Academic literature on the topic 'Air exhalé'
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Journal articles on the topic "Air exhalé":
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Anderson, Joseph C., and Michael P. Hlastala. "The alcohol breath test in practice: effects of exhaled volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00726.2018.
Abstract:
Alcohol breath test (ABT) measurements are sensitive to the volume of the exhaled breath. Although a minimum breath volume is required for a legally acceptable sample, any additional increase in the volume of exhaled air increases the measurement of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Using a sample of 115 ABTs collected by police agencies for evidentiary purposes, we studied the influence of exhaled air volume on the measurement of BrAC. The 115 ABTs were performed on 30 different Alcotest 9510s. Each of the tests included paired, time series measurements of exhaled breath flow rates and breath alcohol content. The exhalation flow rates and exhalation times were used to create exhalation volume-BrAC plots. On average, exhaled air volumes were ~50% of the subjects’ age-, height-, race-, and sex-predicted vital capacities (VC). More than 80% of the samples had exhaled air volumes ranging between 30 and 70% of the subject’s predicted VC. Breath volumes for duplicate breath samples were similar. For all breath samples, BrAC increased with exhalation volume, an expected behavior for any very high blood solubility compound such as alcohol. Beyond the legally accepted minimum expiratory volume, BrAC increased, on average, at a rate of 9.2 ± 2.8%/liter air exhaled. As a result, a person who exhales just beyond the minimum volume will have a lower BrAC compared with a person who exhales a full VC. Exhaled volume materially impacts the measurement of an ABT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subjects who provide breath samples for evidentiary alcohol breath tests exhale, on average, about half of their predicted vital capacity. Because breath alcohol concentration increases with greater exhaled air volume, subjects who exhale more than average volume will have a greater breath alcohol concentration, whereas subjects who exhale less than average volume will have a lesser breath alcohol concentration. A quantification of air volume impact on breath alcohol concentration is provided.
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I Made Putra Arya Winata, Putu Emilia Dewi, Putu Brahmanda Sudarsana, and Made Sucipta. "Air-Flow Simulation in Child Respirator for Covid-19 Personal Protection Equipment Using Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon Filter." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 91, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.91.1.8391.
Abstract:
The use of personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic may inhibit the social interaction and learning process of children. A child respirator that is suitable for children's growth and development has been developed. Its designing process was done by computer-aided design and validated by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The device consists of inhale and exhale system, face cover, and headband. Various air filter is embedded in the inhale system, such as prefilter, HEPA filter, and bamboo-based activated carbon filter. Meanwhile, the exhale system contains HEPA filter only. Preliminary air-flow simulation in various breathing scenarios has been conducted with a result of velocity range from 0.067 up to 1.190 inside the respirator with a 0.47 Pa pressure difference. Flow trajectories analysis shows that the exhaled air is successfully directed to the exhale and inhale system and thus filtration can occur rapidly. These analyses also indicate that the device's average airflow velocity meets the standard requirements for child breathing apparatus. Child respirators using the bamboo-based activated carbon filter can be a great solution in implementing health protocols for children during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Fachet, Melanie, Simon Lowitzki, Marie-Louise Reckzeh, Thorsten Walles, and Christoph Hoeschen. "Investigation of everyday influencing factors on the variability of exhaled breath profiles in healthy subjects." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1067.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction: The human breath is an accurate but complex read-out of many physiological processes in the organism that can be monitored via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the exhaled air. However, there are many confounding variables that limit the transfer and application of breath analysis to become a clinical procedure. Method: This work aims to establish a systematic procedure for sampling and characterization of various everyday influences of healthy subjects using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). In order to limit the influencing factors on the breath profile, a standard analysis procedure for sampling and evaluation of the exhaled breath samples was developed. The correlations between the selected experimental conditions and the resulting VOC profiles were investigated using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: In addition to the relevant influence of methodological experimental parameters, interesting insights into the effect of everyday factors on the exhalat gas were obtained and discussed. Furthermore, subject and condition-specific differences were found in the exhaled air of male and female subjects. Conclusion: With a more robust, standardized and reproducible breath sampling protocol, breath analysis is a promising non-invasive tool towards a system-wide understanding and personalized diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Ghosh, Nabarun, Shaily Goyal, Aubrey Howard, Prabir Banerjee, and Jay Vitale. "Application of Nanotechnology in a Novel Air Purifier for Remediation of Airborne Pathogen and to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 12 (April 29, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n12p1.
Abstract:
The spread of COVID-19 occurs via airborne transmission. With a constant and variable spread of COVID-19, indoor air-quality has become a major concern all over the world. People who are infected with COVID can release particles and droplets of respiratory fluids that contain the SARS CoV-2 virus into the air when they exhale (e.g., quiet breathing, speaking, singing, exercise, coughing, sneezing). Once infectious droplets are exhaled, they move outward from the person (the source) into the surrounding environment; these droplets carry the virus and transmit infection. Indoors, the very fine droplets and particles will continue to spread through the air in the room or space and can accumulate. Harmful pathogenic organisms like fungi, bacteria and viruses, as the one responsible for causing contagious diseases like the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 can also be successfully destroyed and neutralized. We have developed and studied the efficiency of the AFL Mini Sanifier II® in a simulated environment of a fiberglass chamber using various types of meters to assess the suspended particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air. We also report the development of a novel face mask that was assessed for safety measures and further improvement by the researchers in the West Texas A&M University. The mask is user friendly and portable, equipped with a small internal fan that supplies a continuous air to the user preventing the suffocating effect caused by the other masks. The novel mini air purifier is equipped with the advanced nanotechnology that cleans and sanitizes both the air and surfaces and subsequently has been shown to reduce common allergy, asthma and hay fever related symptoms. This mask and the mini air purifier function in an advanced way to combat all forms of airborne pathogens including the bacteria, viruses, mold spores and harmful Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) present in the air.
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Ohkuwa, Tetsuo, Tatsuo Mizuno, Yuji Kato, Kazutoshi Nose, Hiroshi Itoh, and Takao Tsuda. "Effects of Hypoxia on Nitric Oxide (NO) in Skin Gas and Exhaled Air." International Journal of Biomedical Science 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2006): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2006.2279.
