Journal articles on the topic 'Air exhalé'
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1
Anderson, Joseph C., and Michael P. Hlastala. "The alcohol breath test in practice: effects of exhaled volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00726.2018.
Abstract:
Alcohol breath test (ABT) measurements are sensitive to the volume of the exhaled breath. Although a minimum breath volume is required for a legally acceptable sample, any additional increase in the volume of exhaled air increases the measurement of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Using a sample of 115 ABTs collected by police agencies for evidentiary purposes, we studied the influence of exhaled air volume on the measurement of BrAC. The 115 ABTs were performed on 30 different Alcotest 9510s. Each of the tests included paired, time series measurements of exhaled breath flow rates and breath alcohol content. The exhalation flow rates and exhalation times were used to create exhalation volume-BrAC plots. On average, exhaled air volumes were ~50% of the subjects’ age-, height-, race-, and sex-predicted vital capacities (VC). More than 80% of the samples had exhaled air volumes ranging between 30 and 70% of the subject’s predicted VC. Breath volumes for duplicate breath samples were similar. For all breath samples, BrAC increased with exhalation volume, an expected behavior for any very high blood solubility compound such as alcohol. Beyond the legally accepted minimum expiratory volume, BrAC increased, on average, at a rate of 9.2 ± 2.8%/liter air exhaled. As a result, a person who exhales just beyond the minimum volume will have a lower BrAC compared with a person who exhales a full VC. Exhaled volume materially impacts the measurement of an ABT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subjects who provide breath samples for evidentiary alcohol breath tests exhale, on average, about half of their predicted vital capacity. Because breath alcohol concentration increases with greater exhaled air volume, subjects who exhale more than average volume will have a greater breath alcohol concentration, whereas subjects who exhale less than average volume will have a lesser breath alcohol concentration. A quantification of air volume impact on breath alcohol concentration is provided.
2
I Made Putra Arya Winata, Putu Emilia Dewi, Putu Brahmanda Sudarsana, and Made Sucipta. "Air-Flow Simulation in Child Respirator for Covid-19 Personal Protection Equipment Using Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon Filter." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 91, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.91.1.8391.
Abstract:
The use of personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic may inhibit the social interaction and learning process of children. A child respirator that is suitable for children's growth and development has been developed. Its designing process was done by computer-aided design and validated by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The device consists of inhale and exhale system, face cover, and headband. Various air filter is embedded in the inhale system, such as prefilter, HEPA filter, and bamboo-based activated carbon filter. Meanwhile, the exhale system contains HEPA filter only. Preliminary air-flow simulation in various breathing scenarios has been conducted with a result of velocity range from 0.067 up to 1.190 inside the respirator with a 0.47 Pa pressure difference. Flow trajectories analysis shows that the exhaled air is successfully directed to the exhale and inhale system and thus filtration can occur rapidly. These analyses also indicate that the device's average airflow velocity meets the standard requirements for child breathing apparatus. Child respirators using the bamboo-based activated carbon filter can be a great solution in implementing health protocols for children during the Covid-19 pandemic.
3
Fachet, Melanie, Simon Lowitzki, Marie-Louise Reckzeh, Thorsten Walles, and Christoph Hoeschen. "Investigation of everyday influencing factors on the variability of exhaled breath profiles in healthy subjects." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1067.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction: The human breath is an accurate but complex read-out of many physiological processes in the organism that can be monitored via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the exhaled air. However, there are many confounding variables that limit the transfer and application of breath analysis to become a clinical procedure. Method: This work aims to establish a systematic procedure for sampling and characterization of various everyday influences of healthy subjects using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). In order to limit the influencing factors on the breath profile, a standard analysis procedure for sampling and evaluation of the exhaled breath samples was developed. The correlations between the selected experimental conditions and the resulting VOC profiles were investigated using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: In addition to the relevant influence of methodological experimental parameters, interesting insights into the effect of everyday factors on the exhalat gas were obtained and discussed. Furthermore, subject and condition-specific differences were found in the exhaled air of male and female subjects. Conclusion: With a more robust, standardized and reproducible breath sampling protocol, breath analysis is a promising non-invasive tool towards a system-wide understanding and personalized diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of diseases.
4
Ghosh, Nabarun, Shaily Goyal, Aubrey Howard, Prabir Banerjee, and Jay Vitale. "Application of Nanotechnology in a Novel Air Purifier for Remediation of Airborne Pathogen and to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 12 (April 29, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n12p1.
Abstract:
The spread of COVID-19 occurs via airborne transmission. With a constant and variable spread of COVID-19, indoor air-quality has become a major concern all over the world. People who are infected with COVID can release particles and droplets of respiratory fluids that contain the SARS CoV-2 virus into the air when they exhale (e.g., quiet breathing, speaking, singing, exercise, coughing, sneezing). Once infectious droplets are exhaled, they move outward from the person (the source) into the surrounding environment; these droplets carry the virus and transmit infection. Indoors, the very fine droplets and particles will continue to spread through the air in the room or space and can accumulate. Harmful pathogenic organisms like fungi, bacteria and viruses, as the one responsible for causing contagious diseases like the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 can also be successfully destroyed and neutralized. We have developed and studied the efficiency of the AFL Mini Sanifier II® in a simulated environment of a fiberglass chamber using various types of meters to assess the suspended particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air. We also report the development of a novel face mask that was assessed for safety measures and further improvement by the researchers in the West Texas A&M University. The mask is user friendly and portable, equipped with a small internal fan that supplies a continuous air to the user preventing the suffocating effect caused by the other masks. The novel mini air purifier is equipped with the advanced nanotechnology that cleans and sanitizes both the air and surfaces and subsequently has been shown to reduce common allergy, asthma and hay fever related symptoms. This mask and the mini air purifier function in an advanced way to combat all forms of airborne pathogens including the bacteria, viruses, mold spores and harmful Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) present in the air.
5
Ohkuwa, Tetsuo, Tatsuo Mizuno, Yuji Kato, Kazutoshi Nose, Hiroshi Itoh, and Takao Tsuda. "Effects of Hypoxia on Nitric Oxide (NO) in Skin Gas and Exhaled Air." International Journal of Biomedical Science 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2006): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2006.2279.
Abstract:
This study confirmed the effects of hypoxia on nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in skin gas and exhaled air. NO concentrations in skin gas and exhaled air were measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of the right forefinger was determined using an oxygen saturation monitor. The M±SEM of NO concentrations in skin gas at 20.93% (control), 15.1% and 14.8% oxygen concentrations were 23.7±3.6, 32.3±4.7 and 36.2±5.2 ppb, respectively. M±SEM of NO concentrations in exhaled air at 20.93% (control), 15.1%, and 14.8% were 25.0±5.1, 35.01±5.6 and 44.9±7.2 ppb, respectively. There was no significant difference in NO concentration at the absolute value of skin gas and exhaled air between normoxia and hypoxia. But significant increase was found at relative changes in skin gas at 15.1% (p<0.01) and 14.8% (p<0.01) oxygen content compared with control. Significant increase was also found at relative changes in exhaled air at 15.1% (p<0.01) and 14.8% (p<0.01) oxygen content compared with control. In conclusion, we confirmed that exposure to hypoxia elicits an increase in NO concentrations at relative changes of skin gas and exhaled air compared to normoxia.
6
Jobsis, Q., HC Raatgeep, PW Hermans, and JC de Jongste. "Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air is increased in stable asthmatic children." European Respiratory Journal 10, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10030519.
Abstract:
Exhaled air condensate provides a noninvasive means of obtaining samples from the lower respiratory tract. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air has been proposed as a marker of airway inflammation. We hypothesized that in stable asthmatic children the H2O2 concentration in exhaled air condensate may be elevated as a result of airway inflammation. In a cross-sectional study, 66 allergic asthmatic children (of whom, 41 were treated with inhaled steroids) and 21 healthy controls exhaled through a cold trap. The resulting condensate was examined fluorimetrically for the presence of H2O2. All subjects were clinically stable, nonsmokers, without infection. The median H2O2 level in the exhaled air condensate of the asthmatic patients was significantly higher than in healthy controls (0.60 and 0.15 micromol, respectively; p<0.05), largely because of high values in the stable asthmatic children who did not use anti-inflammatory treatment (0.8 micromol; p<0.01 compared to controls). We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is elevated in exhaled air condensate of children with stable asthma, and may reflect airway inflammation.
