper presents the results of assessing the quality of atmospheric air based on the calculation of the air pollution index and the integrated air pollution index of the city of Zaporizhzhya. For the assessment, the data of long-term observations at the stationary posts of the city for 2016—2020 were used for the main pollutants. A list of the main pollutants (formaldehyde, dust, carbon monoxide, phenol, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide) and the contribution of each of them to the general level of atmospheric pollution has been determined. The calculations of air pollution indices were carried out for the average daily concentrations of substances for each observation post in Zaporizhzhya for the study period 2016—2020. The calculation of the air pollution indices for the posts was carried out for all concentrations of the investigated substances, except for hydrogen sulfide due to the lack of data for it. The highest values of the indices are observed in 2017 and 2019, the lowest — in 2020. Over the past year, there has been a tendency towards a slight decrease in the level of air pollution by pollutants. The highest values of indices exceeding 1 are noted for substances such as dust, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, phenol and formaldehyde. Calculations of the integrated index of atmospheric pollution at posts showed their heterogeneity, the list of measured substances is not unified for all posts. Formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides, phenol and dust make the largest contribution to the formation of the integrated air pollution index. Environmental monitoring in the city of Zaporizhzhya does not include measurements of hazardous toxicants, the presence of which is typical for large cities. The highest level of the integrated air pollution index is observed at the posts located in the zone of influence of the main industrial site, and reaches values of 5,4—9,8, which corresponds to a high level. In other areas of the city, where there is industrial potential, observations are not carried out; it is impossible to assess the level of air quality according to the data of the hydrometeorological service.

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Ju, Tingting, Bingui Wu, Zhaoyu Wang, Jingle Liu, Dehua Chen, and Hongsheng Zhang. "Relationships between Low-Level Jet and Low Visibility Associated with Precipitation, Air Pollution, and Fog in Tianjin." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111197.

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In this study, relationships between low-level jet (LLJ) and low visibility associated with precipitation, air pollution, and fog in Tianjin are investigated based on observational data from January to December, 2016. Statistical results show 55% of precipitation is accompanied by LLJ, and two causes responsible for the relatively high percentage are presented. The result of case analysis shows that some southwesterly LLJs are favorable for the formation of precipitation by transporting water vapor when the water vapor channel from the South China Sea or Bengal Bay to Bohai Rim region is established. Statistical results show 55% of pollution episodes (PEs) are accompanied by LLJs. When pollutions are observed in the southern industrial regions, nocturnal southwesterly LLJ, which can carry polluted air masses from polluted regions to Tianjin and induce turbulent mixing, can enhance surface PM2.5 concentration and is favorable for the formation of surface pollution at night. Nocturnal northerly or southeasterly LLJ leads to clear air masses mixing with polluted air masses and is favorable for increasing visibility. Contributions of southwesterly LLJs to the formation of fog and precipitation are similar, which both rely on establishing the water vapor channel despite occurrence heights of LLJs being different.

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Karthikeyan, S., M. Leeban Moses, T. Perarasi, and Raju. "Machine learning based Air Pollution Monitoring and predicting cause for pollution." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1125, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1125/1/012020.

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Abstract Over the past few decades, due to human activities, industrialization, and urbanization, air pollution has become a life-threatening factor in many countries around the world. Air pollution has a direct impact on human health through the exposure of pollutants and particulates, which has increased the interest in air pollution and its impacts among the scientific community. The main causes associated with air pollution are the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, exhaust from factories and industries, residential heating, and natural disasters. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tracks the pollution level by calculating the amount of ground-level ozone (O3), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulates matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) present in the air molecule. These substances are in compositions of a common index, called the Air Quality Index (AQI), indicating how clean or polluted the air is currently or forecasted to become in areas. This work deliberates the implementation of cloud based IoT system for air quality monitoring in which the sensors are used to calculate CO, PM2.5 and PM10, O3, SO2 and NOx pollution level with environmental condition like temperature and humidity. The obtained information can be updated in cloud platform using Lora nodes and Lora Gateway. The information fetched from the cloud is transmitted to the Machine learning models which contains the detailed dataset for the pollutants and these models accurately predict the day-wise pollutant concentrations and display them using an application. This work presents the detailed analysis for predicting the cause of pollution by using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random forest algorithm and K-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm.