Abstract:
This study confirmed the effects of hypoxia on nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in skin gas and exhaled air. NO concentrations in skin gas and exhaled air were measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of the right forefinger was determined using an oxygen saturation monitor. The M±SEM of NO concentrations in skin gas at 20.93% (control), 15.1% and 14.8% oxygen concentrations were 23.7±3.6, 32.3±4.7 and 36.2±5.2 ppb, respectively. M±SEM of NO concentrations in exhaled air at 20.93% (control), 15.1%, and 14.8% were 25.0±5.1, 35.01±5.6 and 44.9±7.2 ppb, respectively. There was no significant difference in NO concentration at the absolute value of skin gas and exhaled air between normoxia and hypoxia. But significant increase was found at relative changes in skin gas at 15.1% (p<0.01) and 14.8% (p<0.01) oxygen content compared with control. Significant increase was also found at relative changes in exhaled air at 15.1% (p<0.01) and 14.8% (p<0.01) oxygen content compared with control. In conclusion, we confirmed that exposure to hypoxia elicits an increase in NO concentrations at relative changes of skin gas and exhaled air compared to normoxia.
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Jobsis, Q., HC Raatgeep, PW Hermans, and JC de Jongste. "Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air is increased in stable asthmatic children." European Respiratory Journal 10, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10030519.
Abstract:
Exhaled air condensate provides a noninvasive means of obtaining samples from the lower respiratory tract. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air has been proposed as a marker of airway inflammation. We hypothesized that in stable asthmatic children the H2O2 concentration in exhaled air condensate may be elevated as a result of airway inflammation. In a cross-sectional study, 66 allergic asthmatic children (of whom, 41 were treated with inhaled steroids) and 21 healthy controls exhaled through a cold trap. The resulting condensate was examined fluorimetrically for the presence of H2O2. All subjects were clinically stable, nonsmokers, without infection. The median H2O2 level in the exhaled air condensate of the asthmatic patients was significantly higher than in healthy controls (0.60 and 0.15 micromol, respectively; p<0.05), largely because of high values in the stable asthmatic children who did not use anti-inflammatory treatment (0.8 micromol; p<0.01 compared to controls). We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is elevated in exhaled air condensate of children with stable asthma, and may reflect airway inflammation.
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Wyszyńska, Magdalena, Monika Nitsze-Wierzba, Aleksandra Czelakowska, Jacek Kasperski, Joanna Żywiec, and Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak. "An Evidence-Based Review of Application Devices for Nitric Oxide Concentration Determination from Exhaled Air in the Diagnosis of Inflammation and Treatment Monitoring." Molecules 27, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134279.
Abstract:
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring the pathologies not only in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. It has shown a huge increase in its level in asthma and diseases of the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the impact of inflammation on the level of NO in exhaled air. The aim of the study is to make an evidence-based review of the application of NO levels in exhaled air in the diagnosis of inflammation and treatment monitoring on the basis of selected measuring devices. Methods and Results: This paper presents an example of the application of NO measurement in exhaled air in individual human systems. Selected measuring devices, their non-invasiveness, and their advantages are described. Discussion: The usefulness of this diagnostic method in pathologies of the oral cavity was noted. Conclusions: Measuring the level of NO in exhaled air seems to be a useful diagnostic method.
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Zaitsev, A., N. Matsegora, S. Zaitsev, S. Kaminska, and V. Тikhenko. "APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF EXHALED AIR BY PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 2, no. 64 (2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.64.2021.07.
Abstract:
. Improvement of gas chromatography methods for analyzing the exhaled air of patients when diagnosing the presence and development of pathologies of their respiratory organs is an urgent task. The aim of this work is to analyze proven and promising methods for monitoring the content of vaporous and (or) gaseous biological markers in the exhaled air of patients with respiratory pathologies, as well as the choice of optimal measurement techniques using gas chromatography methods. The analysis of scientific researches and publications in the field of modern methods of control of the content of vapor and (or) gaseous biological markers in the exhaled air of patients is made. The technical requirements are determined and the structural scheme of the multichannel gas chromatograph for measuring the content of vapor and (or) gaseous biological markers in the air exhaled by patients is improved. The main metrological characteristics of the results of measurements of concentrations of vapor and / or gaseous biological markers in air using gas chromatography methods are determined. The main technical requirements for a multichannel gas chromatograph for determining the content of vaporous and (or) gaseous biological markers in exhaled air have been determined. It has been determined that the boundaries of the total relative error of the measurement results at a confidence level of P = 0.95 depend on the ranges of the concentrations of biological markers in the exhaled air of patients. The obtained results make it possible to simplify the procedures for determining the content of biological markers by gas chromatography in the exhaled air, as well as non-invasively to diagnose the presence and development of pathologies of the patients' respiratory organs.
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Hui, David S., Benny K. Chow, Thomas Lo, Owen T. Y. Tsang, Fanny W. Ko, Susanna S. Ng, Tony Gin, and Matthew T. V. Chan. "Exhaled air dispersion during high-flow nasal cannula therapy versus CPAP via different masks." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 1802339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02339-2018.
Abstract:
BackgroundHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an emerging therapy for respiratory failure but the extent of exhaled air dispersion during treatment is unknown. We examined exhaled air dispersion during HFNC therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on a human patient simulator (HPS) in an isolation room with 16 air changes·h−1.MethodsThe HPS was programmed to represent different severity of lung injury. CPAP was delivered at 5–20 cmH2O via nasal pillows (Respironics Nuance Pro Gel or ResMed Swift FX) or an oronasal mask (ResMed Quattro Air). HFNC, humidified to 37°C, was delivered at 10–60 L·min−1 to the HPS. Exhaled airflow was marked with intrapulmonary smoke for visualisation and revealed by laser light-sheet. Normalised exhaled air concentration was estimated from the light scattered by the smoke particles. Significant exposure was defined when there was ≥20% normalised smoke concentration.ResultsIn the normal lung condition, mean±sd exhaled air dispersion, along the sagittal plane, increased from 186±34 to 264±27 mm and from 207±11 to 332±34 mm when CPAP was increased from 5 to 20 cmH2O via Respironics and ResMed nasal pillows, respectively. Leakage from the oronasal mask was negligible. Mean±sd exhaled air distances increased from 65±15 to 172±33 mm when HFNC was increased from 10 to 60 L·min−1. Air leakage to 620 mm occurred laterally when HFNC and the interface tube became loose.ConclusionExhaled air dispersion during HFNC and CPAP via different interfaces is limited provided there is good mask interface fitting.
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Zhuang, Hao, Zhijun Zou, Li Wang, Zhenyang Zhao, Xuan Ge, Jiao Cai, and Wei Liu. "Investigation of Air Change Rate in a Single Room Using Multiple Carbon Dioxide Breathing Models in China: Verification by Field Measurement." Buildings 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020459.
