Journal articles on the topic 'Air – Pollution – European Union countries'
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1
Carratù, Maria, Bruno Chiarini, Antonella D’Agostino, Elisabetta Marzano, and Andrea Regoli. "Air pollution and public finance: evidence for European countries." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 7 (November 11, 2019): 1398–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2019-0116.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a statistically significant relationship exists between environmental quality, as measured by consumption-related air pollution, and public debt in Europe. In addition, since the debt burden is one of the most important indicators of fiscal soundness within the European Union (EU) Treaty and the subsequent fiscal compact, the authors propose a simple test to determine whether participation in EU Treaties has shaped the empirical relationship between fiscal policy/public debt and environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach To this end, the authors built a panel data set that covers 24 European countries over the period 1996–2015. Findings The aspect that the authors want to underline is a possible trade off, which is confirmed in the empirical analysis, between the public finance equilibrium and the maintenance of a public good such as air quality. However, there are important non-linearities that shape the interaction between public debt and environmental pollution. Similarly, threshold effects arise when the authors examine the interaction between EU regulation and public debt and when the authors separately examine high debt and low debt countries. When the authors account for the stabilization rules introduced by EU Treaties, a negative effect on pollution is evident; in this way, fiscal consolidation limits the positive effect of fiscal policy. Practical implications The results point out the existence of a potential trade-off between the role of EU as a regulator aiming to mitigate environmental pollution, and its role within the Stability and Growth Pact. The analysis highlights that fiscal consolidation policies, while facilitating the achievement of macroeconomic stability within EU, might have a negative side effect on the environment quality, which spreads beyond the borders of one single country. Originality/value While a number of studies have suggested that fiscal spending might contribute to the level of pollution in European countries, there is scant evidence of the effect of public debt on environmental performance. This lack of scientific knowledge is a serious shortcoming, since it may allow for an underrepresentation of the wide-ranging consequences of stabilization programmes targeting the debt-to-GDP ratio, which could affect environmental quality.
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Ivanova, Lyudmila V. "WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 10 (2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.10.02.009.
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Numerous specialized and unauthorized landfills and huge volumes of waste are a serious problem for the use of minerals. The country's system of solid waste management, based on burial, incinera-tion, partial processing, does not fully comply with the climatic and socio-economic characteristics of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Russia is one of eight members of the Arctic Council, international organizations promoting development of cooperation in the field of environmental protection and sustainable develop-ment of circumpolar areas. In 2001, the Arctic Council approved an Action Plan for the elimination of pollution in the Arctic. For the implementation of the Plan, a specially created expert group on waste supports and oversees pilot projects demonstrating environmentally friendly waste management in the Arctic. Waste dis-posal methods that do not meet environmental standards can contribute to soil, water and air pollution through toxic emissions. Improper waste management can also lead to transboundary emissions. While there is clear progress in this direction in Europe due to the implementation of effective public policies on waste and a focus on the transition to a circular economy, significant amounts of valuable resources remain untapped as a result of ineffective waste management in practice.
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Ginevičius, Romualdas. "Assessment of the impact of air pollution on population mortality in EU countries." Economics & Sociology 15, no. 4 (December 2022): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-4/11.
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articulate matter (PM 2.5), ozone, lead and radon are among the main sources of air pollution. The differences in mortality rates across the European Union due to their impact are very high, ranging from 4 to 16 times. Mortality from PM 2.5 particles is excreted 12.3 – fold compared to ozone, 4.6 – fold for lead and 10.6 – fold for radon. The state of economic development of countries and health expenditures have a significant impact on the rate of human mortality caused by air pollution. Their impact is uneven. Most of these depend on mortality from PM 2.5 particles, to a large extent from lead and ozone, and to a smaller extent to radon. All the countries of the European Union concerned pay considerable attention to health protection, since the level of the costs involved is closely linked to the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the other hand, the real situation is illustrated by the trend in population mortality from the sources of air pollution in question. Absolute positive changes in population mortality from particulate matter (PM 2.5) have been observed over the period 2009‒2018 (the situation has improved in all countries); significant positive changes in mortality due to lead air pollution (the situation has improved in 13 countries); moderate and negative changes due to ozone contamination (the situation improved in 11 countries) and very strong negative changes in mortality due to air pollution by ozone (the situation improved in only 8 countries).
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Katsouyanni, Klea. "Short-term health effects of particulate air pollution with special reference to the needs of southern European countries." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 4-2 (2012): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120104110k.
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Exposure to air pollution, especially from particulate matter, is generally accepted to be one of the most important public health problems in Europe and worldwide. The effects caused in the general population are associated with relatively small relative risks, but if the ubiquity of exposure is considered, the attributable number of events is large. Furthermore, there is evidence that the effects in sensitive population subgroups (such as the elderly, those with chronic diseases and children) are stronger. Within large European Union funded collaborative projects (such as the Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach-APHEA), effect modification by geographical characteristics has been investigated and it was found that in warmer countries, in locations where particles come from traffic and where the proportion of the elderly is greater, particle toxicity is increased. These characteristics are particularly relevant to Southern European locations. From other projects we know that meteorological, climatic, environmental and socioeconomic factors are effect modifiers of the effects of specific air pollutants. In this presentation we will show the evidence on the short-term health effects of particulate and gaseous air pollutants and emphasize particularly results concerning southern Europe and potential effect modifiers. The gaps in knowledge and the need to study air pollution in Southern European countries more extensively will be demonstrated. To conduct useful research, good quality air pollution and health data are needed.
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Bortnovsky, V. N., and V. I. Kljuchenovich. "CONDITION AND FORECAST OF THE POPULATION HEALTH CAUSED BY ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, IN EUROPE AND BELARUS." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 1 (March 28, 2008): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2008-5-1-26.
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The comparative analysis of tendencies of environmental condition change in European Union countries and Belarus is submitted. Connection between levels of atmospheric air pollution and children’s morbidity is shown. The established laws and tendencies demand development and special actions aimed at negative influence reduction of harmful ecological factors on health.
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Chari, Desi M. "Regulatory Road Map for Formaldehyde Emissions and other Hazardous Air Pollutants in Fiberglass Insulation Materials in the United States." International Nonwovens Journal os-14, no. 1 (March 2005): 1558925005os—14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925005os-1400106.
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This paper provides a perspective of air pollution control regulations in the United States that affect the Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing Industry. In addition, it analyzes regulations specifically targeted towards formaldehyde emissions from these operations and evaluates what lies ahead under existing Clean Air Act requirements. This paper addresses only the regulatory climate in the United States. However, based on history, other countries such as Canada and European Union tend to mirror US laws that are eventually followed by other developing countries.
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Rogowski, Krzysztof, and Grzegorz Diemientiew. "Environmental Monitoring System of the City of Słupsk – Quality and Cleanliness of Air." Security Dimensions 34, no. 34 (December 4, 2020): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5612.
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Recent studies and reports on cleanliness and quality of air indicate that Poland belongs to a group of European Union countries where air pollution is at one of the highest levels. Low air quality in many areas of Poland should be considered not only in the context of environmental destruction, but also in the context of the developmental negligence of the country in the context of the care of ecology. This article summarizes the results of research into the scale of threats regarding air quality occurring locally in the city of Słupsk. The paper also discusses the scale of air pollution-related risks and their consequences for the life and health of the individual.