7
Wyszyńska, Magdalena, Monika Nitsze-Wierzba, Aleksandra Czelakowska, Jacek Kasperski, Joanna Żywiec, and Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak. "An Evidence-Based Review of Application Devices for Nitric Oxide Concentration Determination from Exhaled Air in the Diagnosis of Inflammation and Treatment Monitoring." Molecules 27, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134279.
Abstract:
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring the pathologies not only in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. It has shown a huge increase in its level in asthma and diseases of the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the impact of inflammation on the level of NO in exhaled air. The aim of the study is to make an evidence-based review of the application of NO levels in exhaled air in the diagnosis of inflammation and treatment monitoring on the basis of selected measuring devices. Methods and Results: This paper presents an example of the application of NO measurement in exhaled air in individual human systems. Selected measuring devices, their non-invasiveness, and their advantages are described. Discussion: The usefulness of this diagnostic method in pathologies of the oral cavity was noted. Conclusions: Measuring the level of NO in exhaled air seems to be a useful diagnostic method.
8
Zaitsev, A., N. Matsegora, S. Zaitsev, S. Kaminska, and V. Тikhenko. "APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF EXHALED AIR BY PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 2, no. 64 (2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.64.2021.07.
Abstract:
. Improvement of gas chromatography methods for analyzing the exhaled air of patients when diagnosing the presence and development of pathologies of their respiratory organs is an urgent task. The aim of this work is to analyze proven and promising methods for monitoring the content of vaporous and (or) gaseous biological markers in the exhaled air of patients with respiratory pathologies, as well as the choice of optimal measurement techniques using gas chromatography methods. The analysis of scientific researches and publications in the field of modern methods of control of the content of vapor and (or) gaseous biological markers in the exhaled air of patients is made. The technical requirements are determined and the structural scheme of the multichannel gas chromatograph for measuring the content of vapor and (or) gaseous biological markers in the air exhaled by patients is improved. The main metrological characteristics of the results of measurements of concentrations of vapor and / or gaseous biological markers in air using gas chromatography methods are determined. The main technical requirements for a multichannel gas chromatograph for determining the content of vaporous and (or) gaseous biological markers in exhaled air have been determined. It has been determined that the boundaries of the total relative error of the measurement results at a confidence level of P = 0.95 depend on the ranges of the concentrations of biological markers in the exhaled air of patients. The obtained results make it possible to simplify the procedures for determining the content of biological markers by gas chromatography in the exhaled air, as well as non-invasively to diagnose the presence and development of pathologies of the patients' respiratory organs.
9
Hui, David S., Benny K. Chow, Thomas Lo, Owen T. Y. Tsang, Fanny W. Ko, Susanna S. Ng, Tony Gin, and Matthew T. V. Chan. "Exhaled air dispersion during high-flow nasal cannula therapy versus CPAP via different masks." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 1802339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02339-2018.
Abstract:
BackgroundHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an emerging therapy for respiratory failure but the extent of exhaled air dispersion during treatment is unknown. We examined exhaled air dispersion during HFNC therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on a human patient simulator (HPS) in an isolation room with 16 air changes·h−1.MethodsThe HPS was programmed to represent different severity of lung injury. CPAP was delivered at 5–20 cmH2O via nasal pillows (Respironics Nuance Pro Gel or ResMed Swift FX) or an oronasal mask (ResMed Quattro Air). HFNC, humidified to 37°C, was delivered at 10–60 L·min−1 to the HPS. Exhaled airflow was marked with intrapulmonary smoke for visualisation and revealed by laser light-sheet. Normalised exhaled air concentration was estimated from the light scattered by the smoke particles. Significant exposure was defined when there was ≥20% normalised smoke concentration.ResultsIn the normal lung condition, mean±sd exhaled air dispersion, along the sagittal plane, increased from 186±34 to 264±27 mm and from 207±11 to 332±34 mm when CPAP was increased from 5 to 20 cmH2O via Respironics and ResMed nasal pillows, respectively. Leakage from the oronasal mask was negligible. Mean±sd exhaled air distances increased from 65±15 to 172±33 mm when HFNC was increased from 10 to 60 L·min−1. Air leakage to 620 mm occurred laterally when HFNC and the interface tube became loose.ConclusionExhaled air dispersion during HFNC and CPAP via different interfaces is limited provided there is good mask interface fitting.
10
Zhuang, Hao, Zhijun Zou, Li Wang, Zhenyang Zhao, Xuan Ge, Jiao Cai, and Wei Liu. "Investigation of Air Change Rate in a Single Room Using Multiple Carbon Dioxide Breathing Models in China: Verification by Field Measurement." Buildings 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020459.
Abstract:
It is difficult to accurately measure the air exchange rate (AER) in residential and office buildings during occupation via on-site field measurement. The tracer gas method was widely applied to estimate the AER in these buildings, and human metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) was often used as a tracer gas in different models. This study introduced three models (the ASHRAE model, the ASHRAE China-specific modified model, and the BMR model), which were proposed to estimate the AER based on exhaled CO2. We verified these models by comparing the exhaled CO2-based AER with AER from field measurements using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer gas. We also analyzed the potential factors that could affect the uniformity of the indoor tracer gas distribution. Our results indicate that the ASHRAE China-specific modified model has the best performance with an average deviation of −6.67% and a maximum deviation of −14.6% with multiple measurement points, a stable personnel activity, and proper Parameter settings in a single room in China.
11
Alving, K., E. Weitzberg, and JM Lundberg. "Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics." European Respiratory Journal 6, no. 9 (October 1, 1993): 1368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.06091368.
Abstract:
The presence of nitric oxide (NO) in the exhaled air of humans has recently been described. We wanted to assess at what level exhaled NO originates in normal airways, and to determine whether airway inflammation induces changes in the levels of exhaled NO. Exhaled NO was continuously measured by chemiluminescence technique during normal tidal breathing through the nose or mouth, with a detection limit of 1 part per billion (ppb). Twelve control subjects were compared to eight patients with mild atopic asthma and rhinitis caused by occupational allergen. In control subjects, the major part of NO in exhaled air (up to 30 ppb) seemed to originate in the nasal airways, with only minor contribution from the lower airways and the oral cavity. However, in mild asthmatics, the level of exhaled NO during oral breathing, indicating the involvement of the lower airways, was increased 2-3 fold. Since increased production of NO in the lower airways may involve activated macrophages or neutrophils, we suggest that exhaled NO may be used to instantly monitor ongoing bronchial inflammation, at least when involving inducible NO synthase.
12
Lundberg, J. O. N., E. Weitzberg, J. M. Lundberg, and K. Alving. "Nitric oxide in exhaled air." European Respiratory Journal 9, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.96.09122671.
13
Kotlyarov, Stanislav N., Igor’ A. Suchkov, Oleg M. Uryas’yev, and Elena A. Maksimtseva. "The Assessment of Exhaled Air Temperature in Patients with Different Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." NAUKA MOLODYKH (Eruditio Juvenium) 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/hmj2023113336-344.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important medical problem of modern society. COPD is characterized by a heterogeneous course due to individual trajectories of pulmonary function decline, differences in the frequency of exacerbations and comorbidity. The exhaled air temperature is a parameter associated with the activity of local inflammation in the respiratory tract in COPD and, accordingly, the nature of the course of the disease. AIM: To study peak values of exhaled air temperature in patients with heterogeneous COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The exhaled air temperature was assessed in patients with COPD phenotype with frequent exacerbations in comparison with patients with stable COPD and rare exacerbations and a group of healthy individuals. RESULTS: It was shown that the peak values of exhaled air temperature decreased in patients with COPD with rare exacerbations compared with healthy controls (p < 0.01), but increased in patients with COPD with a phenotype of frequent exacerbations compared with both the control group (p < 0.01) and COPD with rare exacerbations (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The stable course of COPD with rare exacerbations is characterized by a decrease in the values of the exhaled air temperature compared with the healthy control, while in COPD patients with the phenotype of frequent exacerbations, the exhaled air temperature increased compared with the healthy control.