Abstract:
It is difficult to accurately measure the air exchange rate (AER) in residential and office buildings during occupation via on-site field measurement. The tracer gas method was widely applied to estimate the AER in these buildings, and human metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) was often used as a tracer gas in different models. This study introduced three models (the ASHRAE model, the ASHRAE China-specific modified model, and the BMR model), which were proposed to estimate the AER based on exhaled CO2. We verified these models by comparing the exhaled CO2-based AER with AER from field measurements using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer gas. We also analyzed the potential factors that could affect the uniformity of the indoor tracer gas distribution. Our results indicate that the ASHRAE China-specific modified model has the best performance with an average deviation of −6.67% and a maximum deviation of −14.6% with multiple measurement points, a stable personnel activity, and proper Parameter settings in a single room in China.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air exhalé":
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Akiki, Maria. "Identification et quantification des concentrations en espèces gazeuses à l’état de trace dans l’air exhalé des patients hémodialysés : enjeux technologiques et perspectives d’utilisations cliniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022MTLD0014.
Abstract:
La maladie rénale chronique se caractérise par une diminution progressive des fonctions rénales. Elle est cliniquement silencieuse jusqu’à un stade avancé. Au stade ultime de cette pathologie (insuffisance rénale chronique terminale), il est nécessaire de mettre en œuvre une suppléance rénale par dialyse, ou de réaliser une transplantation rénale. Le dépistage de cette pathologie est effectué par des tests sanguins et urinaires. Cependant, ce dépistage reste insuffisamment réalisé et la maladie rénale chronique est souvent découverte de manière trop tardive. Pour améliorer l’acceptabilité d’un dépistage précoce par des méthodes non invasives, il est intéressant de se rapprocher à des techniques d’analyse des composés organique volatils (COV) dans l’air exhalé. De manière préliminaire à une telle approche, cette thèse rapporte, d’abord l’analyse d’une empreinte physico-chimique en COV d’une population avec une MRC au stade de dialyse. La caractérisation de l’exhalome en début et en fin de dialyse a été réalisée en prélevant l’air exhalé de 43 patients hémodialysés. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un dispositif d’échantillonnage ReCIVA puis une analyse de l’air exhalé par la méthode TD/GC/FID-MS. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que 23 COV de différentes familles chimiques ont des concentrations variables dans l’air exhalé des patients dialysés entre le début et la fin d’une même séance de dialyse. 9 de ces 23 COV sont probablement d’origine exogène émis par le matériel de dialyse. D’autres COV sont probablement des composés endogènes volatils émis dans l’air exhalé. Le second volet de cette thèse concerne la qualification d’un dispositif d’échantillonnage développé au sein de l’IMT NE qui repose sur le prélèvement d’air exhalé en permettant la sélection des différentes phases respiratoires et la collecte de l’air exhalé sur une multiplicité de techniques de caractérisation (supports de collection, analyses en ligne). Le but de ce travail était de vérifier l’inertie chimique de ce dispositif avant de le déployer auprès des patients. D’une part, la caractérisation du potentiel de non-contamination a permis de d’identifier 4 COV à des concentrations comprises entre 5 et 80 µg/m3 et 2 autres (N.N-diméthylacétamide et phénol) entre 100 et 700 µg/m3. Le conditionnement sous étuve du matériau constituant le dispositif a permis de réduire les émissions de ces espèces de manière très importante (> 90 %). D’autre part, le paramètre de non-rétention a été quantifié : 9 COV ont présenté un écart de leurs concentrations inférieur à 15 %. Cependant, pour l’acétone, une perte de 25 % a été quantifiée au niveau du masque qu’il sera nécessaire de réduire ou de prendre en compte durant les prélèvements. En dernier lieu, le stockage dans des sacs de collection a permis de conclure à une bonne stabilité de 9 COV testés (écart < 13 %) durant une semaine. En revanche, deux espèces (acétone et ammoniac) ont révélé des pertes. Au regard de ces résultats, il a été suggéré de stocker l'échantillon au maximum pendant deux heures pour limiter la perte de ces espèces à 20 %, ou au plus tard 2 jours en prenant en compte une perte de 36 % pour l’ammoniacChronic kidney disease is characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function. It is clinically silent until an advanced stage. At the final stage of this pathology (end-stage chronic renal failure), it is necessary to perform a renal replacement therapy by dialysis, or a renal transplant. The detection of this pathology is done by blood and urine tests. However, this detection remains insufficiently, and chronic kidney disease is often discovered too late. To improve the acceptability of an early detection by non-invasive methods, it is interesting to approach the techniques for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in exhaled air. As a preliminary to this approach, this thesis reports first the analysis of a physico-chemical VOC appropriate to CKD population at dialysis stage. The characterization of exhaled air at the beginning and at the end of dialysis was done by sampling it with 43 hemodialysis patients. For this, we used a sampling device ReCIVA and then an analysis of exhaled air by a TD/GC/FID-MS method. The results presented that 23 VOC from different chemical families have varying concentrations in exhaled air of dialysis patients between the beginning and end of the same dialysis session. Nine of these 23 VOC are probably exogenous origin emitted by dialysis equipment. Other VOC are probably endogenous emitted into exhaled air. The second part of this thesis concerns the qualification of a sampling device developed within IMT NE which is based on the sampling of exhaled air by allowing the selection of the different respiratory phases and the collection of exhaled air on a multiplicity of characterization techniques (collection support, online analyses). The purpose of this work was to verify the chemical inertness of this device before deploying it to patients. First, the characterization of the non-contamination potential made it possible to identify 4 VOC at concentrations between 5 and 80 µg/m3 and 2 others VOC (N.N-dimethylacetamide and phenol) between 100 and 700 µg/m3. Conditioning the material constituting the device in an oven reduced the emissions of these species very significantly (> 90 %). In addition, the non-retention parameter was quantified: 9 VOC presented a difference in their concentrations of less than 15 %. However, for acetone, a loss of 25 % was quantified in the mask, which will need to be reduced or considered during sampling. Finally, storage in collection bags allowed to conclude a stability of 9 VOC tested (difference < 13%) for one week. In contrast, two species (acetone and ammonia) revealed losses. In view of these results, it was suggested to store the sample for a maximum of two hours to limit the loss of these species to 20 %, or at the latest 2 days considering a loss of 36 % for ammonia
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Kornobis-Chérot, Nathalie. "Évaluation méthodologique et clinique des marqueurs de l’atteinte pulmonaire dans l’air exhalé : comparaison de sujets présentant une pathologie respiratoire chronique et sujets témoins." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S013/document.
