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Michalaki, Maria. "Air Pollution in Gothenburg : Children's exposure to NO2 on a neighborhood level." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172742.
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Air pollution is a global problem and concern that affects every nation around the world.One of the chemical elements that is part of bad air quality is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).Children are a vulnerable group to air pollution due to their immature health system, thusplanning for safe and healthy neighborhoods is essential for their future development.Sweden is a one of the international leaders of sustainable development, with Gothenburgone of the main cities in the country that has an impressive ecological concern. The purposeof this study is to measure the exposure of children, ages 0 – 15 years old, to NO2 on aneighborhood level in Gothenburg.With the use of the software ArcGIS 10.6.1 and the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel, it waspossible to analyze the neighborhoods where children live and are exposed to bad air qualityas well as identify family neighborhoods that might also be high pollution areas. The resultsshow different conclusions between the age groups of children while the mean levels of airpollution are mostly concentrated in the city center.
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Bhave, Prakash Viththal Seinfeld John H. "Air pollution at the single-particle level : integrating atmospheric measurements with mathematical models /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2003. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05252003-091827.
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Szeto, Gin Nam. "Estimation of exposure level and infection risk of airborne virus in indoor environment /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202007%20SZETO.
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Edussuriya, Priyantha S. "Urban morphology and air quality: a study of street level air pollution in dense residential environments of HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37672241.
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Milionis, Alexandros Epaminondas. "Climatology of temperature inversions over Eastern England; some implications for ground level air pollution." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304848.
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Edussuriya, Priyantha S. "Urban morphology and air quality a study of street level air pollution in dense residential environments of Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37672241.
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Chapman, Peter Stuart. "Exposure to street level particulate pollution in urban Hong Kong and the associated health application of trams as a mobile monitor /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42980021.
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Mainolfi, Maria B. "Low Level Exposure to Air Pollution and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Hillsborough County, Florida." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4140.
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In this retrospective cohort from 2002 through 2007, 104,003 singleton live births in Hillsborough County, Florida were analyzed to elucidate the relationship between feto-infant morbidity outcomes and prenatal exposure to six criteria air pollutants. This study is based on three linked databases: The Florida Hospital Discharge database; The vital statistics records of singleton live births; Air Pollution meteorological data from the Environmental Protection Agency. There are six common air pollutants, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), ground-level ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NOx), and lead (Pb). These pollutants are harmful to human health and the environment. The primary outcomes of interest were low birth weight (LBW), preterm births, and small for gestational age (SGA). The intent of this project is to address these issues of air pollution effects and the methodology surrounding the study of air pollution.
Using modeling, exposure values of the six criteria air pollutants were assigned to mothers over their period of pregnancy. To address these methodological concerns, this study utilizes the structural equation modeling, quartile groupings with dose response, and trimester groupings to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and birth outcomes of pregnant residents.
Using structural equation modeling a significant B value of 0.35 indicated that exposure to the six criteria pollutant in pregnancy may have a significant relationship to all five birth outcomes if they are broken down into latent variables. Quartile data demonstrated that NOx seemed to have most significant associations with all outcomes with a dose response for SGA. PM10 and PM2.5 had some association to LBW and VLBW at high levels. PM10 demonstrated significance in the higher doses for SGA. However, the only dose response relationship that was demonstrated for PM10 and PM2.5 was in VLBW. PM10 also demonstrated a dose response with very preterm. If sub-divided into trimester data, PM10 demonstrated a significant relationship between exposures in all trimesters and LBW, VLBW, and SGA. PM2.5 demonstrated a significant relationship between exposures in all trimesters and VLBW. CO demonstrated a significant relationship in the 2nd trimester for LBW as well as for SGA.
Mothers and their babies are a vulnerable population who are more susceptible to lower levels of pollution. These air pollutants can possibly have long-term effect on their children. Implantation of laws and regulations, warning system, or more strict EPA standards may be needed to adequately control the cost to our society.
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Radford, Michael. "A Study of Central Florida Nonroad VOC and NOs Emissions and Potential Actions to Reduce Emissions." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2472.
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Ground-level ozone is harmful to the human respiratory system, as well as the environment. The national EPA 8-hour ozone standard for ground-level ozone was reduced from 85 parts per billion (ppb) to 75 ppb in 2008, and trends from previous years show that some of the counties in Central Florida could be in danger of violation. Violation means "non attainment" status; in which the county is ordered by EPA to develop specific implementation plans to reduce its emissions. The objective of this study was to compile an emissions inventory of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from nonroad equipment in Osceola, Seminole, and Orange Counties (OSO) in Central Florida, and to develop possible action steps to reduce those emissions. This is important because VOC and NOx emissions are precursors to ground-level ozone. Thus, compiling emissions inventories is important to identify high VOC and NOx emitters. Mobile and point sources have long been the highest emitters of VOC and NOx and have therefore been targeted and monitored since the Clean Air Act of 1970, but the nonroad sources (such as construction and lawn equipment) have only been regulated since the 1990s. Using the NONROAD and NMIM modeling programs, the highest nonroad emitters of VOC for Central Florida were found to be lawn/garden equipment, and boating equipment, emitting a combined percentage of 77% of the total nonroad mobile source VOC. Construction equipment contributed 67% of the total nonroad mobile source emissions of NOx in Central Florida. The components of these categories were also analyzed to find the largest individual sources of VOC and NOx. Of the individual sources, lawn mowers and outboard boat engines were found to be the largest sources of VOCs. Of the NOx sources, all the construction equipment components had a relatively similar level of NOx emissions. Next, action steps were developed to reduce emissions, focusing on the high emitters, along with an estimated cost and feasibility for each measure. Of these steps, implementing a ban on leafblowers, and reducing use of lawn mowers, edgers, trimmers, etc. seemed to be the most effective for reducing VOCs. Although these are effective measures, the cost and feasibility of both pose challenges. The best action step for reducing NOx emissions in construction equipment seemed to be by simply reducing idling of equipment on job sites. This also poses challenges in feasibility and enforcement by management. Further, constant on/off cycles could result in decreasing the useful life of the older construction equipment. Finally, a survey was conducted with various construction managers and companies to find out the typical equipment and quantity needed for land clearing/grubbing, as well as the typical use, idling time, and total project time for each piece of equipment on a 10-acre site, under various conditions. The purpose of the study was to develop a rough estimate for the average amount of VOC and NOx emissions that will be produced per acre of land clearing activities, and to estimate the emissions reductions and cost savings if idling of the equipment was reduced.M.S.Env.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engr MSEnvE
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Chapman, Peter Stuart. "Exposure to street level particulate pollution in urban Hong Kong and the associated health: application of tramsas a mobile monitor." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42980021.
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Bessling, Karen D. "Modeling the potential effects of growth reductions and changes in photosynthetic efficiency and needle retention on the stand-level growth of loblolly pine plantations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43834.
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An existing individual tree growth and yield model (PT AEDA2) was modified study the potential effects of air pollution stress on the growth and yield of loblolly pine plantations. These modifications were based on the assumption that pollution stress on older trees could result in reductions in diameter and height growth, decreases in photosynthesis, and increased losses of older foliage, as demonstrated in some seedling studies.
One modification applied differential levels of reductions of diameter and height increments to various percentages of trees. Results indicated no sizeable losses on total volume per acre except at severe stress levels (-32 and -64 percent annual diameter and height increments on 50 and 67 percent of the trees).
Another modification consisted of developing a measure of photosynthetic potential to drive diameter and height growth in the model. This new measure was an estimate of foliage weight which was weighted by a factor of photosynthetic efficiency and needle retention for each age class of needles. Reductions of these weighting factors were applied to simulate air pollution stress. Results of this modification show that if air pollution does cause a decrease in photosynthesis and needle retention rates, the impact on over-all stand productivity is minimal. These results are not intended to be quantitative estimates of the effect of air pollution on tree growth but to identify potential areas within an existing growth and yield model where biologically-oriented processes to simulate air pollution impact can be incorporated.Master of Science
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Alanezi, Salwa. "Emission inventories from Kuwait petroleum refineries and respective ground level concentration of pollutants in the neighboring residential area." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12544.