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Wang, Baoming, Hui Chen, Yik Lung Chan, and Brian G. Oliver. "Is there an association between the level of ambient air pollution and COVID-19?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): L416—L421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00244.2020.

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Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can influence the spread and infectivity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, very few papers have investigated or discussed the mechanism behind the phenomenon. Given the fact that pollution will increase as social distancing rules are relaxed, we summarized the current understanding of how air pollution may affect COVID-19 transmission and discussed several possible mechanisms. Air pollution exposure can dysregulate the human immune response and make people more susceptible to infections, and affect infectivity. For example, in response to exposure to air pollution, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 will increase, which is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This may increase the efficiency of viral infection. It is also possible that air pollution can facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread by increasing the transmission, and potentially, SARS-CoV-2 can also survive longer when attached to a pollutant.

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Zhadanovskaya, Ekaterina A., Sergey A. Gromov, and Dmitry A. Manzon. "Monitoring-based assessment of environmental pollution in regions of the Russian Federation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 94, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2021-0317.

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Abstract The article assesses the environmental pollution level in urban areas of the Russian Federation regions. Environmental monitoring data were used as data sources. For each Russian region the environmental pollution level was considered as the sum of pollution indices for the basic environmental media: air, surface water and soil. It allowed ranking regions and grouped them into categories (from extremely high polluted to extremely low ones). The air pollution monitoring network in cities and industrial centres does not cover all regions of the country, leading to undetermined air pollution level in 12 of 85 regions and thus to underestimated environmental pollution level there. The paper proposes to use the monitoring network data of the snow cover chemistry for the air pollution assessment in problematic regions and more accurate calculation of the environmental pollution level in them. Based on the air monitoring data for 2018 we revealed regions with high and extremely high levels of air pollution, their list was added after analyzing the snow cover chemistry data. As a result, the total assessment of environmental pollution was recalculated upward.

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Martynov, Dmitrii Yu, Aleksandr N. Nikanov, Aleksei N. Kizeev, Vadim V. Kulnev, Andrei N. Nasonov, Natalia V. Lagutina, Ilia V. Tsvetkov, et al. "Calculate modeling of the level of indoor air pollution during its cleaning with air purifiers." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 62, no. 10 (November 25, 2022): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-10-664-669.

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The article proposes a computational method for determining the concentrations of pollutants inside a ventilated or cleaned room, taking into account the initial conditions and parameters of the flow rate, incoming or purified air, the volume of the room, the initial concentrations of the pollutant in the atmospheric air and in the room air, the parameters of the efficiency of the air cleaner. The article proposes the solution of two mass transfer equations under known initial conditions for two methods of cleaning rooms. When solving the first equation, a direct mass transfer calculation was carried out, which makes it possible to determine the effect of natural or artificial ventilation used indoors with small linear dimensions on the change in the concentration of the selected air polluting substance in the form of a chemical compound or an aerosol containing biological or chemical pollutants. When solving the second equation, a direct mass transfer calculation was carried out, which makes it possible to determine the effect of the operation of an air purifier used indoors with small linear dimensions on the change in the concentration of the selected air polluting substance in the form of a chemical compound or an aerosol containing biological or chemical pollutants. Calculations allow us to determine the time during which a residential office or industrial space is saturated with pollutants or cleaned to the required air quality standards, taking into account the influence of factors such as pollution of the surface layers of atmospheric air, the appearance of pollutants inside the room, the performance and efficiency of ventilation or air purification systems. The proposed calculation methods can be used to determine changes in the quality of indoor air over time, including taking into account changes in oxygen concentrations and pollutants indoors, determining the effectiveness of ventilation and air purification systems of various capacities in residential, office, medical and industrial premises. Ethics. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

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Zhang, Xiang, Chenjiao Ma, Xingming Li, Lina Xiong, and Silin Nie. "Assessing the Impact of Air Pollution on Inbound Tourism along the Yangtze River across Space and Time." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710944.

