Journal articles on the topic 'Air-land interaction'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Air-land interaction.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Air-land interaction.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Grachev, Andrey A., Laura S. Leo, Harindra J. S. Fernando, Christopher W. Fairall, Edward Creegan, Byron W. Blomquist, Adam J. Christman, and Christopher M. Hocut. "Air–Sea/Land Interaction in the Coastal Zone." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 167, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0326-2.
Full text
2
Rutgersson, Anna, Heidi Pettersson, Erik Nilsson, Hans Bergström, Marcus B. Wallin, E. Douglas Nilsson, Erik Sahlée, Lichuan Wu, and E. Monica Mårtensson. "Using land-based stations for air–sea interaction studies." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 72, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2019.1697601.
Full text
3
Cholaw, Bueh, Ji Liren, Sun Shuqing, and Cui Maochang. "EA WM-Related Air-Sea-Land Interaction and the Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 18, no. 5 (September 2001): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403492.
Full text
4
Ahmad, Mohsin Hasnain, Usman Azhar, Syed Ashraf Swati, and Zeshan Inam. "Interaction between Population and Environmental Degradation." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 1135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1135-1150.
Full textAbstract:
Economic development and population growth in the poor areas of the earth is a subject of an essential concern for the environmental economists. Developing countries are facing and suffering by the serious problem of high population growth which is causing environmental degradation. A rapidly growing population exerts pressure on agricultural land and raises demand for food and shelter which encourages the conversion of forest land for agricultural and residential uses, now we know that growing population is a major cause of air, water, and solid waste pollution. The world population was 2.52 billion in the year 1950, which increased to 6.06 billion in 2000 and is likely to reach 8.3 billion by the year 2030. While the population size will remain almost stationary in the economically developed part of the world, around 1.2 billion, during the same period population is likely to grow in the less developed regions. This is likely to pose challenges for the economic growth and pressure on environmental resources in the developing countries. Furthermore, most of the population growth in the developing countries is likely to be concentrated in the urban areas. This has implication for increased demand for energy and water resources in the urban areas. This will also pose challenges for the management of increased solid waste, air and water pollution. One of the striking experiences of the developing
5
Cai, Hao, and Zheng Mao. "Research and Application of Display System of Component-Based Virtual Instrument for Land and Air Platforms." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2218, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2218/1/012083.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract With the diversified combat missions in the new era and the development of industrialization, the demand for military and civilian equipment continues to increase, and the development and upgrade standards of land-air dual-use platforms must also move toward standardization. As the core of information visualization and control standardization, the component-based virtual instrument display platform is an important part of the integrated information display system of the land-air platform. The component display platform takes the optimization of the research and development, design and maintenance of the land and air mobile platform as the starting point, and at the same time meets the needs of wartime and meets the development trend of future informatization. It adopts engineering design ideas, hierarchical software layout and componentized ideas of man-machines. The concepts of interaction design are based on componentization techniques, serial communication, data dictionaries, pattern transformations, etc. A comprehensive information display platform aims to increase software productivity, reduce development costs and degree of coupling, and meet human-computer interaction as well as user-friendliness requirements.
6
Vorovka, Volodymyr. "System-forming factors of the organization of coastal paradynamic landscape systems." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 89, no. 1 (2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.1.09.
Full textAbstract:
The basis of system-forming factors of the organization of coastal paradynamic landscape system is composed of natural factors associated with characteristics of geographic distribution of the coast, its configuration, tectonic, morphometric, hydrological, climatic and other indices, along with characteristics of the surrounding land. Paradynamic interactions are formed on the basis of exchange of matter, energy and information between spatially adjacent contrasting complexes. The main system-forming factor of the coastal paradynamic landscape system is the relationship of its structural complexes with various types of spatial dynamics and corresponding processes, distinguished into three main streams - matter, energy and information, caused by the simultaneous interaction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and their specificity. A complex nature of the interaction between natural landscape complexes and their components among themselves in the coastal zone was revealed. Characteristics of the horizontal interaction between marine waters and the surrounding land, river mouth and adjacent sea area, interactions in the system "sea-river-liman" were found out. Main processes of the vertical interaction between the environments were revealed: the land and sea, air and water, bottom layers of water and the bottom itself. The principal scheme of energy flows in the coastal zone was developed. The paradynamic interaction is based on the exchange of matter, energy and information between spatially adjacent contrasting systems. The importance of this type of research is explained by the need to take into account the revealed interactions for the formation of effective system of integrated management of the coastal zone to ensure further optimization of its structure and functioning.
7
Misra, Vasubandhu. "Coupled Air, Sea, and Land Interactions of the South American Monsoon." Journal of Climate 21, no. 23 (December 1, 2008): 6389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2497.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The dominant interannual variation of the austral summer South American monsoon season (SAM) is associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Although this teleconnection provides a basis for the seasonal predictability of SAM, it is shown that the conventional tier-2 modeling approach of prescribing observed sea surface temperature (SST) is inappropriate to capture this teleconnection. Furthermore, such a forced atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulation leads to degradation of the SAM precipitation variability. However, when the same AGCM is coupled to an ocean general circulation model to allow for coupled air–sea interactions, then this ENSO–SAM teleconnection is reasonably well simulated. This is attributed to the role of air–sea coupling in modulating the large-scale east–west circulation, especially associated with Niño-3 SST anomalies. It is also shown that the land–atmosphere feedback in the SAM domain as a result of the inclusion of air–sea coupling is more robust. As a consequence of this stronger land–atmosphere feedback the decorrelation time of the daily rainfall in the SAM region is prolonged to match more closely with the observed behavior. A subtle difference in the austral summer seasonal precipitation anomalies between that over the Amazon River basin (ARB) and the SAM core region is also drawn from this study in reference to the influence of the air–sea interaction. It is shown that the dominant interannual precipitation variability over the ARB is simulated both by the uncoupled and coupled (to OGCM) AGCM in contrast to that over the SAM core region in southeastern Brazil.
8
Pysarenko, L. A., and S. V. Krakovska. "Main directions in modern research of interaction between climate and land use/land cover changes." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 25 (July 16, 2020): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.25.2020.04.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the research is to analyse and assess existing approaches in investigation of interconnections between climate and underlying surface. Land use/land cover (LULC) influences climate formation via physical and chemical properties (albedo, roughness, height, chemical composition etc.). Climate in its turn affects land cover by means of meteorological parameters (air temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind etc.) and causes both cyclic and irreversible changes in land cover. In addition, anthropogenic factors exacerbate surface-climate interactions through? for example, LULC change that usually causes an additional release of chemical compounds. The paper distinguishes three main directions of the “climate - LULC” interactions research that is conducted mainly with application of satellite monitoring products, observation dataset, geographic information systems (GIS) and numerical modelling. The first direction implies monitoring and research of cyclic changes and transformation of LULC influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors, using different GIS-based satellite and surface meteorological observation databases. Despite significant technical progress and great amount of studies conducted for detecting dynamics of LULC change for different time intervals, the problems of dealing with cloudiness and shadows from orographic and other objects still remain. The second direction investigates the influence of LULC change on the chemical composition in the atmospheric boundary layer and on the regional climate. Numerous researches were dedicated to the influence of different kinds of surface such as forests, grasslands, croplands, urban areas etc. on climate characteristics and also on fluxes, for example, CO2. The effect of midlatitude forests on climate remains to be one of the challenging and urgent issues. The third direction relates to LULC change modelling and regional climate modelling. For the last decade a spatial resolution of models was considerably increased and, as a result, representation of interaction between atmosphere and land improved. Online integrated numerical atmospheric models are found as the most promising ones. They include "meteorological parameters – atmospheric chemical composition" feedbacks and can consider LULC on global and regional scales. However, some issues still need improvement, namely radiative transfer, cloud microphysics, cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions, as well as parametrizations of some types of land and their interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer.