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The State of Kuwait has three large refineries, namely, Mina Al Ahmadi Refinery, Mina Abdullah Refinery and Shuaiba Refinery. These refineries process and refine Kuwait Crude Oil through different process units. There are many heaters, boilers and flares that form a part of the complicated equipment which enhance the different petroleum processes. Fuel gas is used as a firing fuel for those heaters and boilers. As a result, stack emissions like SO2, NOx, CO are predominantly present in the flue gases and this study focuses on those emissions and their impact on the surrounding residential area. The area of interest will be Umm Al-Hyman residential area. This study accumulates emission inventories from the three refineries and the respective ground level concentration of the pollutants in the neighboring residential area. It also focuses on the impact of emissions from the refinery operations on the ground level concentrations in the surrounding areas by using the inventory model and latest emission factors to provide accurate emission estimates. The models were developed and the results were verified with the actual data from the area of impact. As a result of the findings of the major pollutants, namely SO2, NOx & CO, it is found that SO2 and CO are not exceeding Kuwait EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards for Residential Areas normally. However, NOx is observed to exceed occasionally. Even though, NOx emissions from refineries sources represented by plume models were much less, there is a consistent increase in the measured NOx. Furthermore, in 2007, the measured hourly, daily and annual NOx concentration exceeded the international standard many times. The increasing trend in NOx is attributed to continuous increase in population and the number of motor vehicles. The study will go further step in recommending engineering solutions and best practices to reduce the pollutants concentrations which will help in the reduction of human health risks and protect the environment.
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Spriggs, Amy. "An investigation into the use of fluctating asymmetry as a measure of low level air pollution stress in plants." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25951.
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Lothrop, Nathan, Khaleel Hussaini, Dean Billheimer, and Paloma Beamer. "Community-level characteristics and environmental factors of child respiratory illnesses in Southern Arizona." BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624712.
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Background: Lower respiratory illnesses (LRIs) and asthma are common diseases in children < 5 years of age. Few studies have investigated the relationships between multiple, home-based social and environmental risk factors and asthma and LRIs in children. Of those that have, none have focused exclusively on children < 5 years of age, who are more physiologically vulnerable and spend more time at home compared to older children. Further, no studies have done so at the community level. Methods: We modeled relationships between emergency department visits and hospitalization rates for asthma and LRIs for children < 5 years and geographic risk factors, including socio-economic and housing characteristics, ambient air pollution levels, and population density in Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, from 2005 to 2009. We used a generalized linear model with a negative binomial observation distribution and an offset for the population of very young children in each tract. To reduce multicollinearity among predictors, socio-economic characteristics, and ambient air pollutant levels were combined into unit-less indices using the principal components analysis (PCA). Housing characteristics variables did not exhibit moderate-to-high correlations and thus were not included in PCA. Spatial autocorrelation among regression model residuals was assessed with the Global Moran's I test. Results: Following the regression analyses, almost all predictors were significantly related to at least one disease outcome. Lower socio-economic status (SES) and reduced population density were associated with asthma hospitalization rates and both LRI outcomes (p values < 0.001). After adjusting for differences between counties, Pima County residence was associated with lower asthma and LRI hospitalization rates. No spatial autocorrelation was found among multiple regression model residuals (p values > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study revealed complex, multi-factorial associations between predictors and outcomes. Findings indicate that many rural areas with lower SES have distinct factors for childhood respiratory diseases that require further investigation. County-wide differences in maternal characteristics or agricultural land uses (not tested here) may also play a role in Pima County residence protecting against hospitalizations, when compared to Maricopa County. By better understanding this and other relationships, more focused public health interventions at the community level could be developed to reduce and better control these diseases in children < 5 years, who are more physiologically vulnerable.
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CAZULA, CAMILA D. "Dosimetria de sup(222)Rn no ar em ambientes localizados acima e abaixo do nível do solo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23739.
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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-06-11T17:49:32Z
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:13/01841-9
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Tenailleau, Quentin. "Multi-exposition en milieu urbain : approche multi-echelle de l'exposition humaine au bruit et à la pollution atmosphérique." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2052/document.
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Chaque jour, 15% des Européens sont exposés à des niveaux moyens de bruit ou de polluants atmosphériquesdépassant les valeurs seuils fixées par la législation européenne. L’intensité de la pollution de chaque polluant et sarépartition à l’échelle d’une agglomération dépendent des capacités d’émission des sources, des phénomènes dedispersion, et de l’environnement urbain. Il en résulte une variabilité spatiale du niveau de multi-exposition qui resteencore largement méconnue. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’identifier et de caractériser les situations de multiexpositionsur la ville de Besançon. Les niveaux sonores et les concentrations de plusieurs polluants atmosphériques denatures différentes (NO2, benzène, PM10 et PM2.5) ont été finement modélisés (2m x 2m). La compatibilité des modèlesa été maximisée par l’introduction d’inputs identiques dans les méthodologies de calcul Mithra-SIG pour le bruit, etCOPERT4/ADMS-urban pour les polluants. Dans un premier temps, l’impact de la définition du voisinage sur lesniveaux d’exposition a été exploré pour les deux pollutions. Douze indicateurs, présentant chacun une définitiondifférente de la zone d’exposition au voisinage du domicile, ont permis de quantifier les niveaux d'exposition autour des10865 bâtiments d’habitations bisontins. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence un impact significatif de ladéfinition de la zone d’exposition sur les niveaux. Les différentes définitions du voisinage conduisent à l'existence d'unbiais différentiel, dû à la prise en compte particulière des variables environnementales dans chacun des indicateurs. Cebiais se retrouve pour l'ensemble des polluants étudiés, bien que dans des proportions variables en fonction du polluant.Dans un second temps, l’étude des situations de multi-exposition bruit/NO2 a pu être réalisée. Les résultats obtenusindiquent l'existence d'une relation complexe et permettent de décrire les différentes situations de multi-expositionprésentes dans la ville. Ce travail de thèse constitue une des premières approches de ce type en France et permet demieux comprendre les relations existantes entre définition du voisinage, zones d'exposition, paramètresenvironnementaux et niveaux d'expositionEvery day, 15% of the European population is exposed to average noise or air pollution levels exceeding theEuropean legal threshold. Levels and distribution of each pollutant across the city depend of individual sourcesemissions, dispersion phenomenon, and urban environment. Consequently, spatial variability of multi-exposure levelremains mostly unknown. The aim of this Ph. D. thesis is to identify and describe multi-exposure situations in the cityof Besançon. Environmental noise levels, and concentrations of several air pollutants (NO2, benzene, PM10 and PM2.5),have been modeled using a fine scale grid (2m x 2m). Model compatibility has been maximized by the use of commoninput into the calculation software Mithra-SIG (for noise) and COPERT4/ADMS-urban (for air pollutants). In a firsttime, impact of the neighborhood definition on exposure levels has been explored for both pollutions. Twelveindicators, each representing a different definition of the exposure area in the dwelling vicinity, have been used toquantify exposure levels around the 10 865 inhabitable building of Besançon. Obtained results show a significantimpact of the neighborhood definition on the exposure levels. Different neighborhood definitions lead to a differentialbias caused by a different accounting for environmental variables. This bias exists for all studied pollutant, but indifferent proportion depending on the pollutant. In a second time, situations of multi-exposure to noise and NO2 havebeen identified in the city. Results indicate a complex relation between pollutants and allow the description of severalmulti-exposure situations across the city. This work constitute one of the firsts approaches of this kind in France andallow a better understanding of the existing relations between neighborhood, exposure area, environmental parametersand exposure levels
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Šiuipys, Nerijus. "Priežemio ozono koncentracijos sklaida Kauno mieste ir jos ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090810_112539-45872.
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Viena didžiausių problemų, atsirandančių dėl oro taršos miestų ore, yra tarša, sukelta fotocheminių oksidantų, tarp jų, ir priežemio ozono.
Darbo tikslas: nustatyti priežemio ozono koncentracijos sklaidą Kauno mieste ir jos ryšį su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis.
Tyrimai buvo vykdomi 2006 - 2009 metais. Darbo objektas - Kauno miestas. Visoje miesto teritorijoje priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo matuota 10 skirtingų matavimo vietų. Ozono koncentracijai nustatyti buvo naudotas „Aeroqual 300 Series” ozono matuoklis. Priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo matuota vidudienį nuo 12 iki 14 ir vakare nuo 17 iki 19 valandos. Kiekvienoje vietoje buvo atlikta nuo 4 - 6 matavimų, kiekvieno sezono metu.
Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad priežemio ozono koncentracijos pasiskirstymas kiekvieno sezono metu yra skirtingas. Didžiausia vidutinė sezoninė priežemio ozono koncentracija buvo nustatyta pavasario - vasaros sezonų metu (72 g/m3), o mažiausia žiemos sezono metu (7 g/m3). 2009 m. pavasario sezono metu Vileikos g., prie GMF nustatyta didžiausia vienkartinė priežemio ozono koncentracija (128 g/m3).