14
Mazej, Mitja, and Vincenc Butala. "Investigation in the Characteristics of the Personal Ventilation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Indoor and Built Environment 21, no. 6 (September 28, 2011): 749–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x11420456.
Abstract:
Detailed information of transient exhaled air dispersion and recirculation in the breathing zone can be obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to generate detailed numerical models and obtain the necessary information. In this study, interaction of free convection flow around human body with respiration flow of breathing and vertical personalized flow from personalized ventilation (PV) system was simulated using a commercial CFD package. Impact of breathing process on personal exposure effectiveness εp was evaluated for different operating and environmental conditions. Re-inhaled exposure index εRI for exhaled CO2 was used to assess the amount of exhaled air re-inhaled due to the interaction between personalized and exhaled airflows. Another objective of this study was to consider the risk of airborne infection transmission, caused by undesirable transport and dispersion of exhaled pathogens to surrounding air when infected individual uses PV. Results show that calculation of personal exposure effectiveness would be sufficiently accurate to give proper information about the protection of occupant with a PV system also without the breathing simulation included. The operating mode of a PV proved as the main factor for dispersion of exhaled air and its transport to the background room air, resulting in an increased risk of airborne infection transmission.
15
Fojtík, P., J. Hůlka, P. Bartl, K. Jílek, I. Malátová, L. Kotík, P. Rulík, P. Rubovič, and I. Štekl. "RADON INHALATION EXPERIMENTS TO TEST RADON EXHALATION KINETICS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa144.
Abstract:
Abstract Three experiments were conducted with a volunteer to test the kinetics of the 222Rn exhalation after a shorttime exposure to an elevated 222Rn air concentration. Radon concentration in an exhaled air was measured, complemented by whole body counting of 222Rn decay products in a body. Exhaled activities are compared with the prediction of the recent ICRP biokinetic model for radon. While a rapid equilibration of the exhaled radon activity concentration with that in the air inhaled corresponded with the model, the measured 222Rn exhalation rate was significantly less than modelled. Five hours after termination of the inhalation phase, the radon concentration in the exhaled air decreased to levels expected for non-elevated indoor radon activity concentration. Whole body activities of the 222Rn decay products were found higher than expected. Inhalation of the unattached fraction or residual activity of decay products in the air inhaled may be the explanation.
16
Wyszyńska, Magdalena, Aleksandra Czelakowska, Rafał Rój, Magdalena Zając, Michał Mielnik, Jacek Kasperski, and Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak. "Measurement of the Level of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Air in Patients Using Acrylic Complete Dentures and with Oral Pathologies." Coatings 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020169.
Abstract:
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring of the pathologies in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. Researchers have shown a huge increase of its level in asthma and diseases in the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to research the impact of pathologies in the oral cavity on the level of NO in exhaled air. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of inflammation in the oral cavity (according to the material of dentures) on the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air. Three groups of patients were examined in this study. The hygiene of acrylic dentures, hard tissues, periodontal tissues, hygiene of the oral cavity, and level of NO in exhaled air were examined. Prosthetic stomatitis, denture plaque, tooth decay, poor sanitation and periodontitis increase levels of NO.
17
Peters, Stefan, Angelika Kronseder, Stefan Karrasch, Petra A. Neff, Matz Haaks, Andreas R. Koczulla, Petra Reinhold, Dennis Nowak, and Rudolf A. Jörres. "Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air: a source of error, a paradox and its resolution." ERJ Open Research 2, no. 2 (April 2016): 00052–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00052-2015.
Abstract:
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air has been reported to be elevated in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but results are inconsistent and difficult to reproduce. As H2O2 occurs in ambient air, we examined its association with exhaled H2O2 in human subjects.Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of 12 COPD patients and nine healthy control subjects was collected either with an inhalation filter (efficiency 81%) or without. Ambient air condensate (AAC) was collected in parallel and samples were analysed for H2O2. Additionally, ambient H2O2 was recorded by an atmospheric measuring device (online fluorometric measurement).H2O2 concentration in AAC was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in EBC. AAC variations were concordant with the data from the atmospheric measuring instrument. In both subjects' groups, the inhalation filter reduced H2O2 values (p<0.01). Despite generally low levels in exhaled air, analysis by a mathematical model revealed a contribution from endogenous H2O2 production.The low H2O2 levels in exhaled air are explained by the reconditioning of H2O2-containing inhaled air in the airways. Inhaled H2O2 may be one factor in the heterogeneity and limited reproducibility of study results. A valid determination of endogenous H2O2 production requires inhalation filters.
18
Westhoff, Michael, Maren Friedrich, and Jörg I. Baumbach. "Simultaneous measurement of inhaled air and exhaled breath by double multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry, a new method for breath analysis: results of a feasibility study." ERJ Open Research 8, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 00493–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00493-2021.
Abstract:
The high sensitivity of the methods applied in breath analysis entails a high risk of detecting analytes that do not derive from endogenous production. Consequentially, it appears useful to have knowledge about the composition of inhaled air and to include alveolar gradients into interpretation.The current study aimed to standardise sampling procedures in breath analysis, especially with multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS), by applying a simultaneous registration of inhaled air and exhaled breath.A “double MCC-IMS” device, which for the first time allows simultaneous analysis of inhaled air and exhaled breath, was developed and tested in 18 healthy individuals. For this, two BreathDiscovery instruments were coupled with each other.Measurements of inhaled air and exhaled breath in 18 healthy individuals (mean age 46±10.9 years; nine men, nine women) identified 35 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for further analysis. Not all of these had positive alveolar gradients and could be regarded as endogenous VOCs: 16 VOCs had a positive alveolar gradient in mean; 19 VOCs a negative one. 12 VOCs were positive in >12 of the healthy subjects.For the first time in our understanding, a method is described that enables simultaneous measurement of inhaled air and exhaled breath. This facilitates the calculation of alveolar gradients and selection of endogenous VOCs for exhaled breath analysis. Only a part of VOCs in exhaled breath are truly endogenous VOCs. The observation of different and varying polarities of the alveolar gradients needs further analysis.
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Vuong, Caroline, Paul Brinkman, Harriët Heijboer, Erfan Nur, Cornelia De Groot - Eckhardt, Suzanne W. J. Terheggen-Lagro, Bart J. Biemond, Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee, and Karin Fijnvandraat. "Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Air in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease during Vaso-Occlusive Episodes." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-180835.