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Rokicki, Tomasz, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Agata Żak, and Grzegorz Koszela. "Development of Electromobility in European Union Countries under COVID-19 Conditions." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010009.
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The introduction of electromobility contributes to an increase in energy efficiency and lower air pollution. European countries have not been among the world’s leading countries in this statistic. In addition, there have been different paces in the implementation of electromobility in individual countries. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the directions of change and the degrees of concentration in electromobility in European Union (EU) countries, especially after the economic closure as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific objectives are to indicate the degree of concentration of electromobility in the EU and changes in this area, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic; to determine the dynamics of changes in the number of electric cars in individual EU countries, showing the variability in this aspect, while also taking into account the crisis caused by COVID-19; to establish the association between the number of electric cars and the parameters of the economy. All EU countries were selected for study by the use of the purposeful selection procedure, as of December 31, 2020. The analyzed period covered the years 2011–2020. It was found that in the longer term, the development of electromobility in the EU, measured by the number of electric cars, is closely related to the economic situation in this area. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the economic situation in all EU countries, but has not slowed down the pace of introducing electromobility, and may have even accelerated it. In all EU countries, in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamics of introducing electric cars into use increased. The growth rate in the entire EU in 2020 was 86%, while in 2019 it was 48%. The reason was a change in social behavior related to mobility under conditions of risk of infection. COVID-19 has become a positive catalyst for change. The prospects for the development of this type of transport are very good because activities related to the development of the electromobility sector perfectly match the needs related to the reduction of pollution to the environment.
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Movchan, Roman, Andrii Vozniuk, Maria Burak, Vitalii Areshonkov, and Dmitriy Kamensky. "Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.2.
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The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.
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Fratila (Adam), Alexandra, Ioana Andrada Gavril (Moldovan), Sorin Cristian Nita, and Andrei Hrebenciuc. "The Importance of Maritime Transport for Economic Growth in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147961.
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Maritime transport is one of the main activities of the blue economy, which plays an important role in the EU. In this paper, we aim to assess the impact of maritime transport, related investment, and air pollution on economic growth within 20 countries of the European Union, using eight panel data regression models from 2007 to 2018. Our results confirm that maritime transport, air pollutants (NOx and SO2) from maritime transport, and investment in maritime port infrastructure are indeed positively correlated with economic growth. In other words, an increase of 10% in these factors has generated an associated increase in economic growth rate of around 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 0.7% respectively. Alongside the intensity of economic maritime activities, pollution is positively correlated with economic growth, and thus it is recommended that policymakers and other involved stakeholders act to diminish environmental impacts in this sector using green investment in port infrastructure and ecological ships, in accordance with the current European trends and concerns.
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Tutak, Magdalena. "Analysis of Gas and Dust Emissions From the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union Countries." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0006.
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AbstractDespite the ongoing changes in the energy and economic structure of the European Union countries, mineral and energy resources such as hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, copper ores, zinc ores and many other minerals continue to be extracted. Each year, the mining and extraction sector emits thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in the form of greenhouse and other air-polluting gases, as well as harmful dusts. These substances include, amongst others, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, as well as PM2.5 and PM10. The European Union climate policy clearly recommends that the exploitation of mineral resources be carried out in full respect of the principles of their rational, economical and environmentally neutral acquisition, which is confirmed by the promoted strategy of sustainable development economy. Therefore, this means the necessity to undertake actions aimed at limiting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere. To assess the actions taken by the European Union countries to date with respect to limiting those emissions, a comparative analysis was carried out for the particular countries. This analysis encompassed the emission of harmful substances from the mining and quarrying sector by the European Union countries in the years 2008 and 2017. The purpose of the analysis was to show the diversity of those countries in terms of the emission of harmful gases and dusts, as well as to divide them into similar groups. Such a division paves the way for developing a common climate policy and exchanging experiences between the countries from the particular groups. The European Union countries were divided into similar groups using the k-means grouping method. Comparison was also made for the emissions of the substances under analysis for the particular countries over the research years. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that this emission has been limited in the European Union, but there are countries where the emission of certain substances has increased.
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Jakubowska, Agnieszka, and Marcin Rabe. "Air Pollution and Limitations in Health: Identification of Inequalities in the Burdens of the Economies of the “Old” and “New” EU." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 6225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176225.
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The aim of the present research is to assess the scale of the impact of air pollution on the level of burdening EU economies with the consequences of chronic diseases (non-communicable diseases—NCDs) in the context of limiting the potential productivity of human resources. This study attempts to identify inequalities in this area that occur in the territory of the European Union. The scale of the impact of environmental factors, and air pollution in particular, on the level of health limitations in the labor resources of EU countries was measured by the number of the years of healthy life lost (YLL and YLD) as a result of chronic diseases. The verification of the assumption of a persistently high level of dispersion was based on an analysis of the convergence process (β and σ) in the group of EU countries in 1990–2019. The results demonstrate that the level of health restrictions caused by air pollution is diverse in the group of EU-27 countries. The inequalities observed concern, in particular, the relationship between the old and the new EU, indicating a high burden of health consequences for the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Europe (EU-CEE).
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Chen, James Ming, Mira Zovko, Nika Šimurina, and Vatroslav Zovko. "Fear in a Handful of Dust: The Epidemiological, Environmental, and Economic Drivers of Death by PM2.5 Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168688.
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This study evaluates numerous epidemiological, environmental, and economic factors affecting morbidity and mortality from PM2.5 exposure in the 27 member states of the European Union. This form of air pollution inflicts considerable social and economic damage in addition to loss of life and well-being. This study creates and deploys a comprehensive data pipeline. The first step consists of conventional linear models and supervised machine learning alternatives. Those regression methods do more than predict health outcomes in the EU-27 and relate those predictions to independent variables. Linear regression and its machine learning equivalents also inform unsupervised machine learning methods such as clustering and manifold learning. Lower-dimension manifolds of this dataset’s feature space reveal the relationship among EU-27 countries and their success (or failure) in managing PM2.5 morbidity and mortality. Principal component analysis informs further interpretation of variables along economic and health-based lines. A nonlinear environmental Kuznets curve may describe the fuller relationship between economic activity and premature death from PM2.5 exposure. The European Union should bridge the historical, cultural, and economic gaps that impair these countries’ collective response to PM2.5 pollution.
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Andrejiová, Miriam, Anna Grincova, and Daniela Marasová. "Study of the Percentage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation in the EU-27 Countries by Applying Multiple-Criteria Statistical Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113759.
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The transport sector, including air transport, represents an important source of air pollution. The present article deals with the current situation regarding greenhouse gas emissions in the air in 27 European Union (EU-27) member states. Every member state is characterized by selected parameters that determine the unique nature of a particular country (e.g., population, area, life expectancy, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, etc.). In addition to these parameters, there were also other parameters which were monitored as they characterize the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of aviation on these emissions. The main purpose of the article is to compare the European Union member states on the basis of 15 examined parameters. The identification of similarities between the EU-27 member states with regard to the selected parameters was carried out by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. The average linkage method was applied to create a dendrogram representing the similarities between the examined member states. The value of the cophenetic correlation coefficient CC = 0.923 confirmed the correct application of the average linkage method. The cluster analysis outputs were five similarity-based homogeneous groups (clusters) into which the 27 member states were divided on the basis of the examined variables.
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Lynnyk, I., K. Vakulenko, N. Shille, and N. Katasonova. "STATE OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN KHARKIV AND KHARKIV REGION." Municipal economy of cities 6, no. 159 (November 27, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-6-159-29-35.