Abstract:
Un accès direct et non invasif à la pathogénèse par l’évaluation de biomarqueurs volatils (FeNO) ou non volatils de l’air exhalé grâce à la méthode des condensats de l’air exhalé (EBC) est utile pour estimer précocement le degré d’atteinte pulmonaire en rapport avec une exposition professionnelle et surveiller son évolution en regard des mesures correctives mises en place. L’étude du NO exhalé (FeNO) est actuellement bien standardisée et l’augmentation exponentielle des publications concernant les EBC reflètent un intérêt croissant pour le diagnostic non invasif des atteintes pulmonaires. Les marqueurs étudiés dans l’air exhalé sont des produits de l'inflammation tels que le FeNO et les cytokines ainsi que des produits du stress oxydant incluant le peroxyde d'hydrogène, les produits de peroxydation lipidique (8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde) et les oxydes d'azote (NOx). S’agissant d’une technique d’exploration relativement récente, les modalités méthodologiques font encore l’objet de nombreux travaux, les premières recommandations internationales étant apparues en 2005. Les écueils méthodologiques sont nombreux et encore décrits dans la littérature en 2012. Ils concernent toutes les étapes du processus du recueil et d’analyses.Objectifs : L’objectif principal de notre recherche était dans un premier temps de développer la méthode des EBC pour l'étude des composés de l'air exhalé puis de détecter et quantifier des biomarqueurs tels que les protéines totales, les NOx et le 8-isoprostane dans les EBC d’une population d’adultes sains (n= 48) ou atteints de pathologies pulmonaires telles que l'asthme (n=24), la BPCO (n=20), la pneumopathie interstitielle diffuse (n=27) et la sclérodermie (n=27). L’objectif secondaire était la comparaison des niveaux de biomarqueurs dosés dans les EBC et du FeNO chez les sujets malades par rapport aux témoins.Résultats / Conclusion : Notre recherche, soutenue l’ANR et l’ANSES, a permis de standardiser la méthodologie de recueil et d’analyse des EBC avec une optimisation du système de recueil et de l’agent coatant pour la détermination de la concentration nécessaire et compatible avec les analyses. Nous maitrisons le dosage dans les EBC des biomarqueurs tels que les protéines, les NOx et le 8-isoprostane. D'autres biomarqueurs sont encore en cours d'étude tels que le malondialdehyde et les cytokines. Ce travail méthodologique, publié, a permit dans un second temps la détection (> à 95%) et la quantification de ces biomarqueurs dans les EBC des sujets sains et malades de notre population.Perspectives : La constitution des valeurs de référence pour les biomarqueurs dosés dans les EBC est nécessaire à l’interprétation des dosages chez les sujets malades. Il convient également de finaliser la standardisation de la mesure des cytokines et du malondialdehyde et d’explorer de nouveaux biomarqueurs produits lors du stress nitrosant tels que la 3-nitrotyrosine pour compléter les mécanismes physiopathologiques. Enfin le développement de cette méthode non invasive et peu contraignante apparait prometteuse en clinique médicale dans le suivi individuel de la maladie ou son traitement comme lors d’études épidémiologiques respiratoires dans des populations exposées professionnellement ou environnementalement. Dans ce cadre, l’étude de marqueurs d’exposition professionnelle tels que les métaux lourds dans les EBC est en cours de développementThe study of both volatile (FeNO) and non-volatile respiratory biomarkers using the method of exhaled breath condensates can be useful in medical surveillance of exposed workers, the early identification of respiratory diseases or in the monitoring of their development. Studies of exhaled NO (FeNO) is now well standardized and the exponential increase in publications on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects growing interest in a non-invasive diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. The biomarkers studied are products of inflammation, such as FeNO and cytokines, and products of oxidative stress, including hydrogen peroxide (H202), products of lipid peroxydation (8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde) and nitrogen oxides. The first recommendation was published in 2005 but although many recent publications have applied this new method, numerous methodological pitfalls remain and still described in 2012. They concern all the stages of the collection to the analysis.Objectives: The main objective of this research was initially to develop the method of EBC for the study of compounds of exhaled air and then detect and quantify biomarkers such as total protein, NOx and 8-isoprostane in exhaled air in a population of healthy adults (n = 48) or patients with lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma (n = 24), COPD (n = 20), diffuse interstitial pneumonia (n = 27) and scleroderma (n = 27). The secondary objective was to compare levels of biomarkers measured in the EBC and FeNO in patients compared to controls.Results / conclusion: Our research, supported by ANR and ANSES, allowed to standardize the methodology of collection and analysis of EBC with a choice of the collection system and coating which must be effective and compatible with the analyzes. In EBC, we control the dosage of biomarkers such as proteins, NOx and 8-isoprostane. Other biomarkers are still being studied such as malondialdehyde and cytokines. This published methodological study, allowed in a second step the detection (> 95%) and quantification of these biomarkers in EBC of healthy patients in our population.Perspectives: This standardization is a key epidemiological requirement for the task force on the establishment of reference values and the publication of methodological guidelines so as to realize the promise of this approach for clinical studies of lung diseases. We have also to finish the development of biomarkers such as cytokines or malondialdehyde and to investigate new biomarkers to complete the pathophysiological mechanisms. Finally our objective is the widespread use of this noninvasive method in daily epidemiological studies on subjects with professional and/or environmental exposure. In this context, the study of markers of the toxic burden in the lungs such as heavy metals in the EBC is being developed
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Giovannelli, Jonathan. "Description et déterminants de la santé respiratoire et cardiovasculaire dans deux communautés urbaines du Nord-Pas-de-Calais : l’enquête ELISABET 2011-2013." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S053/document.