9
Duan, Zexia, Zhiqiu Gao, Qing Xu, Shaohui Zhou, Kai Qin, and Yuanjian Yang. "A benchmark dataset of diurnal- and seasonal-scale radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes in a typical East Asian monsoon region." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 4153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4153-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A benchmark dataset of radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes is crucial to land–atmosphere interaction research. Due to rapid urbanization and the development of agriculture, the land–atmosphere interaction processes over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China, which is a typical East Asian monsoon region, are becoming various and complex. To understand the effects of various land cover changes on land–atmosphere interactions in this region, a comprehensive long-term (2011–2019) in situ observation campaign, including 30 min resolution meteorological variables (air temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction), surface radiative flux, turbulent heat flux, and CO2 flux, was conducted at four sites with two typical surface types (i.e., croplands and suburbs) in the YRD. Analysis of the dataset showed that all four radiation components, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, and CO2 flux varied seasonally and diurnally at the four sites. Surface energy fluxes exhibited great differences among the four sites. On an annual basis, for the two cropland sites, the dominant consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux. For the two suburban sites, in contrast, latent heating dominated from April to November, whereas sensible heating dominated during the other months. Our present work provides convincing evidence that the dataset has potential for multiple research fields, including studying land–atmosphere interactions, improving boundary layer parameterization schemes, evaluating remote sensing algorithms, validating carbon flux modeling and inversion, and developing climate models for typical East Asian monsoon regions. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6552301 (Duan et al., 2022).
10
Shahraki, N., and M. Turkay. "Analysis of interaction among land use, transportation network and air pollution using stochastic nonlinear programming." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, no. 8 (April 10, 2014): 2201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0566-3.
Full text
11
Tawia Hagan, Daniel Fiifi, Guojie Wang, X. San Liang, and Han A. J. Dolman. "A Time-Varying Causality Formalism Based on the Liang–Kleeman Information Flow for Analyzing Directed Interactions in Nonstationary Climate Systems." Journal of Climate 32, no. 21 (October 7, 2019): 7521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0881.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere is of significant importance in the climate system because it is a key driver of the exchanges of energy and water. Several important relations to heat waves, floods, and droughts exist that are based on the interaction of soil moisture and, for instance, air temperature and humidity. Our ability to separate the elements of this coupling, identify the exact locations where they are strongest, and quantify their strengths is, therefore, of paramount importance to their predictability. A recent rigorous causality formalism based on the Liang–Kleeman (LK) information flow theory has been shown, both theoretically and in real-world applications, to have the necessary asymmetry to infer the directionality and magnitude within geophysical interactions. However, the formalism assumes stationarity in time, whereas the interactions within the land surface and atmosphere are generally nonstationary; furthermore, it requires a sufficiently long time series to ensure statistical sufficiency. In this study, we remedy this difficulty by using the square root Kalman filter to estimate the causality based on the LK formalism to derive a time-varying form. Results show that the new formalism has similar properties compared to its time-invariant form. It is shown that it is also able to capture the time-varying causality structure within soil moisture–air temperature coupling. An advantage is that it does not require very long time series to make an accurate estimation. Applying a wavelet transform to the results also reveals the full range of temporal scales of the interactions.
12
Carella, Philip, Anna Gogleva, Marta Tomaselli, Carolin Alfs, and Sebastian Schornack. "Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific intracellular infection structures in the earliest divergent land plant lineage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 3, 2018): E3846—E3855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717900115.
Full textAbstract:
The expansion of plants onto land was a formative event that brought forth profound changes to the earth’s geochemistry and biota. Filamentous eukaryotic microbes developed the ability to colonize plant tissues early during the evolution of land plants, as demonstrated by intimate, symbiosis-like associations in >400 million-year-old fossils. However, the degree to which filamentous microbes establish pathogenic interactions with early divergent land plants is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the broad host-range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora colonizes liverworts, the earliest divergent land plant lineage. We show that P. palmivora establishes a complex tissue-specific interaction with Marchantia polymorpha, where it completes a full infection cycle within air chambers of the dorsal photosynthetic layer. Remarkably, P. palmivora invaginates M. polymorpha cells with haustoria-like structures that accumulate host cellular trafficking machinery and the membrane syntaxin MpSYP13B, but not the related MpSYP13A. Our results indicate that the intracellular accommodation of filamentous microbes is an ancient plant trait that is successfully exploited by pathogens like P. palmivora.
13
Yanagawa, Youichi, Y. Oode, Y. Adegawa, K.-i. Muramatsu, Y. Kushida, H. Nagasawa, I. Takeuchi, K. Jitsuiki, H. Ohsaka, and K. Omori. "Japanese civilian and US military interaction in the evacuation of casualties from Camp Fuji." BMJ Military Health 166, E (June 29, 2019): e73-e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2019-001247.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, if US soldiers at Camp Fuji become severely ill or suffer trauma, they are transported by the ground ambulance, as the doctor-led air ambulance in eastern Shizuoka has never been permitted to land at Camp Fuji. However, it is widely recognised that severely ill or traumatised patients require time-dependent medical management. It was therefore agreed to undertake a joint exercise between the US medical assets of Camp Fuji and the doctor helicopters in eastern Shizuoka prefecture in evacuating a simulated severely ill or traumatised US soldier. The aim of this article is to describe the background and rationale between this collaboration between the civilian Japanese air ambulance and the US medical assets in Camp Fuji.
14
Hsu, Shih-Ang. "Wind-Stress Variations from Deep to Shallow Water during Hurricanes for Air-Sea-Land Interaction Applications." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2201006.
Full textAbstract:
In September 2020 Hurricane Sally impacted two National Data Buoy Center (www.ndbc.noaa.gov) buoys near its track: 42040 in the deep water and 42012 in the shallow. Using pertinent air-sea interaction formulas from the literature, analyses of these buoy data indicate that, under fully rough airflow and wind sea conditions, U* = a Hs2 /Tp3 + b, here U* is the friction velocity, Hs is the significant wave height, and Tp is the peak wave period. It is found that a = 28 and b = 0.12 for the deep water environment, a = 30 and b = 0.26 for the shoaling wave environment, and a = 31 and b = 0.14 for the transitional water-depth environment, respectively. All units are in SI. Verifications and applications of these proposed formulas to estimate storm surge, wind speed, surface currents and seabed scours are presented. Because an extensive network for monitoring waves along the coastlines of the United States by the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP) (CDIP About (ucsd.edu)), these proposed formulas are particularly useful. In addition, it is demonstrated that the parameter of wave steepness can be used to explain why there are large variations in the drag coefficient and wave-age formulations in the literature.
15
Comarazamy, Daniel E., Jorge E. González, Jeffrey C. Luvall, Douglas L. Rickman, and Pedro J. Mulero. "A Land–Atmospheric Interaction Study in the Coastal Tropical City of San Juan, Puerto Rico." Earth Interactions 14, no. 16 (November 1, 2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei309.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper focuses on the surface–atmospheric interaction in a tropical coastal city including the validation of an atmospheric modeling and an impact study of land-cover and land-use (LCLU) changes. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), driven with regional reanalysis data for a 10-day simulation, is used to perform the study in the San Juan metropolitan area (SJMA), one of the largest urban conglomerations in the Caribbean, which is located in the island of Puerto Rico and taken as the test case. The model’s surface characteristics were updated using airborne high-resolution remote sensing information to obtain a more accurate and detailed configuration of the SJMA. Surface and rawinsonde data from the San Juan Airborne Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) Mission are used to validate the modeling system, yielding satisfactory results in surface/canopy temperature, near-surface air temperatures, and vertical profiles. The impact analysis, performed with the updated SJMA configuration and a potential natural vegetation (PNV) scenario, showed that the simulation with specified urban LCLU indexes in the bottom boundary produced higher air temperatures over the area occupied by the city, with positive values of up to 2.5°C. The same analysis showed changes in the surface radiative balance in the urban case attributed to modifications in the LCLU. This additional heat seems to motivate additional vertical convection that may be leading to possible urban-induced precipitation downwind of the SJMA. This was evident in a precipitation disturbance when the city is present (∼0.9 mm, 22.5% increase) captured by the model that was accompanied by increases in cloud formation and vertical motions mainly downwind of the city.