Buvo vertintas priežemio ozono koncentracijos ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis ir azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentracija. Gauti rezultatai parodė, statistiškai reikšmingą teigiamą ryšį tarp ozono koncentracijos ir temperatūros (r = 0,73; p = 0,00) ir NO2 koncentracijos (r = 0,48; p = 0,03). Tai rodo, kad didėjant temperatūrai ir NO2 koncentracijai, didėja ir priežemio ozono koncentracija. Tarp priežemio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]One of the major problems resulting from air pollution of the urban area, is the pollution caused by photochemical oxidants, among their, ground level ozone. The aim of this work was to assess distribution of ground level ozone concentration in Kaunas and its relationship to meteorological situation. Measurements was carried out in 2006 - 2009. Object of work has been selected Kaunas city. Throughout the city area ground level ozone concentration was measured by a sampling scheme for the 10 different measurement points. For determinate of ground level ozone concentration, we used ozone quality monitor „Aeroqual 300 Series“. Ground level ozone concentration was measured at midday from 12 to 14 and in the evening from 17 to 19 hours. Each site was carried out from 4 - 6 measurements. Study rezults revealed, that ground level ozone concentration distribution of each season is different. The maximum average ozone concentration was found in spring - summer season (72 g/m3), and the lowest in winter season (7 g/m3). The higher ground level ozone concentration episode (128 g/m3) was stated in spring season in 2009 year. Relationship between ground level ozone concentration and meteorological situations and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration was evaluated. The results showed statistically significant positive relationship between ozone concentration and temperature (r = 0,73; p = 0,00) and NO2 concentration (r = 0,48; p = 0,03). Between ground level ozone concentration and wind... [to full text]
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Adams, Helen Sarah. "Exposure assessment of urban transport users to particulate air pollution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246812.
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Muindi, Kanyiva. "Air pollution in Nairobi slums : sources, levels and lay perceptions." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138293.
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Background Air quality in Africa has remained a relatively under-researched field. Most of the African population is dependent on biomass for cooking and heating, with most of the combustion happening in low efficiency stoves in unvented kitchens. The resulting high emissions are compounded by ingress from poor outdoor air in a context of poor emissions controls. The situation is dire in slum households where homes are crowded and space is limited, pushing households to cook in the same room that is used for sleeping. This study assessed the levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter £ 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in slum households and people's perceptions of and attitudes towards air pollution and health risks of exposure in two slum areas, Viwandani and Korogocho, in the Nairobi city. Methods The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. For the quantitative study, we used structured questionnaires to collect data about the source of air pollution among adults aged 18 years and above and pregnant women residing in the two study communities. We used the DustTrak™ air samplers to monitor the indoor PM2.5 levels in selected households. We also collected data on community perceptions on air pollution, annoyance and associated health risks. We presented hotspot maps to portray the spatial distribution of perceptions on air pollution in the study areas. For the qualitative study, we conducted focus group discussions with adult community members. Groups were disaggregated by age to account for different languages used to communicate with the younger and older people. We analysed the qualitative data using thematic analysis. Results Household levels of PM2.5 varied widely across households and ranged from 1 to 12,369μg/m3 (SD=287.11). The household levels of PM2.5 levels were likely to exceed the WHO guidelines given the high levels observed in less than 24 hours of monitoring periods (on average 10.4 hours in Viwandani and 11.8 hours in Korogocho). Most of the respondents did not use ventilation use in the evening which coincided with the use of cookstove and lamp, mostly burning kerosene. The levels of PM2.5 varied by the type of fuels, with the highest emissions in households using kerosene for cooking and lighting. The PM2.5 levels spiked in the evenings and during periods of cooking using charcoal/wood. Despite these high levels, residents perceived indoor air to be less polluted compared with the outdoor air, possibly due to the presence of large sources of emissions near the communities such as dumpsites and industries. The community had mixed perceptions on the health impacts of air pollution, with respiratory illnesses perceived as the main consequence while vector or sanitation related diseases such as diarrhoea was also perceived to be related to air pollution. Conclusions With poor housing and reliance on dirty fuels, households in slums face potentially high levels of exposure to PM2.5 with dire implications on health. To address the poor perception on air pollution and knowledge gaps on the health effects of air pollution, education programs need to be developed and tailored. These programs should aim to provide residents with information on air quality and its impact on the health; what they can do as communities as well as empower them to reach out to government/stakeholders for action on outdoor sources of pollution such as emissions from dumpsites or industries. The government has a larger role in addressing some of the key pollution sources through policy formulation and strong implementation/enforcement.
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Dick, A. L. "Trace elements in Antarctic snow and air." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376538.
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Simbi, Joseph. "Levels of selected gaseous pollutants in ambient air in the vicinity of a chemical industry, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2015.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.The integrity of natural air has been compromised due to the deposition of chemical, biological and particulate substances from natural and anthropogenic sources. Adverse health consequences arising from the exposure of plants, animals and human to elevated atmospheric concentrations have been reported severally. The ambient baseline levels of many air contaminants in urban and industrial layouts of many Africa cities, especially Zimbabwe have not been fully characterized. Information on levels of these contaminants and their real time variability is therefore scarce and scanty. In this study, the ambient air concentration levels of selected gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a fertilizer production facility in Zimbabwe were investigated. Nine sampling stations were systematically and randomly identified for the measurement of selected air pollutants (SO2, NO2, and NH3) the fertilizer production factory to capture air quality data on all wind directions. The electrochemical Drager Sensors which rely on electrochemical measuring transducer for measuring concentration of gases under atmospheric conditions was used for the measurement of NH3, SO2, and NO2. The ambient air monitored was allowed to diffuse through a membrane into the sensor liquid electrolytes, containing a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and an electronic potentiostat-circuit which ensures constant electrical voltage between the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. The flow of electrons, generated by the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the measured gas. The observed concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 measured within and around the study site were very variable. Levels of NH3 ranged between 0.36 - 7.36 ppm; corresponding values for SO2 and NO2 were 0.02 - 84.61 ppm and 0.61 - 34.78 ppm respectively. These concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than measured (NH3; 0.01 - 0.05 ppm: SO2; 0.03 - 0.18 ppm: NO2; 0.17 - 1.30 ppm) at the control sampling station about 5 km from the industry. Isokinetic and dissipation of the measured gases, governed by the processes of molecular diffusion and convection, confirmed a common pattern of distance dissipation. Thus, the cloud concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 within the facility were higher than observed distances away from the fertilizer factory.
Zimbabwe Presidential Scholarship
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Linaritakis, Konstantinos N. "Factors affecting traffic-related air pollutant levels in urban streets." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47154.
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Delgado-Rios, Marcos. "Microenvironmental air and soil monitoring of contaminants an evaluation of indoor and outdoor levels in Chihuahua City /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Yan, Chun-man, and 甄俊文. "The 1990 air pollution control regulation: a story of reducing the sulphur dioxide levels in ambient air in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45175019.
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Kirk, Randall P. "The impact of residential wood combustion on indoor particulate matter levels." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/539632.
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This study concentrates on indoor air pollution, specifically particulate matter, as a result of woodburning in the home. Three single-family residences in Richmond, Indiana, equipped with identical airtight woodburning stoves and using a controlled wood supply, were monitored for a 49-day period in 1987. Particluate matter samples were collected during periods of active wood combustion and periods absent of wood combustion using low-volume samplers. Significant differences were found in two of the three houses when wood combustion and non-wood combustion periods were compared. No relationship was found between particle levels and time of day, ambient air temperature, pounds of wood burned, refueling duration or refueling frequency. It was concluded that woodburning can affect the quality of indoor air in particulate matter levels.Department of Natural Resources
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Delfino, Ralph J. (Ralph John). "The relationship of urgent hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses to air pollution levels in Montreal." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41570.
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The relationship between the number of daily hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses and ambient air pollution in Montreal, Canada, was investigated for cold and warm periods between 1983 and 1988. The comprehensive hospital discharge database of the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services was used to derive daily counts of hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, and for certain non-respiratory illnesses not expected to be related to air pollution levels. The reliability of this database was assessed by reviewing 1,270 hospital discharges.Routinely monitored independent variables, derived from various government databases, included temperature, relative humidity, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, coefficient of haze, and measures of particulate pollution, several of which were recorded only every sixth day. To permit a daily time series analysis, levels for the missing 5 days were modelled using meteorologic and other pollutant variables.