Abstract:
Introduction. L’Enquête Littoral Souffle Air Biologie Environnement (ELISABET) a pour objectif général l’étude de la santé respiratoire et cardiovasculaire dans les communautés urbaines de Lille (CUDL) et Dunkerque (CUD). Les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse sont d’étudier : (i) la prévalence et le sous-diagnostic des troubles ventilatoires obstructifs (TVO), (ii) l’évolution de la prévalence des principaux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire (FDRCV) dans la CUDL entre 1986 et 2013, (iii) les interactions entre deux biomarqueurs de l’asthme (fraction exhalée du monoxyde d’azote (FENO) et taux d’éosinophiles sanguin (S-eos)) et le statut tabagique, (iv) le rôle de médiateur de l’inflammation chronique de bas-grade dans la relation entre diabète et baisse de la fonction pulmonaire, et (v) l’impact à court terme de la pollution atmosphérique sur la fonction respiratoire.Méthodes. Les 3276 participants (âgés de 40 à 65 ans) à l’enquête transversale en ELISABET ont été sélectionnés à partir de listes électorales par échantillonnage aléatoire et inclus entre janvier 2011 et novembre 2013. Un questionnaire détaillé, des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires et un prélèvement sanguin ont été effectués. (i) Les TVO ont été définis par un rapport du volume expiratoire maximal à la première seconde (VEMS) sur la capacité vitale forcée (CVF) inférieur à 0.70 ou à la limite inférieure de la normale calculée à partir des dernières équations de référence disponibles. (ii) La prévalence des principaux FDRCV a été estimée à partir d’échantillons représentatifs de la population de la CUDL issus des enquêtes MONICA1986-88, MONICA1995-96, MONALISA2005-07 et ELISABET2011-13. (iii) L’asthme allergique a été défini comme un asthme (auto-déclaration, et sifflements dans la poitrine dans les 12 derniers mois ou prise de traitement) avec terrain atopique. (iv) Le diabète était défini par la prise d’un traitement antidiabétique ou une glycémie à jeun ≥ 1.26 g/L ou des valeurs d’hémoglobine A1c ≥ 6.5%. L’inflammation chronique a été mesurée par la Protéine C réactive ultra-sensible (CRPus). Une analyse de médiation a été conduite sur un échantillon de sujets sans pathologie respiratoire ou athérosclérotique. (v) Les valeurs des particules inférieures à 10 µm (PM10) et du dioxyde d'azote (NO2) ont été fournies par les stations de mesures ATMO des CUDL et CUD.Principaux résultats. (i) La prévalence des TVO s’étendait de 9.5% à 16% (dépendant du centre et de la définition utilisée) ; le taux de sous-diagnostic était élevé (environ 75 %). (ii) La prévalence des principaux FDRCV diminuait régulièrement sur une période de 25 ans, à l'exception de l'usage du tabac chez les femmes, du diabète chez les hommes (tous deux stables) et de la surcharge pondérale chez les hommes (augmentée). (iii) Une interaction positive entre le statut tabagique et l'asthme allergique a été observée dans les modèles expliquant le FENO (p = 0,003) et les S-eos (p = 0,001). Ainsi, les participants souffrant d'asthme allergique avaient (comparés à ceux n’en souffrant pas) des valeurs plus élevées de FENO (+ 63,4 %, IC95% = [39; 92]) et de S-eos (+ 63,2 % [38,2; 92,7]) chez les non-fumeurs, mais pas chez les fumeurs actuels. (iv) Le diabète était associé à une diminution des pourcentages prédits du VEMS (-3.5% [-5.8; -1.3]) et de la CVF (-3.6% [-5.9; -1.3]). La force de ces associations diminuait (-3.1% [-5.4; -0.9] pour les deux) après ajustement sur la CRPus. Ainsi, la part médiée de la CRPus valait 12% [2.4; 37] et 13% [3.7; 39.4] pour le VEMS et la CVF, respectivement. (v) Les mesures de PM10 et NO2 semblaient associées à une diminution du débit expiratoire maximal à 25 % de la CVF (résultat préliminaire).Conclusion. Les données de l’enquête ELISABET ont permis l’étude de la prévalence des TVO et des principaux FDRCV au sein de notre population d’étude. Elles ont également permis d’obtenir des résultats originaux à partir d’études cliniques et physiopathologiquesIntroduction. The general goal of the ELISABET (Enquête Littoral Souffle Air Biologie Environnement) survey is to study the respiratory and cardiovascular health in two urban areas in northern France (Lille and Dunkirk). The specific objectives of this thesis are to study: (i) the prevalence and underdiagnosis of airway obstruction (AO), (ii) long-term time trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors between 1986 and 2013 in the Lille urban area, (iii) the relationships between both the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and the blood eosinophil count (B-eos) on one hand and asthma and atopy on the other, according to smoking status, (iv) whether low-grade systemic inflammation (as measured by the level of high sensitivity-C-reactive protein, hs-CRP) mediated the relationship between diabetes and lung function, and (v) the short-term impact of atmospheric pollution on lung function.Methods. The 3276 participants (aged from 40 to 64) in the 2011-2013 ELISABET cross-sectional survey were selected from electoral rolls by random sampling, and recruited between January 2011 and November 2013. A detailed questionnaire, lung function tests, and a blood sample collection were performed. (i) AO was defined by a forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio below 0.70 or below the lower limit of normal calculated by the most recent reference equations of the Global Lung Initiative. (ii) The prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors was estimated from representative samples inhabitants of Lille urban area from MONICA1986-88, MONICA1995-96, MONALISA2005-07 and ELISABET2011-13 surveys. (iii) Allergic asthma was defined as asthma (a self-report of physician-diagnosed asthma, and wheezing in the previous 12 months or the use of asthma medications) with atopy. (iv) Diabetes mellitus was defined as ongoing diabetes treatment or a fasting blood glucose level ≥1.26 g/L or a hemoglobin A1c value ≥6.5%. A mediation analysis was performed to assess and quantify the hs-CRP level as a mediator of the relationship between diabetes and lung function from a sample of participants without self-reported pulmonary and atherosclerotic disease. (v) Measurements of particles less than 10 mm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were provided by measuring stations ATMO in the two urban areas.Main results. (i) The prevalence of AO in northern France ranged from 9.5 to 16.0%, depending on the centre and definition used; the underdiagnosis rate was high (around 75%). (ii) A steady decline in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors over a 25-year period was observed, with the exception of tobacco use in women, prevalence of diabetes in men (both of which remained stable) and prevalence of overweight in men (which increased). (iii) A positive interaction between smoking status and allergic asthma was observed in multivariate models explaining FENO (p=0.003) and B-eos (p=0.001). Thus, compared to those without allergic asthma, participants with allergic asthma had higher FENO values (+63.4%, 95%CI=[39; 92]) and higher B-eos (+63.2% [38.2; 92.7]) in never and former smokers, but not in current smokers. (iv) Diabetes was associated with FEV1 (-3.5% [-5.8; -1.3]) and FVC (-3.6% [-5.9; -1.3]). Strength of both latter associations fell to -3.1% [-5.4; -0.9] after adjustment for hs-CRP. Hence, the proportion of the effect that is mediated by hs-CRP was 12% [2.4; 37] and 13% [3.7; 39.4] for FEV1 and FVC, respectively. (v) Measurements of PM10 and NO2 seemed to be associated with lower values of the expiratory flow at 25% of the FVC (preliminary result).Conclusion. Data from the ELISABET survey have allowed the study of the prevalence of AO and the main cardiovascular risk factors in our population. They also allowed obtaining original results from clinical and pathophysiological studies
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Hemmingsson, Tryggve. "Exhaled nitric oxide in extreme environments." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-609-5/.
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Adisesh, Linganatha Anil. "Exhaled air nitric oxide and occupational exposure to organic dusts and endotoxin." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:86766.
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Monroy, Becky. "Signal Processing of Exhaled CO2 as Tracer Gas in Residential Ventilation Assessment." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2105.