16
Krakauer, Nir Y., Michael J. Puma, Benjamin I. Cook, Pierre Gentine, and Larissa Nazarenko. "Ocean–atmosphere interactions modulate irrigation's climate impacts." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 4 (November 10, 2016): 863–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-863-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Numerous studies have focused on the local and regional climate effects of irrigated agriculture and other land cover and land use change (LCLUC) phenomena, but there are few studies on the role of ocean–atmosphere interaction in modulating irrigation climate impacts. Here, we compare simulations with and without interactive sea surface temperatures of the equilibrium effect on climate of contemporary (year 2000) irrigation geographic extent and intensity. We find that ocean–atmosphere interaction does impact the magnitude of global-mean and spatially varying climate impacts, greatly increasing their global reach. Local climate effects in the irrigated regions remain broadly similar, while non-local effects, particularly over the oceans, tend to be larger. The interaction amplifies irrigation-driven standing wave patterns in the tropics and midlatitudes in our simulations, approximately doubling the global-mean amplitude of surface temperature changes due to irrigation. The fractions of global area experiencing significant annual-mean surface air temperature and precipitation change also approximately double with ocean–atmosphere interaction. Subject to confirmation with other models, these findings imply that LCLUC is an important contributor to climate change even in remote areas such as the Southern Ocean, and that attribution studies should include interactive oceans and need to consider LCLUC, including irrigation, as a truly global forcing that affects climate and the water cycle over ocean as well as land areas.
17
Hüls, Anke, Dorothee Sugiri, Michael J. Abramson, Barbara Hoffmann, Holger Schwender, Katja Ickstadt, Ursula Krämer, and Tamara Schikowski. "Benefits of improved air quality on ageing lungs: impacts of genetics and obesity." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 1801780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01780-2018.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThe beneficial effect of improving air quality on lung function in the elderly remains unclear. We examined associations between decline in air pollutants and lung function, and effect modifications by genetics and body mass index (BMI), in elderly German women.MethodsData were analysed from the prospective SALIA (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging) study (n=601). Spirometry was conducted at baseline (1985–1994; age 55 years), in 2007–2010 and in 2012–2013. Air pollution concentrations at home addresses were determined for each time-point using land-use regression models. Global Lung Initiative 2012 z-scores were calculated. Weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) were determined from lung function-related risk alleles and used to investigate interactions with improved air quality. Multiple linear mixed models were fitted.ResultsAir pollution levels decreased substantially during the study period. Reduction of air pollution was associated with an increase in z-scores for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and the FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio. For a decrease of 10 µg·m−3 in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the z-score for FEV1 increased by 0.14 (95% CI 0.01–0.26). However, with an increasing number of lung function-related risk alleles, the benefit from improved air quality decreased (GRS×NO2 interaction: p=0.029). Interactions with BMI were not significant.ConclusionsReduction of air pollution is associated with a relative improvement of lung function in elderly women, but also depends on their genetic make-up.
18
Sullivan, John T., Timothy Berkoff, Guillaume Gronoff, Travis Knepp, Margaret Pippin, Danette Allen, Laurence Twigg, et al. "The Ozone Water–Land Environmental Transition Study: An Innovative Strategy for Understanding Chesapeake Bay Pollution Events." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 2 (February 2019): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0025.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCoastal regions have historically represented a significant challenge for air quality investigations because of water–land boundary transition characteristics and a paucity of measurements available over water. Prior studies have identified the formation of high levels of ozone over water bodies, such as the Chesapeake Bay, that can potentially recirculate back over land to significantly impact populated areas. Earth-observing satellites and forecast models face challenges in capturing the coastal transition zone where small-scale meteorological dynamics are complex and large changes in pollutants can occur on very short spatial and temporal scales. An observation strategy is presented to synchronously measure pollutants “over land” and “over water” to provide a more complete picture of chemical gradients across coastal boundaries for both the needs of state and local environmental management and new remote sensing platforms. Intensive vertical profile information from ozone lidar systems and ozonesondes, obtained at two main sites, one over land and the other over water, are complemented by remote sensing and in situ observations of air quality from ground-based, airborne (both personned and unpersonned), and shipborne platforms. These observations, coupled with reliable chemical transport simulations, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), are expected to lead to a more fully characterized and complete land–water interaction observing system that can be used to assess future geostationary air quality instruments, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), and current low-Earth-orbiting satellites, such as the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5-P) with its Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).
19
Ho-Hagemann, Ha Thi Minh, Stefan Hagemann, Sebastian Grayek, Ronny Petrik, Burkhardt Rockel, Joanna Staneva, Frauke Feser, and Corinna Schrum. "Internal Model Variability of the Regional Coupled System Model GCOAST-AHOI." Atmosphere 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030227.
Full textAbstract:
Simulations of a Regional Climate Model (RCM) driven by identical lateral boundary conditions but initialized at different times exhibit the phenomenon of so-called internal model variability (or in short, Internal Variability—IV), which is defined as the inter-member spread between members in an ensemble of simulations. Our study investigates the effects of air-sea coupling on IV of the regional atmospheric model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) of the new regional coupled system model GCOAST-AHOI (Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem: Atmosphere, Hydrology, Ocean and Sea Ice). We specifically address physical processes parameterized in CCLM, which may cause a large IV during an extreme event, and where this IV is affected by the air-sea coupling. Two six-member ensemble simulations were conducted with GCOAST-AHOI and the stand-alone CCLM (CCLM_ctr) for a period of 1 September–31 December 2013 over Europe. IV is expressed by spreads within the two sets of ensembles. Analyses focus on specific events during this period, especially on the storm Christian occurring from 27 to 29 October 2013 in northern Europe. Results show that simulations of CCLM_ctr vary largely amongst ensemble members during the storm. By analyzing two members of CCLM_ctr with opposite behaviors, we found that the large uncertainty in CCLM_ctr is caused by a combination of two factors (1) uncertainty in parameterization of cloud-radiation interaction in the atmospheric model. and (2) lack of an active two-way air-sea interaction. When CCLM is two-way coupled with the ocean model, the ensemble means of GCOAST-AHOI and CCLM_ctr are relatively similar, but the spread is reduced remarkably in GCOAST-AHOI, not only over the ocean where the coupling is done but also over land due to the land-sea interactions.
20
Haus, Brian K., David G. Ortiz-Suslow, James D. Doyle, David D. Flagg, Hans C. Graber, Jamie MacMahan, Lian Shen, Qing Wang, Neil J. Willams, and Caglar Yardim. "CLASI: Coordinating Innovative Observations and Modeling to Improve Coastal Environmental Prediction Systems." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 3 (March 2022): E889—E898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0304.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Coastal Land–Air–Sea Interaction (CLASI) project aims to develop new “coast-aware” atmospheric boundary and surface layer parameterizations that represent the complex land–sea transition region through innovative observational and numerical modeling studies. The CLASI field effort involves an extensive array of more than 40 land- and ocean-based moorings and towers deployed within varying coastal domains, including sandy, rocky, urban, and mountainous shorelines. Eight Air–Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys are positioned within the coastal and nearshore zone, the largest and most concentrated deployment of this unique, established measurement platform. Additionally, an array of novel nearshore buoys and a network of land-based surface flux towers are complemented by spatial sampling from aircraft, shore-based radars, drones, and satellites. CLASI also incorporates unique electromagnetic wave (EM) propagation measurements using a coherent array, drone receiver, and a marine radar to understand evaporation duct variability in the coastal zone. The goal of CLASI is to provide a rich dataset for validation of coupled, data assimilating large-eddy simulations (LES) and the Navy’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). CLASI observes four distinct coastal regimes within Monterey Bay, California (MB). By coordinating observations with COAMPS and LES simulations, the CLASI efforts will result in enhanced understanding of coastal physical processes and their representation in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models tailored to the coastal transition region. CLASI will also render a rich dataset for model evaluation and testing in support of future improvements to operational forecast models.
21
Tseng, Yu-Heng, Shou-Hung Chien, Jiming Jin, and Norman L. Miller. "Modeling Air–Land–Sea Interactions Using the Integrated Regional Model System in Monterey Bay, California." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 4 (April 2012): 1285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-10-05071.1.
Full textAbstract:
The air–land–sea interaction in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California, is simulated and investigated using a new Integrated Regional Model System (I-RMS). This new model realistically resolves coastal processes and submesoscale features that are poorly represented in atmosphere–ocean general circulation models where systematic biases are seen in the long-term model integration. The current I-RMS integrates version 3.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and version 3.0 of the Community Land Model with an advanced coastal ocean model, based on the nonhydrostatic Monterey Bay Area Regional Ocean Model. The daily land–sea-breeze circulations and the Santa Cruz eddy are fully resolved using high-resolution grids in the coastal margin. In the ocean, coastal upwelling and submesoscale gyres are also well simulated with this version of the coupled I-RMS. Comparison with observations indicates that the high-resolution, improved representation of ocean dynamics in the I-RMS increases the surface moisture flux and the resulting lower-atmospheric water vapor, a primary controlling mechanism for the enhancement of regional coastal fog formation, particularly along the West Coast of the conterminous United States. The I-RMS results show the importance of detailed ocean feedbacks due to coastal upwelling in the marine atmospheric boundary layer.