To control for confounding by season, the dependent and independent time series were detrended using a weighted 19-day moving average linear filter. To control for confounding by day-of-week cycles, the dependent series were pre-filtered with day-of-week indicator variables.
For the July to August periods, statistically significant relationships were shown for all respiratory admissions to 8-hour maximal average ozone levels 4 days prior to the admission day, relationships which were however confounded by temperature of the same lag day. After controlling for temperature, admissions for asthma, and for respiratory illnesses other than asthma, were significantly associated with particulate levels 2 to 4 days prior to the admission day for the warm but not the cold periods. Stronger associations were found using a filter which did not remove month-to-month temporal trends. A significant correlation of non respiratory admissions to particulate levels on the day of admission was confounded by temperature and relative humidity.
These results suggest that particulate air pollution, possibly acidic, during photochemically active periods is related to respiratory morbidity in Montreal. The effects shown, at levels mostly below current ambient air quality standards in North America, are relevant to public health, since hospital admissions are likely to reflect more frequent episodes of less serious illness.
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Cruvinel, Brandao Fonseca Marinho Rayssa. "Atmospheric Pollutant Levels in Southeast Brazil During COVID-19 Lockdown: Combined Satellite and Ground-based Data Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102026.
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With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic being spread all over the world, lockdown measures are being implemented making air pollution levels go down in several countries. In this context, the air quality changes in the highly populated and trafficked Brazilian states of Sao Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ) are hereby going to be addressed using a combination of satellite and ground-based data analysis. We explored nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) daily levels for the month of May during different years within 2015-2020. Daily measurements of NO2 column concentrations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard NASA's Aura satellite were also gathered and averaged decreases of 42% and 49.6% were found for the year of 2020 compared to previous averaged 2015-2019 years. In parallel to the NO2 column retrieval, the ground-based data, measured by the Brazilian States Environmental Institutions, is analyzed, and correlated with satellite retrievals. Correlation coefficients between column and ground-based concentrations were 77% and 53% in SP and RJ, respectively. It was found a 13.3% (p-value = 0.099) and 18.8% (p-value = 0.077) decrease in NO2 levels for SP and RJ, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. For PM2.5, no significant change was observed for the same time period in the SP region, although the high number of fire burnings in the Southeast region seemed to be affecting PM2.5 levels. In addition to natural emissions (fire burnings), the combined data was also evaluated taking meteorological parameters, such as temperature and wind speed, into account. No interference of weather or fire was found in 2020 NO2 ground levels compared to previous years, This integrated analysis is innovative and has yet to be more explored in Brazilian studies. This is true specifically because the ground-based stations are spatially and temporally sparse in Brazil.Master of Science
This study aims to explore satellite data applied to the lockdown context resultant from the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Satellite data usage in air quality management is yet to be explored to its full potential. Two highly populated states were chosen: Sao Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Local governments have been imposing limitations on private and public vehicle circulation, inducing a decrease in atmospheric pollutant levels, specifically nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is directly emitted to the air by fuel combustion. NO2 is also short-lived in the atmosphere, so its variation within days can be easily captured. PM2.5, a category of fine inhalable particles, can be produced by wildfires, in addition to fuel burning and mechanical processes such as resuspension by cars. Here we retrieved daily NO2 vertical column densities for the month of May within the 2015-2020 years from the OMI instrument onboard of NASA's Aura satellite. Ground daily NO2 and PM2.5 measurements were also collected from local environmental agencies. Results showed an average 42% decrease of the NO2 column values in SP in 2020 compared to 2015-2019. The decrease was 49.6% in RJ for the same timeframe. Correspondent surface data showed a decrease of 13.3% (p-value = 0.099) and 18.8% (p-value = 0.077) during 2020 compared to 2019 in SP and RJ stations, respectively. No significant divergence in PM2.5 values was found between 2019 and 2020. Finally, weather data was added to the pollutant analysis. PM2.5 concentrations were associated with wildfires, while the NO2 levels found in 2020 for SP and RJ were attributed to local lockdown decrees. Satellite retrievals showed significant potential in filling out ground datasets, correlating with the SP and RJ surface data in 77% and 53%, respectively.
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Al-Mutawa, Ayesha Ibrahim. "The influence of the meteorological conditions on air pollution levels in Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366431.
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Adonis, Marta. "Urban air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Santiago, Chile : levels, DNA adducts, genotoxicity and CYP1A induction." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298153.
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Elkilani, Amal Sayed. "Modelling indoor volatile organic compound (VOC) levels based on experimentally determined parameters." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299681.
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Brooks, J. Mark. "Predictors of indoor dust mite and cockroach levels." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2007p/brooks.pdf.
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Hazuka, John Anthony 1964. "Evaluation of chemcassette technology for monitoring low-levels of nitrogen-dioxide." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276766.
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Problems associated with instruments used to measure low levels of NO₂ include non-specificity, low sensitivity, and an uncharacterized dependence on environmental conditions. MDA Scientific has recently introduced a continuous colorimetric tape technique (chemcassette) to monitor for pollutant gases. Advantages of this technology include ease of use, fast-response alarm capability, and adaptability to measure different pollutants. This research characterized and compared chemcassette performance for NO₂ with other low-level NO₂ monitoring technologies including the luminox LMA-3 monitor and the EPA reference CSI chemiluminescnt monitor. The test protocol was based on EPA procedures. The chemcassette was found to be sensitive to temperature and relative humidity effects. The chemiluminescent monitor had the best overall performance. The luminox monitor displayed temperature dependence. Variation in stability of the chemcassette optical system, tape paper uniformity, and possible interference from ozone were characterized. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Barnwell, Mackenzie S. "Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to In-Bus Traffic Related Air Pollution Concentrations and Noise Levels for Bus Drivers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623166803096552.
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Dahlberg, Anton. "Influences of black carbon levels in the micro-environment inside urban buses." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194706.
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Several studies indicate that the cabin of buses is the micro-environment in urban public transport where commuters might be the most exposed to black carbon. Black carbon functions as an indicator of air pollution, which is shown to have harmful impacts on the human body and because it may lead to cancers, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, it is listed as one of the top causes to premature deaths, globally. This makes it important to understand what mechanisms there are to the elevated levels of pollutants in urban buses, and by performing mobile in-cabin measurements of black carbon concentrations during 55 bus trips in the public transport system of Stockholm, this study have tried to assess the influences from using different types of fuel, self-contamination, meteorological conditions and driving factors. Although concentrations showed large variability both spatially and temporally, idling at intensely trafficked bus stops showed an average increase of concentrations by 42% compared to the overall average. The risk of allowing increased number of pollutants at bus stops increases with idling for longer time and having the doors open meanwhile.
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Papapreponis, Panayiotis. "Residential exposure to low levels of air pollution from municipal waste incinerators and possible subtle effects on the health status of the community." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500571.
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Albalawi, Salem Mohammad S. "Daily air pollution levels and asthma : exploring the influence of time-activity patterns on personal exposure in Al Jubail industrial city, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3566.