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The prevalent air pollution along the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) possesses a significant threat to the natural environment, which further affects nearby tourism destination development. The paper seeks to assess the impact of air pollution on tourism in this region through a 2002–2012 panel data of 31 prefecture-level cities, along with geographic information system (GIS) and cluster analyses. The results reveal that air pollution is negatively associated with the number of inbound tourists along the YREB. In general, when air pollution intensifies by 1%, the number of inbound tourists decreases by 1.171%. This impact is more evident when air pollution is more severe, in the long term, and in areas that are larger, more central, and with more tourism resources. The paper contributes to the literature by addressing common limitations in previous studies and providing a more comprehensive evaluation of air pollution’s impact on inbound tourism in the YREB. Practical implications regarding public policies and development directions based on air pollution periods, regions, and tourism resource allocations are provided.

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Mangaroliya, Miteshkumar, and Haripriya V. "Air Pollution Detector using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42834.

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Abstract: Nowadays air pollution has turned out to be one of the significant issues because of the increment in the number of vehicles and during the time spent industrialization and urbanization. This expansion in the level of contamination brings about destructive consequences for prosperity. This Paper explains the depiction and execution of an Air Pollution detection system. The innovation grasped here is a hands-on execution of the idea of the Internet of Things. This detailed work is an exploration of the possibilities of consumption of this innovation, in this world, where natural well-being is turning into a genuine risk. The work is actualized utilizing a microcontroller board of Arduino. In this paper, make an IoT based Air Pollution Detection Monitoring System. and monitor the Air Quality using MQ2, MQ9 and Humidity & Temperature sensors. It will show the air quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) as like “Fresh Air”, “Poor Air”, “Danger Air” on LCD I can monitor it very easily.

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Jaakkola, J. J., M. Paunio, M. Virtanen, and O. P. Heinonen. "Low-level air pollution and upper respiratory infections in children." American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 8 (August 1991): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.81.8.1060.

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Kalashnikov, I. V., V. O. Gabrinets, and V. M. Horiachkin. "COMPLEX OF PROGRAMS FOR ASSESSMENT OF AIR ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION LEVEL." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 2(80) (April 22, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2019/164949.

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Shmool, Jessie L. Carr, Jennifer Bobb, Kazuhiko Ito, David Savitz, Beth Elston, Sarah Johnson, Francesca Dominici, Zev Ross, Thomas Matte, and Jane E. Clougherty. "Area-Level Socioeconomic Deprivation, Air Pollution And Term Birth Weight." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2015.2015-2893.

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31

Aguscik, Aguscik, Ridwan Ikob, and Sumitro Adi Putra. "The Level of Malondialdehyde in People Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v6i1.6539.

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Air pollution cannot be avoided by people especially those living in big cities. Rubber factories and landfill sites are two examples of activities that can trigger air pollution. H2S gas produced from rubber factories and landfill sites can create unpleasant smells and air contamination and increase free radicals in environment. This study was to assess the level of oxidative stress in people living near rubber factories and landfill sites. This was cross-sectional study involving 60 people as the study sample. The level of H2S gas was measured to determine the presence of air pollution. Blood collected from vena mediana cubiti was drawn to determine the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress. Data obtained from this study were analyzed using independent t-test. The levels of H2S gas from landfill site were higher than those from rubber factory (0.482 ppm vs. 0.332 ppm). On the other hand, the average level of MDA in people living near the rubber factory was higher than that living near the landfill site (0.847 ± 0.269 nmol/mL vs 0.748 ± 0.253 nmol/mL). It was found no significant difference (p <0.05) in the average levels of MDA between people living near the rubber factory and those living near the landfill site. There was no significant difference in the average levels of oxidative stress between people living near rubber factory and those living near landfill site.

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F, Forastiere, Renzi M, Cesaroni G, Stafoggia M, Rodopolou S, Vienneau D, Andersen Z, De Hoogh K, Klompmaker J, and Brunekreef B. "Low-level air pollution and natural cause mortality in Rome." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607116.88829.38.

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S, Liu, Strak M, Rodopolou S, Ljungman P, Hvidtfeldt U, Hoogh K, Hoek G, Katsouyanni K, Wolf K, and Andersen Z. "Low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma among adults." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608588.66604.65.

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M, Stafoggia, Bauwelinck M, Vienneau D, Oftedal B, Andersen Z, Gulliver J, Atkinson R, Brunekreef B, Samoli E, and Janssen N. "Low-level air pollution and natural cause mortality in Europe." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000610232.01199.37.