Abstract:
Background: Indoor air contaminants generally have a greater impact on health than outdoor air contaminants, which increases the importance of a dependable, accessible, and minimally impactful method for measuring indoor air exchange rates. Objective: Evaluate the use of naturally generated CO2 as a tool to measure indoor ventilation. Methods: Indoor CO2 levels were measured over seven sample intervals in an airtight one-bedroom apartment with two residents. High frequency noise was removed from the measurements with Fourier, Kalman, LOESS, and rolling average filters. Root-mean squared errors (RMSE) between filtered and measured CO2 were calculated and compared for each sample interval and filter pair. A multivariable linear regression was used to assess differences between digital filters. Local minima and maxima were identified to calculate air exchange rates. The R statistical software was used for all data management and analysis. Results: The RMSE for all filter types had geometric standard deviations between one and two, indicating that all filters were stable across sample intervals. Results of the multivariable linear regression indicate that the RMSE of the Fourier filter were significantly lower than those of the Kalman filter with a P-value ofConclusions:The Fourier filter performed best based on visual analysis and RMSE comparisons. All filters except for the rolling average filter identified the majority of primary local minima/maxima effectively.
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Decker, John Alan 1961. "A method to determine respirator protection factors using biological monitoring of exhaled air." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277331.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to develop methodology involving the use of biological monitoring of exhaled air to determine respirator protection factors. The concentration of fluorocarbon 113 in breath was correlated to the original exposure concentration while wearing a full facepiece negative pressure respirator. Protection factors calculated from breath sampling were compared to fit factors derived from a negative pressure test device. Although biological monitoring indicated a nearly three fold increase in fluorocarbon 113 penetration rates compared to the negative pressure fit test results, a correlation of 0.86 suggests that this methodology may be used in the design of a workplace protection study. No correlation was found between the biological and quantitative mask sampling methods.
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Tkachuk, R. V. "Biomarkers of exhaled air condensate in children in the comorbid course of pneumonia with bronchobstructive syndrome." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19160.
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Barath, Stefan, Nicholas L. Mills, Ellinor Ädelroth, Anna-Carin Olin, and Anders Blomberg. "Diesel exhaust but not ozone increases fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in a randomized controlled experimental exposure study of healthy human subjects." Umeå universitet, Medicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71312.
Abstract:
Background: Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is a promising non-invasive index of airway inflammation that may be used to assess respiratory effects of air pollution. We evaluated FENO as a measure of airway inflammation after controlled exposure to diesel exhaust or ozone. Methods: Healthy volunteers were exposed to either diesel exhaust (particle concentration 300 mu g/m(3)) and filtered air for one hour, or ozone (300 ppb) and filtered air for 75 minutes. FENO was measured in duplicate at expiratory flow rates of 10, 50, 100 and 270 mL/s before, 6 and 24 hours after each exposure. Results: Exposure to diesel exhaust increased FENO at 6 hours compared with air at expiratory flow rates of 10 mL/s (p = 0.01) and at 50 mL/s (p = 0.011), but FENO did not differ significantly at higher flow rates. Increases in FENO following diesel exhaust were attenuated at 24 hours. Ozone did not affect FENO at any flow rate or time point. Conclusions: Exposure to diesel exhaust, but not ozone, increased FENO concentrations in healthy subjects. Differences in the induction of airway inflammation may explain divergent responses to diesel exhaust and ozone, with implications for the use of FENO as an index of exposure to air pollution.
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Roquencourt, Camille. "Signal processing and analysis of PTR-TOF-MS data from exhaled breath for biomarker discovery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG024.
Abstract:
L'analyse des composés organiques volatils (COVs) dans l'air expiré est une méthode non invasive prometteuse en médecine pour le diagnostic précoce, le phénotypage, le suivi de la maladie et du traitement et le dépistage à grande échelle. La spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol par réaction de transfert de protons (PTR-TOF-MS) présente un intérêt majeur pour l'analyse en temps réel des COVs et la découverte de nouveaux biomarqueurs. Le manque de méthodes et d'outils logiciels pour le traitement des données PTR-TOF-MS provenant de cohortes représente actuellement un verrou pour le développement de ces approches.Nous avons ainsi développé une suite d'algorithmes permettant le traitement des données brutes jusqu’au tableau des intensités des molécules détectées, grâce à la détection des expirations et des pics dans les spectres de masse, la quantification dans la dimension temporelle, l'alignement entre les échantillons et l'imputation des valeurs manquantes. Nous avons notamment mis au point un modèle innovant de déconvolution des pics en 2 dimensions reposant sur une régression du signal par splines pénalisées, ainsi qu'une méthode permettant de sélectionner spécifiquement les COVs dans l'air expiré. L'ensemble du processus est implémenté dans le paquet R/Bioconductor ptairMS, disponible en ligne. Nous avons validé notre approche à la fois sur des données expérimentales (mélange de COVs à des concentrations standardisées) et par simulation. Les résultats montrent que l'identification des COVs provenant de l’air expiré à partir du modèle proposé atteint une sensibilité de 99 `%. Une interface graphique a également été développée pour faciliter l'analyse des données et l'interprétation des résultats par les expérimentateurs (les cliniciens notamment). Nous avons appliqué notre méthodologie à la caractérisation de l'air expiré d'adultes sous ventilation mécanique atteints de l’infection COVID-19. Les analyses de l'air expiré de 40 patients atteints d’un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA) ont été effectuées quotidiennement, de l'entrée à la sortie de l'hôpital. Nous avons d'abord réalisé un modèle de classification pour prédire le statut de l'infection, en utilisant l'acquisition disponible la plus proche de l’admission à l'hôpital.Ce modèle permet de prédire le statut de l'infection avec une précision de 93%. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé toutes les données disponibles pour une analyse longitudinale de l'évolution des COVs en fonction de la durée de l'hospitalisation, en utilisant un modèle à effets mixtes. Après sélection de variables, quatre biomarqueurs de l'infection par le COVID-19 ont pu être identifiés. Ces résultats soulignent la valeur des données PTR-TOF-MS et du logiciel ptairMS pour la découverte de biomarqueurs dans l'air expiréThe analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is a promising non-invasive approach in medicine for early diagnosis, phenotyping, disease and treatment monitoring and large-scale screening. Proton Transfer Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) is of major interest for the real time analysis of VOCs and the discovery of new biomarkers in the clinics. However, there is currently a lack of methods and software tools for the processing of PTR-TOF-MS data from cohorts.We therefore developed a suite of algorithms that process raw data from the patient acquisitions, and build the table of feature intensities, through expiration and peak detection, quantification, alignment between samples, and missing value imputation. Notably, we developed an innovative 2D peak deconvolution model based on penalized splines signal regression, and a method to specifically select the VOCs from exhaled breath. The full workflow is implemented in the freely available ptairMS R/Bioconductor package. Our approach was validated both on experimental data (mixture of VOCs at standardized concentrations) and simulations, which showed that the sensitivity for the identification of VOCs from exhaled breath reached 99 %. A graphical interface was also developed to facilitate data analysis and result interpretation by experimenters (e.g., clinicians).We applied our methodology to the characterization of exhaled breath from mechanically ventilated adults with COVID-19 infection. Analysis of exhaled breath from 28 patients with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 infection, and 12 patients with non-COVID-19 ARDS were performed daily from the hospital admission to the discharge. First, classification models were built to predict the status of the infection, using the closest available acquisition to the entry into hospital, and achieved high prediction accuracies (93 %). Then, all the available data acquired during the hospital stay were used for the longitudinal analysis of the VOCs evolution as a function of the hospitalization time by mixed-effects modeling. Following feature ranking and selection, four biomarkers of COVID-19 infection were identified. Altogether, these results highlight the value of the PTR-TOF-MS data and the ptairMS software for biomarker discovery in exhaled breath
Books on the topic "Air exhalé":
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Lambert, Heather. Overcoming Toxic Air: A Path to Healing and Hope-Filled Exhales. Best Seller Publishing, LLC, 2021.