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Title: Daily air pollution levels and asthma; exploring the influence of time-activity patterns on personal exposure in Al Jubail industrial city, Saudi Arabia Introduction: Air pollution is a known risk factor for adverse cardio-respiratory health effects. In the last few years, epidemiological studies have provided evidence that exposure to air pollution can aggravate symptoms in asthmatic patients. Some epidemiological studies have used ambient air pollution levels based on fixed-site monitoring (FSM) data to evaluate the short-term effects of ambient air pollution levels on asthma-related emergency department visits (AEDv) using time-series analysis. In the recent past, technology has greatly improved, making it possible to carry out personal monitoring of indoor and outdoor microenvironments (ME). While the existing literature on time-activity patterns (TAP) and ME exposures for populations in the USA and Europe keeps on growing, little research on this topic has been carried out in the Middle East. This study was designed to (i) investigate the statistical association between exposure to air pollution and AEDv, and (ii) identify factors that influence personal exposure in different ME in Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Daily number of AEDv, air pollution levels (particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) nitrogen oxides (NOx)) and weather variables (temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from the Royal Commission of Al Jubail Industrial City for the period between 2007 and 2011. Data were analysed using a time series approach, which involved application of a generalised linear model (GLM). Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using Poisson regression, while controlling weather variables, day of the week and holiday indicator for lag times of 0 - 7 days. RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in AEDv were calculated with each increment of inter-quartile range (IQR) change of each pollutant. Furthermore, to explore the influence of different ME on personal exposure levels, 27 students aged between 16-18 years were recruited and asked to record their detailed movements using a time-activity diary at 15-minute intervals over a period of 24 hours. The students were asked to carry a small backpack containing ii a personal air monitor to measure their personal exposure to PM2.5, and a GPS device to help identify ME including travelling, outdoors, at school and at home. Results: The association between AEDv and change in the quantity of SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 remained positive and statistically significantly after adjustment in the multi-pollutants model. The RR (in percent %) of AEDv increased by 5.4% (95% CI: 2.4, 8.5) at lag 2 for SO2 , 3.4% (95% CI: 0.8, 6.1) at lag 3 for NO2, 4.4% (95% CI: 2.4, 6.6) for PM2.5 and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3, 3.2) for PM10 at lag 0 per IQR change in pollutants, 2.0ppb, 7.6ppb, 36μg/m3 and 140μg/m3 respectively. No significant associations between AEDv and CO were found. The time activity diary revealed that most of the students’ time was spent indoors (88.6%). The FSM median (IQR) PM2.5 level, 51.0μg/m3 (34.0-74.2), was significantly higher than personal median PM2.5 level, which was 30.0μg/m3 (20.9-42.4) (Wilcoxon p-value<0.001). Total personal outdoor median concentration of PM2.5, 44.4μg/m3 (31.1-59.5), was significantly higher than total personal indoor concentration, which was 28.3μg/m3 (19.2-40.2) (p-value<0.001). There was a significant but weak correlation between FSM and personal monitor PM2.5 levels when indoors (Spearman’s rank correlation=0.228, p-value < 0.001 n=544), but not at outdoors microenvironment. Conclusion: Current levels of ambient air pollution were associated with AEDv in Al Jubail. While there appear to be similarities between TAP in this small population sample from the Middle East and Europe/USA, the exposure levels in this industrial city appear to be very high, compared to the WHO air quality guidelines. The validity of FSM data as a proxy for personal exposure to PM needs to be characterised so that the exposure error associated with this proxy measure is better understood.
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Cervellati, Linda. "Determinants of Particulate Matter and Soot levels on the transport network of The Rotterdam-The Hague Metropolitan Region and evaluation of cyclists’ exposure among the different cycling infrastructure types." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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In the past twenty years, considerable progress has been made to improve urban and sub-urban air quality in The Netherlands as well as in all the others European countries. However, the industrial development, the constitution of increasingly large urban areas, the use of heating sources, the increase in the emission of combustion products and many other factors still contribute considerably to the deterioration of the air quality. Recently, more and more studies about the impact of air pollution in The Netherlands focused on the category of cyclists, for both their great number due to the increasingly promotion of cycling as a mode of transportation in this country and for their direct contact with the air pollutants. It is indeed well known that, despite bicycling in urban areas has beneficial effects on people's health and well-being, it may be associated with health and safety risks due to potentially high levels of exposure to air pollution especially during the morning and evening commute.
This study has three main aims. The first one is that of investigate, through the Linear Regression Analysis, which factors have the highest impact on the levels of concentrations of three air pollutants, PM2.5, PM10 and soot, in The Rotterdam – The Hague Metropolitan region. The second goal consists in having an assessment of how much the cyclists are exposed to these air pollutants in the three different main types of cycling infrastructures located in this area: road space shared with motor vehicles, separated lane for them (cycle lane marked on the road), and cycle lane (solitary bike path or lane separated by a physical barrier). Moreover, this section consists also in estimating how many people are impacted by the highest levels of air pollution exposition in the city of Rotterdam. Finally, the last objective focuses on the prediction of the average yearly levels of air pollution for six specific bike routes chose in Rotterdam.
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Rodríguez, González Sergio. "Sources and processes affecting levels and composition of atmospheric particulate matter in the Western Mediterranean." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6985.
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This study is focused on the identification of the sources and processes affecting levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 from air quality monitoring networks in Eastern Spain. This is a multidisciplinary study. Time series of TSP and PM10 recorded from 1996 to 2000 are interpreted to assess the role of local, regional and distant sources in PM levels in this region. To this is end, the influence of the meteorology on PM levels recorded at nineteen rural, urban and industrial monitoring stations is studied by means of synoptic charts, back-trajectories and local meteorological variables. The impact of African dust transport on PM levels is investigated by means of simulations in the SKIRON forecast system and by TOMS satellite observations. Moreover, a chemical characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and TSP size segregated fractions and a daily PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment by two receptor modelling techniques are performed. For this purpose, 24-hour samples of PM10 were collected for 16, 12 and 5 months at rural, urban and industrial sites, respectively. PM2.5 was sampled at the urban site simultaneously with PM10.The results showed that day-to-day variations in PM levels are highly influenced by the meteorology. From March to October, PM levels at rural, urban and industrial sites vary as a function of the concatenation of Atlantic air mass advections (Atlantic episodes with low PM levels) and regional circulations (Regional events with high PM and O3 levels) which induce the PM transport from urban/industrial to rural sites and the ageing of polluted air masses in the Western Mediterranean. From November to February low PM levels are recorded at rural sites, and variations in PM levels at urban/industrial sites are governed by the successive occurrence of Atlantic episodes and Local urban/industrial pollution events (with high PM, NOx and CO levels). The African dust events mainly occur from January to October and induce very high PM levels in all sites.
As a result of the frequency and intensity of the Regional episodes, PM levels at rural sites undergo a seasonal evolution with a summer maximum. The difference between PM levels at urban and rural sites presents an autumn-winter maximum owing to the occurrence of intensive Local urban pollution events.
The meteorological context in which the aforementioned episodes occur is discussed, with special emphasis on the synoptic scenarios giving rise to the African dust outbreaks in the different seasons.
Levels of PM components at the different study sites were compared. The seasonal evolution and the grain size distribution of these components was studied and the form of occurrence was determined. The chemical characterisation shows that high levels of natural mineral dust components (e.g. Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, Sr, Ca) are simultaneously recorded in PM10 and PM2.5 at all sites during African episodes. Other interesting findings are: 1) a marked seasonal evolution of nitrate levels and grain size distribution due to the occurrence of ammonium-nitrate in autumn-winter, 2) an excess of Na with respect to the Na/Cl marine ratio in summer owing to reactions of acids with sea salt, and 3) high background levels of ammonium-sulphate in summer. Moreover, the levels of elemental, organic and mineral carbon were determined.
At the rural site, the PM10 annual mean reaches 22µg/m3, the main contributions being secondary particles from industrial emissions (27% of PM10), vehicle exhausts (14-23%), natural mineral dust (23%) and sea spray (5-9%). At the urban kerbside station, the PM10 annual mean reaches 49µg/m3, the main contributions being vehicle exhausts (35-45% of PM10), secondary particles from industrial emissions (24-31%), natural + road dust (25%) and sea spray (4-6%). At the urban kerbside station, the PM2.5 annual mean reaches 34µg/m3, the main contributions being vehicle exhausts (41-53% of PM2.5), secondary particles from industrial emissions (29-35%) and mineral dust (9-11%).
These results have important implications for the implementation of the PM10 EU standards. The natural load in ambient PM10 levels in Eastern Spain accounts for 30-40% of the 2010 EU annual PM10 limit value (20µg/m3). In this region it will not be easy to meet this limit value given that the annual PM10 levels are in the range 17-20µg/m3 at rural, 30-45µg/m3 at urban and 45-60µg/m3 at industrial sites. The high background levels of PM10 in this region are favoured by the specific orographic and meteorological context of the Mediterranean and by the high load of mineral dust caused by the soil re-suspension and the frequent occurrence of African dust events. At rural sites, 2-5 exceedances of the EU daily PM10 limit value (50µg/m3) are recorded every year during African dust outbreaks. On average, 15 African induced and 40-80 non-African induced exceedances of the EU daily PM10 limit value are recorded every year at the urban kerbside stations.
The parameter selected for PM monitoring is a key factor. Most of the PM species resulting from combustion and vehicle exhaust emissions have a fine size distribution (<2.5µm), with exception of nitrate in summer, whereas sea spray and mineral dust present a coarse size distribution. The interference of African dust in the PM monitoring is significantly reduced when PM2.5 instead of PM10 is monitored. Natural mineral dust concentrations during African episodes are in the ranges 20-30µg/m3 in PM10 and 10-15µg/m3 in PM2.5. However, PM2.5 is not a suitable parameter for PM monitoring in all environments. The selection of PM10 or PM2.5 should be conditioned by the type of anthropogenic activity. At urban sites, PM2.5 contains mainly vehicle exhaust products, whereas the road traffic dust principally occurs in the 2.5-10µm fraction. PM2.5 is not a suitable parameter for monitoring some industrial activities (e.g. ceramics, cement production or mining) with primary PM emissions in the 2.5-10µm range.