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K, Wolf, Hoffmann B, Rodopolou S, de Hoogh K, Ljungman P, Samoli E, Hoek G, Bellander T, Peters A, and Pershagen G. "Low-level air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000610996.43647.f0.

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Midouhas, Emily, Theodora Kokosi, and Eirini Flouri. "Neighbourhood-level air pollution and greenspace and inflammation in adults." Health & Place 58 (July 2019): 102167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102167.

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37

Aguscik, Aguscik, Ridwan Ikob, and Sumitro Adi Putra. "The Level of Malondialdehyde in People Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v6i1.6539.

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Air pollution cannot be avoided by people especially those living in big cities. Rubber factories and landfill sites are two examples of activities that can trigger air pollution. H2S gas produced from rubber factories and landfill sites can create unpleasant smells and air contamination and increase free radicals in environment. This study was to assess the level of oxidative stress in people living near rubber factories and landfill sites. This was cross-sectional study involving 60 people as the study sample. The level of H2S gas was measured to determine the presence of air pollution. Blood collected from vena mediana cubiti was drawn to determine the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress. Data obtained from this study were analyzed using independent t-test. The levels of H2S gas from landfill site were higher than those from rubber factory (0.482 ppm vs. 0.332 ppm). On the other hand, the average level of MDA in people living near the rubber factory was higher than that living near the landfill site (0.847 ± 0.269 nmol/mL vs 0.748 ± 0.253 nmol/mL). It was found no significant difference (p <0.05) in the average levels of MDA between people living near the rubber factory and those living near the landfill site. There was no significant difference in the average levels of oxidative stress between people living near rubber factory and those living near landfill site.

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Madaniyazi, Lina, Shanshan Li, Shuai Li, and Yuming Guo. "Candidate gene expression in response to low-level air pollution." Environment International 140 (July 2020): 105610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105610.

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Zeng, Zhihong, and Chen You. "The Price of Becoming a City: Decentralization and Air Pollution—The Evidence from the Policy of County-to-City Upgrade in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 15621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315621.

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It is necessary to reassess the pollution effects of decentralization reforms to improve the future policy design for better economic and social development in the postepidemic era. This study examines the relationship between decentralization and air pollution by exploiting the policy of County-to-City Upgrade in China from 2005 to 2018. Upgrading empowered new cities in fiscal, administrative, and economic matters without changing the political hierarchy. Under the cadre evaluation system, the new county-level city government preferred to increase construction land area and attract more polluting firms to promote economic development, and air pollution became more severe. Heterogeneity tests found that when the new city was located in eastern China or was away from the provincial boundary, decentralization would induce more severe air pollution. Overall, decentralization without a supplementary incentive rule has a negative effect on air pollution.

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Flachs, Esben Meulengracht, Jan Sørensen, Jakob Bønløkke, and Henrik Brønnum-Hansen. "Population Dynamics and Air Pollution: The Impact of Demographics on Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/760259.

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Objective. To explore how three different assumptions on demographics affect the health impact of Danish emitted air pollution in Denmark from 2005 to 2030, with health impact modeled from 2005 to 2050.Methods. Modeled air pollution from Danish sources was used as exposure in a newly developed health impact assessment model, which models four major diseases and mortality causes in addition to all-cause mortality. The modeling was at the municipal level, which divides the approximately 5.5 M residents in Denmark into 99 municipalities. Three sets of demographic assumptions were used: (1) a static year 2005 population, (2) morbidity and mortality fixed at the year 2005 level, or (3) an expected development.Results. The health impact of air pollution was estimated at 672,000, 290,000, and 280,000 lost life years depending on demographic assumptions and the corresponding social costs at 430.4 M€, 317.5 M€, and 261.6 M€ through the modeled years 2005–2050.Conclusion. The modeled health impact of air pollution differed widely with the demographic assumptions, and thus demographics and assumptions on demographics played a key role in making health impact assessments on air pollution.

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Gao, Ge, Xiuting Li, Xiaoting Liu, and Jichang Dong. "Does Air Pollution Impact Fiscal Sustainability? Evidence from Chinese Cities." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217247.