Abstract:
Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, inflammation and vaso-occlusion. Due to the process of vaso-occlusion patients with SCD experience unpredictable and painful vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE), causing stress and disruption of daily life. To date, we lack adequate markers to predict the development of a VOE before it occurs. In other conditions such as asthma, exhaled air analyses have shown to be of diagnostic value and may predict exacerbations. In the human body, metabolic processes generate volatile organic compounds, that are first released into the blood, and then exhaled by the lungs. As a result, exhaled air consists of several volatile, organic compounds that may reflect pathophysiological disease processes. As we presently lack urgently needed biomarkers to predict VOEs, the aim of this study was to identify distinctive volatile organic compounds in exhaled air (eVOC) during VOE in patients with SCD, that may serve as predictors of VOE when detected in low quantities as a VOE is evolving. Methods: In this longitudinal, observational single center cohort study, patients with SCD aged 6 years or older were eligible if they were hospitalized for a VOE at Amsterdam University Medical Centers between October 2021 and March 2023. Following informed consent, an exhaled air sample was taken during hospitalization, and one at least 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital (steady state). Clinical data were collected from medical files including demographics, medical history, medication use and laboratory values during steady state, and during hospitalization for VOE. Patients were instructed not to eat, drink or take medication orally 2 hours prior to the measurements. Exhaled air samples were collected in Nalophan bags, and the eVOCs were transferred to stainless steel thermal desorption tubes filled with Tenax GR for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test for differences in eVOCs between VOE and steady state. Significantly different eVOCs were tentatively identified by linking raw chromatograms to corresponding metabolites based on NIST-library matching. The significance level was set to 0.05. All analyses were performed using R Studio (version 1.3.1093) software. Results: In total, 25 patients with SCD were included in this study, providing 71 exhaled air samples. The mean age at inclusion was 25.7 years (SD ±10.2). The majority of the participants had SCD genotype HbSS (60%). At time of exhaled air measurement during hospitalization, participants had symptoms for the median number of 1 day (IQR 0.5-3), and the median pain score was 6 out of 10 (IQR 3-7). A total of 58 different fragments could be identified between VOE and steady state (Wilcoxon rank p< 0.05), representing 26 unique eVOCs. The majority of these eVOCs were alkanes, alkenes, and esters. A representing compound for each chemical group is shown in Figure 1. In the majority of the patients, cyclohexane,1,2,4-trimethyl and propanoic acid, ethyl ester were upregulated during VOE, while 1-propene, 2-methyl- was downregulated. Conclusion: This pilot study identified 26 compounds in exhaled air that differentiated VOE from steady state in patients with SCD. Thus, analysis of exhaled air could serve as a promising, non-invasive and patient-friendly biomarker to predict VOE in SCD. Further identification of the discriminative compounds in exhaled air could provide valuable insights into the metabolic processes during VOE.
20
Schulze-König, Tim, Lukas Wacker, and Hans-Arno Synal. "Direct radiocarbon analysis of exhaled air." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26, no. 2 (2011): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ja00039f.
21
Кистенев, Ю. В., А. В. Тетенева, Т. В. Сорокина, А. И. Князькова, О. А. Захарова, А. Кюссе, В. Л. Вакс, et al. "Диагностика диабета на основе анализа выдыхаемого воздуха методом терагерцовой спектроскопии и машинного обучения." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 6 (2020): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.06.49414.46-20.
Abstract:
The results of a study of the exhaled air of patients with diabetes mellitus in comparison with healthy volunteers using broadband time-domain THz spectroscopy are presented. Characteristic spectral sub-bands were identified, in which the profiles of the absorption spectra of exhaled air samples of the target and control groups differ most significantly: 0.56, 0.738, 0.97, 1.07, 1.14, 1.18, 1.4 THz. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the set of absorption coefficients in these spectral sub-bands allows us to separate the target and control groups reliably. The results were compared with measurements of acetone content in the exhaled air of patients with diabetes mellitus and healthy volunteers.
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Chen, Jery, Noni Novisari Soeroso, Syamsul Bihar, and Lambok Siahaan. "Correlation Between Carbon Monoxide Level In Exhaled Air and Pulmonary Function On Grill Street-Vendors In Medan City." Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectious Disease (JETROMI) 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v3i3.6382.
Abstract:
Background. Air pollution is the result of household waste responsible for 3.8 million death and 7.7% of all mortality over the world. One air pollutant which tends to increase year by year is carbon monoxide (CO). CO is produced as the result of the imperfect combustion of machines and the combustion of charcoal. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation between CO level in exhaled air and pulmonary function on grill street-vendors in Medan city. Method: This study is an observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects were grill in Medan city who fulfilled certain inclusion and exclusion criteria with the consecutive sampling method. This study data is primary data which is collected using a questionnaire, smokerlyzer, and spirometry. Result: The subjects of this study are 25 grill street-vendors. Most subjects in this study have red (40%) and green (32%) zone in CO exhaled test and as in pulmonary function test, restrictive (56%) and mixed-type (40%) are the most. The Spearman correlation result between CO level in exhaled air and pulmonary function FEV1 and FVC are not significant (p=0.068 and p=0.251). Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between CO levels in exhaled air and pulmonary function
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Lammers, Ariana, Anne H. Neerincx, Susanne J. H. Vijverberg, Cristina Longo, Nicole A. H. Janssen, A. John F. Boere, Paul Brinkman, Flemming R. Cassee, and Anke H. Maitland van der Zee. "The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on the Exhaled Breath of Healthy Adults." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072518.
Abstract:
Environmental factors, such as air pollution, can affect the composition of exhaled breath, and should be well understood before biomarkers in exhaled breath can be used in clinical practice. Our objective was to investigate whether short-term exposures to air pollution can be detected in the exhaled breath profile of healthy adults. In this study, 20 healthy young adults were exposed 2–4 times to the ambient air near a major airport and two highways. Before and after each 5 h exposure, exhaled breath was analyzed using an electronic nose (eNose) consisting of seven different cross-reactive metal-oxide sensors. The discrimination between pre and post-exposure was investigated with multilevel partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA), followed by linear discriminant and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, for all data (71 visits), and for a training (51 visits) and validation set (20 visits). Using all eNose measurements and the training set, discrimination between pre and post-exposure resulted in an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.75–0.92), whereas it decreased to 0.66 (95% CI = 0.48–0.84) in the validation set. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution potentially influences the exhaled breath profiles of healthy adults, however, the effects may be minimal for regular daily exposures.
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Bivolarova, Mariya P., Wojciech Kierat, Signe Hvidkjær, Kathrine-Amalie Stengade, Trine Illum, Stine Boe Gad, and Arsen K. Melikov. "Reduced personal exposure to airborne cross-infection using wearable exhaust ventilation." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339602032.
Abstract:
This study aimed to explore an alternative solution for protection against cross-infection. Exposure reduction to exhaled airborne contaminants by wearing an exhaust nozzle was studied. Experiments were performed in a full-scale test room (64.8 m3) equipped with a small section of a stadium tribune with six seats. Two breathing thermal manikins and four heated dummies were placed on the tribune. The manikins were equipped with artificial lungs simulating a realistic breathing cycle and respiratory flow. One of the breathing manikins was used to mimic a sick person having an infectious respiratory disease. The exhaled air of the “infecting person” was mixed with tracer gas to imitate pathogens. Four types of air exhaust nozzles were studied for their efficiency to reduce exposure to exhaled contaminants. The nozzle was positioned in front of the mouth of the infecting person. The test room was ventilated with mixing background ventilation. The use of the exhaust nozzle resulted in cleaner air in the room and at the breathing zone of the simulated occupants compared to only using dilution by the background ventilation. The novel device has the potential to capture exhaled air and reduce airborne cross-infection in densely occupied sitting areas.
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Jöbsis, Rijn Q., Susanne L. Schellekens, Anoeska Fakkel-Kroesbergen, Rolien H. C. Raatgeep, and Johan C. de Jongste. "Hydrogen peroxide in breath condensate during a common cold." Mediators of Inflammation 10, no. 6 (2001): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350120102398.
Abstract:
Background:Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air condensate is elevated in inflammatory disorders of the lower respiratory tract. It is unknown whether viral colds contribute to exhaled H2O2.Aim:To assess exhaled H2O2during and after a common cold.Methods:We examined H2O2in the breath condensate of 20 normal subjects with acute symptoms of a common cold and after recovery 2 weeks later and, similarly, in 10 subjects without infection. H2O2was measured with a fluorimetric assay.Results:At the time of infection exhaled H2O2(median, ranges) was 0.20 μM (0.03-1.2 μM), and this decreased to 0.09 μM (< 0.01-0.40 μM) after recovery(p=0.006). There was no significant difference in lung function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) during and after colds. In the controls, exhaled H2O2did not change over a 2-week period.Conclusions:H2O2in exhaled air condensate is elevated during a common cold, and returns to normal within 2 weeks of recovery in healthy subjects. Hence, symptomatic upper respiratory tract infection may act as a confounder in studies of H2O2as a marker of chronic lower airway inflammation.
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Ziener, Chris-Elmo, and Pia-Paulin Braunsdorf. "Trace Analysis in End-Exhaled Air Using Direct Solvent Extraction in Gas Sampling Tubes: Tetrachloroethene in Workers as an Example." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/904512.