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Brines, Pérez Mariola. "From ultrafine to coarse particles: variability and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol levels in the urban Mediterranean climate." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384537.
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Air pollution is a major environmental and public health concern, especially in urban areas where both emission sources and population are concentrated. The pollution sources and the evolution of aerosols and gaseous pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere depend on geographical, climatological and meteorological conditions of the study area. In the Western Mediterranean Basin, the coastal city of Barcelona (Spain) is characterized by a warm dry climate, scarce precipitation and high urban density, as well as being geographically constrained by the coastal range thus hindering the dispersion of pollutants.
Within this context, the intensive SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies) campaign developed in October 2010 in Barcelona consisted on concurrent aerosol measurements at different sites in the city region, with the aim of studying the aerosol temporal variability and spatial distribution, progressively moving away from urban aerosol sources. Several sites were selected: Road Site (RS) and Urban Background (UB) were located on ground levels, whereas Torre Mapfre (TM) and Torre Collserola (TC), representative of the urban/suburban environment were located at certain height (150 m a.s.l. and 415 m a.s.I., respectively). Finally, the Regional Background site (RB) located 50 km from the city allowed for the study of the transport of urban emissions outside the city.
Results from simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distributions at the RS, UB, TC and RB with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) were studied after performing a k-means cluster analysis on the combined data sets. This allowed the classification of all size distributions in 9 clusters: three clusters account for traffic conditions (30% of the time), three account for background pollution (54%) and three described specific special cases (16%). Traffic emissions heavily impact the closest sites, and some of these particles evaporate when the air mass move away from the traffic hot spots.
The analysis of long term SMPS data sets in the high insolation urban environments of Barcelona, Madrid, Brisbane, Rome and Los Angeles also by k-means clustering analysis revealed traffic and nucleation events as the two most relevant sources of ultrafine particles (44-63% and 14-19% of the time, respectively). Moreover, nucleation particles accounted for 21% of total N, evidencing the importance of nucleation processes to ultrafine particles concentrations in high insolation urban areas. The urban nucleation events consist on particles bursts starting around midday and lasting 3-4 hours while growing to 20-40 nm, opposite to regional nucleation “banana shape” events which usually grow to larger sizes.
Regarding the composition of the PM1 fraction (PM mass levels below 1 μm) at the RS and UB during SAPUSS, a source apportionment PMF analysis was carried out. The resulting 9 factors could be broadly grouped in the following categories: road traffic (23-36% of PM1 mass), industrial and shipping emissions (42%), secondary aerosols (29%) and biomass burning (1%). The joint analysis of organic and inorganic species was able to identify a high number of sources resulting in in a more complete and realistic study of the aerosol sources in Barcelona.
The study of the PM10 fraction (PM mass levels below 10 μm) at the RS, UB, TM and TC during SAPUSS by means of a PMF source apportionment study enabled the assessment of the spatial variability in vertical and horizontal levels. The 8 resulting factors accounted for primary traffic emissions (Exhaust and wear and Road dust, 19- 38% of PM10 mass), primary inorganic aerosols (Mineral dust and Aged marine, 28- 39%), industry (Heavy oil and Industrial, 5-7%) and secondary aerosols (Sulphate and Nitrate,28-36%). The main factors influencing the different sources concentration at each site were: proximity to the emission source, air mass origin and meteorological parameters.
The complete study of aerosol fractions affecting the urban area of Barcelona and similar urban environments (Madrid, Brisbane, Roma and Los Angeles), from ultrafine to coarse particles, enables the identification of the main sources affecting each size fraction in particular and aerosols in general. Owing to the results obtained and the different techniques applied, recommendations regarding air pollution studies and air quality measures have been proposed.La contaminació atmosfèrica en ambients urbans és motiu de preocupació pel seu impacte en el medi ambient i en la salut de la població. Les fonts d'emissió d'aerosols atmosfèrics i la seva evolució a l'atmosfera depenen de factors geogràfics així com de les condicions climàtiques i meteorològiques de l'àrea d'estudi. A la conca Mediterrània Occidental, i a la ciutat de Barcelona en particular, el clima càlid, l'escassa precipitació, l'alta densitat de població i determinats factors geogràfics que poden dificultar la dispersió dels contaminants i influenciar molt marcadament els nivells i composició dels aerosols. En aquest context es va desenvolupar la campanya intensiva SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies) a Barcelona a l'octubre de 2010, que consistia en mesures simultànies d'aerosols a diversos llocs de la ciutat, amb l'objectiu d'estudiar la variabilitat espacial i temporal dels aerosols. L'estudi dels nivells d'aerosols en funció de la mida de les partícules a 4 ciutats més amb un clima d'alta insolació similar al de Barcelona (Madrid, Brisbane, Roma i Los Angeles) ha permès avaluar les fonts que afecten a la variabilitat de partícules ultrafines en aquests ambients urbans. En particular s'han estudiat les característiques dels episodis de nucleació urbans (formació de noves partícules), així com la seva freqüència. També s'han caracteritzat les principals fonts d'aerosols de diàmetre inferior a 1µm i 10 iim (PM1 i PM10, respectivament) en diverses ambients urbans de Barcelona durant SAPUSS. Això ha permès estudiar la variabilitat a nivells horitzontal i vertical dins l'atmosfera urbana. L'estudi de les fonts que afecten els aerosols de l' àrea urbana de Barcelona i ambients similars en funció de la seua mida (des de les ultrafines fins a les grolleres) ha permès identificar les principals fonts que afecten a cada fracció en particular i als aerosols en general i per tant proposar mesures aplicables per a l'avaluació i millora de la qualitat de l'aire.
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Dohanich, Francis Albert. "On-Road Remote Sensing of Motor Vehicle Emissions: Associations between Exhaust Pollutant Levels and Vehicle Parameters for Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5524/.
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On-road remote sensing has the ability to operate in real-time, and under real world conditions, making it an ideal candidate for detecting gross polluters on major freeways and thoroughfares. In this study, remote sensing was employed to detect carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO). On-road remote sensing data taken from measurements performed in six states, (Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah) were cleaned and analyzed. Data mining and exploration were first undertaken in order to search for relationships among variables such as make, year, engine type, vehicle weight, and location. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the three pollutants of interest. The data were found to have non-normal distributions. Applied transformations were ineffective, and nonparametric tests were applied. Due to the extremely large sample size of the dataset (508,617 records), nonparametric tests resulted in "p" values that demonstrated "significance." The general linear model was selected due to its ability to handle data with non-normal distributions. The general linear model was run on each pollutant with output producing descriptive statistics, profile plots, between-subjects effects, and estimated marginal means. Due to insufficient data within certain cells, results were not obtained for gross vehicle weight and engine type. The "year" variable was not directly analyzed in the GLM because "year" was employed in a weighted least squares transformation. "Year" was found to be a source of heteroscedasticity; and therefore, the basis of a least-squares transformation. Grouped-years were analyzed using medians, and the results were displayed graphically. Based on the GLM results and descriptives, Japanese vehicles typically had the lowest CO, HC, and NO emissions, while American vehicles ranked high for the three. Illinois, ranked lowest for CO, while Texas ranked highest. Illinois and Colorado were lowest for HC emissions, while Utah and California were highest. For NO, Colorado ranked highest with Texas and Arizona, lowest.
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Kadiyala, Akhil. "Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1221524830.
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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2008.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillments of the requirements for The Master of Science in Engineering." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 81-92.
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Heng-WeiWang and 王恆煒. "Air Pollution Control Strategy for Ground-Level Ozone Improvement in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wq263u.
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Bhave, Prakash Viththal. "Air Pollution at the Single-Particle Level: Integrating Atmospheric Measurements with Mathematical Models." Thesis, 2003. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/2037/1/Bhave_thesis.pdf.