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Fiscal sustainability is an issue of great concern for governments globally and air pollution control has become an important factor affecting fiscal sustainability. This study aims to examine the impact of air pollution on fiscal sustainability in the short and long run. We conducted an empirical analysis based on air pollution and local government debt data on China’s prefecture-level cities in 2014–2019, using regression discontinuity design (RDD) and a panel data model. The results show that air pollution reduces the debt burden of governments in the short run. However, in the long run, addressing the negative impacts of air pollution adds to the debt burden of local governments, hindering fiscal sustainability. Fiscal freedom and the level of public services significantly moderate the negative impact of air pollution on fiscal sustainability. A higher level of fiscal freedom generally indicates a greater incentive for local governments to raise pollutant emission standards, strengthen the construction of green infrastructure, and subsidize green enterprises. Furthermore, a higher level of public services reflects better infrastructure and higher levels of investment in environmental protection, which help to reduce the negative impact of air pollution. The governments are suggested to take measures to effectively control air pollution, so as to enhance fiscal stability in the long run.

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Салтыкова, Марина Михайловна, А. В. Балакаева, Т. П. Федичкина, and И. П. Бобровницкий. "Leading air pollution related reasons of death." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-4-337-343.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of air pollution on the structure of reasons of death from major non communicable diseases in cities of the Russian Federation Material and methods. The study analyzed the mortality of people of working age (with stratification by gender and causes of death) in pairs of cities, with matching the cities of each pair by the climatic and socio-economic conditions, but the level of air pollution in one city significantly exceeded the level of pollution in another. The following pairs of cities were formed (“dirty” - “relatively clean”): Bratsk-Kirov; Nizhny Tagil-Kirov; Novokuznetsk-Tomsk; Chita-Tomsk; Magnitogorsk - Orenburg, Cherepovets-Vologda. The analysis included data on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and oncological diseases, since according to WHO, air pollution primarily affects mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Results. The mortality rate of people of working age from diseases of the circulatory system, primarily from cardiovascular diseases, is significantly higher in cities with a high level of pollution compared with cities with a lower level of pollution and similar climatic and socio-economic conditions. The mortality rate of men from cerebrovascular diseases in the group of dirty cities is higher than in compared cities in 4 out of 6 studied pairs. Moreover, differences in the mortality rate in women were less pronounced, they were revealed in 2 out of 6 compared pairs. The differences in mortality from oncological diseases were detected in 4 out of 6 comparison pairs for women and 2 out of 6 compared pairs for men. Conclusion. An analysis of the mortality used pairwise comparison of cities showed air pollution to most affect on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system.

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Saltykova, Marina M., A. V. Balakaeva, T. P. Fedichkina, and I. P. Bobrovnitskii. "Leading air pollution related reasons of death." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-4-337-343.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of air pollution on the structure of reasons of death from major non communicable diseases in cities of the Russian Federation Material and methods. The study analyzed the mortality of people of working age (with stratification by gender and causes of death) in pairs of cities, with matching the cities of each pair by the climatic and socio-economic conditions, but the level of air pollution in one city significantly exceeded the level of pollution in another. The following pairs of cities were formed (“dirty” - “relatively clean”): Bratsk-Kirov; Nizhny Tagil-Kirov; Novokuznetsk-Tomsk; Chita-Tomsk; Magnitogorsk - Orenburg, Cherepovets-Vologda. The analysis included data on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and oncological diseases, since according to WHO, air pollution primarily affects mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Results. The mortality rate of people of working age from diseases of the circulatory system, primarily from cardiovascular diseases, is significantly higher in cities with a high level of pollution compared with cities with a lower level of pollution and similar climatic and socio-economic conditions. The mortality rate of men from cerebrovascular diseases in the group of dirty cities is higher than in compared cities in 4 out of 6 studied pairs. Moreover, differences in the mortality rate in women were less pronounced, they were revealed in 2 out of 6 compared pairs. The differences in mortality from oncological diseases were detected in 4 out of 6 comparison pairs for women and 2 out of 6 compared pairs for men. Conclusion. An analysis of the mortality used pairwise comparison of cities showed air pollution to most affect on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system.