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The risk of chemical pollution is assessed by the level of its possible negative impact on the atmosphere, soils, groundwater and surface water, vegetation, animals and humans. The state of atmospheric air in Kharkiv and Kharkiv region is analyzed and it is revealed that atmospheric air pollution comes from mobile and stationary sources of pollution. One of the main sources of pollution is thermal power plants and oil and gas companies. The largest number of emissions from stationary sources is in Zmiiv, Krasnograd, Balakliia, Chuguiv districts and Kharkiv. The largest number of emissions from mobile sources is observed in Kharkiv and Derhachiv districts. The most polluted areas of the city of Kharkiv were identified, especially the central district and the area of the railway station, and the causes of pollution were established. As a result of comparison of the accepted maximum admissible concentrations of chemical substances in Ukraine, the USA and the countries of the European Union it is revealed that the Ukrainian norms are stricter. An analysis of emissions since 1990 found that their 9,14-fold reduction was due to a reduction in production and the closure of some enterprises as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The sharp drop in emissions since 2013 is also due to the economic crisis and hostilities in eastern Ukraine. The reduction of emissions is explained not only by the reduction of production volumes, but also by the implementation of air protection measures carried out at the enterprises of the city and the region. There is a close link between pollutant emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) production, which can be used in the future to forecast emissions. Measures aimed at improving the state of atmospheric air in Kharkiv region and the city of Kharkiv are presented.
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Steensen, Birthe Marie, Michael Schulz, Nicolas Theys, and Hilde Fagerli. "A model study of the pollution effects of the first 3 months of the Holuhraun volcanic fissure: comparison with observations and air pollution effects." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2016): 9745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9745-2016.
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Abstract. The volcanic fissure at Holuhraun, Iceland started at the end of August 2014 and continued for 6 months to the end of February 2015, with an extensive lava flow onto the Holuhraun plain. This event was associated with large SO2 emissions, amounting up to approximately 4.5 times the daily anthropogenic SO2 emitted from the 28 European Union countries, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland. In this paper we present results from EMEP/MSC-W model simulations to which we added 750 kg s−1 SO2 emissions at the Holuhraun plain from September to November (SON), testing three different emission heights. The three simulated SO2 concentrations, weighted with the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite averaging kernel, are found to be within 30 % of the satellite-observed SO2 column burden. Constraining the SO2 column burden with the satellite data while using the kernel along with the three simulated height distributions of SO2, we estimate that the median of the daily burdens may have been between 13 and 40 kt in the North Atlantic area under investigation. We suggest this to be the uncertainty in the satellite-derived burdens of SO2, mainly due to the unknown vertical distribution of SO2. Surface observations in Europe outside Iceland showed concentration increases up to > 500 µg m−3 SO2 from volcanic plumes passing. Three well identified episodes, where the plume crossed several countries, are compared in detail to surface measurements. For all events, the general timing of the observed concentration peaks compared quite well to the model results. The overall changes to the European SO2 budget due to the volcanic fissure are estimated. Three-monthly wet deposition (SON) of SOx in the 28 European Union countries, Norway and Switzerland is found to be more than 30 % higher in the model simulation with Holuhraun emissions compared to a model simulation with no Holuhraun emissions. The largest increases, apart from extreme values on Iceland, are found on the coast of northern Norway, a region with frequent precipitation during westerly winds. Over a 3-month average (during SON 2014) over Europe, SO2 and PM2.5 surface concentrations, due to the volcanic emissions, increased by only ten and 6 % respectively. Although the percent increase of PM2.5 concentration is highest over Scandinavia and Scotland, an increase in PM exceedance days is found over Ireland and the already polluted Benelux region (up to 3 additional days), where any small increase in particulate matter concentration leads to an increase in exceedance days.
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Zajc, Katarina, and Breda Mulec. "New Challenges in the Filed of Ambient Air Protection with the Emphasis on Economic (in)efficiencies of Chimney Sweeping Services." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/11.2.311-324(2013).
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This paper analyzes new challenges in the field of ambient air protection, such as the use of new energy-generating products, and assesses the air quality protection responsibilities of local communities in European Union (EU) Member States. Domestic heating systems are a major source of air pollution. Thus, chimney-sweeping services are very important and must be regulated to provide fire safety and guarantee better ambient air quality. This paper analyzes Slovenian legislation regulating chimney-sweeping services and compares the Slovenian laws with comparable laws of other European countries and the national laws of EU Member States to examine the laws’ effectiveness in regulating and protecting air quality. More specifically, the paper uses legal and economic analyses to examine the efficiency of current legislation pertaining to chimney-sweeping services. The paper concludes that, consistent with theories of asymmetric information and negative externalities, licensing would be more effective in meeting the challenges of ambient air protection than current exclusive concession agreements, which effectively establish geographical monopolies in chimney-sweeping services.
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Majcherek, Dawid, Marzenna Anna Weresa, and Christina Ciecierski. "A Cluster Analysis of Risk Factors for Cancer across EU Countries: Health Policy Recommendations for Prevention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158142.
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Cancer burden in the European Union (EU) is increasing and has stimulated the European Commission (EC) to develop strategies for cancer control. A common “one size fits all” prevention policy may not be effective in reducing cancer morbidity and mortality. The goal of this paper is to show that EU member states are not homogenous in terms of their exposure to risk factors for cancer (i.e., lifestyle, socio-economic status (SES), air pollution, and vaccination). Data from a variety of sources including Eurostat, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the European Health Interview Survey, Eurobarometer, and the European Environment Agency were merged across years 2013–2015 and used to develop a cluster analysis. This work identified four patterns of cancer prevention behaviors in the EU thus making it possible to group EU members states into four distinct country clusters including: sports-engaged countries, tobacco and pollutant exposed nations, unhealthy lifestyle countries, and a stimulant-enjoying cluster of countries. This paper finds that there is a need for closer collaboration among EU countries belonging to the same cluster in order to share best practices regarding health policy measures that might improve cancer control interventions locally and across the EU.
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Skeffington, R. "European nitrogen policies, nitrate in rivers and the use of the INCA model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2002): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-315-2002.
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Abstract. This paper is concerned with nitrogen inputs to European catchments, how they are likely to change in future, and the implications for the INCA model. National N budgets show that the fifteen countries currently in the European Union (the EU-15 countries) probably have positive N balances – that is, N inputs exceed outputs. The major sources are atmospheric deposition, fertilisers and animal feed, the relative importance of which varies between countries. The magnitude of the fluxes which determine the transport and retention of N in catchments is also very variable in both space and time. The most important of these fluxes are parameterised directly or indirectly in the INCA Model, though it is doubtful whether the present version of the model is flexible enough to encompass short-term (daily) variations in inputs or longer-term (decadal) changes in soil parameters. As an aid to predicting future changes in deposition, international legislation relating to atmospheric N inputs and nitrate in rivers is reviewed briefly. Atmospheric N deposition and fertiliser use are likely to decrease over the next 10 years, but probably not sufficiently to balance national N budgets. Keywords: nitrogen deposition, nitrogen fertilisers, nitrogen budgets, nitrogen balance, nitrate leaching, INCA Model, environmental legislation, EU directives, air pollution, water pollution
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Anna Matuszczak, Łukasz Kryszak, and Andrzej Czyżewski. "Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference?" Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184984.