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Particulate air pollution is of growing concern in the United States and around the world. Elevated concentrations of aerosols (solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in air) are correlated with increased cases of lung cancer, cardiopulmonary disorders, and human mortality. A detailed understanding of the size, chemical composition, and concentration of atmospheric particles is needed to assess their effects on human health, as well as on regional visibility and global climate. One can acquire such knowledge through direct measurements, or by utilizing mathematical air quality models. New and innovative instruments allow us to measure the size and composition of individual particles, rather than to infer aerosol chemical properties from bulk particulate matter samples. Concurrently, air quality models have been developed to numerically simulate the emissions of discrete particles, and their transport and chemical evolution in the atmosphere. This thesis focuses on how to integrate and compare measurements taken by state-of-the-science single-particle instruments with the air pollutant properties calculated using state-of-the-science mathematical models. A 1996 field experiment conducted in the Los Angeles air basin serves as the case study for this thesis research.
Comparisons of model calculations against single-particle observations identify specific areas where model improvements are needed, and also identify important areas for future instrumental development. These comparisons contribute to our understanding of atmospheric pollution at the single-particle level, and ultimately, may provide tremendous value to policy makers who are seeking least-cost solutions to urban and regional air quality problems. After presenting initial comparisons of single-particle measurements and model results, efforts to quantify and categorize the single-particle chemical composition data are described. The quantitatively reconstructed single-particle measurements are compared with mathematical model calculations of the atmospheric aerosol mixing characteristics. Finally, an example is presented of how the model and measurement combination enhance our ability to reduce particulate pollution in the air we breathe.
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Makgae, Reuben Ephraim. "Investigation of the level of airborne contamination in the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor(PBMR) building or specific room due to design base leakrate of 0.1% of helium inventory / Reuben Ephraim Makgae." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11357.
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The fission products release into reactor core and primary circuit lead to airborne
contamination as a result of helium that leaks from the system into the room. The
airborne activity was calculated by deriving and solving a differential equation
considering room ventilation and a twin room ventilation to check the effects of
ventilation system or migration of airborne activity to the other rooms. The HVAC
system was optimized by considering and comparing the activity calculated for
the three HVAC system models (i.e. recirculation with and without filter and no
recirculation of air or once through model) and by increasing the air change rate.
The activity calculated for each nuclide ~as used to calculate the annual dose
received by a worker spending 2000 working hours per year in the room. It was
found that the dose received for the three HVAC models differs. The recirculation
of air without filter was the most contributing in terms of dose followed by
recirculation of air with filter model then no recirculation model was the least
because there is no activity recirculated back into the room.
The filters used for recirculation of air with filter model are radioactively
contaminated, but the calculated filter activity was found to be low and can be
disposed as low level waste or can be continuously used with an efficiency test
regularly performed on the filters.Thesis (MSc. ARST) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003
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Cassidy, Brandon Edward. "Ambient and street-level air pollution studies within Trujillo, Peru and Baguio City, Philippines." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/cassidy%5Fbrandon%5Fe%5F200512%5Fms.
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Quinn, Ashlinn Ko. "Modifiable Risk in a Changing Climate: Linking household-level temperature, humidity, and air pollution to population health." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D83F4PWW.
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Background: This dissertation comprises research conducted on two distinct projects. Project I focuses on the connection between household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with biomass fuels and blood pressure (BP); this research is situated in the context of a large randomized trial of a cookstove intervention in Ghana, West Africa. The setting of Project II, meanwhile, is the residential environment of New York City, where we explore temperature and humidity conditions in homes and relate these conditions to summertime heat wave risk and to the survival and transmission of respiratory viruses in the winter. Although these projects are quite distinct, each relates to the complex relationship between climate change and health. Reducing HAP to improve health (the focus of Project I) will simultaneously reduce climate change through a reduction in emissions of short-lived climate pollutants into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, furthering our understanding of heat and humidity levels inside urban residences (the focus of Project II) is crucial to our ability to protect health in light of projections for a changing climate. Domestic activities associated with heating, cooling, and cooking are thus very relevant both to human health and to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Objectives and Methods: Our overall objective for Project I was to investigate exposure- response relationships between HAP and BP in a cohort of pregnant women taking part in the
Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS). We first explored this association in a cross-sectional study (Chapter 1), in which we used 72-hour personal monitoring to ascertain levels of exposure among the GRAPHS women to carbon monoxide (CO), one of the pollutants emitted by traditional wood-fed cooking fires. These exposure data were collected at enrollment into the GRAPHS study, prior to the initiation of cooking with improved cookstoves. We investigated the association between these “baseline” CO exposure levels and the women’s blood pressure at enrollment into GRAPHS. A limitation of this study was that BP was only measured once. We followed this with a second study of 44 women drawn from the same cohort (Chapter 2), for whom we designed BP protocols using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), the current gold standard for clinical diagnosis of hypertension. As we were not aware of any prior research in Africa that had employed ABPM, we also designed a parallel BP protocol using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) equipment for comparison with ABPM. The use of ABPM with concurrent personal CO monitoring enabled us to investigate hourly associations between CO exposure and changes in BP. We also evaluated BP in these women both before and after the cookstove intervention; this allowed us to investigate whether any changes in BP were associated with switching to an improved cookstove.
Our objectives for Project II were to understand the distribution of temperature and humidity conditions in a range of New York City homes during the summer and winter seasons, to evaluate the impact of structural and behavioral factors (e.g. building size, use of air conditioning, and use of humidifiers) on these conditions, and to build models that could help predict indoor conditions from more readily available outdoor measurements. We conducted this research in two ways. We first analyzed a set of indoor temperature and humidity measurements that were collected in 285 New York City apartments during portions of summers 2003-2011 and used these data to simulate indoor conditions during two heat wave scenarios, one of which was more moderate and the other of which was more extreme (Chapter 3). Second, we designed and conducted a new study in which temperature and humidity were monitored in a set of 40 NYC apartments between 2013 and 2015 (Chapters 4-6). This second study enabled us extend our research into the winter season, and also to explore how factors such as air conditioning and humidifier use impacted indoor temperature and humidity. We also investigated relationships between the monitored conditions, self-reported perceptions of the indoor environment, and symptoms that were experienced among household members.
Results: In the cross-sectional analysis of CO and BP in the GRAPHS cohort (Chapter 1), we found a significant positive association between CO exposure and diastolic blood pressure (DBP): on average, each 1 ppm increase in exposure to CO was associated with 0.43 mmHg higher DBP [0.01, 0.86]. A non-significant positive trend was also observed for systolic blood pressure (SBP). In our study of the acute relationship between CO exposure and BP (Chapter 2), we determined that peak CO exposure (defined as above the 90th percentile of the exposure distribution, or an average of 4.1ppm) in the two hours prior to BP measurement was associated with elevations in hourly systolic BP (4.3 mmHg [95% CI: 1.1, 7.4]) and diastolic BP (4.5 mmHg [95% CI: 1.9, 7.2]), as compared to BP following lower CO exposures. We also observed a non-significant trend toward lower BP following initiation of cooking with an improved cookstove. Lastly, we demonstrated that ABPM was a feasible and well-tolerated tool for BP assessment in a rural West African setting.
For Project II in New York City, we first determined that there was a great deal of variability in indoor summer heat index (HI) between homes in association with similar outdoor conditions, and that this variability increased with increasing outdoor heat (Chapter 3). Our simulation of a moderate heat wave led us to conclude that the hottest 5% of the homes would reach peak indoor heat index (HI) values of 39°C. In a more extreme heat wave simulation, HI in the hottest 5% of homes reached a peak of 41oC and did not drop below 34oC for the entire nine- day simulated heat wave period.
Our second indoor monitoring study yielded the following findings: in the summer season (Chapter 4), we found significant differences in indoor temperature and heat index according to the type of air conditioning (AC) in the home. Homes with central AC were the coolest, followed by homes with ductless AC, window AC, and no AC. Apartments on the top floor of a building were significantly hotter than other apartments regardless of the presence of AC. During the winter season (Chapter 5), median vapor pressure in our sample of apartments was 6.5mb. Comparing humidity levels in the apartments to a threshold of 10mb vapor pressure that has been proposed as protective against influenza virus transmission, levels of absolute humidity in the homes remained below this threshold for 86% of the winter: a total of over three months. Residential use of humidifiers was not associated with higher indoor humidity levels. Larger building size (above 100 units) was significantly associated with lower humidity, while the presence of a radiator heating system was non-significantly associated with higher humidity. Lastly, perceptions of indoor temperature and measured temperature were significantly associated in both the summer and the winter (Chapter 6), while sleep quality was inversely related to measured indoor temperature in the summer season only. Reports of heat- stress symptoms were associated with perceived, but not measured, temperature in the summer season.