Abstract:
Simple and cost-effective analytical methods are required to overcome the barriers preventing the use of exhaled air in routine occupational biological monitoring. Against this background, a new method is proposed that simplifies the automation and calibration of the analytical measurements. End-exhaled air is sampled using valveless gas sampling tubes made of glass. Gaseous analytes are transferred to a liquid phase using a microscale solvent extraction performed directly inside the gas sampling tubes. The liquid extracts are analysed using a gas chromatograph equipped, as usual, with a liquid autosampler, and liquid standards are used for calibration. For demonstration purposes, the method’s concept was applied to the determination of tetrachloroethene in end-exhaled air, which is a biomarker for occupational tetrachloroethene exposure. The method’s performance was investigated in the concentration range 2 to 20 μg tetrachloroethene/L, which corresponds to today’s exposure levels. The calibration curve was linear, and the intra-assay repeatability and recovery rate were sufficient. Analysis of real samples from dry-cleaning workers occupationally exposed to tetrachloroethene and from nonexposed subjects demonstrated the method’s utility. In the case of tetrachloroethene, the method can be deployed quickly, requires no previous experiences in gas analysis, provides sufficient analytical reliability, and addresses typical end-exhaled air concentrations from exposed workers.
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Pashchenko, Alexander A., Yulia E. Dobrokhotova, and Daria S. Fomina. "To study the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air in pregnant women with bronchial asthma as a monitoring of disease control and prediction of asthma-associated obstetric complications: Observational comparative study." Gynecology 26, no. 2 (June 10, 2024): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2024.2.202689.
Abstract:
Aim. To determine the clinical significance of the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air (NOex) for optimizing the control of bronchial asthma (BA) in pregnant women in order to reduce asthma-associated obstetric complications. Materials and methods. A cohort comparative study was conducted with the participation of 80 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy against the background of asthma with varying degrees of severity and level of control, with an assessment of the frequency of asthma-associated obstetric complications. The main group consisted of 40 patients with a prospective determination of the level of BA control and inflammatory activity against the background of inhaled glucocorticosteroid + long-acting b2-agonist using a study of nitric oxide levels in exhaled air. The comparison group included 40 patients undergoing therapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids + long-acting b2-agonist or monotherapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids with standard methods of outpatient monitoring of pregnancy against the background of asthma (without determining the level of NOex). The instrumental examination was presented by the determination of a surrogate noninvasive marker of inflammation – nitric oxide in exhaled air was determined using a portable NOex detection device (NIOX MONO; Aerocrine AB, Sweden). Results. The study of nitric oxide in exhaled air demonstrated the presence of poorly controlled inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract in 22.5% of patients at the beginning of the third trimester, the average NOex values were – 18.75±2.86 ppb. A strong correlation was determined between the values of nitric oxide levels in exhaled air and systolic blood pressure in the third trimester in patients from the main group (Rs=0.84; Rs 0.05=0.31). Decrease in NOex averages (14.87±1.65 ppb) in pregnant women, it occurred as a result of changes in the volume of pharmacotherapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids and measures to control the strict adherence of patients to anti-asthmatic therapy. Achieving complete control of asthma as a result of screening determination of nitric oxide in exhaled air and selection of optimal anti-asthmatic therapy was accompanied by a 2-fold decrease in the frequency of asthma-associated hypertensive disorders and surgical deliveries in pregnant women from the main group. Conclusion. Modern approaches to the monitoring and therapy of pregnant women with asthma should be based on the study of subclinical inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. The screening method for determining the level of a biomarker of inflammation of the bronchial tree epithelial mucosa – nitric oxide in exhaled air allows to determine the level of BA control, meets the requirements of maximum safety and minimally invasive for use in pregnant women.
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Dragonieri, Silvano, Vitaliano Nicola Quaranta, Pierluigi Carratù, Teresa Ranieri, Enrico Buonamico, and Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano. "Breathing Rhythm Variations during Wash-In Do Not Influence Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Profile Analyzed by an Electronic Nose." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092695.
Abstract:
E-noses are innovative tools used for exhaled volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis, which have shown their potential in several diseases. Before obtaining a full validation of these instruments in clinical settings, a number of methodological issues still have to be established. We aimed to assess whether variations in breathing rhythm during wash-in with VOC-filtered air before exhaled air collection reflect changes in the exhaled VOC profile when analyzed by an e-nose (Cyranose 320). We enrolled 20 normal subjects and randomly collected their exhaled breath at three different breathing rhythms during wash-in: (a) normal rhythm (respiratory rate (RR) between 12 and 18/min), (b) fast rhythm (RR > 25/min) and (c) slow rhythm (RR < 10/min). Exhaled breath was collected by a previously validated method (Dragonieri et al., J. Bras. Pneumol. 2016) and analyzed by the e-nose. Using principal component analysis (PCA), no significant variations in the exhaled VOC profile were shown among the three breathing rhythms. Subsequent linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the above findings, with a cross-validated accuracy of 45% (p = ns). We concluded that the exhaled VOC profile, analyzed by an e-nose, is not influenced by variations in breathing rhythm during wash-in.
29
Chan, Matthew T. V., Benny K. M. Chow, Leo Chu, and David S. C. Hui. "Mask Ventilation and Dispersion of Exhaled Air." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 187, no. 7 (April 2013): e12-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201201-0137im.
30
Taylor, R. G. S. "Measurement of 222Rn activity in exhaled air." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 241, no. 2-3 (December 1985): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90625-4.
31
Shende, Pravin, Jai Vaidya, Yogesh A. Kulkarni, and R. S. Gaud. "Systematic approaches for biodiagnostics using exhaled air." Journal of Controlled Release 268 (December 2017): 282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.035.
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Buszewski, Bogusław, Martyna Kęsy, Tomasz Ligor, and Anton Amann. "Human exhaled air analytics: biomarkers of diseases." Biomedical Chromatography 21, no. 6 (2007): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.835.
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Hintzen, K. F. H., A. Smolinska, A. G. R. Mommers, N. D. Bouvy, F. J. van Schooten, and T. Lubbers. "Non-invasive breath collection in murine models using a newly developed sampling device *." Journal of Breath Research 16, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 027102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/ac4fae.
Abstract:
Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath have the potential to be used as biomarkers for screening and diagnosis of diseases. Clinical studies are often complicated by both modifiable and non-modifiable factors influencing the composition of VOCs in exhaled breath. Small laboratory animal studies contribute in obtaining fundamental insight in alterations in VOC composition in exhaled breath and thereby facilitate the design and analysis of clinical research. However, long term animal experiments are often limited by invasive breath collection methods and terminal experiments. To overcome this problem, a novel device was developed for non-invasive breath collection in mice using glass nose-only restrainers thereby omitting the need of anesthetics. C57Bl/6 J mice were used to test reproducibility and different air sampling settings for air-flow (ml min−1) and time (minutes). Exhaled air was collected on desorption tubes and analysed for VOCs by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-tof-MS). In total 27 compounds were putatively identified and used to assess the variability of the VOC measurements in the breath collections. Best reproducibility is obtained when using an air flow of 185 ml min−1 and a collection time of 20 min. Due to the non-invasive nature of breath collections in murine models, this device has the potential to facilitate VOC research in relation to disturbed metabolism and or disease pathways.
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Morimatsu, Hiroshi, Toru Takahashi, Kyoichiro Maeshima, Kazuyoshi Inoue, Tomoko Kawakami, Hiroko Shimizu, Mamoru Takeuchi, Masataka Yokoyama, Hiroshi Katayama, and Kiyoshi Morita. "Increased heme catabolism in critically ill patients: correlation among exhaled carbon monoxide, arterial carboxyhemoglobin, and serum bilirubin IXα concentrations." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290, no. 1 (January 2006): L114—L119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00031.2005.