22
Zheng, Zhe-Wen, Quanan Zheng, Yi-Chun Kuo, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Chia-Ying Lee, Chung-Ru Ho, Nan-Jung Kuo, and Shih-Jen Huang. "Impacts of coastal upwelling off east Vietnam on the regional winds system: An air-sea-land interaction." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 76 (December 2016): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2016.10.002.
Full text
23
Zhang, Xueling, Alimujiang Kasimu, Hongwu Liang, Bohao Wei, and Yimuranzi Aizizi. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Land Surface Temperature and Its Spatially Heterogeneous Response in the Urban Agglomeration on the Northern Slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 13067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013067.
Full textAbstract:
An in-depth study of the influence mechanism of oasis land surface temperature (LST) in arid regions is essential to promote the stable development of the ecological environment in dry areas. Based on MODIS, MYD11A2 long time series data from 2003 to 2020, the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test, the Sen slope, combined with the Hurst index, were used to analyze and predict the trend of LST changes in the urban agglomeration on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. This paper selected nine influencing factors of the slope, aspect, air temperature, normalized vegetation index (NDVI), precipitation (P), nighttime light index (NTL), patch density (PD), mean patch area (AREA_MN), and aggregation index (AI) to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of LST from global and local perspectives using the geodetector (GD) model and multi-scale geo-weighted regression (MGWR) model. The results showed that the average LSTs of the urban agglomeration on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 31.53 °C, 47.29 °C, 22.38 °C, and −5.20 °C in the four seasons from 2003 to 2020, respectively. Except for autumn, the LST of all seasons showed an increasing trend, bare soil and grass land had a warming effect, and agricultural land had a cooling effect. The results of factor detection showed that air temperature, P, and NDVI were the dominant factors affecting the spatial variation of LST. The interaction detection results showed that the interaction between air temperature and NDVI was the most significant, and the two-factor interaction was more effective than the single-factor effect on LST. The MGWR model results showed that the effects of PD on LST were positively correlated, and the impact of AREA_MN and AI on LST were negatively correlated, indicating that the dense landscape of patches has a cooling effect on LST. Overall, this study provides information for managers to carry out more targeted ecological stability regulations in arid zone oases and facilitates the development of regulatory measures to maintain the cold island effect and improve the environment.
24
Merrifield, Anna L., and Shang-Ping Xie. "Summer U.S. Surface Air Temperature Variability: Controlling Factors and AMIP Simulation Biases." Journal of Climate 29, no. 14 (June 28, 2016): 5123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0705.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study documents and investigates biases in simulating summer surface air temperature (SAT) variability over the continental United States in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiment from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and multivariate regression analyses are used to assess the relative importance of circulation and the land surface feedback at setting summer SAT over a 30-yr period (1979–2008). Regions of high SAT variability are closely associated with midtropospheric highs, subsidence, and radiative heating accompanying clear-sky conditions. The land surface exerts a spatially variable influence on SAT through the sensible heat flux and is a second-order effect in the high-variability centers of action (COAs) in observational estimates. The majority of the AMIP models feature high SAT variability over the central United States, displaced south and/or west of observed COAs. SAT COAs in models tend to be concomitant and strongly coupled with regions of high sensible heat flux variability, suggesting that excessive land–atmosphere interaction in these models modulates U.S. summer SAT. In the central United States, models with climatological warm biases also feature less evapotranspiration than ERA-Interim but reasonably reproduce observed SAT variability in the region. Models that overestimate SAT variability tend to reproduce ERA-Interim SAT and evapotranspiration climatology. In light of potential model biases, this analysis calls for careful evaluation of the land–atmosphere interaction hot spot region identified in the central United States. Additionally, tropical sea surface temperatures play a role in forcing the leading EOF mode for summer SAT in models. This relationship is not apparent in observations.
25
HUNTER, MORAG A., TEAL R. RILEY, and IAN L. MILLAR. "Middle Jurassic air fall tuff in the sedimentary Latady Formation, eastern Ellsworth Land." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004001944.
Full textAbstract:
Rhyolitic volcanism along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana occurred at intervals throughout the Jurassic. Silicic melt generation has been interpreted as a result of interaction between mantle plumes and subduction modified lower crust. The rhyolitic Mount Poster Formation of the southern Antarctic Peninsula is c. 184 Ma in age (V1), whereas silicic volcanism of the northern Antarctic Peninsula is c. 168 Ma (V2). A thin, (13.5 cm) reworked air fall tuff, interbedded with sandstone and mudstone of the Latady Formation in the southern Antarctic Peninsula has a REE pattern similar to V2 volcanic material but is isotopically similar to the extracaldera, low-Ti rhyolites of the V1 Mount Poster Formation. The tuff is interbedded with lithofacies that have been assigned a Callovian age (164–159 Ma) in the west of the area. Simple mixing between a MASH source and reworked Early Jurassic (184 Ma) V1 volcanic material during V2 volcanism in the area explains the apparent discrepancy between the faunal age and the isotopic characteristics of the ash fall. This supports a Middle Jurassic (168 Ma) age that also corresponds to a 167 ± 3 Ma age from Mt Rex on the periphery of the Mount Poster Formation, which was previously thought to be anomalous.
26
Raich, James W., Mark S. Kaiser, Mathew E. Dornbush, Jonathan G. Martin, and O. J. Valverde-Barrantes. "Multiple factors co-limit short-term in situ soil carbon dioxide emissions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): e0279839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279839.
Full textAbstract:
Soil respiration is a major source of atmospheric CO2. If it increases with warming, it will counteract efforts to minimize climate change. To improve understanding of environmental controls over soil CO2 emission, we applied generalized linear modeling to a large dataset of in situ measurements of short-term soil respiration rate, with associated environmental attributes, which was gathered over multiple years from four locations that varied in climate, soil type, and vegetation. Soil respiration includes many CO2-producing processes: we theorized that different environmental factors could limit each process distinctly, thereby diminishing overall CO2 emissions. A baseline model that included soil temperature, soil volumetric water content, and their interaction was effective in estimating soil respiration at all four locations (p < 0.0001). Model fits, based on model log likelihoods, improved continuously as additional covariates were added, including mean daily air temperature, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and quadratic terms for soil temperature and water content, and their interactions. The addition of land cover and its direct interactions with environmental variables further improved model fits. Significant interactions between covariates were observed at each location and at every stage of analysis, but the interaction terms varied among sites and models, and did not consistently maintain importance in more complex models. A main-effects model was therefore tested, which included soil temperature and water content, their quadratic effects, EVI, and air temperature, but no interactions. In that case all six covariates were significant (p < 0.0001) when applied across sites. We infer that local-scale soil-CO2 emissions are commonly co-limited by EVI and air temperature, in addition to soil temperature and water content. Importantly, the quadratic soil temperature and moisture terms were significantly negative: estimated soil-CO2 emissions declined when soil temperature exceeded 22.5°C, and as soil moisture differed from the optimum of 0.27 m3 m-3.