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Hinges, Anthony j. Aim Exhale Shoot: 150 Page College-Ruled Notebook For Lovers of Archery! Independently Published, 2019.
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Screw, Border. Aim Exhale Shoot Archer Coloring Book: Funny Themed Colouring Book for Coach or Archery Fan - Humorous Gift Idea on Birthday or Christmas. Independently Published, 2020.
Book chapters on the topic "Air exhalé":
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Moeller, Alexander, and Bogumila Kielbasa. "Exhaled Breath Condensate and Other Markers in Exhaled Air." In Paediatric Pulmonary Function Testing, 190–202. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000083536.
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Bos, L. D. J., P. J. Sterk, and M. J. Schultz. "Metabolomics in Critically ill Patients: Focus on Exhaled Air." In Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2012, 53–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25716-2_6.
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Barnes, Peter J., and Sergei A. Kharitonov. "Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Air: Relevance in Inflammatory Lung Disease." In Nitric Oxide in Pulmonary Processes: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology of Lung Disease, 167–83. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8474-7_9.
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Yamaya, Mutsuo, Shoji Okinaga, Kiyohisa Sekizawa, Mizue Monma, and Hidetada Sasaki. "Increased Carbon Monoxide in Exhaled Air in Patients with Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases." In Heme Oxygenase in Biology and Medicine, 83–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0741-3_7.
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Marek, E., J. Volke, K. Mückenhoff, P. Platen, and W. Marek. "Exercise in Cold Air and Hydrogen Peroxide Release in Exhaled Breath Condensate." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 169–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_22.
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Borisov, A. V., Yu V. Kistenev, D. A. Kuzmin, V. V. Nikolaev, A. V. Shapovalov, and D. A. Vrazhnov. "Development of Classification Rules for a Screening Diagnostics of Lung Cancer Patients Based on the Spectral Analysis of Metabolic Profiles in the Exhaled Air." In Proceedings of the Scientific-Practical Conference "Research and Development - 2016", 573–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62870-7_60.
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Olin, Anna-Carin. "Particles in Exhaled Air—A Novel Method of Sampling Non-Volatiles in Exhaled Air." In Volatile Biomarkers, 383–91. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-44-462613-4.00020-9.
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Revesz, Richard, and Jack Lienke. "A Warming World." In Struggling for Air. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233112.003.0009.
Abstract:
In the preceding chapters, we’ve focused largely on what is often called “traditional pollution”: soot and smog and their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. But power plants are also the nation’s largest source of a very different sort of pollutant: carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional pollution, atmospheric CO2 does not pose a threat to public health through inhalation. As every schoolchild learns, humans exhale CO2 during normal respiration, and plants absorb it as part of the photosynthesis that fuels their growth. Carbon dioxide does, however, act as a “greenhouse gas.” Like the glass of a greenhouse, molecules of CO2 let sunlight pass through to warm the earth but then trap some of the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. Up to a point, this heat-trapping effect is beneficial; without it, the earth would be too cold to support life. But when humans burn fossil fuels, carbon that has been sequestered underground for millions of years is rapidly released in the form of CO2, and the natural carbon cycle is altered. As the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, and the earth’s surface temperature rises. Over time, warming driven by ever-increasing industrial emissions of CO2 is expected to have serious, possibly devastating consequences for all corners of human society. (There are other greenhouse gases, like methane, but CO2 is by far the most common, accounting for more than 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and almost 85 percent of U.S. emissions.) And yet, when President Obama took office in 2009, almost forty years after the U.S. Congress passed a piece of legislation designed to eliminate all air pollution that posed a threat to public health and welfare, emissions of carbon dioxide were still entirely unregulated at the federal level. As the President observed in his first Earth Day address on April 22, 2009: “[W] e place limits on pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and other harmful emissions. But we haven’t placed any limits on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It’s what’s called the carbon loophole.”
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Wagner, Peter D. "Airways and alveoli." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3173–81. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.180102.
Abstract:
The lung is the organ of gas exchange, providing the means of transferring oxygen (O2) from the air to the blood by passive diffusion for subsequent distribution to the tissues, and of similarly removing metabolically produced carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood, which is then exhaled to the atmosphere....
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Saccani, Cesare, Marco Pellegrini, and Alessandro Guzzini. "Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105914.
Abstract:
The research community agrees that the main indirect way the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads among people who do not keep social distance is through the emission of infected respiratory droplets. Infected people exhale droplets of different sizes and emission velocities while breathing, talking, sneezing, or coughing. Complex two-phase flow modeling considering evaporation and condensation phenomena describes droplets’ trajectories under the specific thermofluid dynamic boundary conditions, including air temperature, relative humidity, and velocity. However, public health organizations simply suggest a safe distance in the range of 1–2 m regardless of the effect of boundary conditions on droplets’ motion. This chapter aims to highlight open research questions to be addressed and clarify how framework conditions can influence safe distance in an indoor environment and which technical countermeasures (such as face masks wearing or heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control) can be adopted to minimize the infection risk.
Conference papers on the topic "Air exhalé":
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Dzmura, Jaroslav, Jaroslav Petras, and Milan Bernat. "Solid air exhale analysis." In 2017 18th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epe.2017.7967284.