Abstract:
It has been reported that exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations and arterial carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) concentration in blood may be increased in critically ill patients. However, there was no study that examined correlation among amount of CO in exhaled air, CO-Hb concentrations in erythrocytes, and bilirubin IXα (BR) in serum, i.e., the three major indexes of heme catabolism, within the same subject. Here, we examined CO concentrations in exhaled air, CO-Hb concentrations in arterial blood, and BR levels in serum in 29 critically ill patients. Measurements of exhaled CO, arterial CO-Hb, and serum total BR have been done in the intensive care unit. As control, exhaled CO concentration was also measured in eight healthy volunteers. A median exhaled CO concentration was significantly higher in critically ill patients compared with control. There was significant correlation between CO and CO-Hb and CO and total BR level. We also found CO concentrations correlated with indirect BR but not direct BR. Multivariate linear regression analysis for amount of exhaled CO concentrations also showed significant correlation with CO-Hb and total BR, despite the fact that respiratory variables of study subjects were markedly heterogeneous. We found no correlation among exhaled CO, patients’ severity, and degree of inflammation, but we found a strong trend of a higher exhaled CO concentration in survivors than in nonsurvivors. These findings suggest there is an increased heme breakdown in critically ill patients and that exhaled CO concentration, arterial CO-Hb, and serum total BR concentrations may be useful markers in critically ill conditions.
35
Chen, Chun, and Ruoyu You. "Differentiating between direct and indirect exposure to exhaled particles in indoor environments with mechanical ventilation systems." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104034.
Abstract:
Exhaled contaminants transported in the air can result in the transmission of many airborne infectious diseases in indoor environments. When the exhaled air from the infected person directly enters the breathing zone of another person, direct exposure occurs. When the exhaled contaminants disperse in the room and then are inhaled by another person, indirect exposure occurs. This investigation developed a method for differentiating the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in indoor environments with mechanical ventilation. A literature review was conducted to collect experimental data for 191 person-to-person contaminant transport cases. With the analysis of the database, a mathematical method was developed to differentiate direct and indirect exposure in rooms with mixing and displacement ventilation systems. The proposed method correctly differentiated direct and indirect exposure for 120 out of the 133 mixing ventilation cases and 47 out of the 58 displacement ventilation cases. It can be used at the early design stage to quickly assess whether there will be direct exposure to exhaled contaminants in a room with mechanical ventilation systems.
36
Piacentini, G. L., A. Bodini, L. Zerman, S. Costella, L. Zanolla, D. G. Peroni, and A. L. Boner. "Relationship between exhaled air temperature and exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma." European Respiratory Journal 20, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00237702.
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Hooker, Sascha K., Russel D. Andrews, John P. Y. Arnould, Marthán N. Bester, Randall W. Davis, Stephen J. Insley, Nick J. Gales, Simon D. Goldsworthy, and J. Chris McKnight. "Fur seals do, but sea lions don't — cross taxa insights into exhalation during ascent from dives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1830 (June 14, 2021): 20200219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0219.
Abstract:
Management of gases during diving is not well understood across marine mammal species. Prior to diving, phocid (true) seals generally exhale, a behaviour thought to assist with the prevention of decompression sickness. Otariid seals (fur seals and sea lions) have a greater reliance on their lung oxygen stores, and inhale prior to diving. One otariid, the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ), then exhales during the final 50–85% of the return to the surface, which may prevent another gas management issue: shallow-water blackout. Here, we compare data collected from animal-attached tags (video cameras, hydrophones and conductivity sensors) deployed on a suite of otariid seal species to examine the ubiquity of ascent exhalations for this group. We find evidence for ascent exhalations across four fur seal species, but that such exhalations are absent for three sea lion species. Fur seals and sea lions are no longer genetically separated into distinct subfamilies, but are morphologically distinguished by the thick underfur layer of fur seals. Together with their smaller size and energetic dives, we suggest their air-filled fur might underlie the need to perform these exhalations, although whether to reduce buoyancy and ascent speed, for the avoidance of shallow-water blackout or to prevent other cardiovascular management issues in their diving remains unclear. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)’.
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Popov, Evgeniy, Anton Polishchuk, Anton Kovalev, and Vladimir Vitkin. "Raman Spectroscopy for Urea Breath Test." Biosensors 13, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13060609.
Abstract:
The urea breath test is a non-invasive diagnostic method for Helicobacter pylori infections, which relies on the change in the proportion of 13CO2 in exhaled air. Nondispersive infrared sensors are commonly used for the urea breath test in laboratory equipment, but Raman spectroscopy demonstrated potential for more accurate measurements. The accuracy of the Helicobacter pylori detection via the urea breath test using 13CO2 as a biomarker is affected by measurement errors, including equipment error and δ13C measurement uncertainty. We present a Raman scattering-based gas analyzer capable of δ13C measurements in exhaled air. The technical details of the various measurement conditions have been discussed. Standard gas samples were measured. 12CO2 and 13CO2 calibration coefficients were determined. The Raman spectrum of the exhaled air was measured and the δ13C change (in the process of the urea breath test) was calculated. The total error measured was 6% and does not exceed the limit of 10% that was analytically calculated.
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Novikova, L. B. "Artificial smell sensor systems in the diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases." Аналитика и контроль 27, no. 4 (2023): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2023.27.4.001.
Abstract:
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases of the nervous system that are characterized by a long-term latent stage, a variety of manifestations associated with heterogeneity of symptoms, different aggressiveness of the course, and progressive death of neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases are mainly diagnosed on the basis of clinical data and expensive invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques. There is no specific laboratory test for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases. Exhaled air is the secretion of the body, and the process of its selection is simple and economical. Exhaled gas analysis offers an inexpensive, non-invasive method for detecting a wide range of diseases, including neurodegenerative ones. Molecular profiles of volatile organic compounds in exhaled air for the diagnosis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases can be obtained by analyzing human breath using an “electronic nose”. Identification of volatile organic compounds and their use as specific biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases for obtaining accurate, reproducible and rapid diagnostics can serve as an alternative to traditional invasive methods. The review is devoted to the problems and achievements of the last decade (2014–2023) in the field of application of the "electronic nose" technology for determination and identification of potential highly volatile organic compounds of neurodegenerative processes. The review presents studies on the detection of potential volatile organic compounds in the exhaled air of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using “electronic nose”, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends in the development and the use of "electronic nose" technology to provide medical care capable of performing accurate, sensitive determinations of key volatile organic compounds in the exhaled air are discussed.
40
Vtoryi, V. F., and S. V. Vtoryi. "Sources of carbon dioxide emissions on a cattle dairy farm." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 23, no. 4 (August 25, 2022): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.4.572-579.
Abstract:
The great concern of scientists is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere associated with the greenhouse effect caused by higher concentration of some gases, carbon dioxide included. Animals and their wastes are one of the carbon dioxide sources. Annually there is the growing need in livestock products. This leads to a bigger number of farm animals and consequent higher carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. Theoretical and experimental studies of 2015-2021 at the premises of the Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production and agricultural enterprises in the Leningrad Region of the Russian Federation were aimed at identifying the main sources, intensity and patterns of carbon dioxide emissions in dairy cow barns with due account for the effect of animal housing conditions. The main carbon dioxide sources on a cattle dairy farm are the air exhaled by animals and manure. From the study results, a dairy cow exhales from 4.5 to 8.5 kg of carbon dioxide per day depending on its productivity and mass. The carbon dioxide emission from manure accumulated in a barn is below 1 % of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals. Modern innovative technologies allow for more efficient use of genetic potential of animals and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The revealed patterns and modelling of carbon dioxide emissions showed that with an increase in cow milk yield from 10 to 30 kg/day, the carbon dioxide emission per 1 kg of milk can decrease 2.3 to 2.5 times.
41
Киреев, С. В., А. А. Кондрашов, and С. Л. Шнырев. "Применение метода абсорбционной диодной лазерной спектроскопии для измерения содержания -=SUP=-13-=/SUP=-С и -=SUP=-12-=/SUP=-С в выдыхаемом воздухе." Оптика и спектроскопия 131, no. 1 (2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2023.01.54548.3776-22.