27
Brunsell, N. A., D. B. Mechem, and M. C. Anderson. "Surface heterogeneity impacts on boundary layer dynamics via energy balance partitioning." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 7 (April 11, 2011): 3403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3403-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The role of land-atmosphere interactions under heterogeneous surface conditions is investigated in order to identify mechanisms responsible for altering surface heat and moisture fluxes. Twelve coupled land surface – large eddy simulation scenarios with four different length scales of surface variability under three different horizontal wind speeds are used in the analysis. The base case uses Landsat ETM imagery over the Cloud Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) field site for 3 June 2007. Using wavelets, the surface fields are band-pass filtered in order to maintain the spatial mean and variances to length scales of 200 m, 1600 m, and 12.8 km as lower boundary conditions to the model (approximately 0.25, 1.2 and 9.5 times boundary layer height). The simulations exhibit little variation in net radiation. Rather, there is a pronounced change in the partitioning of the surface energy between sensible and latent heat flux. The sensible heat flux is dominant for intermediate surface length scales. For smaller and larger scales of surface heterogeneity, which can be viewed as being more homogeneous, the latent heat flux becomes increasingly important. The simulations showed approximately 50 Wm−2 difference in the spatially averaged latent heat flux. The results reflect a general decrease of the Bowen ratio as the surface conditions transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous. Air temperature is less sensitive to variations in surface heterogeneity than water vapor, which implies that the role of surface heterogeneity may be to maximize convective heat fluxes through modifying and maintaining local temperature gradients. More homogeneous surface conditions (i.e. smaller length scales), on the other hand, tend to maximize latent heat flux. The intermediate scale (1600 m) this does not hold, and is a more complicated interaction of scales. Scalar vertical profiles respond predictably to the partitioning of surface energy. Fourier spectra of the vertical wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity (w~, T~ and q~) and associated cospectra (w~T~, w~q~ and T~q~), however, are insensitive to the length scale of surface heterogeneity, but the near surface spectra are sensitive to the mean wind speed.
28
Yang, Zixuan, Antoni Calderer, Sida He, Fotis Sotiropoulos, James Doyle, David Flagg, Jamie MacMahan, et al. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Air–Sea–Land Interaction on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Coastal Area." Atmosphere 9, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9020051.
Full text
29
Wu, Guotong, Yingchang You, Yibin Yang, Jiachen Cao, Yujie Bai, Shengjie Zhu, Liping Wu, Weiwen Wang, Ming Chang, and Xuemei Wang. "UAV-LiDAR Measurement of Vegetation Canopy Structure Parameters and Their Impact on Land–Air Exchange Simulation Based on Noah-MP Model." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14132998.
Full textAbstract:
Land surface processes play a vital role in the exchange of momentum, energy, and mass between the land and the atmosphere. However, the current model simplifies the canopy structure using approximately three to six parameters, which makes the representation of canopy radiation and energy distribution uncertain to a large extent. To improve the simulation performance, more specific canopy structure parameters were retrieved by a UAV-LiDAR observation system and updated into the multiparameterization version of the Noah land surface model (Noah-MP) for a typical forest area. Compared with visible-light photogrammetry, LiDAR retrieved a more accurate vertical canopy structure, which had a significant impact on land–air exchange simulations. The LiDAR solution resulted in a 35.0∼48.0% reduction in the range of perturbations for temperature and another 27.8% reduction in the range of perturbations for moisture. This was due to the canopy structure affecting the radiation and heat fluxes of the forest, reducing their perturbation range by 7.5% to 30.1%. To reduce the bias of the land surface interaction simulation, it will be necessary to improve the method of retrieving the canopy morphological parameterization through UAV-LiDAR on a continued basis in the future.
30
Wang, Hao, Xiaopu Lyu, Hai Guo, Yu Wang, Shichun Zou, Zhenhao Ling, Xinming Wang, et al. "Ozone pollution around a coastal region of South China Sea: interaction between marine and continental air." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 6 (March 28, 2018): 4277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4277-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Marine atmosphere is usually considered to be a clean environment, but this study indicates that the near-coast waters of the South China Sea (SCS) suffer from even worse air quality than coastal cities. The analyses were based on concurrent field measurements of target air pollutants and meteorological parameters conducted at a suburban site (Tung Chung, TC) and a nearby marine site (Wan Shan, WS) from August to November 2013. The observations showed that the levels of primary air pollutants were significantly lower at WS than those at TC, while the ozone (O3) value was greater at WS. Higher O3 levels at WS were attributed to the weaker NO titration and higher O3 production rate because of stronger oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. However, O3 episodes were concurrently observed at both sites under certain meteorological conditions, such as tropical cyclones, continental anticyclones and sea–land breezes (SLBs). Driven by these synoptic systems and mesoscale recirculations, the interaction between continental and marine air masses profoundly changed the atmospheric composition and subsequently influenced the formation and redistribution of O3 in the coastal areas. When continental air intruded into marine atmosphere, the O3 pollution was magnified over the SCS, and the elevated O3 ( > 100 ppbv) could overspread the sea boundary layer ∼ 8 times the area of Hong Kong. In some cases, the exaggerated O3 pollution over the SCS was recirculated to the coastal inshore by sea breeze, leading to aggravated O3 pollution in coastal cities. The findings are applicable to similar mesoscale environments around the world where the maritime atmosphere is potentially influenced by severe continental air pollution.
31
Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Analyzing coastal precipitation using TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 24 (December 21, 2011): 13201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13201-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds, and surface friction increase in transition from sea to land can create persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the winter the Mediterranean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurrence of land breeze that opposes the common synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a function of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastlines in the Eastern Mediterranean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze may likely be the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
32
Gebeyaw, T. Y. "Impact of Land Use Types and Soil Depths on the Distribution of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Soils of Aboy Gara Watershed, at Gidan District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0102.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted at the degraded land soils of the Abuhoy Gara Catchment, which is located in the Gidan District of North Wello Zone, Ethiopia to determine the impact of land use type and soil depth on the distribution of soil physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from representative locations with four replications at two depths, surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) of cultivated, grazing and bush land use types. One hundred eighty soil samples were collected from the depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm each in a radial sampling scheme using an auger. Totally, twelve composite soil samples were collected using flexible grid survey method of 1:30,000 scales. The collected samples were air-dried, homogenized and sieved to pass a 2 mm mesh sieve for the standard physical and chemical analyses. Results showed that the soil physical and chemical properties were significantly affected by the interaction of land uses and soil depths. Silt content decreases while clay content increases across depth from surface to subsurface soils. The lowest pH-H2O was registered at the subsurface soils of the grazing lands, while the highest was recorded at the surface soils of the bush land. The interaction effect of land use by soil depth on the variability of soil organic matter was significantly higher at surface layer of the grazing land and lower at surface layer of cultivated land. Similarly, soil total nitrogen was highest in surface layer of the grazing land, while it was lowest in subsurface layer of the bush land. Exchangeable bases were highest in surface soils of the bush land and lowest in the surface soils of cultivated land. The contents of both exchangeable bases were decreasing with soil depth in all land uses except the bush land. Significant difference in cation exchange capacity contents was observed as highest in surface soil layer of the bush land and lowest in surface soil layer of the cultivated land. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the interaction of land use with soil depth showed negative effects especially disturbance of soil nutrient status on cultivated land in surface soils. In general, the spatial variability of soil properties indicates the soil conditions were strongly affected by inappropriate land use and soil management practices including soil depth. Therefore, reducing intensity of cultivation, adopting integrated soil fertility management and application of organic fertilizers could maintain the existing soil condition and replenish degraded soil properties.
33
Wei, Guoen, Pingjun Sun, Shengnan Jiang, Yang Shen, Binglin Liu, Zhenke Zhang, and Xiao Ouyang. "The Driving Influence of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on PM2.5 Concentrations in Africa: New Evidence from Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data, 2000–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179389.
Full textAbstract:
Africa’s PM2.5 pollution has become a security hazard, but the understanding of the varying effects of urbanization on driven mechanisms of PM2.5 concentrations under the rapid urbanization remains largely insufficient. Compared with the direct impact, the spillover effect of urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in adjacent regions was underestimated. Urbanization is highly multi-dimensional phenomenon and previous studies have rarely distinguished the different driving influence and interactions of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in Africa. This study combined grid and administrative units to explore the spatio-temporal change, spatial dependence patterns, and evolution trend of PM2.5 concentrations and multi-dimensional urbanization in Africa. The differential influence and interaction effects of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations under Africa’s rapid urbanization was further analyzed. The results show that the positive spatial dependence of PM2.5 concentrations gradually increased over the study period 2000–2018. The areas with PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 35 μg/m3 increased by 2.2%, and 36.78% of the African continent had an increasing trend in Theil–Sen index. Urbanization was found to be the main driving factor causing PM2.5 concentrations changes, and economic urbanization had a stronger influence on air quality than land urbanization or population urbanization. Compared with the direct effect, the spillover effect of urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in two adjacent regions was stronger, particularly in terms of economic urbanization. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations resulted from the interaction of multi-dimensional urbanization. The interaction of urbanization of any two different dimensions exhibited a nonlinear enhancement effect on PM2.5 concentrations. Given the differential impact of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations inside and outside the region, this research provides support for the cross-regional joint control strategies of air pollution in Africa. The findings also indicate that PM2.5 pollution control should not only focus on urban economic development strategies but should be an optimized integration of multiple mitigation strategies, such as improving residents’ lifestyles, optimizing land spatial structure, and upgrading the industrial structure.
34
Wang, Zhe, Hongmin Zhou, Huawei Wan, Qian Wang, Wenrui Fan, Wu Ma, and Jindi Wang. "Identifying Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Land Surface Albedo Using GF-1 WFV Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204070.
Full textAbstract:
Land surface albedo (LSA) is an important parameter that affects surface–air interactions and controls the surface radiation energy budget. The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of LSA reflect land surface changes and further influence the local climate. Ganzhou District, which belongs to the middle of the Hexi Corridor, is a typical irrigated agricultural and desert area in Northwest China. The study of the interaction of LSA and the land surface is of great significance for understanding the land surface energy budget and for ground measurements. In this study, high spatial and temporal resolution GF-1 wide field view (WFV) data were used to explore the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of LSA in Ganzhou District. First, the surface albedo of Ganzhou District was estimated by the GF-1 WFV. Then, the estimated results were verified by the surface measured data, and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface albedo from 2014 to 2018 were analyzed. The interaction between albedo and precipitation or temperature was analyzed based on precipitation and temperature data. The results show that the estimation of surface albedo based on GF-1 WFV data was of high accuracy, which can meet the accuracy requirements of spatial and temporal variation characteristic analysis of albedo. There are obvious geographic differences in the spatial distribution of surface albedo in Ganzhou, with the overall distribution characteristics being high in the north and low in the middle. The interannual variation in annual average surface albedo in Ganzhou shows a trend of slow fluctuations and gradual increases. The variation in annual albedo is characterized by “double peaks and a single valley”, with the peaks occurring from December to February at the end and beginning of the year, and the valley occurring from June to August. Surface albedo was negatively correlated with precipitation and temperature in most areas of Ganzhou.
35
Tran, Trang Thi Kieu, Sayed M. Bateni, Seo Jin Ki, and Hamidreza Vosoughifar. "A Review of Neural Networks for Air Temperature Forecasting." Water 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091294.
Full textAbstract:
The accurate forecast of air temperature plays an important role in water resources management, land–atmosphere interaction, and agriculture. However, it is difficult to accurately predict air temperature due to its non-linear and chaotic nature. Several deep learning techniques have been proposed over the last few decades to forecast air temperature. This study provides a comprehensive review of artificial neural network (ANN)-based approaches (such as recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), etc.), which were used to forecast air temperature. The focus is on the works during 2005–2020. The review shows that the neural network models can be employed as promising tools to forecast air temperature. Although the ANN-based approaches have been utilized widely to predict air temperature due to their fast computing speed and ability to deal with complex problems, no consensus yet exists on the best existing method. Additionally, it is found that the ANN methods are mainly viable for short-term air temperature forecasting. Finally, some future directions and recommendations are presented.
36
Bauer, Timothy J. "Interaction of Urban Heat Island Effects and Land–Sea Breezes during a New York City Heat Event." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 3 (March 2020): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0061.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe state of knowledge of the effects of urban heat islands is advanced through investigation of a heat event in the highly complex coastal environment of New York City (NYC) by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and surface observations in the NYC metropolitan area to evaluate heat retention at high- and low-temperature times during 18–20 July 2013. Urban surface air temperatures are 1°–2°C higher than rural temperatures throughout the daytime and increase to 3°–5°C higher during the night. Lack of a land–sea temperature gradient prevents development of a land breeze during the night. A land–sea temperature difference approaching 20°C leads to sea-breeze effects during 18 July that reduce daytime skin temperatures, but higher winds greatly reduce the sea breeze during 19 July. WRF Model data are generated using three urban parameterization schemes. The most sophisticated multilayer urban parameterization proves to be most accurate when compared with surface observation data. Errors between WRF Model data and surface observations are attributed to assigned coastal sea surface temperatures, excessive building drag, and too little urban heat retention. Adjustments to the input parameters to the multilayer scheme improved accuracy to lead to the control simulation used for urban heat island effects and land–sea-breeze analysis. NYC building interaction with the synoptic flow generates urban drag and wake effects, although relatively high winds limit their extent. Urban flow results and identified model errors support the development and deployment of the best urban parameterization scheme.
37
Zhong, Zhong, Yuan Sun, Xiu-Qun Yang, Weidong Guo, and Haishan Chen. "A Sensitivity Study of an Effective Aerodynamic Parameter Scheme in Simulating Land–Atmosphere Interaction for a Sea–Land Breeze Case Around the Bohai Gulf of China." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 2101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0184.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Numerical simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer require careful representation of the surface heterogeneity, which involves the upscaling parameterization scheme for the heterogeneous surface parameters. In this study, the sensitivity comparisons of an effective aerodynamic parameter scheme against the area-weighted average scheme in simulating the land–atmosphere interaction over heterogeneous terrain were carried out by conducting multinested simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at coarse and fine resolutions, for a typical sea–land breeze case in the Bohai Gulf of China. The results show that the limited-area model is sensitive to the aerodynamic parameter scheme and the effective aerodynamic parameter scheme exhibits a better performance in simulating the variables and parameters in the land–atmosphere interaction process, such as surface wind speed, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, friction velocity, and surface air temperature, among others, for short-term simulations. Particularly, the underestimation of sensible heat flux and overestimation of latent heat flux over heterogeneous terrain with area-weighted average scheme for aerodynamic parameters can be improved with the effective parameter scheme in the coastal regions, where the mean simulation error with the effective parameter scheme is about one-half of that with the average scheme for sensible heat flux and one-third for latent heat flux.
38
Eby, M., A. J. Weaver, K. Alexander, K. Zickfeld, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. A. Cimatoribus, E. Crespin, et al. "Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (May 16, 2013): 1111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Both historical and idealized climate model experiments are performed with a variety of Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) as part of a community contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. Historical simulations start at 850 CE and continue through to 2005. The standard simulations include changes in forcing from solar luminosity, Earth's orbital configuration, CO2, additional greenhouse gases, land use, and sulphate and volcanic aerosols. In spite of very different modelled pre-industrial global surface air temperatures, overall 20th century trends in surface air temperature and carbon uptake are reasonably well simulated when compared to observed trends. Land carbon fluxes show much more variation between models than ocean carbon fluxes, and recent land fluxes appear to be slightly underestimated. It is possible that recent modelled climate trends or climate–carbon feedbacks are overestimated resulting in too much land carbon loss or that carbon uptake due to CO2 and/or nitrogen fertilization is underestimated. Several one thousand year long, idealized, 2 × and 4 × CO2 experiments are used to quantify standard model characteristics, including transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities, and climate–carbon feedbacks. The values from EMICs generally fall within the range given by general circulation models. Seven additional historical simulations, each including a single specified forcing, are used to assess the contributions of different climate forcings to the overall climate and carbon cycle response. The response of surface air temperature is the linear sum of the individual forcings, while the carbon cycle response shows a non-linear interaction between land-use change and CO2 forcings for some models. Finally, the preindustrial portions of the last millennium simulations are used to assess historical model carbon-climate feedbacks. Given the specified forcing, there is a tendency for the EMICs to underestimate the drop in surface air temperature and CO2 between the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age estimated from palaeoclimate reconstructions. This in turn could be a result of unforced variability within the climate system, uncertainty in the reconstructions of temperature and CO2, errors in the reconstructions of forcing used to drive the models, or the incomplete representation of certain processes within the models. Given the forcing datasets used in this study, the models calculate significant land-use emissions over the pre-industrial period. This implies that land-use emissions might need to be taken into account, when making estimates of climate–carbon feedbacks from palaeoclimate reconstructions.
39
Ru, Xutong, Hongquan Song, Haoming Xia, Shiyan Zhai, Yaobin Wang, Ruiqi Min, Haopeng Zhang, and Longxin Qiao. "Effects of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Temperature in Summer over the Yellow River Basin, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174352.
Full textAbstract:
As the main driving force of global climate change, land use and land cover change (LUCC) can affect the surface energy balance and the interaction between the surface and atmosphere. This effect will cause further surface temperature changes. The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological security barrier in China. Therefore, exploring the impact of its LUCC on temperature changes can provide certain help for future land-use planning in the Yellow River Basin. Here, we conducted two numerical simulation experiments (Case2015 and Case1995) by using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model to quantify the effect of LUCC in the Yellow River Basin on the summer 2 m air temperature (T2 m). The results showed that LUCC led to an overall warming trend in T2 m in the Yellow River Basin. Urban expansion caused T2 m to rise by approximately 0.3 °C to 0.6 °C. A warming effect was also identified in the areas where farmland and bare areas were converted to grassland, with T2 m increasing by around 0.4 °C.
40
Sexton, David M. H., Howard Grubb, Keith P. Shine, and Chris K. Folland. "Design and Analysis of Climate Model Experiments for the Efficient Estimation of Anthropogenic Signals." Journal of Climate 16, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 1320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-16.9.1320.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Presented herein is an experimental design that allows the effects of several radiative forcing factors on climate to be estimated as precisely as possible from a limited suite of atmosphere-only general circulation model (GCM) integrations. The forcings include the combined effect of observed changes in sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, stratospheric (volcanic) aerosols, and solar output, plus the individual effects of several anthropogenic forcings. A single linear statistical model is used to estimate the forcing effects, each of which is represented by its global mean radiative forcing. The strong colinearity in time between the various anthropogenic forcings provides a technical problem that is overcome through the design of the experiment. This design uses every combination of anthropogenic forcing rather than having a few highly replicated ensembles, which is more commonly used in climate studies. Not only is this design highly efficient for a given number of integrations, but it also allows the estimation of (nonadditive) interactions between pairs of anthropogenic forcings. The simulated land surface air temperature changes since 1871 have been analyzed. The changes in natural and oceanic forcing, which itself contains some forcing from anthropogenic and natural influences, have the most influence. For the global mean, increasing greenhouse gases and the indirect aerosol effect had the largest anthropogenic effects. It was also found that an interaction between these two anthropogenic effects in the atmosphere-only GCM exists. This interaction is similar in magnitude to the individual effects of changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations or to the direct (sulfate) aerosol effect. Various diagnostics are used to evaluate the fit of the statistical model. For the global mean, this shows that the land temperature response is proportional to the global mean radiative forcing, reinforcing the use of radiative forcing as a measure of climate change. The diagnostic tests also show that the linear model was suitable for analyses of land surface air temperature at each GCM grid point. Therefore, the linear model provides precise estimates of the space–time signals for all forcing factors under consideration. For simulated 50-hPa temperatures, results show that tropospheric ozone increases have contributed to stratospheric cooling over the twentieth century almost as much as changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases.
41
Rajeev, Pathmanathan, Derek Chan, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Ground–atmosphere interaction modelling for long-term prediction of soil moisture and temperature." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 9 (September 2012): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-068.
Full textAbstract:
Land surface and subsurface variables, such as soil moisture–suction and temperature, are among the most important components to study the behaviour of expansive soil, geothermal energy, and climate change. A more accurate and long-term series of soil moisture and temperature prediction, due to ground–atmosphere interaction, is very important for real-time drought monitoring for understanding and improving the behaviour of soil, buried structures, and climate prediction. In this study, ground–atmosphere interaction is numerically modelled using Vadose/W software for two instrumented sites in Melbourne, Australia. Soil moisture and temperature down to 2 m depth were monitored over 2 years at discrete locations and the meteorological variables including air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and solar radiation were measured from a weather station installed at the sites. Further, laboratory and field tests were performed to establish initial conditions and soil characteristics such as the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC ), hydraulic conductivity, and thermal conductivity functions. The numerical model results were calibrated with the field data, indicating good agreement between numerical and field results. The calibrated numerical model was used to compute the long-term moisture and temperature variations into the immediate future using the past 20 years of weather data in Melbourne.
42
Wang, Xueqian, Weidong Guo, Bo Qiu, Ye Liu, Jianning Sun, and Aijun Ding. "Quantifying the contribution of land use change to surface temperature in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (April 18, 2017): 4989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4989-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Anthropogenic land use has a significant impact on climate change. Located in the typical East Asian monsoon region, the land–atmosphere interaction in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is even more complicated due to intensive human activities and different types of land use in this region. To better understand these effects on microclimate change, we compare differences in land surface temperature (Ts) for three land types around Nanjing from March to August, 2013, and then quantify the contribution of land surface factors to these differences (ΔTs) by considering the effects of surface albedo, roughness length, and evaporation. The atmospheric background contribution to ΔTs is also considered based on differences in air temperature (ΔTa). It is found that the cropland cooling effect decreases Ts by 1.76° and the urban heat island effect increases Ts by 1.25°. They have opposite impacts but are both significant in this region. Various changes in surface factors affect radiation and energy distribution and eventually modify Ts. It is the evaporative cooling effect that plays the most important role in this region and accounts for 1.40° of the crop cooling and 2.29° of the urban warming. Moreover, the background atmospheric circulation is also an indispensable part in land–atmosphere feedback induced by land use change and reinforces both these effects.
43
Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Coastal precipitation formation and discharge based on TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2011): 15659–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15659-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds creates persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterrenean. During the winter the Mediterrenean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurence of land breeze that opposes the commom synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a funtion of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastalines in the Eastern Mediterrenean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation and discharge. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze is most likely the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
44
Hales, Katrina, J. David Neelin, and Ning Zeng. "Interaction of Vegetation and Atmospheric Dynamical Mechanisms in the Mid-Holocene African Monsoon*." Journal of Climate 19, no. 16 (August 15, 2006): 4105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3833.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Paleoevidence indicates that generally wetter conditions existed in the Sahara during the mid-Holocene. Climate modeling studies addressing this issue generally agree that mid-Holocene values of the earth’s orbital parameters favored an enhanced North African summer monsoon but also suggest that land surface and vegetation feedbacks must have been important factors. Attempts to reproduce the “green” mid-Holocene Sahara in model studies with interactive vegetation may be interpreted to indicate that the problem is highly sensitive to the atmospheric dynamics of each model employed. In other work, dynamical mechanisms have been hypothesized to affect monsoon poleward extent, particularly ventilation, by import of low-moist static energy air to the continent. Here, interactive vegetation and the ventilation mechanism are studied in an intermediate complexity atmospheric model coupled to simple land and vegetation components. Interactive vegetation is found to be effective at enhancing the precipitation and vegetation amount in regions where the monsoon has advanced because of changes in orbital parameters or ventilation yet not very effective in moving the monsoon boundary if ventilation is strong. The poleward extent of the mid-Holocene monsoon and the steppe boundary are primarily controlled by the strength of ventilation in the atmospheric model. Within this boundary, the largest changes in monsoon precipitation and vegetation occur when interactive vegetation and reduced ventilation act simultaneously, as these greatly reinforce each other.
45
Abedini, A., M. Lotfian, and M. Moradi. "LAND USE COMPATIBILITY ASSESSMENT USING A MDIFIED TOPSIS MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN TEHRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 10, 2015): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-5-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Being one of the most controversial issues in urban planning, land use planning has always been in the focus of researches. Land use planning is a subdivision of urban planning which tends to arrange land uses in order to avoid conflicts among them. In order to achieve a transparent and effective urban planning, land uses should be located and allocated in an ideal situation so that avoid negative impacts from neighbouring parcels and land uses. Neighbouring land uses can produce externalities and negative impacts on other land uses because of inter-land use interaction. These externalities may be undesirable effects such as noise, air and visual pollution or may be caused by hazardous facilities. The main objective of this research is to propose a new multi-criteria evaluation model for land use compatibility assessment. Considering the fact that a considerable number of factors affect the compatibility degree of neighbouring land uses, a multi-criteria evaluation approach is employed to address the aforementioned problem. This research employs the integration of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) methods to facilitate land use compatibility evaluation with respect to optimism degree. The applicability of the proposed model is illustrated by the problem of land use compatibility assessment for elementary schools in Tehran. The results indicate that most of the current schools are situated in a location which is incompatible for the land use type of elementary school especially in the southern and central parts of the city.