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions are an important global issue as air pollutants lead to approximately 7 million deaths per year (World Health Organization). In an attempt to combat this global threat, countries in the European Union (EU) allocate relatively large funds for environmental policies. The main goal of this paper is to assess the long-term efficiency of the EU countries’ environmental policy in reducing the pressure of particulates pollution on the natural environment. For this purpose, multilevel panel regression models based on seminal within–between specification are used. The models are run for a panel of 25 EU countries for the years 2004–2016. In the investigations, we tried to capture the effect of the share of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in non-urban areas of the analyzed countries, as it may potentially influence policy efficiency. It was found that environmental spending in all main categories (pollution abatement, biodiversity, R&D, and environmental protection) had a significant impact on decreasing pollution pressure; however, the policy was more efficient in countries which had a lower share of UAA in their non-urban areas. The study emphasized that the impact of “pollution abatement” expenditure may be underestimated in basic panel models.
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Krayev, Vyacheslav M., Alexey I. Tikhonov, and Irina Kuzmina-Merlino. "Perspectives for the Use of Hydrogen Energy in European Countries." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.053.
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The most actual environmental problems in the XXI century are the following: global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions, energy production at coal, oil and power plants, air pollution, water pollution and waste recycling. Other environmental problems can be added to this short list, but the authors solve a specific task of promoting the idea of a promising “green” energy that will help humanity in conservation and development. European Union (EU) countries are planning to solve the main environmental challenges for the transition to low-carbon electricity by 2050. In many countries in the world every year there are more and more supporters of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide CO2, nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In recent years, EU has been consistently pursuing its own policy in the field of environmental protection, carrying out large-scale environmental measures. In Germany, United Kingdom (UK) and other European countries, a number of environmental initiatives are already gaining the status of state policy, which is being formalized in laws and regulations. Russian Federation acts on the world market as a leading country that produces and supplies significant energy resources not only to Europe, but also to many countries in the Asia-Pacific region. It is clear that the competitive stability of Russian energy companies significantly depends on the situation on the world energy market, but with the right strategy, Russia can actively influence the state of the entire energy market. With a confident leadership position, provided with significant natural, technological and human resources, Russian Federation has undeniable advantages over other energy-producing countries. It is Russia that can become the main supplier of clean energy for all other countries of the world, where tougher environmental requirements for energy generation are being cultivated. The authors of the study are considering the possibility of producing environmentally friendly hydrogen in Russia based on renewable energy sources (RES). The performed analysis shows the undeniable advantages of Russia in the export of hydrogen to other European countries.
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Kalachev, S. L., and I. A. Makhotina. "Certain Power Aspects of Sustainable Development of Russia and the European Union." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-6-207-219.
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The article shows elements and key principles of the concept of sustainable development and points out to steps made by Russian and the EU targeted at introducing the concept within the frames of state functioning. The authors provide information about the latest changes in state policy in the field of ecologic development of Russia and characterize the course in the sphere of sustainable ecologic development. In the system of sustainable development indicators the authors identify such power figures as consumption of power resources and emission of used gases, for instance CO2 to the atmosphere. Statistics concerning the amount of power resource consumption and air pollution by CO2 emissions in developed countries was included in the article. Principle normative documents used to regulate power optimization and power efficiency in Russia, EAEC and the EU were analyzed. The EU experience dealing with digital information support of customers aimed at improving power efficiency was studied and data of electric power saving and cutting CO2 emission stipulated by EU directives was also considered. Examples of steps meant to motivate power efficient habits of the population in the Russian Federation were given
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Von Blottnitz, H. "A comparison of air emissions of thermal power plants in South Africa and 15 European countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i1a3292.
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Data recorded in the recently established European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is potentially useful for benchmarking of the environmental performance of industrial activity against European practice. Entries in the category of large power plants in the reporting year 2001 for 15 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to estimate total and fuel specific emissions of NOx, SO2, particulate matter, and CO2. Since the EPER data quality is unknown and since it records only absolute values for emissions and thus does not allow for an eco-efficiency analysis, environmental or sustainability reports made available online by a subset of the operators were sourced to compile a set of specific emissions (per kWh of electricity generated) for the major fossil fuel types, viz. natural gas, fuel oil, coal and lignite. With a few exceptions, notably for PM10 for eight countries and NOx in one case, the large power plant data reported to the EPER is shown to be sufficiently representative of fossil-fuel based generation of electricity and is trustworthy. The fuel mix differs considerably, and together with the varying standard of pollution control technologies, this results in a wide variation in the combustion-related environmental burdens of the generated electricity. Emissions data for South African thermal electricity generation was sourced from Eskom’s 2000 environmental report; in absolute terms they are the highest in this comparison, and in specific terms amongst the three highest per unit of electricity generated from coal.
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Musiał, Wiesław, Monika Zioło, Lidia Luty, and Kamila Musiał. "Energy Policy of European Union Member States in the Context of Renewable Energy Sources Development." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102864.
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As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.
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Murphy, Adrianna, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Mohsen Naghavi, Marie Ng, Nana Pogosova, Theo Vos, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Andrew E. Moran. "Ischaemic heart disease in the former Soviet Union 1990–2015 according to the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study." Heart 104, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311142.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and risk factor burden across former Soviet Union (fSU) and satellite countries and regions in 1990 and 2015.MethodsThe fSU and satellite countries were grouped into Central Asian, Central European and Eastern European regions. IHD mortality data for men and women of any age were gathered from national vital registration, and age, sex, country, year-specific IHD mortality rates were estimated in an ensemble model. IHD morbidity and mortality burden attributable to risk factors was estimated by comparative risk assessment using population attributable fractions.ResultsIn 2015, age-standardised IHD death rates in Eastern European and Central Asian fSU countries were almost two times that of satellite states of Central Europe. Between 1990 and 2015, rates decreased substantially in Central Europe (men −43.5% (95% uncertainty interval −45.0%, −42.0%); women −42.9% (−44.0%, −41.0%)) but less in Eastern Europe (men −5.6% (−9.0, –3.0); women −12.2% (−15.5%, −9.0%)). Age-standardised IHD death rates also varied within regions: within Eastern Europe, rates decreased −51.7% in Estonian men (−54.0, −47.0) but increased +19.4% in Belarusian men (+12.0, +27.0). High blood pressure and cholesterol were leading risk factors for IHD burden, with smoking, body mass index, dietary factors and ambient air pollution also ranking high.ConclusionsSome fSU countries continue to experience a high IHD burden, while others have achieved remarkable reductions in IHD mortality. Control of blood pressure, cholesterol and smoking are IHD prevention priorities.
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Zekić, Stanislav, Žana Kleut, Bojan Matkovski, and Danilo Đokić. "Determining agricultural impact on environment." Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018768016.
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As part of Serbia’s strategic goal of accession to the European Union (EU), harmonization with the agro-environmental policy is an important issue for the creators of Serbia’s agricultural and rural policy. The main goal of this study was to define a model of agro-environmental performance in Serbia and the countries of the EU to determine Serbia’s position in relation to other countries (EU-28). In this article, factor analysis was applied, with four factors extracted within the model: the degree of agricultural modernization that indirectly affects the environment, the degree of intensification of agricultural production with a direct effect on the environment, air pollution from agriculture, and energy use. The factor scores were used as variables within the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation method to rank countries according to the impact of agriculture on the environment.
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Wettestad, Jørgen. "Implementing Stronger European Air Pollution Policies: Will High Hopes in Brussels and Geneva Be Dashed in London?" Energy & Environment 13, no. 3 (July 2002): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502320268241.
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The recently adopted National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive within the European Union and the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol within the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) require a substantial further reduction of emissions. What are the chances for implementation success and what are the determining factors? The earlier central air pollution ‘laggard’ the UK is singled out for specific scrutiny, along with Germany and France. With regard to the UK, it does not seem reasonable to assume that the ‘high hopes’ in Geneva/CLRTAP and Brussels will be dashed in London. Despite a recent worrying increase in the use of coal, the UK as ‘the dirty man of Europe’ seems to be history. The prospects for German implementation are more uncertain, but it seems reasonable to assume that the Germans will do quite well, but be less impressive than in the past. France is even more of an uncertain card here, and its unimpressive NOx and VOC performance so far does not bode well. As these countries are central in both the EU and CLRTAP contexts, the implementation prospects for the new EU and CLRTAP commitments are overall quite promising, even though there are huge uncertainties to be clarified further.
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Khazin, Mark L. "International Emission Standards for Mining Machinery and Equipment." Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело 20, no. 3 (August 2020): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2020.3.9.
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The paper analyses problems associated with the use of mining machinery equipped with diesel engine releases of exhaust gases that have a harmful impact on human health and the environment. The mining industry uses a wide range of equipment powered by diesel engines: dump trucks, backhoe loaders, drill jumbos and other mining machinery. Engine exhaust gases contain toxic elements that have a significant impact on human health and the environment. Air pollution from gases leads to standbys of mine sites, while a reduced visibility on a route results in a partial or total equipment shutdown. At present, environmental requirements to vehicle engines are a top concern. The problem of air pollution with harmful substances contained in diesel engine exhausts is becoming a global challenge. Solutions of these issues require joint efforts from many countries. International conventions and adoption of relevant standards serve as a means of rapprochement in this sphere. Most operations in Europe, Asia and America are guided by similar standards as to the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases, the European Union being an influencer in this regard by frequently introducing updates and stringent regulations. Other countries are following this trend and revising their emission standards too. European states had paid attention to this issue earlier than other countries. Today, environmental requirements to vehicle engines are a top priority. Research in this field is focused on such issues as increasing productivity of mining machinery engines, reducing labour costs of maintenance and repairs, enhancing fuel efficiency and significantly improving environmental performance.
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Alsaleh, Mohd, Muhammad Mansur Abdulwakil, and Abdul Samad Abdul-Rahim. "Land-Use Change Impacts from Sustainable Hydropower Production in EU28 Region: An Empirical Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094599.
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Under the current European Union (EU) constitution approved in May 2018, EU countries ought to guarantee that estimated greenhouse-gas releases from land use, land-use change, or forestry are entirely compensated by an equivalent accounted removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air during the period between 2021 and 2030. This study investigates the effect of sustainable hydropower production on land-use change in the European Union (EU28) region countries during 1990–2018, using the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). The results revealed that land-use change incline with an increase in hydropower energy production. In addition, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, and population density are found to be increasing land-use changes, while institutional quality is found to be decreasing land-use change significantly. The finding implies that land-use change in EU28 region countries can be significantly increased by mounting the amount of hydropower energy production to achieve Energy Union aims by 2030. This will finally be spread to combat climate change and environmental pollution. The findings are considered robust as they were checked with DOLS and pooled OLS. The research suggests that the EU28 countries pay attention to the share of hydropower in their renewable energy combination to minimize carbon releases. Politicians and investors in the EU28 region ought to invest further in the efficiency and sustainability of hydropower generation to increase its production and accessibility without further degradation of forest and agricultural conditions. The authorities of the EU28 region should emphasize on efficiency and sustainability of hydropower energy with land-use management to achieve the international commitments for climate, biodiversity, and sustainable development, reduce dependence on fossil fuel, and energy insecurity.
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Pankov, Yevhenii, Olha Filipshykh, and Dmytro Boichuk. "Problems of the environmental law of the European Union." Problems of Legality, no. 155 (December 20, 2021): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.155.243720.
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The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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Ziemacki, Zbysław. "Europejski Zielony Ład i odbudowa polskiej gospodarki – szanse i wyzwania." Sprawy Międzynarodowe 74, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2021.74.3.08.
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Man-made climate change has become the greatest political and economic challenge today. The dictate of GDP as the main measure of prosperity and economic success has led to the wasteful use of natural resources and a drastic increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The consequences are more and more felt: water, food and air pollution, the spread of infectious diseases such as Covid19, or extreme weather phenomena caused by global warming. Limiting these phenomena requires strong and consistent political decisions as well as real actions. The ambitious goals of decarbonisation and climate neutrality adopted by the European Union meet with the strongest resistance and criticism in the former Eastern Bloc countries, whose economies are highly dependent on coal. European policymakers are trying to reconcile the interests of European economies, highly diversified both in terms of the economic structure and the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix. The main tool is to be the unprecedented scale of the European budget earmarked for pro-climate actions, which is to help achieve climate neutrality while maintaining economic growth.
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Slisane, Dzintra, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Assessment of Roadside Particulate Emission Mitigation Possibil." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2013-0009.
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Abstract The improvement of air quality is now an issue for all developed countries. In the European Union transportation is the main source of NOx pollution and the second most significant PM10 and PM2, 5 emission sources. The focus of the research is transportation PM10 emissions. The paper introduces a model of system dynamics for analysis of road transportation PM10 emissions. The developed model is then used to compare PM10 emissions in 4 cases, one of which is the baseline, while in the other 3 a variety of road transport emission reduction methods are implemented. The simulation results have shown that the highest daily PM10 emission reductions can be achieved by combining technological and administrative methods. Administrative methods (rush-hour driving tax and heavy vehicle traffic restrictions) turned out to be the most effective.
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Novikova, Svetlana A. "The excess of sanitary norms on noise from motor transport in the cities of Irkutsk and Angarsk (Irkutsk agglomeration)." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2018-26-4-409-418.
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Acoustic pollution is a type of negative impact on the environment. According to the World Health Organization, the increased noise level is the second largest after pollution of the atmospheric air by the environmental cause of health problems in the population of industrial and transport cities. The increase in the number of road transport in the cities of the Irkutsk region leads to an increase in noise levels, its penetration into residential, public and office buildings. The increase in noise is also associated with the construction of new highways, bridges and roundabouts in cities. The article assesses noise pollution in large cities of the Irkutsk region. Observations on the composition and intensity of traffic at major intersections, highways and residential areas were carried out. With help of the sound level meter, noise level measurements were made in the daytime and at night and noise maps of the levels of the urban road network were constructed. The legislative basis for noise regulation in the Russian Federation and the countries of the European Union has been studied. A set of measures is suggested that contributes to reducing the acoustic impact on residents of the cities of the Irkutsk region.
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Išoraitė, Margarita. "THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXTERNAL TRANSPORT COST EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF LITHUANIA'S INTEGRATION INTO THE EUROPEAN UNION." TRANSPORT 18, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16483840.2003.10414104.
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The accepted accession to the European Union in Lithuanian internal transportation is regulated by the coordination of national legal acts with the international conventions arid documents of various international organisations. This process was particularly accelerated when Lithuania started negotiations on the accession to the European Union. Future transport pricing policy of Lithuania has two objectives — to guarantee the covering of operational costs and to strive for economic efficiency. These objectives should not be coincident. Economic, institutional and legal refonns in Lithuania are implemented with the aim to co-ordinate the standards and regulations effective in Lithuania with the acts of the European Union. In the article on the basis of pricing of the peak, the social marginal, the environmental costs referring to the advanced research of Western and US scientists, were analysed and improved the evaluation of external Lithuanian transport costs and economic methods enabling the integration of external transport costs into the internal costs were offered. The improvement of external cost evaluation will enable the integration of external transport costs in line with the EU standards. One of the most actual problems of Lithuania is the growth of environmental impact and social subsequences caused by the increase of transport in Lithuania: Increasing traffic jams, air pollution, growing rates of accidents and noise emission are the main problems of the Lithuanian transport system. Thus, in transport system, besides the internal costs, there exist the external costs that are not reflected in transport cost price. These costs are caused by air pollution, worsened health condition of people, decreased agrarian fertility, increased water pollution, etc. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate these external transport costs and to propose the ways of their reduction as well as their inclusion into the transportation price. The methodological basis of the article is the method of systematic and multicriteria! analysis aiming at the evaluation of the necessity of the inclusion of external transport costs into the transport price with the attitude towards the national and the carrier's positions. Research work of Western and US scientists was referred to the grounding of the necessity of external transport costs in Lithuania. Having analysed the experience of the scientists of US and Western countries, as well as the practice of Lithuanian scientists, a methodology for the evaluation of external transport costs in the country was offered. The application of the EU standards is tackled as well. Most ideas suggested in the article could be valuable for further formation and enhancement of external costs of economic technique in Lithuania thus approaching the national pricing to the EU standard system. The evaluation made in the article shall be applied for the implementation of external transport cost evaluation technique in Lithuanian transport.
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Horobet, Alexandra, Oana Cristina Popovici, Emanuela Zlatea, Lucian Belascu, Dan Gabriel Dumitrescu, and Stefania Cristina Curea. "Long-Run Dynamics of Gas Emissions, Economic Growth, and Low-Carbon Energy in the European Union: The Fostering Effect of FDI and Trade." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102858.
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The European Union’s environmental goal by 2050 is to become the first climate-neutral continent in the world. This means specific efforts for diversifying the energy mix and investing in low-carbon energy. Our study investigates the nexus among carbon emissions, energy consumption and mix, and economic growth in a modified framework that includes the contribution of inward foreign direct investments and international trade to lowering air pollution. We have used a two-step approach to explore in more detail the links between these variables in 24 EU countries over the period 1995–2018, followed by a panel VECM analysis. Our results indicate that there is a unidirectional link between economic growth and CO2 emissions, which should imply a decoupling of environmental improvement measures from the pace of economic growth. We also find bidirectional causal relationships between low-carbon energy shares in consumption and CO2 emissions, as well as between low-carbon energy share in consumption and GDP per capita, which confirms both pollution haven and the halo effect hypotheses for FDI on gas emissions. However, in the long term, FDI, exports, and imports have positively impacted the reduction in CO2 emissions; therefore, stronger EU investment and trade integration should be promoted to improve the quality of the environment.
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Leip, A., G. Marchi, R. Koeble, M. Kempen, W. Britz, and C. Li. "Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen and carbon losses from arable soils in Europe." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2008): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-73-2008.
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Abstract. A comprehensive assessment of policy impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural soils requires careful consideration of both socio-economic aspects and the environmental heterogeneity of the landscape. We developed a modelling framework that links the large-scale economic model for agriculture CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact assessment) with the biogeochemistry model DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition) to simulate GHG fluxes, carbon stock changes and the nitrogen budget of agricultural soils in Europe. The framework allows the ex-ante simulation of agricultural or agri-environmental policy impacts on a wide range of environmental problems such as climate change (GHG emissions), air pollution and groundwater pollution. Those environmental impacts can be analyzed in the context of economic and social indicators as calculated by the economic model. The methodology consists of four steps: (i) definition of appropriate calculation units that can be considered as homogeneous in terms of economic behaviour and environmental response; (ii) downscaling of regional agricultural statistics and farm management information from a CAPRI simulation run into the spatial calculation units; (iii) designing environmental model scenarios and model runs; and finally (iv) aggregating results for interpretation. We show the first results of the nitrogen budget in croplands in fourteen countries of the European Union and discuss possibilities to improve the detailed assessment of nitrogen and carbon fluxes from European arable soils.
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Czuba, Michał. "The Principles of Sustainable Development and the Possibilities of Limiting the Global Effects of Smog by Medium-sized Cities Located in the European Union on the Example of Mikołów (Poland) and Żylina (Slovakia)." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.12.
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The urban smog has negative global effects. They are expressed in the increased mortality of people, an increase scale of respiratory diseases as well as climate changes causing negative effects in the field of agricultural crops, which results in an increase in food prices. The occurrence of these phenomena mobilizes the global community to conduct activities aimed at limiting their occurrence. Medium-sized cities can play a significant role in this respect. The element conditioning the life of city dwellers is the appropriate condition of the natural environment. In Polish and Slovak conditions, smog is becoming a problem, which negatively affects the health of citizens of these countries. Therefore, actions are taken to limit the occurrence of this phenomenon. They are described in the current ecological policy of both countries. This article tries to show on the example of the Polish commune of Mikołów and the Slovak commune of Żylina the actions taken in them to reduce air pollution and thereby reduce the phenomenon of smog. In both analysed cities, measures taken to reduce the phenomenon of smog are implemented in a planned manner and may be an inspiration for other medium-sized cities in the world having air quality problems
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Kiss, Emőke, Dániel Balla, and András Donát Kovács. "Characteristics of Climate Concern—Attitudes and Personal Actions—A Case Study of Hungarian Settlements." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095138.
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This article discusses one of the most important social factors of climate protection: climate concern. Most research in this area focuses on North America and Western Europe or presents international comparative statistics. Our work is innovative because we have designated a lesser-known post-socialist region in East-Central Europe as a sample area, and we intend to conduct in-depth analyses at the municipal level. Our study describes the second largest city in Hungary, Debrecen, and its agglomeration. Based on a questionnaire survey in 2020 (N = 512), we examined opinion factors, and we have presented features consistent with or different from the findings in the relevant literature. In the statistical analysis, chi-square tests and binary logistic regressions were applied to reveal significant differences between the responses of different types of respondents. As response variables, we used the questions about general concerns regarding air pollution, knowledge about climate change, beliefs about tackling, perceived threat, behavioural responses, personal actions, and demography. We found that the concern about air pollution and a feeling of threat to respondents’ life was mainly affected by the degree of climate concern. We conclude that the knowledge of local communities on climate change has increased, and risk perception has improved. Still, there is no clear relationship between the level of concern and climate-conscious behaviour. The findings provide ideas for promoting local climate management and awareness-raising in the European Union or other countries.
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Kiss, Emőke, Dániel Balla, and András Donát Kovács. "Characteristics of Climate Concern—Attitudes and Personal Actions—A Case Study of Hungarian Settlements." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095138.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses one of the most important social factors of climate protection: climate concern. Most research in this area focuses on North America and Western Europe or presents international comparative statistics. Our work is innovative because we have designated a lesser-known post-socialist region in East-Central Europe as a sample area, and we intend to conduct in-depth analyses at the municipal level. Our study describes the second largest city in Hungary, Debrecen, and its agglomeration. Based on a questionnaire survey in 2020 (N = 512), we examined opinion factors, and we have presented features consistent with or different from the findings in the relevant literature. In the statistical analysis, chi-square tests and binary logistic regressions were applied to reveal significant differences between the responses of different types of respondents. As response variables, we used the questions about general concerns regarding air pollution, knowledge about climate change, beliefs about tackling, perceived threat, behavioural responses, personal actions, and demography. We found that the concern about air pollution and a feeling of threat to respondents’ life was mainly affected by the degree of climate concern. We conclude that the knowledge of local communities on climate change has increased, and risk perception has improved. Still, there is no clear relationship between the level of concern and climate-conscious behaviour. The findings provide ideas for promoting local climate management and awareness-raising in the European Union or other countries.
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Kiss, Emőke, Dániel Balla, and András Donát Kovács. "Characteristics of Climate Concern—Attitudes and Personal Actions—A Case Study of Hungarian Settlements." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095138.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses one of the most important social factors of climate protection: climate concern. Most research in this area focuses on North America and Western Europe or presents international comparative statistics. Our work is innovative because we have designated a lesser-known post-socialist region in East-Central Europe as a sample area, and we intend to conduct in-depth analyses at the municipal level. Our study describes the second largest city in Hungary, Debrecen, and its agglomeration. Based on a questionnaire survey in 2020 (N = 512), we examined opinion factors, and we have presented features consistent with or different from the findings in the relevant literature. In the statistical analysis, chi-square tests and binary logistic regressions were applied to reveal significant differences between the responses of different types of respondents. As response variables, we used the questions about general concerns regarding air pollution, knowledge about climate change, beliefs about tackling, perceived threat, behavioural responses, personal actions, and demography. We found that the concern about air pollution and a feeling of threat to respondents’ life was mainly affected by the degree of climate concern. We conclude that the knowledge of local communities on climate change has increased, and risk perception has improved. Still, there is no clear relationship between the level of concern and climate-conscious behaviour. The findings provide ideas for promoting local climate management and awareness-raising in the European Union or other countries.
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Storozhenko, P. A., D. O. Skobelev, A. S. Malyavin, V. M. Kostyleva, and A. Yu Popov. "Applying Continuous Self-monitoring Systems for Industrial Stack Gases: International and Russian Experience of Legal Regulation." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-4-37-43.
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The approaches to the control of pollutant emissions of industrial enterprises by means of automatic measuring systems are presented. The available international experience of normative regulation of continuous emissions control, including the regulatory policy of the United States of America, the European Union, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of India, the Republic of Korea, is summarized. It was found that almost all countries that regulate air quality on the basis of the concept of the best available techniques have formed lists of pollutants, threshold values of their emissions, lists of industries or types of units, stationary emissions sources which are to be equipped with automatic measuring systems. The Russian system regulation of the negative impact on the environment in terms of the application of continuous emission monitoring systems is considered. Technical features of the organization of automatic control of emissions at different types of stationary sources are analyzed. The cases of the absence of practical possibility of making instrumental measurements of emissions are discussed.
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Tudor, Cristiana, and Robert Sova. "EU Net-Zero Policy Achievement Assessment in Selected Members through Automated Forecasting Algorithms." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11040232.
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The European Union (EU) has positioned itself as a frontrunner in the worldwide battle against climate change and has set increasingly ambitious pollution mitigation targets for its members. The burden is heavier for the more vulnerable economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), who must juggle meeting strict greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction goals, significant fossil-fuel reliance, and pressure to respond to current pandemic concerns that require an increasing share of limited public resources, while facing severe repercussions for non-compliance. Thus, the main goals of this research are: (i) to generate reliable aggregate GHG projections for CEE countries; (ii) to assess whether these economies are on track to meet their binding pollution reduction targets; (iii) to pin-point countries where more in-depth analysis using spatial inventories of GHGs at a finer resolution is further needed to uncover specific areas that should be targeted by additional measures; and (iv) to perform geo-spatial analysis for the most at-risk country, Poland. Seven statistical and machine-learning models are fitted through automated forecasting algorithms to predict the aggregate GHGs in nine CEE countries for the 2019–2050 horizon. Estimations show that CEE countries (except Romania and Bulgaria) will not meet the set pollution reduction targets for 2030 and will unanimously miss the 2050 carbon neutrality target without resorting to carbon credits or offsets. Austria and Slovenia are the least likely to meet the 2030 emissions reduction targets, whereas Poland (in absolute terms) and Slovenia (in relative terms) are the farthest from meeting the EU’s 2050 net-zero policy targets. The findings thus stress the need for additional measures that go beyond the status quo, particularly in Poland, Austria, and Slovenia. Geospatial analysis for Poland uncovers that Krakow is the city where pollution is the most concentrated with several air pollutants surpassing EU standards. Short-term projections of PM2.5 levels indicate that the air quality in Krakow will remain below EU and WHO standards, highlighting the urgency of policy interventions. Further geospatial data analysis can provide valuable insights into other geo-locations that require the most additional efforts, thereby, assisting in the achievement of EU climate goals with targeted measures and minimum socio-economic costs. The study concludes that statistical and geo-spatial data, and consequently research based on these data, complement and enhance each other. An integrated framework would consequently support sustainable development through bettering policy and decision-making processes.
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Cotton, A., B. Valfrey-Visser, P. van Maanen, and R. Scott. "European Union support for sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa: aid flows and effectiveness." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.106.
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Within sub-Saharan Africa, 569 million people, amounting to 69% of the population, do not use improved sanitation. This study presents an overview of European Union (EU) donor support to sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa and proposes a method for investigating the effectiveness of national sanitation programmes through linking aid flows to sanitation outcomes in terms of trends in open defecation; this can be used to locate the relative performance of different countries. The work addresses key concerns of the African Ministers' Council on Water and the European donors around the need to increase support to sanitation. Results show that EU donors are the major source of external finance for sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa. Case studies from Mozambique, Uganda and Burkina Faso show that the majority of national planned expenditure on sanitation comes from donor sources, with EU donors being the substantive contributors. National policies on subsidy for sanitation and expenditure allocations vary extremely widely and do not necessarily align with sanitation outcomes. EU member states' donor policies on sanitation are consistent and well-aligned with those of the African Union; this is a major achievement for Europe and Africa. Inadequate national monitoring of sanitation expenditure remains a constraint to determining programme effectiveness.
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MAKSYMENKO, Natalia, and Irina USHAKOVA-KIRPACH. "Introduction of electric transport as a way to fight against pollution of the environment." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 5 (December 21, 2021): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2021-5-168-176.
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Abstract. The purpose of the study is to conduct an analytical and legal analysis of the government program for a gradual transition to road transport to an environmentally friendly form with a gradual abandonment of cars with an internal combustion engine. The research methods are the analysis of the draft government program for the promotion of clean and energy-efficient equipment for road transport, executed on the basis of a generalization of the positions of legal scholars and ecologists regarding the level of environmental pollution in connection with the increase in emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and the invention of the ways to minimize the impact on the environment. The results of the study showed that the author carries out a legal analysis of the introduction by European countries of government subsidiary programs focusing on the use of environmentally friendly vehicles by the people. As part of strengthening the politically safe convergence between Ukraine and the European Union regarding the promotion of clean and energy efficient vehicles, the Government of Ukraine has initiated a corresponding government program, which includes a ban on the use of used cars with a diesel internal combustion engine from 01/01/2027, and from 01/01/2030 � a ban on the use of new vehicles with a diesel internal combustion engine, as well as used and new vehicles with a gasoline internal combustion engine. The result of the study is the author's identification of a number of shortcomings that arise from the draft state program for the promotion of clean and energy-efficient vehicles for road transport, and require immediate elimination before the start of its implementation. Key words: environment, atmospheric air, emissions of pollutants, environmentally friendly transport, government subsidies, electric transport, emission quotas, internal combustion engine.
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Leip, A., G. Marchi, R. Koeble, M. Kempen, W. Britz, and C. Li. "Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen losses from cropland soil in Europe." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 5, 2007): 2215–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2215-2007.
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Abstract. For the comprehensive assessment of the policy impact on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils both socio-economic aspects and the environmental heterogeneity of the landscape are important factors that must be considered. We developed a modelling framework that links the large-scale economic model for agriculture CAPRI with the bio-geochemistry model DNDC to simulate greenhouse gas fluxes, carbon stock changes and the nitrogen budget of agricultural soils in Europe. The framework allows the ex-ante simulation of agricultural or agri-environmental policy impacts on wide range of environmental problems such as climate change (greenhouse gas emissions), air pollution and groundwater pollution. Those environmental impacts can be analysed in the context of economic and social indicators as calculated by the economic model. The methodology consists in four steps (i) the definition of appropriate calculation units that can be considered as homogeneous in terms of economic behaviour and environmental response; (ii) downscaling of regional agricultural statistics and farm management information from a CAPRI simulation run into the spatial calculation units; (iii) setting up of environmental model scenarios and model runs; and finally (iv) aggregating results for interpretation. We show first results of the nitrogen budget in cropland for the area of fourteen countries of the European Union. These results, in terms of estimated nitrogen fluxes, must still be considered as illustrative as needs for improvements in input data (e.g. the soil map) and management data (yield estimates) have been identified and will be the focus of future work. Nevertheless, we highlight inter-dependencies between farmer's choices of land uses and the environmental impact of different cultivation systems.
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Chovancová, Jana, and Juraj Tej. "Decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions: the case of the energy sector in V4 countries." Equilibrium 15, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.011.
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Research background: The production and use of energy satisfies human needs, but also gives rise to a host of adverse environmental pressures, such as air pollution and waste generation. The issue of energy efficiency and climate chance resonates in the energy sector as one of the main producers of green-house gas emissions (GHG). While the European Union in general is doing well in reducing emissions and increasing the share of renewables, unfortunately, there are countries that are still far from reaching their goal.
Purpose of the article: The paper is focused on the quantitative assessment of the link between the economic growth of the energy sector and the production of GHG emissions by the energy sector in V4 countries during the period 1995–2016. For this purpose, decoupling analysis will be realized.
Methods: The decoupling of economic growth and the environmental pressures caused by this growth has a rich tradition within the sustainable development literature. The decoupling method was chosen for its ability to link economic and environmental indicators. Decoupling elasticity will be calculated with the aim of assessing the relationship between the economic growth of the energy sector (measured in GVA) and GHG emissions produced by the energy sector in V4 countries within the research period. Decoupling elasticity indicates different forms of the decoupling and coupling of the two variables.
Findings & Value added: The results of the analysis suggest the prevailing strong decoupling of the economic growth of the energy sector and GHG emissions produced by the energy sector, which can be considered a positive trend. The findings of this paper are relevant for the government, state and public institutions and stakeholders in general, who play important roles in the preparation of programs, projects and policies to make energy generation, transport and use more efficient and environmentally sustainable.
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Moroz, Galyna V., Olga A. Grytsan, Oleh A. Vivcharenko, and Nadiia R. Kobetska. "Relationship Between Economic Growth and Environmental Pressures (Legal Aspects)." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 9, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.00.3728.
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The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.
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Khamidulina, Kh Kh, E. V. Tarasova, A. S. Proskurina, A. R. Egiazaryan, I. V. Zamkova, E. V. Dorofeeva, E. A. Rinchindorzhieva, S. A. Shvykina, and E. S. Petrova. "ON THE NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYGIENIC STANDARDS (MACs) IN THE WATER AND AIR OF THE WORKING AREA FOR PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Toxicological Review, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-5-21-31.
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Currently, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has no hygienic standards in the air of the working area and objects of the human environment in the Russian Federation. By the decision of the Stockholm Convention SC-9/12, PFOA, its salts and derivatives are included in Part I of Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2019 (with exceptions for possible use). The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade included PFOA, its salts and derivatives in the list of potential candidates for inclusion in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention at the next meeting COP10 in 2021. The use of this chemical on the territory of the Russian Federation entails water and air pollution. Industrial emissions and waste water from fluoropolymer production, thermal use of materials and products containing polytetrafluoroethylene, biological and atmospheric degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols, waste water from treatment facilities are the sources of the release of PFOA into the environment. Analysis of international databases has showed that PFOA is standardized in the air of the working area in Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In the countries of the European Union, as well as the USA and Canada, the issue of PFOA standardizing in drinking water is being now actively under discuss. Taking into account the high toxicity and hazard of the substance and the serious concern of the civil society of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing requested the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances to develop MACs for perfluorooctanoic acid in the air of the working area and water as soon as possible. The MACs for PFOA have been proposed using risk analysis: 0,005 mg/m3, aerosol, hazard class 1 – in the air of the working area and 0,0002 mg/L, the limiting hazard indicator – sanitary-toxicological, hazard class 1 – in the water.
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Zakharkina, L., and V. Novikov. "ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION IN UKRAINE: PROSPECTS OF IMPROVEMENT BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 4 (2020): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.4-14.
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Today, scientists are paying particular attention to the problems of low efficiency of environmental taxation due to ineffective tax policies, lack of incentives to modernize production, low tax revenues to local budgets, and further growth of environmental pollution. In this context, it is rational to study the European experience of implementing environmentally friendly tax policy, which is relevant for Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify the shortcomings of the domestic tax system related to the negative impact on the environment, analysis of European environmental tax instruments and their practical effectiveness, analysis of the possibility of using foreign experience in the practice of domestic environmental taxation. Methods of comparison, structuring, grouping, and systematization were used in the research process. The article provides a comparative analysis of existing environmental taxes in the European Union and Ukraine during 2010-2019. The study found that the environmental tax burden in Ukraine is much lower than in the EU, which demonstrates a lack of understanding of the importance of environmental protection for businesses, the lack of adequate institutional mechanisms for control and responsibility in this area. A rating assessment of the system of environmental taxes has been developed, which considers the indicators of their environmental and economic efficiency and ease of collection. The criteria of the studied indicators are environmental and economic efficiency, the stability of environmental revenues, the possibility of tax evasion, administrative costs, social and political popularity. The need to use such indicators is due to the complexity of the assessment and its importance for both the environment and the socio-economic sphere. Based on the constructed matrix of distribution of environmental taxes, it was established that the tax that is the easiest to manage and most consistent with the value of environmental and economic efficiency is the environmental tax for air emissions of pollutants from stationary sources. Analysis of the experience of EU countries allows us to draw the following conclusions: conditions should be created to stimulate business to transition to environmentally friendly means of production by obtaining preferential credit resources, establishing a progressive taxation system in case of excessive pollution of the ecosystem.