Abstract:
The paper reports on experimental studies of the absorption of 13C16O2 in a mixture with 12C16O2 in exhaled air by laser absorption spectroscopy using a diode laser tunable in the frequency range 4860-4880 cm-1. The results of the studies showed that the minimum detectable concentration of 13C16O2 is at a level of less than 20 ppm, and this approach is promising for measuring the content of 13C16O2 in exhaled air for non-invasive online diagnosis of oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract at early stages
42
Weissmann, N., H. Vogels, R. T. Schermuly, H. A. Ghofrani, J. Hänze, L. Fink, F. Rose, W. Seeger, and F. Grimminger. "Measurement of exhaled hydrogen peroxide from rabbit lungs." Biological Chemistry 385, no. 3-4 (April 13, 2004): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2004.020.
Abstract:
Abstract Exhaled H2O2 is considered an indicator of lung inflammatory and oxidative stress. Moreover, H2O2 may be involved in signal transduction processes. It is not fully elucidated to what extent (i) H2O2 escapes from the intravascular compartment, and (ii) pulmonary H2O2 generation and nasopharyngeal H2O2 generation contribute to exhaled H2O2. We investigated H2O2 concentrations in breath condensate from isolated bufferperfused and ventilated rabbit lungs, and from both intubated and spontaneously breathing rabbits with a horseradish peroxidase/ 2,7dichlorofluorescin assay. For the perfused lungs, a H2O2 concentration of 58±19 nM was found. Addition of H2O2 to the buffer fluid resulted in only minute appearance in the exhaled air (<0.001%). Levels of exhaled H2O2 in intubated rabbits and perfused lungs were virtually identical. Nearly tenfold higher levels were detected in spontaneously breathing rabbits. Decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration from 21% to 1% resulted in a tendency toward decreased H2O2 exhalation in perfused lungs. In contrast, phorbol-12-myristate-13- acetate (PMA) prompted a ~4-fold increase in H2O2 exhalation. We conclude that the horseradish peroxidase/ 2',7'dichlorofluorescin assay is a feasible technique to measure H2O2 in exhaled breath condensate in rabbits. When collecting exhaled air via the tracheal tube, the signal represents pulmonary H2O2 generation with the contribution of the remaining body being negligible.
43
Havet, Anaïs, Farid Zerimech, Margaux Sanchez, Valérie Siroux, Nicole Le Moual, Bert Brunekreef, Morgane Stempfelet, et al. "Outdoor air pollution, exhaled 8-isoprostane and current asthma in adults: the EGEA study." European Respiratory Journal 51, no. 4 (April 2018): 1702036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02036-2017.
Abstract:
Associations between outdoor air pollution and asthma in adults are still scarce, and the underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. Our aim was to study the associations between 1) long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and current asthma, 2) exhaled 8-isoprostane (8-iso; a biomarker related to oxidative stress) and current asthma, and 3) outdoor air pollution and exhaled 8-iso.Cross-sectional analyses were conducted in 608 adults (39% with current asthma) from the first follow-up of the French case–control and family study on asthma (EGEA; the Epidemiological study of the Genetic and Environmental factors of Asthma). Data on nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter with a diameter ≤10 and ≤2.5 µm (PM10 and PM2.5), road traffic, and ozone (O3) were from ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) and IFEN (French Institute for the Environment) assessments. Models took account of city and familial dependence.The risk of current asthma increased with traffic intensity (adjusted (a)OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.00–1.18) per 5000 vehicles per day), with O3 exposure (aOR 2.04 (95% CI 1.27–3.29) per 10 µg·m−3) and with exhaled 8-iso concentration (aOR 1.50 (95% CI 1.06–2.12) per 1 pg·mL−1). Among participants without asthma, exhaled 8-iso concentration increased with PM2.5 exposure (adjusted (a)β 0.23 (95% CI 0.005–0.46) per 5 µg·m−3), and decreased with O3 and O3-summer exposures (aβ −0.20 (95% CI −0.39– −0.01) and aβ −0.52 (95% CI −0.77– −0.26) per 10 µg·m−3, respectively).Our results add new insights into a potential role of oxidative stress in the associations between outdoor air pollution and asthma in adults.
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N., Monogarova, Borodiy K., Shalaeva I., and Semendyaeva E. "EFFECT OF SMOKING ON EXHALED CARBON MONOXIDE AND NITRIC OXIDE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE." Health, Physical Culture and Sports 31, no. 3 (2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/zosh(2023)3.06.
Abstract:
To date, points of view regarding the effect of smoking on the indicators of exhaled air are very contradictory, especially with regard to the examination of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffering from tobacco dependence. Basically, a comparative analysis is carried out by researchers solely on the fact of the presence of tobacco dependence, without taking into account the indicator of the smoking index (CI), as such, or the data obtained from the examination of smoking COPD patients and healthy volunteers are compared. Objective: to evaluate the change in the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric monoxide (NO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the exhaled air of patients with COPD, depending on the status of smoking and CI. Material and research methods. 96 patients with COPD were examined, the average age of which was 54.6±5.9 years, the duration of the disease was 15±4.8 years. 70 patients (72.9%) who participated in the study suffered from tobacco dependence, while CI ≤10 pack-year was observed in 2.8% of them, 11-20 pack-year in 42.9%, 21-30 pack-year in 40.0% and >30 pack-year in 14.3%. As part of a comprehensive examination, all patients underwent determination of CO (ppm) and COHb (%) in exhaled air using the MicroCO device (Micro medica, UK) and the level of NO was assessed using the Niox Mino analyzer (Aerocline, Sweden). The results of the study. During the analysis of the obtained data, we noted an increase in the average concentration of CO in the exhaled air in all smoking patients, while the increase in the indicator was directly proportional to the CI. A similar picture was observed with respect to the COHb level. The concentration of NO in the exhaled air, on the contrary, showed a tendency to decrease with increasing CI. A comparative analysis of the obtained data was carried out in three groups: I - non-smoking patients with COPD (n=26), II - patients with COPD with an IC of 11-20 pack-years (n=30) and III – patients with COPD with an IC of 21-30 pack-years (n=28). In terms of peripheral blood saturation, significant differences compared with the group of non-smokers were found in patients with IC 11-20 pack-years and with IC 21-30 pack-years, while there were no statistically significant differences between these groups of smoking patients. The CO level in smokers, regardless of CI, was significantly higher than in non-smokers, while in COPD patients with CI 21-30 pack-year it was also significantly higher than in patients with CI 11-20 pack-year. The COHb index in smokers with COPD was also significantly higher than in non-smokers, but when comparing data in the group with IC 11-20 pack-years and IC 21-30 pack/years, no statistically significant differences were found. In terms of NO in exhaled air, statistically significant differences were noted when comparing data in the group of non-smoking patients with COPD with the results obtained in groups of patients with IC 11-20 pack-years and with IC 21-30 pack-years, as well as when comparing data in these groups of smokers among themselves. Conclusions. The study revealed a statistically significant increase in the level of CO in the exhaled air, depending on the status of smoking and CI. It was determined that the smoking factor in COPD patients affects the level of NO in the exhaled air, causing its significant decrease in COPD patients with CI >10 pack-year compared to non-smoking COPD patients.
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Persson, M. G., P. A. Lonnqvist, and L. E. Gustafsson. "Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Ventilation Elicits Increases in Endogenously Formed Nitric Oxide as Detected in Air Exhaled by Rabbits." Anesthesiology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199504000-00021.