46
Weller, Robert A., Sebastien P. Bigorre, Jeffrey Lord, Jonathan D. Ware, and James B. Edson. "A Surface Mooring for Air–Sea Interaction Research in the Gulf Stream. Part I: Mooring Design and Instrumentation." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00060.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The design of a surface mooring for deployment in the Gulf Stream in the Mid-Atlantic Bight is described. The authors' goals were to observe the surface meteorology; upper-ocean variability; and air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum in and near the Gulf Stream during two successive 1-yr deployments. Of particular interest was quantifying these air–sea fluxes during wintertime events that carry cold, dry air from the land over the Gulf Stream. Historical current data and information about the surface waves were used to guide the design of the surface mooring. The surface buoy provided the platform for both bulk meteorological sensors and a direct covariance flux system. Redundancy in the meteorological sensors proved to be a largely successful strategy to obtain complete time series. Oceanographic instrumentation was limited in size by considerations of drag; and two current meters, three temperature–salinity recorders, and 15 temperature recorders were deployed. Deployment from a single-screw vessel in the Gulf Stream required a controlled-drift stern first over the anchor sites. The first deployment lasted the planned full year. The second deployment ended after 3 months when the mooring was cut by unknown means at a depth of about 3000 m. The mooring was at times in the core of the Gulf Stream, and a peak surface current of over 2.7 m s−1 was observed. The 15-month records of surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes captured the seasonal variability as well as several cold-air outbreaks; the peak observed heat loss was in excess of 1400 W m−2.
47
Brunsell, N. A., D. B. Mechem, and M. C. Anderson. "Surface heterogeneity impacts on boundary layer dynamics via energy balance partitioning." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2010): 17815–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-17815-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The role of land-atmosphere interactions under heterogeneous surface conditions is investigated in order to identify mechanisms responsible for altering surface heat and moisture fluxes. Twelve coupled land surface – large eddy simulation scenarios with four different length scales of surface variability under three different horizontal wind speeds are used in the analysis. The base case uses Landsat ETM imagery over the Cloud Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) field site for 3 June 2007. Using wavelets, the surface fields are band-pass filtered in order to maintain the spatial mean and variances to length scales of 200 m, 1600 m, and 12.8 km as lower boundary conditions to the model. The simulations exhibit little variation in net radiation. Rather, a change in the partitioning of the surface energy between sensible and latent heat flux is responsible for differences in boundary layer dynamics. The sensible heat flux is dominant for intermediate surface length scales. For smaller and larger scales of surface heterogeneity, which can be viewed as being more homogeneous, the latent heat flux becomes increasingly important. The results reflect a general decrease of the Bowen ratio as the surface conditions transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous. Air temperature is less sensitive to surface heterogeneity than water vapor, which implies that the role of surface heterogeneity in modifying the local temperature gradients in order to maximize convective heat fluxes. More homogeneous surface conditions, on the other hand, tend to maximize latent heat flux. Scalar vertical profiles respond predictably to the partitioning of surface energy. Fourier spectra of the vertical wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity (w, T and q) and associated cospectra (w'T', w'q' and T'q'), however, are insensitive to the length scale of surface heterogeneity, but the near surface spectra are sensitive to the mean wind speed.
48
Suganda, Bombom Rachmat, Wahyudi Yusuf, Mochamad Nursiyam Barkah, Cecep Yandri Sunarie, and M. Sapari Dwi Hadian. "Shallow Aquifer Groundwater Facies At Multiple Landuse Sites In Manglayang Volcanic Area, Jatinangor And Surroundings, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.2.3315.
Full textAbstract:
Manglayang Mountain is generally composed by old and young volcanic materials. Older rocks are located around the northern part of mountain peak, in medial and distal parts. In the southern and southeastern parts composed by relatively young volcanic rocks starting from the proximal, medial to distal. These geologic conditions produce diverse aquifer systems. These differences in land use environments contribute to water quality conditions in local shallow aquifers. The research is therefore carried out in order to the effect of difference in land use environments on groundwater facies by dividing the area based on each land use. Land use in the research area is dominated by allotment of agricultural land, settlement, and industry. The study was conducted from the medial area to distal to the southern part of Manglayang Mountain, administratively including Sukasari, Jatinangor, and Rancaekek districts. To observe the groundwater conditions in the aquifer from the study area, physical and chemical parameters were tested. Chemical parameter test results were plotted using piper diagrams and Durov diagrams as a method that can illustrate the condition of groundwater facies. Physical characteristics of groundwater may reflect groundwater interactions with rocks. Measurable TDS concentrations of 48 - 299 mg / L and measured EC 100 - 1020 μmhos / cm, show different interaction conditions between groundwater with rocks or have received different material subsidies. Similarly, the occurrence of temperatures that vary considerably between air and water indicates the distance of groundwater sources with various water bodies. The groundwater facies that developed in the research area are generally dominated by Ca, HCO3 in the agricultural land use area, Mg, HCO3 in the settlement area, and in some Cl-facing evolving places in the industrial land use zones. In addition, there are also indications of mixing of anions and cations in groundwater samples in all three land use areas. This indicates that there has been a change in groundwater characteristics in some areas of land use utilization in the research area
49
Liu, Lian, Yaoming Ma, Massimo Menenti, Rongmingzhu Su, Nan Yao, and Weiqiang Ma. "Improved parameterization of snow albedo in Noah coupled with Weather Research and Forecasting: applicability to snow estimates for the Tibetan Plateau." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 4967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4967-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Snow albedo is important to the land surface energy balance and to the water cycle. During snowfall and subsequent snowmelt, snow albedo is usually parameterized as functions of snow-related variables in land surface models. However, the default snow albedo scheme in the widely used Noah land surface model shows evident shortcomings in land–atmosphere interaction estimates during snow events on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we demonstrate that our improved snow albedo scheme performs well after including snow depth as an additional factor. By coupling the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Noah models, this study comprehensively evaluates the performance of the improved snow albedo scheme in simulating eight snow events on the Tibetan Plateau. The modeling results are compared with WRF run with the default Noah scheme and in situ observations. The improved snow albedo scheme significantly outperforms the default Noah scheme in relation to air temperature, albedo and sensible heat flux estimates by alleviating cold bias estimates, albedo overestimates and sensible heat flux underestimates, respectively. This in turn contributes to more accurate reproductions of snow event evolution. The averaged root mean square error (RMSE) relative reductions (and relative increase in correlation coefficients) for air temperature, albedo, sensible heat flux and snow depth reach 27 % (5 %), 32 % (69 %), 13 % (17 %) and 21 % (108 %), respectively. These results demonstrate the strong potential of our improved snow albedo parameterization scheme for snow event simulations on the Tibetan Plateau. Our study provides a theoretical reference for researchers committed to further improving the snow albedo parameterization scheme.
50
Van Beusekom, Ashley E., and Grizelle González. "Near-Surface Atmospheric Behavior over Complex Tropical Topography in Puerto Rico Dominated by Seasonal Patterns Despite Frequent Environmental Changes." Earth Interactions 26, no. 1 (January 2022): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-21-0020.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Understanding near-surface atmospheric behavior in the tropics is imperative given the role of tropical energy fluxes in Earth’s climate cycles, but this area is complicated by a land–atmosphere interaction that includes rugged topography, seasonal weather drivers, and frequent environmental disturbances. This study examines variation in near-surface atmospheric behaviors in northeastern Puerto Rico using a synthesis of data from lowland and montane locations under different land covers (forest, urban, and rural) during 2008–21, when a severe drought, large hurricanes (Irma and Maria), and the COVID-19 mobility-reducing lockdown occurred. Ceilometer, weather, air quality, radiosonde, and satellite data were analyzed for annual patterns and monthly time series of data and data correlations. The results showed a system that is strongly dominated by easterly trade winds transmitting regional oceanic patterns over terrain. Environmental disturbances affected land–atmosphere interaction for short time periods after events. Events that reduce the land signature (reducing greenness: e.g., drought and hurricanes, or reducing land pollution: e.g., COVID-19 lockdown) were evidenced to strengthen the transmission of the oceanic pattern. The most variation in near-surface atmospheric behavior was seen in the mountainous areas that were influenced by both factors: trade winds, and terrain-induced orographic lifting. As an exception to the rest of the near-surface atmospheric behavior, pollutants other than ozone did not correlate positively or negatively with stronger trade winds at all sites across the region. Instead, these pollutants were hypothesized to be more anthropogenically influenced. Once COVID-19 lockdown had persisted for 3 months, urban pollution decreased and cloud base may have increased.