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Xu, Susan S., Zhipeng Lei, Ziqing Zhuang, and Michael Bergman. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Flow of Exhaled Particles From Powered-Air Purifying Respirators." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97826.
Abstract:
Abstract In surgical settings, infectious particulate wound contamination is a recognized cause of post-operative infections. Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) are widely used by healthcare workers personal protection against infectious aerosols. Healthcare infection preventionists have expressed concern about the possibility that infectious particles expelled from PAPR exhalation channels could lead to healthcare associated infections, especially in operative settings where sterile procedural technique is emphasized. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to simulate and visualize the distribution of particles exhaled by the PAPR wearer. In CFD simulations, the outward release of the exhaled particles, i.e., ratio of exhaled particle concentration outside the PAPR to that of inside the PAPR, was determined. This study also evaluated the effect of particle sizes, supplied air flow rates, and breathing work rates on outward leakage. This simulation study for the headform and loose-fitting PAPR system included the following four main steps: (1) preprocessing (establishing a geometrical model of a headform wearing a loose-fitting PAPR by capturing a 3D image), (2) defining a mathematical model for the headform and PAPR system, and (3) running a total 24 simulations with four particle sizes, three breathing workloads and two supplied-air flow rates (4 × 3 × 2 = 24) applied on the digital model of the headform and PAPR system, and (4) post-processing the simulation results to visually display the distribution of exhaled particles inside the PAPR and determine the particle concentration of outside the PAPR compared with the concentration inside. We assume that there was no ambient particle, and only exhaled particles existed. The results showed that the ratio of the exhaled particle concentration outside to inside the PAPR were influenced by exhaled particle sizes, breathing workloads, and supplied-air flow rates. We found that outward concentration leakage from PAPR wearers was approximately 9% with a particle size of 0.1 and 1 μm at the light breathing and 205 L/min supplied-air flow rates, which is similar to the respiratory physiology of a health care worker in operative settings, The range of the ratio of exhaled particle concentration leaking outside the PAPR to the exhaled particle concentration inside the PAPR is from 7.6% to 49. We found that supplied air flow rates and work rates have significant impact on outward leakage, the outward concentration leakage increased as particle size decreased, breathing workload increased, and supplied-air flow rate decreased. The results of our simulation study should help provide a foundation for future clinical studies.
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Grau-Bartual, Sandra, and Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily. "An Approach to Capture Humidity From Exhaled Air." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86507.
Abstract:
Lung supportive devices (LSD) are widely used for respiratory ventilation and therapy to help provide breathing support for patients with various lung diseases including Obstructive Sleep Apnea. These devices deliver air to the patient through a nasal or facial mask, and the use of these devices normally results in dryness in the upper airways. However, the exhaled air consists of very high humidity content. The question raised, is it possible to recover some of the moisture content of this air to reuse in the inhalation process. This research focuses on developing an element which can recover the moisture from the exhaled air and the possibility of using it for re-inhalation. The main component is made up of a fibrous cotton fabric polymerized with Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and sewed with a resistor filament to control the temperature. The results show a viable element which is able to trap water molecules from the expiration airflow and release them into the inspiration airflow.
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Janajreh, Isam, Muhammad Sajjad, MD Islam, and Lina Janajreh. "Numerical Simulation of Indoor Human Sneezing." In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-64043.
Abstract:
Abstract Transient numerical simulations have been carried out to mimic and analyse the transmission of various species resulting from human sneezing. The extent of the spread of sneezed air and associated droplets is also investigated based on various parameters. A 2D geometry of the human face is considered that captures the true topology and the outlet characteristics of the exhaled air mixture. Numerous parameters are required to be considered to capture the out-coming mixture trajectory and to track its concentration evolution as it enters and entrains with the surrounding air. These parameters include the velocity of the exhaled air mixture, the extent of mouth opening, the distribution of the mixture fraction, and its mist content. A multi-species Eulerian flow with discrete phase Lagrangian particles is considered. The results include the spatial and temporal distributions of the species and their velocity contour plots. Specifically, the concentration of the exhaled species is captured both spatially and temporally at several hypothetical stations within the computational domain, and away from the source to substantiate/refute the current recommended social distance parameter.
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Santos, Paulo, Valentina Vassilenko, Pedro Moura, Carolina Conduto, Jorge Fernandes, and Paulo Bonifácio. "Instrumentation for differentiation of exhaled air." In Fifteenth International Conference on Correlation Optics, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2617391.
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Grau-Bartual, Sandra, and Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily. "A Clinical Test to Capture Humidity From Exhalation: Self-Humidification." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11049.
Abstract:
Abstract Lung supportive devices are widely used for non-invasive positive airway pressure ventilation and respiratory therapy to help provide breathing support for patients with various lung diseases including Obstructive Sleep Apnea. These devices deliver air to the patient through a facial or nasal mask, and the use of these devices normally results in dryness in the upper airways. However, the exhaled air consists of very high humidity content hence the moisture content of this air can be reused in the inhalation process. This research focuses on testing clinically a previously developed element which can recover the moisture from the exhaled air and use it for re-inhalation. 21 healthy volunteers between the ages of 21 and 55, where 38.1% were females and 61.9% males, were invited to participate in this study. The results show a viable element which is able to trap water molecules from the expiration airflow and release them into the inspiration airflow.
7
Vasilchenko, D. V., Y. B. Popov, V. A. Bodnar, and A. N. Chernyshev. "ANALYSIS OF ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT METHODS AND DEVICES FOR LOW AIRFLOW MONITORING." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.388-392.
Abstract:
The article describes the main ultrasound methods for airflow measurement. The article presents an analysis of the methods, their advantages and disadvantages. The most suitable method for measuring the flow of inhaled exhaled air in biomedical practice has been determined.
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Juusela, Maria, Venla Aaltonen, Seppo Sarna, Erik Qvist, and Kristiina Malmström. "Particles in exhaled air (PExA) method - repeatability in children." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa1705.
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Nevezhin, Vitalij, Olga Zakharova, Anastasia Knyazkova, Tatyana Sorokina, Sofia Nesterovich, Anna Zaitseva, and Tatyana Ageeva. "IR spectroscopy of exhaled air from diabetes mellitus patients." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540598.
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"Prototype and Graphical Interface for Selective Exhaled Air Acquisition." In International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004329402160219.
Reports on the topic "Air exhalé":
1
Efficacy of portable air cleaners and masking for reducing indoor exposure to simulated exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols - United States, 2021 (dataset). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshrd-1031-2022-0.
2
Efficacy of ventilation, HEPA air cleaners, universal masking, and physical distancing for reducing exposure to simulated exhaled aerosols in a meeting room (dataset). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshrd-1025-2021-0.