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Wang, Fangping, and Fei Su. "Comparison of the risk perception and warning response to air pollution on an individual level in China." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203063.

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Individual responses to China’s heavy air pollution early warning are poorly understood. This knowledge gap has hampered the evaluation and improvement of the early warning system in providing the targeted populations with effective protection guidance. In order to explore the public’s response to air pollution warning, field survey were conducted in three major cities of China in 2016. The results indicated that different levels of air pollution warnings were correctly understood in these three cities, but the warning response rate was low. Significant differences in the public’s risk perception were demonstrated. Public perception of the health impacts of air pollution (HEP) and knowledge of the warning index (AQI) were significantly higher in Beijing than in Shenzhen. The public perception of the pollution level (DEVIATION) was equal in Beijing and Shenzhen, but higher than that in Shanghai. Gender, education, and risk perception were crucial factors influencing the public’s willingness to respond to warnings. Early warning policymakers can use this research to optimize the design and dissemination of early warning information to improve the public’s health and quality of life in cities with air pollution.

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O, Bakulich, and Samoylenko E. "DYNAMICS OF POLLUTION LEVEL OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 48 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-1-48-012-019.

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The article is devoted to the study of changes in the intensity of traffic flows in the street canyons of Kyiv and to determine the dynamics of the intensity of emissions of major pollutants during the day. Due to the rapid growth of the vehicle fleet, there is a significant congestion of the street and road network of cities, which leads to a set of environmental problems. One of the such problems is air pollution with harmful substances. Object of the study: dynamics of pollution of city streets Purpose of the study: study of changes in traffic intensity during the day and assessment of the dynamics of the level pollution of the cities road network. Method of the study: statistical methods, cluster analysis. The change in the level of pollution of city streets during the day depends on dynamic factors, namely the intensity and quality of the traffic flow, meteorological conditions and so on. It is established that the most dangerous intervals of the day will be "peak" periods during which the maximum values of traffic intensity are observed. The article examines the patterns of distribution of traffic intensity during the day and on the basis of determining the environmental performance of real vehicles, technical and operational characteristics of which correspond to the characteristics of "efficient" cars of the corresponding category, determines the daily distribution of emissions of major pollutants. Thus, the obtained results can be used in determining the concentrations of pollutants in the street canyons of cities, which will make operational predictions of the level of air pollution. KEY WORDS: STREET ROAD NETWORK, TRANSPORT FLOWS, TRAFFIC INTENSITY, STREET CANYON, VEHICLE, POLLUTION LEVEL.

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O, Bakulich, and Samoylenko E. "DYNAMICS OF POLLUTION LEVEL OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 48 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-1-48-012-019.

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The article is devoted to the study of changes in the intensity of traffic flows in the street canyons of Kyiv and to determine the dynamics of the intensity of emissions of major pollutants during the day. Due to the rapid growth of the vehicle fleet, there is a significant congestion of the street and road network of cities, which leads to a set of environmental problems. One of the such problems is air pollution with harmful substances. Object of the study: dynamics of pollution of city streets Purpose of the study: study of changes in traffic intensity during the day and assessment of the dynamics of the level pollution of the cities road network. Method of the study: statistical methods, cluster analysis. The change in the level of pollution of city streets during the day depends on dynamic factors, namely the intensity and quality of the traffic flow, meteorological conditions and so on. It is established that the most dangerous intervals of the day will be "peak" periods during which the maximum values of traffic intensity are observed. The article examines the patterns of distribution of traffic intensity during the day and on the basis of determining the environmental performance of real vehicles, technical and operational characteristics of which correspond to the characteristics of "efficient" cars of the corresponding category, determines the daily distribution of emissions of major pollutants. Thus, the obtained results can be used in determining the concentrations of pollutants in the street canyons of cities, which will make operational predictions of the level of air pollution. KEY WORDS: STREET ROAD NETWORK, TRANSPORT FLOWS, TRAFFIC INTENSITY, STREET CANYON, VEHICLE, POLLUTION LEVEL.

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Kurani, Prachit, and Yash Shah. "REAL-TIME AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2014): 1405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v8i3.1980.

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This paper presents Real-Time system for air pollution monitoring and control. The main objective of the work is designing microcontroller based toxic gas detecting and alerting system. This is a semi-automated system such that if the pollution level exceeds the normal level then an alarm is generated immediately and also an alert message (SMS) is sent to the authorized person through the GSM. Along with this the ionizer responsible for reducing the level of pollutants too would be started by the system. Time to time detected data would be stored into database for further retrieval.

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Tiwari, Garima, Animesh Shukla, and Fergus Mark Anthony. "Air pollution level declines the bird species diversity in an urban area: a case study of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh during the summer season." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2022.325.

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With rapid growth and changes in daily life, air pollution is also increasing at a high rate. Air pollution threats are not only restricted to urban areas but harm rural areas also. Apart from being harmful to human beings; air pollution possesses a negative impact on bird species also. This study was carried out to find out the adverse impact of air pollution on the diversity of the avian community. The study was executed at five different locations in Bilaspur city during the summer season (2022). Vehicular emissions, burning of fossil fuels, constructions etc. are the major source of pollution in the city. The point count and checklist method was adopted for the observation of bird species. The air quality and pollution monitoring had been carried out through the ‘Smiledrive Air Quality Monitor Pollution Meter’ which detects the concentration and level of PM 2.5, PM 10, TVOC and HCHO in the air. The diversity of bird species was calculated through total species richness and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. It was observed that the site having minimum pollution levels have a large bird population with maximum diversity and the sites having high pollution levels have the least diversity of birds. It is the reason that many bird species avoid areas with high pollution concentrations. The study also revealed the remarkably high population of birds of the ‘Sturnidae’ and ‘Columbidae families in polluted sites which validates that the birds of these families have adapted themselves well in the sites with high pollution levels.

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Djamal, Normalia, Andi Suryanto, Andi Artiningsih, Nizar Nasrullah, Rosyi Damayanti T. Manningtyas, and Yessy Velina. "Analysis of Air Pollution Level In Settlement Area Using Passive Sampler Method." International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability 1, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.58524/ijhes.v1i2.77.

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Air pollution, especially in big cities in Indonesia, has reached a very worrying level. The main sources of air pollution come from various human activities, including industry, transportation, offices, and housing. These various activities are the biggest contribution of air pollutants that are released into the free air. In this study, observations and measurements of air pollution levels were carried out in the Final Disposal Site (FDS). The absence of good waste management in Sinjai Regency has triggered the community to manage waste by means of Open Dumping, where waste is simply dumped in a landfill without any treatment. Pollutant gas originating from the landfill will produce harmful gases, including Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and others. This study aims to determine the concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in Final Disposal Site (FDS) Tondong and in residential areas around Tondong FDS, Sinjai Regency by using the passive sampler method. The test results obtained are the NO2 value at point 1 which is 3.69 g/m3, point 2 is 5.25 g/m3, point 3 is 3.1 g/m3 and point 4 is 7.1 g/m3 with an average value The average NO2 parameter test is 4.785 g/m3. While the SO2 value at point 1 is 4.46 g/m3, point 2 is 7.34 g/m3, point 3 is 8.47 g/m3 and point 4 is 5.93 g/m3. The average value of the SO2 parameter test is 6.55 g/m3. Calculating the Air Quality Index based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2021 concerning the Environmental Quality Index, air pollution at the Tondong Landfill is worth 93.14 indicating the very good category.

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Thanvisitthpon, Nawhath, Jarasphol Rintra, Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn, Akkarach Bumrungpert, and Phaisit Trakulkongsmut. "Self-Assessment Adaptive Capacity Indicators of Health Risks from Air Pollution." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 13141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313141.

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This research proposes a set of 12 self-assessed air pollution adaptive capacity (APAC) indicators to determine and mitigate individual-level air pollution-related health risks. In the study, the APAC indicators were first statistically validated based on data from panels of experts using structural equation modeling. The validated indicators were subsequently transformed into a questionnaire to measure the individual-level APAC index. For ease of interpretation, the APAC index was converted into an APAC grade. The APAC grade was compared against the grading criteria based on Air Quality Index (AQI) levels to assess the individual-level health risks from air pollution. The proposed APAC-based self-assessment program to determine the individual-level health impacts from air pollution could be adopted as an economical and efficient alternative to costly and complicated clinical assessment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Air pollution level'

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