Conclusions: The work presented in this dissertation adds to a growing body of evidence on the importance of exposures in the domestic environment to health and well-being. The research reported here on household air pollution in Ghana documents an exposure-response relationship between air pollution from cookstoves and elevations in blood pressure, on both a chronic and an acute basis. As elevated BP is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), our research provides support for a plausible factor linking HAP exposure to CVD. Meanwhile, our research on temperature and humidity in New York City residences provides concrete data to supplement the very slim literature to date documenting these conditions in the home environment, where Americans spend over half their time. We conclude, first, that AC may not be fully protective against summertime heat risk, and second, that the levels of humidity we observed in residential environments are consistent with levels that have been shown to promote enhanced survival and transmission of respiratory viruses in experimental settings. We suggest that interventions that can reduce exposure to household air pollution and excess indoor heat can also mitigate climate change, and that with thoughtful planning we can improve health at the same time as we foster resiliency in the face of a changing climate.
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Ульянова, Ольга Сергіївна. "Сезонні зміни екологічного стану атмосферного повітря в урбоекосистемах Запорізької області." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/4180.
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Ульянова О. С. Сезонні зміни екологічного стану атмосферного повітря в урбоекосистемах Запорізької області : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 101 "Екологія" / наук. керівник Н. М. Притула. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 77 с.UA : Кваліфікаційна робота магістра: с.77, 6 рис., 18 табл., 69 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – процес забруднення атмосферного повітря урбоекосистеми. Предметом дослідження даної кваліфікаційної роботи є джерела, проблеми, наслідки забруднення атмосферного повітря урбоекосистеми. Методи дослідження. Дослідження проводилося на основі системно-функціонального, динамічного, комплексного наукових підходів, за допомогою наукових методів: аналізу і синтезу, індукції і дедукції, моделювання, методів польових досліджень, методів статистичного аналізу. Метою кваліфікаційної роботи магістра є проаналізувати теоретичні та практичні аспекти сезонних змін екологічного стану атмосферного повітря в урбоекосистемах Запорізької області. Теоретично та практично визначено: сезонні зміни та дана порівняльна характеристика забруднення атмосфери урбоекосистем Запорізької області хімічними та фізичним видами забрудненнями. Розраховані середні значення концентрації монооксиду вуглецю на постах спостереження. Запропонавані практичні заходи щодо зниження рівня атмосферного та шумового забруднення в урбоекосистемах Запорізької області. За результатами проведених вимірювань еквівалентного рівня звуку Lекв на території міста Запоріжжя, встановлені такі основні джерела акустичного навантаження: автотранспорт, електричний транспорт, який використовується в мережі громадських перевезень, масові скупчення людей в межах ринків, супермаркетів.
EN : Qualifying work of the master: 77 s., 6 fig., 18 tab., 69 Sources. The object of research is the process of air pollution of the urban ecosystem. The subject of research of this qualification work are the sources, problems, consequences of air pollution of the urban ecosystem. Research methods. The study was conducted on the basis of system-functional, dynamic, integrated scientific approaches, using scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling, field research methods, methods of statistical analysis. The purpose of the master's qualification work is to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of seasonal changes in the ecological state of atmospheric air in urban ecosystems of Zaporozhye region. Theoretically and practically determined: seasonal changes and given comparative characteristics of atmospheric pollution of urban ecosystems of Zaporizhia region by chemical and physical types of pollution. The average values of carbon monoxide concentration at the observation posts are calculated. Practical measures to reduce the level of air and noise pollution in urban ecosystems of Zaporozhye region are proposed. According to the results of measurements of the equivalent sound level Lekv in the city of Zaporozhye, the following main sources of acoustic load were identified: vehicles, electric transport used in the public transport network, mass gatherings of people within markets, supermarkets.
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Пірогова, Ірина Миколаївна. "Моніторинг стану довкілля м. Запоріжжя та ризики пов’язані з антропогенним забрудненням." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/4095.
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Пірогова І. М. Моніторинг стану довкілля м. Запоріжжя та ризики пов’язані з антропогенним забрудненням
: кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 101 "Екологія" / наук. керівник О. Ф. Рильський. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 128 с.UA : В роботі 128 сторінок, 23 таблиці, 38 рисунків. Було використано 59 літературних джерел, з них 6 іноземною мовою. Об'єкт дослідження – атмосферне повітря. Предмет дослідження – оцінка рівня забруднення повітря за допомогою розрахунку індексів та показників забруднення, ризики для здоров’я, обумовлені інгаляційним впливом забруднень атмосфери. Методи досліджень: методика оцінки якості повітря за індексом забруднення атмосфери та показником забруднення, методологія оцінки ризику для здоров'я населення. Статистична обробка результатів проводилась з використанням програми Microsoft Excel. Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є оцінка рівня забруднення м. Запоріжжя в цілому, рівнів ризику для здоров'я населення від забруднення повітря Шевченківського району. Теоретично та експериментально визначено: стан системи моніторингу повітря м. Запоріжжя потребує технічної та якісної реформації, рівень забруднення повітря у досліджуваний період відзначається високим, має нерівномірний розподіл по районам. Максимальні показники забруднення спостерігались по формальдегіду, оксидам азоту, фенолу та пилу загального. Сумарний не канцерогенний ризик є значно вищим за допустимий. Результати досліджень доцільно використовувати для оцінювання забруднення повітряного шару в м. Запоріжжя з метою оптимізації управління в галузі охорони атмосферного повітря та прийняття заходів по зменшенню його забруднення.
EN : In the work 128 pages 23 tables, 38 pictures were used 59 literary sources, including 6 in a foreign language. The object of the research is: Atmospheric air. The subject of the study is: Assessment of the level of air pollution by calculating indices and indicators of pollution, health risks due to inhalation exposure to polluted atmospheres. Research methods: Methods for assessing air quality by air pollution index and pollution index, methodology for assessing the risk to public health. Statistical processing of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel. The purpose of the qualification work is: assessment of the level of pollution in Zaporizhia as a whole, levels of risk to public health from air pollution in Shevchenkivskyi district. Theoretically and experimentally determined: The state of the air monitoring system in Zaporizhia needs technical and qualitative reform, the level of air pollution in the study period is high, has an uneven distribution by district. Maximum pollution was observed for formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides, phenol and total dust. The total non-carcinogenic risk is much higher than acceptable. The results of research should be used to assess air pollution in Zaporozhye in order to optimize management in the field of air protection and take measures to reduce its pollution.
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Sarwar, Md Golam. "Fine particle formation in indoor environments levels, influencing factors and implications /." Thesis, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3126114.
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Hsieh, Chun-Fa, and 謝泉發. "Effect of Air Pollution on Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels in Schoolchildren." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27888139108348174361.
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碩士國立陽明大學
公共衛生研究所
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway. Recently, studies have found that exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) was correlated with airway inflammation. We used eNO measurement and questionnaire to clarify the effect of air pollution on asthma and airway disease in schoolchildren. Our study subjects were third grade students from 石牌國小 in Taipei and 淡水國小 in Tamshui. We recruited 256 students (male: 133, female: 123) from the two schools. Study was performed between October 1998 and Apr 1999. The effect of children''s atopy or airway disease on eNO, and the effect of air pollutants and children''s eNO were analyzed. Finally, We compared the effect of air pollutants on children with or without atopic airway disease. In the study subjects, 10.2% children had physician-diagnosed asthma, 19.1% children had wheezing, 24.6% children had physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis, and 5.4% children had physician-diagnosed dermatitis. Family factors that influenced eNO: children''s father with higher education, mother with allergic rhinitis, and sibling with allergic rhinitis would increase children''s eNO level. Children''s factors affecting eNO included: physician-diagnosed asthma, wheeze, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, cough in the past year, and upper airway infection (at the time of examination) would increase children''s eNO level. Air pollution: Ozone concentration, ambient temperature, and particulate matter would decrease eNO level, but ambient nitric oxide concentration would increase eNO level. We also found that eNO level was continually increasing from October 1998 to Mar 1999. And it was decreased from Mar 1999 to Apr 1999. URI, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter had more pronounced effect on nonatopic students. We also found that atopic students were more sensitive to ambient temperature. We concluded that atopy, airway disease and air pollution were correlated with eNO. The most important factor in air pollution that influenced children''s eNO was ambient temperature. We also found that eNO had a time-dependent trend. In conclusion, ozone concentration, ambient temperature, ambient nitric oxide, URI, and allergic rhinitis were important on eNO level.