Abstract:
Background Nitric oxide (NO) formed from L-arginine is exhaled by mammals and regulates pulmonary vascular tone. Little is known about how its formation is stimulated. Methods The concentration of NO in exhaled air was monitored by chemiluminescence in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits receiving mechanical ventilation by tracheostomy with graded positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Results Introduction of PEEP (2.5-15 cmH2O) elicited dose-dependent and reproducible increments in exhaled NO and in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). The increase in exhaled NO exhibited a biphasic pattern, with an initial peak followed by a partial reversal during the 4-min period at each level of PEEP. Thus, at a PEEP of 10 cmH2O, exhaled NO initially increased from 19 +/- 4 to 30 +/- 5 parts per billion (ppb) (P < 0.001, n = 9) and then decreased to 27 +/- 5 ppb (P < 0.005) at the end of the 4-min observation period. Simultaneously, PaO2 increased from 75 +/- 12 mmHg in the control situation to 105 +/- 11 mmHg (P < 0.05) at a PEEP of 10 cmH2O. After bilateral vagotomy, including bilateral transection of the depressor nerves, the increase in exhaled NO in response to PEEP was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Thus, after vagotomy, a PEEP of 10 cmH2O elicited an increase in the concentration of exhaled NO from 13 +/- 3 to 17 +/- 3 ppb (n = 7). Vagotomy did not affect the baseline concentration of NO in exhaled air. The PEEP-induced increments in PaO2 were not affected by the NO synthase inhibitor L-N omega-arginine-methylester (30 mg.kg-1 intravenously). In open-chest experiments, PEEP (10 cmH2O) induced a reduction in cardiac output from 317 +/- 36 to 235 +/- 30 ml.min-1 and an increase in exhaled NO from 23 +/- 6 to 30 +/- 7 ppb (P < 0.05, n = 5). Reduction in cardiac output from 300 +/- 67 to 223 +/- 52 ml.min-1 by partial obstruction of the pulmonary artery did not significantly increase exhaled NO (from 23 +/- 7 to 25 +/- 6, difference not significant; n = 3). Conclusions PEEP elicited increments in exhaled NO, perhaps by a stretch-dependent effect on the respiratory system. This finding may be attributed in part to a vagally influenced mechanism.
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Dally, William J. "OP-VENT." GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications 25, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3529706.3529710.
Abstract:
A mechanical ventilator keeps a patient with respiratory failure alive by pumping precisely controlled amounts of air (or an air/O2 mixture) at controlled pressure into the patient's lungs [3, 5]. During intake (inspiration), the ventilator meters the flow of air and the duration of the flow to deliver a controlled tidal volume of air (typically 50 to 800 mL). During the exhaust (expiration) phase, the flow is turned off and a path is opened to allow the patient to exhale to the atmosphere - possibly with a positive pressure maintained at the end of the expiratory period (PEEP). The timing of the breaths can be entirely managed by the ventilator, or a new breath can be initiated by the patient.
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Bukreeva, E. B., A. A. Bulanova, Yu V. Kistenev, and O. Yu Nikiforova. "Photoacoustic spectroscopy evaluation of the impact of smoking on the composition of exhaled air in patients with bronchopulmonary diseases." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201789334-37.
Abstract:
Aim. To investigate the impact of smoking on the air exhaled by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthmatics, by applying photoacoustic spectroscopy. Subjects and methods. The exhaled air absorption spectra (EAAS) were analyzed in healthy volunteers and patients with COPD and asthmatics, by applying an ILPA-1 CO2 laser photoacoustic gas analyzer. The procedure based on the calculation of an integrated estimate (IE) of the state of the object was used to assess the findings. Results. Comparison of the IE of EAAS in COPD patients and non-smoking healthy individuals showed that spectra of the compounds, the formation of which was associated with smoking, were recorded in the range of wavelengths corresponding to the 10R branch of CO2 laser generation. This also provided evidence indicating that the exhaled air of asthmatics differed from that of both smoking and non-smoking healthy individuals. The calculations yielded the threshold values of EAAS IE in the range of wavelengths corresponding to the 10P branche of CO2 laser generation, which made it possible to distinguish non-smoking healthy individuals from asthmatics and COPD patients in 94 and 89% of cases, respectively. Conclusion. The investigation has confirmed that smoking substantially impacts the composition of the air exhaled by healthy individuals. It has been shown that the use of reference groups formed from non-smoking healthy individuals can improve the accuracy of photoacoustic spectroscopy in detecting COPD and asthma. A further development in this direction will open up new prospects for a new method to diagnose COPD and asthma.
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Schomäcker, K., T. Fischer, W. Eschner, M. I. Gaidouk, and H. Schicha. "Exhalation of 1-131 after radioiodine therapy: time dependence and chemical form." Nuklearmedizin 40, no. 01 (2001): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623987.
Abstract:
Summary Aim: The change of both amount and chemical forms of radioiodine exhaled in the air of rooms with patients on the therapy ward should be investigated depending on radioactivity applied, time after application, and kind of thyroid disease. Methods: The air of ward-rooms of 62 patients with thyroid carcinoma, Graves’ Disease, and autonomy which received different therapy doses, was investigated with an portable constant air flow sampler. Different chemical iodine species (organic, elemental, aerosol bound) were collected during 8 hr in various filters until 3 days after application of the radioiodine capsule, according to their chemical form. The radioactivity in the filters was measured with a well counter on defined time points after application. Results: The radioactivity exhaled was between 0,008 and 0,03% related to activity of radioiodine applied. The percentage of radioiodine exhaled related to the activity applied, differed significantly depending on disease and changed as follows: Grave’s Disease > autonomy > carcinoma. The exhalation of radioiodine became stronger with increasing applied activities and showed an exponential decrease with time. The most part of radioiodine was present in organic bound form. This organic portion decreased with time in favour of the other iodine species. Conclusion: The degree of accumulation of radioiodine orally applied within thyroid seems to be in direct proportion to the extend of its exhalation. Further measurements directly in the breathing air of RIT-patients are necessary, in order to clarify the relationship between degree of thyroid uptake and quantity as well as chemical form of radioiodine exhaled.
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Chirpaz-Oddou, M. F., A. Favre-Juvin, P. Flore, J. Eterradossi, M. Delaire, F. Grimbert, and A. Therminarias. "Nitric oxide response in exhaled air during an incremental exhaustive exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1311.
Abstract:
Chirpaz-Oddou, M. F., A. Favre-Juvin, P. Flore, J. Eterradossi, M. Delaire, F. Grimbert, and A. Therminarias. Nitric oxide response in exhaled air during an incremental exhaustive exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1311–1318, 1997.—This study examines the response of the exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentration (Cno) and the exhaled NO output (V˙no) during incremental exercise and during recovery in six sedentary women, seven sedentary men, and eight trained men. The protocol consisted of increasing the exercise intensity by 30 W every 3 min until exhaustion, followed by 5 min of recovery. Minute ventilation (V˙e), oxygen consumption (V˙o 2), carbon dioxide production, heart rate, Cno, andV˙nowere measured continuously. The Cno in exhaled air decreased significantly provided that the exercise intensity exceeded 65% of the peak V˙o 2. It reached similar values, at exhaustion, in all three groups. TheV˙no increased proportionally with exercise intensity up to exhaustion and decreased rapidly during recovery. At exhaustion, the mean values were significantly higher for trained men than for sedentary men and sedentary women. During exercise,V˙nocorrelates well with V˙o 2, carbon dioxide production, V˙e, and heart rate. For the same submaximal intensity, and thus a givenV˙o 2 and probably a similar cardiac output,V˙no appeared to be similar in all three groups, even if theV˙e was different. These results suggest that, during exercise,V˙no is mainly related to the magnitude of aerobic metabolism and that this relationship is not affected by gender differences or by noticeable differences in the level of physical training.
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Самсонов, Владимир, Vladimir Samsonov, Елена Пинегина, and Elena Pinegina. "A COMPUTER METHOD OF RECORDING THE TEMPERATURE OF INHALED AND EXHALED AIR THROUGH THE NOSE." Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration 1, no. 69 (October 5, 2018): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b98521e3fc2c2.00231153.
Abstract:
A computer method for recording the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air is developed. Using this method, the airway conditioning function was studied in 10 healthy individuals and 16 patients with polypous rhinosinusitis, in order to predict the development of bronchial asthma in the latter. The proposed computer method for recording the temperature of the air inhaled and exhaled through the nose allows to obtain visual and accurate indicators. This method can be used in the conditions of pulmonological and otorhinolaryngological departments, for example, to predict the development of bronchial asthma in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis.