Dissertations / Theses: 'Air Europa'

1

Börngen, Michael, Gerd Tetzlaff, and Manfred Mudelsee. "Zu den Niederschlags- und Abflussverhältnissen in Europa im Jahr 1816, dem "Jahr ohne Sommer"." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-217031.

Full text

Abstract:

Das Jahr 1816 ist in die Klimatologie als das "Jahr ohne Sommer" eingegangen. Der 1815 erfolgte Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora auf der indonesischen Insel Sumbawa führte im darauffolgenden Jahr in vielen Teilen der Welt zu katastrophalen Missernten. Während in Nordamerika daran besonders die außerordentlich tiefen Sommertemperaturen Schuld waren, scheinen in Europa dafür sowohl die unter dem Durchschnitt liegenden Temperaturen wie auch die überdurchschnittlichen Regenmengen verantwortlich zu sein. Zeitgenössische Berichte wie auch Niederschlags- und Pegelaufzeichnungen aus verschiedenen Teilen Europas belegen eine besonders hohe Niederschlagstätigkeit im "Erntemonat" Juli des Jahres 1816 und eine hohe Wasserführung der großen europäischen Ströme in den Jahren 1816 und 1817
The year 1816 is known in climatology as the "Year without Summer". The eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island Sumbawa in 1815 led to catastrophic crop failures over many parts of the world in the following year. Whereas in North America those failures originated from extraordinarily low summer temperatures, causes in Europe seem to have been below-normal temperatures as well as above-normal rainfall. Contemporary reports and also precipitation and river gauge measurements from different parts of Europe document enhanced precipitation in July 1816 ("Erntemonat") and high discharges of large European rivers in years 1816 and 1817

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Börngen, Michael, Gerd Tetzlaff, and Manfred Mudelsee. "Zu den Niederschlags- und Abflussverhältnissen in Europa im Jahr 1816, dem 'Jahr ohne Sommer'." Universität Leipzig, 2002. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15222.

Full text

Abstract:

Das Jahr 1816 ist in die Klimatologie als das 'Jahr ohne Sommer' eingegangen. Der 1815 erfolgte Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora auf der indonesischen Insel Sumbawa führte im darauffolgenden Jahr in vielen Teilen der Welt zu katastrophalen Missernten. Während in Nordamerika daran besonders die außerordentlich tiefen Sommertemperaturen Schuld waren, scheinen in Europa dafür sowohl die unter dem Durchschnitt liegenden Temperaturen wie auch die überdurchschnittlichen Regenmengen verantwortlich zu sein. Zeitgenössische Berichte wie auch Niederschlags- und Pegelaufzeichnungen aus verschiedenen Teilen Europas belegen eine besonders hohe Niederschlagstätigkeit im 'Erntemonat' Juli des Jahres 1816 und eine hohe Wasserführung der großen europäischen Ströme in den Jahren 1816 und 1817.
The year 1816 is known in climatology as the 'Year without Summer'. The eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island Sumbawa in 1815 led to catastrophic crop failures over many parts of the world in the following year. Whereas in North America those failures originated from extraordinarily low summer temperatures, causes in Europe seem to have been below-normal temperatures as well as above-normal rainfall. Contemporary reports and also precipitation and river gauge measurements from different parts of Europe document enhanced precipitation in July 1816 ('Erntemonat') and high discharges of large European rivers in years 1816 and 1817.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Loewenstein, Andreas. "European air transport within the international system of air regulation." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60432.

Full text

Abstract:

The International System of Air Transport Regulation, consisting of ICAO's essentially technical regulation, IATA's tariff and services coordination functions and the dense network of Bilateral Agreements might be challenged and profoundly modified by recent developments in the law of the European Communities.
In the framework of the creation of the European Internal Market, to be achieved before 1993, the European civil aviation industry is submitted to an accelerated integration and liberalization process. It comprises the opening of national markets to all Community carriers, the application of a common competition regime to all EEC-related flights and the transfer of regulatory functions to the EEC institutions. The EEC might, at the end of this process, acquire exclusive competences for the regulation of interior and exterior aviation matters.
The structure of the International System of Air Transport Regulation and the European air law in place and in the planning stage have to be analyzed with the aim of exploring the compatibility of the European Integrated Air Market with global legal requirements. Where the International system as well as the EEC legal order show imbalances or come into conflict potential solutions are studied.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Castro, Maria Inês Fernandes. "Air connectivity and economic growth." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20699.

Full text

Abstract:

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
O objetivo desta tese de Mestrado é estudar a correlação entre a conetividade aérea e algumas variáves que contribuem para o crescimento económico, e já mencionadas em estudos realizados anteriormente. Para atingir este objetivo, e relativamente aos dados da conetividade aérea, foi utilizado o modelo do Netscan. Os dados das variáveis económicas foram fornecidos pelo Banco Mundial e pela Eurostat. Os resultados empíricos desta tese, juntamente com as conclusões apresentadas na Revisão de Literatura, permitem-nos determinar que existe uma relação de causa-efeito entre a conetividade aérea e as variáveis económicas. Logo, a conetividade áerea pode contribuir para aumentar o crescimento económico dos países, nomeadamente da UE27. Em comparação com estudos realizados anteriormente, esta tese distingue os diferentes impactos que a conetividade do Aeroporto e a conetividade do Hub têm sobre as variáveis económicas que estão relacionadas com o crescimento ecomómico. Esta distinção é especialmente relevante ao nível da correlação entre a conetividade do Hub e o PIB, na medida em que a mesma é cada vez mais forte. Adicionalmente, este estudo utiliza dados específicos de aeroportos da União Europeia. É possível observar uma diferença significativa entre Portugal/Lisboa e os principais Hubs europeus. Desta forma, torna-se claro que Portugal deve aumentar a sua conetividade do Hub, que pode ser alcançada se for aproveitada a vantagem da sua localização geográfica, nomeadamente em relação aos continentes Americano e Africano. Assim, esta pode ser uma excelente oportunidade para Portugal conseguir alcançar um maior crescimento e desenvolvimento económicos.
This Master's thesis aims to study the correlation between air connectivity, and some economic variables, which contribute to economic growth already mentioned in previous researches. In order to achieve this goal, and regarding the air connectivity data, the Netscan model was used, developed by SEO Aviation Economics, in partnership with ACI (Airports Council International), World Bank, and Eurostat provided the economic variables' data. The empirical results of this thesis and the conclusions presented in the literature survey allow determining that there is a cause-effect relationship between air connectivity and the economic variables. Therefore, air connectivity can contribute to increase countries' economic growth, mainly the EU27. In comparison with previous research, this thesis distinguishes the different impacts that both airport connectivity and hub connectivity can have in economic variables related to growth. This distinction appears to be relevant as the correlation between Hub connectivity and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is becoming stronger. In addition, this study is conducted using data for specific airports in the European Union. In the case of Portugal, we observe a very significant difference between Portugal/Lisbon and the main European hubs. With that in mind, it is clear that Portugal should increase its Hub connectivity, which could be achieved by taking advantage of its geographic position, mainly regarding the American and African continents. By doing so, it could be an exceptional opportunity for Portugal to achieve a higher economic development and growth.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Asele, Massamo Ayele, and Ebrahim Ahmed Awol. "Building Sustainable Earnings : Low Cost Model-Based Air Carriers in Europe." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36621.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Andersson, Camilla. "Air pollution dependency on climate variability and source region : past, current and future air pollution scenarios over Europe /." Stockholm : Department of applied environmental science, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-25947.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Zdanowska, Natalia. "Intégration des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale dans l'économie-monde depuis 1989 : une entrée par les réseaux internationaux de commerce, de transport aérien et de firmes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H061.

Full text

Abstract:

Plus d’un quart de siècle après la chute du Mur de Berlin, la radicalité des changements politiques et économiques, caractérisés par l’intégration dans l’économie-monde et l’Union européenne, ainsi que par la récente montée du nationalisme, continue à poser des questions quant au devenir de l’espace centre-est européen. Ce contexte amène à appréhender dans ce travail l’effet de ces bouleversements au prisme des villes et de leurs évolutions. Trois forces majeures ayant guidé les transformations en Europe centrale et orientale sont examinées depuis 1989 : l’européanisation, la mondialisation et le changement endogène – relevant des traces du passé. Les dynamiques respectives de ces trois forces sont évaluées au moyen d’une approche interurbaine. Les échanges économiques entre villes centre-est européennes et celles du reste du monde sont examinés au travers de réseaux transnationaux et mondialisés – de transport aérien et de firmes. Ces échanges sont confrontés aux réseaux commerciaux entre pays. Cette thèse contribue à montrer que l’intégration à l’économie-monde s’est accompagnée d’un renforcement des logiques de polarisation divisant l’espace centre-est européen entre le Nord-Ouest et le Sud-Est. Cette intégration en cours, ou plutôt ces différentes « intégrations », ne se sont toutefois pas opérées uniquement au profit des métropoles. En effet, malgré une prédominance de l’européanisation, les liens de l’époque communiste constituent une force économique majeure pour certaines petites et moyennes villes – à l’image de l’entre-deux historique de l’espace centre-est européen
A quarter of century after the fall of the Berlin Wall, radical political and economic changes, integration into the world economy and the European Union, and the recent reinforcement of nationalism are still persistent subjects of debate with regards to the future of Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis examines three major transformative forces in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 at city-level: europeanisation, globalization and endogenous changes – related to path dependence effects. The dynamics of these three forces are analyzed by looking at the evolution of economic exchanges of CEE cities with other worldwide cities in the context of transnational and globalized networks – air traffic and firms. They are confronted with trade networks at country level. This dissertation illustrates that integration into the world-economy has deepened polarization in Central and Eastern Europe between the Nord-West and the South-West. This integration process or different types of integration are not only a matter for big cities and metropolises. In spite of the predominance of europeanisation, links from the communist period continue to be a major economic force, especially for small and medium-sized cities, reflecting the historical in-between situation of Central and Eastern Europe
Ćwierć wieku później, radykalne zmiany polityczne i gospodarcze po upadku Muru Berlińskiego, integracja z gospodarką światową, przystąpienie do Unii Europejskiej oraz nasilające się tendencje nacjonalistyczne są wciąż bieżącymi tematami w dyskusji o przyszłości Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W tym kontekście, dysertacja proponuje analizę zmian systemowych, które dokonały się w regionie na poziomie miast. Przedmiotem badania są trzy procesy towarzyszące transformacjom po 1989: europeizacja, globalizacja oraz przemiany w regionie uwarunkowane relacjami z przeszłości. Dynamika wymienionych trzech procesów zostanie zbadana w odniesieniu do wymian ekonomicznych między miastami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej a innymi miastami Europy i świata w sferze międzynarodowych powiązań lotniczych i firmowych, porównanych z siecią handlową ukształtowaną między państwami regionu. Wnioski badawcze wykazują, że w rezultacie integracji z gospodarką światową pogłębia się polaryzacja przestrzeni Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w układzie północny zachód i południowy wschód. Różnorodność typów integracji odnosi się nie tylko do metropolii i dużych miast. Wobec dominującej siły europeizacji, powiązania z miastami z czasów komunistycznych są nadal ważnym aspektem funkcjonowania miast małych i średnich, ilustrując zarazem historyczną sytuację entre-deux Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Jones, Julie M. "Implications of climate change for acidic deposition over Europe." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389227.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Halkos, George Emmanuel. "Economic perspectives of the acid rain problem in Europe." Thesis, University of York, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333701.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Мареха, Ірина Сергіївна, Ирина Сергеевна Мареха, and Iryna Serhiivna Marekha. "European air quality management: co-production of science and policy." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8238.

Full text

Abstract:

The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is one of the central means for protecting European area. CLRTAP is a successful example of what can be achieved through intergovernmental cooperation where science and policy come together. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8238

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Jerez, López Pamela, Nuñez Carolina Jofré, and Letelier Daniela Burgos. "Logica borrosa aplicada en ADR de Europa, Asia y Latinoamerica." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111400.

Full text

Abstract:

Seminario para optar al grado de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración
Autores no autorizan el acceso a texto completo de su documento
El presente trabajo, continúa con la línea de investigación relativa a modelos predictivos, como las técnicas de algoritmos genéticos y redes neuronales, media móvil, momentum, modelos Arima etc.; en este caso para los ADR pertenecientes a Asia, Europa y Latinoamérica. Todos Estos modelos anteriores, paramétricos o no paramétricos, lineales y no lineales, buscan reconocer patrones de comportamiento y relaciones que se expresan en un lenguaje matemático, a través de la estimación de coeficientes y su significancia estadística. Sin embargo, el actual trabajo se ha adoptado un enfoque distinto. En vez de utilizar operadores matemáticos sobre datos, optimizando los polinomios predictores en forma matemática, se han utilizado los datos para construir un modelo que permita traducir un razonamiento aproximado a forma matemática de modo de deducir reglas de decisión basadas en la lógica reflejada en los datos históricos. Este enfoque tiene el mérito de que las predicciones siguen una lógica, más que obedecer a operaciones matemáticas. La mayoría de los agentes que participan en el mercado accionario, utiliza un lenguaje que incorpora aspectos cualitativos para referirse, por ejemplo, al precio de un activo, a la rentabilidad de la inversión, etc. En este contexto, los modelos cuantitativos tienen dificultades para absorber esta información, lo que plantea la necesidad de desarrollar y analizar el uso de nuevas técnicas que permitan incorporar este tipo de referencias. La metodología de lógica borrosa, basada en la idea de que las variables deben ser manejadas no como un número sino más bien por las características que ellas presentan, viene a dar respuesta a esta inquietud. Se utilizaron series históricas de cotizaciones de ADR pertenecientes a Europa, Asia y Latinoamérica, en el período comprendido entre el 31 de octubre de 2003 y el 22 de septiembre de. Se construyó un modelo de lógica borrosa, para efectos de probar la metodología en escenarios diferentes, en este caso de desarrollo a nivel de los continente seleccionados y así probar nuestra hipótesis “El modelo predictivo de precios accionarios, basado en la metodología de lógica borrosa, posee mayor potencial predictor en los mercados desarrollados”. La cual fue rechazada debido a que los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la metodología de Lógica Borrosa en ADR no tuvo un efecto muy significativo con respecto al nivel de desarrollo de los mercados respectivos a cada ADR. El presente trabajo se divide en cuatro secciones: la sección uno presenta un resumen de los conceptos básicos de lógica borrosa; en la sección dos se explica la teoría de los ADR; la sección tres, tiene cono objetivo entregar información practica y útil de los mercados de Asia, Latinoamérica y Europa; la sección cuatro aborda la aplicación de la metodología de la lógica borrosa en los ADR seleccionados; en la sección cinco se presentan los resultados y las conclusiones del estudio

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Brown, Alan Clifford. "The Czechoslovak Air Force in Britain, 1940-1945." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42318/.

Full text

Abstract:

After the defeat of France in 1940, the surviving service personnel of several occupied European nations were evacuated to Britain where they reconstituted air and army units under the military control of the Allied High Command. Politically, however, they were the responsibility of their own national governments which were also exiled as Germany consolidated its gains in Europe, and this diversity of interests often produced sharp conflict. This study examines the political, military and social experiences of one such unit. The central thesis is that the Czechoslovak Air Force in Britain was first and last a political tool to be used by the governments of both nations; first by the British as a means of international propaganda; then by the Czechoslovaks as a means of gaining prestige and influence while in exile; and last by the British again as a foil to the Soviets. To test the thesis, the study is divided into three parts, each of which is sub-divided into a series of themes through which the emigre experience can be explored. Part One examines the escape of the air personnel from France; the serious effect their arrival had upon the political relationship between the British Government and the Czechoslovak National Committee headed by Edvard Benes; the complex development of a military agreement between the two parties; the formation of the first two fighter squadrons; and the internal dissent and rebellion within the air contingent itself. Part Two examines the social and practical aspects of emigre life, concentrating on the provisions made by the Air Ministry and the British Council for the training and welfare of the men. Also examined are the two primary problems which faced the Czechoslovak Air Force throughout the war: the lack of recruitment and the quest for fully independent status. Part Three is concerned with the Czechoslovaks' attempts to break free from British control and return to their homeland; first as combatants in the Slovak Uprising of 1944, and second as heroes returning to liberated Czechoslovakia in 1945. On both occasions, the British raised obstacles, and the section concludes with an examination of the British efforts to use the air contingent to gain a political foothold in the post-war Soviet sphere of influence. Overall, the study demonstrates that the British political and military establishments maintained an attitude of distrust and sometimes contempt for the Czechoslovaks. Political friction often affected the military context, and examples of hypocrisy and blatant deceit illustrate that the public and private views of this small Allied force were sharply at variance. The study also demonstrates that the existing interpretations of the recognition of the Provisional Czechoslovak Government in 1940 are flawed in that they do not sufficiently take into account the military pressures of the time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Preunkert, Susanne. "History of European air pollution inferred from Alpine ice cores." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701204.

Full text

Abstract:

La possibilité de reconstruire l'histoire de la pollution atmosphérique Européenne a été exploré au Col du Dôme (CDD) (4250 m d'altitude, Massif du Mont Blanc). Pour cela une carotte de 126 m a été analysé à haute résolution pour les ions majeurs, le F- et les carboxylates, et des mesures atmosphériques continues de l'aérosol effectuées sur le site (Observatoire Vallot). Ceci a montré que des informations atmosphériques peuvent être obtenues avec une résolution saisonnière à partir de la glace du CDD et ce au moins sur les 80 dernières années mais que des précautions sont à prendre pour tenir compte du fluage de la glace lors de l'interprétation de ces signaux en terme de changements atmosphériques. Les enregistrements "glace" montrent que les valeurs estivales de SO4 2- suivent l'évolution des émissions anthropiques de SO2 des pays situés à 1000 km autour des Alpes tandis qu'en hiver elles reflètent plus la contamination diffuse de la troposphère libre à l'échelle de l'Europe entière. En utilisant la relation "air/neige" obtenue à Vallot, les concentrations atmosphériques passées de SO4 2- ont été reconstituées et comparées aux simulations des modèles de chimie. Nous avons estimé que les émissions naturelles représentent environ 20% des émissions actuelles de NO. L'évolution passé de NO3- est en bon accord avec l'histoire des émissions anthropiques de NO de l'Europe, il n'en va pas de même pour NH4+ dont la tendance apparait plus importante que ce que l'on peut attendre avec les estimations actuelles d'émission anthropique de NH3. Notre examen du budget de F- et HCl montrent qu'en plus de la combustion du charbon, l'industrie de l'aluminium et l'incinérarion des déchets ont été les sources anthropiques majeures de ces composés entre 1935 et 1975, après 1960, respectivement. Finalement les sources naturelles semblent dominer le budget de l'oxalate depuis 80 ans tandis que le formate et l'acétate indiquent une tendance anthropique entre 1950 et 1980.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mencik, von Zebinsky A. A. (Aloïs Alexandre). "European Union external competence and external relations in air transport." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22700.

Full text

Abstract:

The thesis includes, in Section I, an analysis of the European Union's internal and external competence in air transport and in matters including air transport within their scope, the nature of such competence and the procedures for conducting external relations. The thesis includes also a description of the progress in European Community competence in air transport, a new classification of the Community's secondary legislative measures in air transport in view of their external effect and the main obstacles to the acquisition by the European Union of external competence in air transport. Section II of the thesis includes an analysis of the use the European Union has made of its external competence in air transport in the areas of external relations with non-Member States and international organizations and of the various problems bearing upon such relations as well as the prospects for the future

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Russell, Jonathan Edward. "The application of decision analysis to the acid deposition problem in Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257166.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lemaire, Vincent. "Hiérarchisation des déterminants de la composition atmosphérique future en Europe." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX091/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La composition chimique atmosphérique dépend principalement des émissions de polluants, de leurs précurseurs et de la météorologie. Les stratégies de gestion de la qualité de l’air ambitionnent des réductions substantielles d’émissions à long terme. Mais il est légitime d’évaluer si l’impact du changement climatique pourrait compenser ces efforts.Afin de répondre à cette problématique, on a recours à la modélisation qui permet de faire des projections à long terme, sous différents scénarios de sensibilité pour isoler les principaux facteurs. Se pose alors le problème des incertitudes dans la modélisation. L’approche privilégié pour les études d’impact du climat est la modélisation ensembliste. Cependant du fait de l'important coût de calcul, on constate qu’aucune étude passée d’impact du climat sur la qualité de l’air ne repose sur un ensemble large de projections climatiques. C’est pourquoi, nous avons développé une méthode statistique alternative, entraînée sur des grands ensembles de simulation, pour caractériser l'impact des émissions et de la météorologie sur la qualité de l'air dans un contexte de changement climatique.Nous avons montré qu'un modèle statistique permettait d'obtenir des réponses sur l'impact du climat sans forcément avoir à réaliser explicitement des modélisations d'ensemble. La méthode développée donne des résultats avec une incertitude faible sur le long terme, même si nous avons montré ses limites lorsqu'il s'agit de traiter des cas de pollution extrêmes.Afin de quantifier l'erreur induite par les données climatiques des modèles actuellement conservées de manière partielle, nous avons réalisé une étude de sensibilité à la résolution verticale des modèles climatiques régionaux. Nous avons montré qu'un minimum de dix niveaux verticaux, ainsi que des variables supplémentaires à l'existant étaient indispensables si l'on voulait que l'erreur de simulation reste inférieure au signal climatique étudié.Enfin, nous avons utilisé le modèle statistique pour confronter l’impact du changement climatique aux réductions d'émissions anthropiques attendues à l’avenir. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que le bénéfice climatique pour les particules fines, PM2.5, était du même ordre de grandeur que les baisses réalisées dans le secteur le plus influent de chaque pays étudié. Ces baisses d'émissions vont donc être renforcées par le changement climatique. Au contraire, pour le SOMO35, la pénalité climatique va contrebalancer les efforts de réductions d'émissions réalisés entre 2050 et 2010. Pour les pays analysés, on peut estimer la date approximative de l’émergence du signal induit par le changement climatique malgré la réduction des émissions attendue dans la législation actuelle
The atmospheric composition is mainly driven by the emission of primary pollutants and precursors and meteorology. Because of its sensitivity to unfavorable weather patterns, air pollution is expected to be sensitive to climate change. That is why the aim of this work is to estimate the effect of climate change over air pollution in Europe at the end of the century. To achieve this we rely on modeling which allow to cover such timescales. To reduce uncertainties and quantify the effect of climate change on air quality, ensemble approaches should be applied. However, the computing cost of such methods is substantial. To overcome this issue we developed a statistical method which does not require forcing a chemistry and transport model with a large ensemble of climate projections. The results obtained with this statistical method are in good agreement with full chemistry-transport models when considering long time periods. But we point out the limits of the method when focusing on extreme pollution events. The statistical model can be used to assess the uncertainty of using a comprehensive ensemble of climate forcing in terms of air quality impacts. The statistical approach can also help identifying a subset of climate forcing that should be explored in priority to drive chemistry-transport models.Such a subset of climate models is however only available at a degraded vertical resolution on existing databases such as EuroCordex. To quantify the error induced when using a meteorological variables only saved for a few vertical levels, a sensitivity study focused on the impact of the vertical resolution of the meteorological data has been perfomed. We emphasized that a minimum of 10 vertical levels and some specific variables were required to study the impact of climate change on air quality to keep the error lower than the climate change signal.Finally, we use the statistical method to compare the climate change effect and the future emissions reduction impact estimated also with a surrogate model. We exhibit that the magnitude of climate benefit for PM2.5 will be comparable to the emissions reductions of the dominant sector in each country studied. These emissions decreases will therefore be reinforced the climate change. On the opposite, for SOMO35, the climate penalty will jeopardize the emission reductions between 2010 and 2050. We also evaluate that climate change will become more important than the expected reduction emissions signal

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Papadoulis, Constantinos J. "National skies in European disguise : air-transport politics and policy in the European Community, 1987-1993." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1421/.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis is an examination of the failure of the European Community and subsequently of the European Union to develop a full common air-transport policy. The main issues on which the present study focuses are the reciprocal influences, interactions and confrontations of national and EC air-transport policy interests. It is demonstrated that they obstructed the process of the air-transport market liberalization and inhibited the development of an integrated EC air-transport policy. The years covered by the doctorate are 1987 to 1993. The thesis explains how the interests of member-states and major corporations in a period of major structural adjustment blocked the creation of a common air-transport policy; instead EC institutions were subordinated to the powerful national air-transport interests of the member-states and of their champion carriers. The thesis is based on an extensive examination of primary sources and interview materials. This not only comprises new empirical information about the specific characteristics and nature of EC air-transport politics and policy, but also takes into account the broader politico-economic characteristics of the member-states air-transport policies and systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Sakhuja, Rohit. "Air interface standards for digital mobile cellular systems in the U.S., Europe and Japan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36593.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-156).
by Rohit Sakhuja.
M.Eng.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Lafaye, Alexandre. "Integrators’ Air Network A review of the Domestic Express European Market." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3073.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. The thesis sets out the results of a structured programme of research or design, development or management studies demonstrating the candidate's own ability to conduct original investigations, to test ideas (either from the candidate's own or those of others) and to obtain appropriate conclusions from the work. Unlike the situation applicable for theses produced in connection with doctoral degrees, candidates are not required to exercise independent critical judgement in the relevant field of study or to make an original contribution to knowledge. A Master's thesis is not intended to be an absolutely definitive work on the subject to which it relates. Theses encapsulate and present the results of a programme of study and research, undertaken in a defined period of time, and do so in a way that has satisfied the assessment requirements for the degree to which they relate.
The express industry witnessed dramatic growth during the 1990’s with an economic environment changing toward globalisation. Integrators’ international expansion has been supported by extensive transportation networks applying the model developed by FedEx: the hub and spoke model. This report investigates integrators’ air network configurations within a specific geographical area: the intra-European market. The research has been focused on the big four integrators, DHL, FedEx, TNT and UPS and provides an analysis on their strategy. Before presenting integrators, a review of the different network models presents the major role played by the Hub and Spoke network in the express freight industry. This model is one of the strategic foundations of the integrators’ success. Afterwards, the paper deals with three objectives. It first identifies the hub and spoke network configurations selected by integrators in Europe. Then, work uncovers the drivers behind network configuration. Finally, the key factors influencing the European Hub location are discussed through the case of the DHL move to Leipzig. This paper provides a location analysis and compares Brussels to Leipzig in term of distance to the core market. This paper brings several conclusions. First of all, there is a strategic area to locate a central hub in Europe, between Amsterdam Liege & Paris. Moreover several factors influence central hub selection as followed: market proximity, Airport capacity 1 , environmental restrictions 2 , operational cost and capacity of driving traffic are the key factors. Secondly, two hub and spoke configurations are used by integrators in Europe, the single hub and spoke network with pickup stopovers and feeders and the multi-hub and spoke configuration. Finally, network configuration relies particularly on the size of business and the transport strategy elected. 1 This term includes slots restrictions, runway capacity, and possibility of building logistic facilities. 2 Includes night curfews and environmental concerns of the local community

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Leupold, Bettina. "Krankenhausmärkte in Europa : aus der Perspektive des europäischen Beihilfenrechts /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994650442/04.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Doyle, Martin. "The changing visual and air quality resource in northwest Europe : in situ and remote measurements." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423784.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Dorling, Stephen R. "Cluster analysis and the meteorological controls on air and precipitation chemistry in north-west Europe." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332324.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Renner, Stephen. "The Hungarian Air Service, 1918-45." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0bc090c-41fc-413c-bbe2-37aa06b90dbe.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis is a narrative and analytical history of the Hungarian air service. It follows its development from the Allied intervention of 1919 through the end of the Second World War. Denied an air force by the Treaty of Trianon, Hungarian airmen determined to thwart the inspection system and preserve national air power. The prohibition against military aviation persisted after the Commission was withdrawn, and through Hungarian diplomatic efforts, a relationship was established with Italy that included substantial assistance to the clandestine Hungarian air service. This low-grade arms build-up continued through the 1930s, during which there was a robust discussion about air power theory and the nature of future aerial warfare in Magyar Katonai Szemle [Hungarian Military Review]. After the rise of Hitler, Germany offered arms credits and support for Hungary’s obsession with regaining the territory lost in the post-war settlement. The air service grew mainly through imported aeroplanes, the purchase of which ceased to be secret after the Little Entente recognised Hungary’s equality of arms. The Hungarian air force became independent in 1939, and enjoyed public acclaim after decisive air-to-air victories over Slovak pilots during the occupation of Upper Hungary. The General Staff never accepted its autonomy, however, and succeeded in reclaiming control of the air force in 1941. After Hungary joined the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the air force provided air defence and interdiction in support of the Rapid Corps. Its mounting losses were made good by German aeroplanes, some of which were produced in Hungarian factories. As the Allied bombing campaign against Hungary intensified in 1944, most of its aircraft were devoted to homeland defence. The force ceased to exist as a true national service after the German-led coup in October 1944, but continued a fighting withdrawal to the west until captured by American forces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Holderbach, Hans. "The air transport relations between the European Union and the United States." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0026/MQ50935.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Holderbach, Hans. "The air transport relations between the European Union and the United States /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21684.

Full text

Abstract:

Air Transport relations between the European Union and the United States were nonexistent until the European Commission obtained in 1996 from the member states a limited mandate to negotiate an air transport agreement with the US. For the Commission, the achievement of an EU internal market with full competition among European airlines under equal conditions is impeded by individual member states' bilateral relations with the US. It requested a complete mandate to replace the multitude of bilaterals with a Community wide agreement. Member states fear that Community negotiations will not reflect the different needs of their national airlines. They believe that their interests are best met through individual bilateral agreements and refused the Commission the right to negotiate the commercially important market access rights: routes, capacity and frequency. Even though the US is willing to consider an agreement with the EU it still pursues bilateral liberalisation through Open Skies agreements as they are more advantageous to its interests. For EU and US airlines an agreement on the EU - US level is not a priority as their needs are being met through their strategic codesharing alliances.
This thesis studies the legal rules affecting the EU - US relations and analyses to what extent these rules are shaped by political and economic interests. Special attention is paid to the convergence and divergence of the parties' legal regimes and policies, and to the prospects for an agreement on the essential issues of a complete bilateral agreement between the US and the EU.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

De, Matos Paula Alexandra Leal. "The development of decision support models for European air traffic flow management." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2547/.

Full text

Abstract:

Congestion severely affects air traffic in the US and Europe. To protect air traffic controllers from overloads a planning activity, Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM), emerged during the 1970s. ATFM control actions range from departure delays to the re-routing of flights. This research explores how models can be used to support decision-making in European ATFM. To date, most research into this subject has been directed at ATFM in the US, which differs from European ATFM both in terms of decision-making and time scales. Fieldwork was carried out at the EUROCONTROL Central Flow Management Unit, the organisation that manages traffic flows in most of the European airspace. The fieldwork was an OR intervention aimed at identifying suitable decision support models for re-routing flights. The research described here contributes by: 1) describing the European ATFM field and identifying decision support needs; 2) structuring the problems involved in re-routing flights in Europe; 3) providing a framework for the development of re-routing decision support systems (DSS) and 4) assessing the usefulness of optimisation approaches to re-routing flights. A demonstrator is developed to illustrate different re-routing decision support possibilities to the users. This leads to conclusions on the feasibility of various decision support functions including an identification of models and algorithms which can be used for each of the functions. Conclusions on levels of automation and complexity for re-routing DSS are also taken. Three integer models for re-routing flows are presented. They differ in the way congestion is represented. The models are tested on data of traffic crossing the whole French upper airspace. The test reveals that the models can be of use in re-routing flows and can provide significant savings in delays. It also shows that an 'intelligent' component to define the scope of the optimisation problem and a component to process all the data for the models, are needed in a re-routing DSS. The models are compared in terms of impact on congestion, size and execution time and conclusions on their feasibility taken. Extensions to the models are suggested.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Scotto, Anastasia Lidia <1980&gt. "Impatto ambientale dei rifiuti e degli sprechi agroalimentari in Europa e in Italia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5065/.

Full text

Abstract:

Nonostante il fatto che una gran parte del mondo viva ancora oggi a livelli di sussistenza, i dati in nostro possesso ci indicano che le attività umane stanno esaurendo le risorse ambientali del pianeta. La causa di questo eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse è da ricercare nei pattern non sostenibili di produzione e consumo dei paesi sviluppati. La preoccupazione per le conseguenze sull'ambiente e la lotta al cambiamento climatico hanno posto le politiche ambientali al centro dell'attenzione internazionale. Il Protocollo di Kyoto e la Commissione Europea hanno stabilito degli obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, rispettivamente del 12% entro il 2012 e del 20% entro il 2020. All'interno del Protocollo di Kyoto l'obiettivo per l'Italia è ridurre del 6,5% le emissioni di gas serra nazionali rispetto al 1990. Le politiche mirate alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra hanno in genere come obiettivo gli impianti energetici e i trasporti. Poca attenzione viene data alla filiera agroalimentare pur sapendo che l'agricoltura ha un forte impatto sull'ambiente e recenti studi stimano che circa il 50% del cibo prodotto viene perso o buttato via dalla produzione al consumo. Alla luce di questi dati, il mio lavoro di tesi ha avuto come obiettivo quello di quantificare i rifiuti e gli sprechi agroalimentari in Europa e in Italia e stimare l'impatto ambientale associato. I dati raccolti in questa tesi mettono in evidenza l'importanza di migliorare l'efficienza della filiera agroalimentare per ridurre l'impatto ambientale nazionale e rispettare gli accordi internazionali sulla lotta ai cambiamenti climatici.
Despite the fact that a substantial part of the world's population still lives at subsistence levels of consumption, there are indications that human activities are already overstretching the globe's limited resources and environmental services. The cause of this overstretch is the high per capita use of resources and environmental services from unsustainable consumption and production patterns in developed countries. The Kyoto Protocol and The European Commission have set a target of a 12% reduction in GHG emissions by 2012 and a 20% reduction by 2020. Italy's emissions reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce by 2012 greenhouse gas emissions by 6.5 per cent below base-year levels. There is an increased concern about our environmental impacts and how we can reduce GHG emissions. The efforts to reduce the environmental impacts are generally targeted to energy plants and transports. There is much less awareness about the environmental impacts of the food supply chain. This lack of awareness is even more striking if we consider that it is widely acknowledged that agriculture has a great impact on the environment and that about 50% of food produced worldwide is lost from farm to fork. In light of this analysis, in this research I have quantified food waste produced along the food supply chain in Europe and in Italy and I have evaluated its environmental impacts. With this research I show the importance of diminishing food chain's inefficiencies to minimize our environmental impact and to reduce climate change.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Giard, Timothée M. "The control of state aid to airlines by the European Commission /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78215.

Full text

Abstract:

The airline industry has undergone an unprecedented crisis in the aftermath of the events of September 11th, 2001 in the United States. At that time, the U.S. federal government rapidly moved to create and implement an important rescue package to ensure the sustainability of the U.S. airlines. Contrarily, the European Commission decided to keep the existing legislations and policies regarding state aid, allowing limited support from the Member States to their national carriers. For the Commission, the U.S. state-involvement in the air industry, as well as similar developments in other countries, was bound to create distortions of competition. This situation led the EU to submit a proposal to the Council and the European Parliament for a Regulation with aims to protect the Community airlines from the unfair pricing practices of state-aided non-Community air carriers. The text, modeled after the legislation applicable in the field of trade of goods, would fill a "legal void" and be a new efficient legislative tool for the Commission. Questions did arise, however, about its political legitimacy as well as its legal basis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

De, Grandmont Philippe. "Soon to be paperless, but nevertheless not lawless : legal challenges surrounding the publication of aeronautical information." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99133.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis reviews the legal, political and technical aspects of aeronautical information, with a particular focus on the situation of aeronautical information in Europe. It portrays the evolution of aeronautical information and its current nature. It looks at the responsibility for the publication of aeronautical information and the evolution of that notion due to recent trends towards corporatisation to the detriment of full State ownership. It also examines the question of liability for the publication of aeronautical information, including the various legal regimes under which victims of defective aeronautical information can claim compensation, as well as the legal mechanisms underlying and implementing such compensation regimes. The final chapter is concerned with electronic aeronautical information and the specific legal challenges this technological revolution has brought about.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Pay, Pérez Maria Teresa. "Regional and urban evaluation of an air quality modelling system in the European and Spanish domains." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52808.

Full text

Abstract:

El impacto de la contaminación del aire es un tema crítico para el medioambiente y el clima. Una mala calidad del aire es un tema de importancia para la salud pública, especialmente en ambientes urbanos. El material particulado (PM), el ozono (O3) y el dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) son los contaminantes más problemáticos en Europa y España. La Comisión Europea ha mostrado una gran preocupación por desarrollar técnicas que permitan incrementar el conocimiento sobre la dinámica de los contaminantes atmosféricos para asegurar el cumplimiento de la legislación y para informar a la población acerca de sus niveles. Además, la directiva europea 2008/50/CE establece la posibilidad de usar técnicas de modelización para informar sobre calidad del aire. Esta tesis doctoral está desarrollada en el marco de dos proyectos: El proyecto CALIOPE y el proyecto CICYT CGL2006-08903, ambos basados en la necesidad de desarrollar un sistema de calidad del aire que permita informar y entender los niveles de contaminación en Europa y España, con el objetivo de obtener un preciso pronóstico de la calidad del aire. Con ese propósito, el sistema de modelización CALIOPE se ha desarrollado con alta resolución espacial y temporal sobre Europa (12 km x 12 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio madre, y España (4 km x 4 km y 15 capas, 1 hora), dominio anidado. CALIOPE consiste en un conjunto de modelos que tienen en cuenta la contaminación tanto antropogénica como natural. La disponibilidad del supercomputador MareNostrum, alojado en el Barcelona Supercomputer Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, ha permitido trabajar a tan alta resolución. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es aumentar la confianza científica en el sistema CALIOPE, identificando sus puntos fuertes y débiles con un nivel de detalle que contribuya a establecer necesidades de mejora en el proceso de modelización. Por tanto, el presente trabajo ha evaluado espacial y temporalmente las simulaciones de calidad del aire sobre Europa y España en términos de O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 y PM10 en superficie sobre el año completo 2004. Para identificar el origen de las incertidumbres en la modelización del PM, su composición química ha sido también evaluada en ambos dominios. Las evaluaciones han sido realizadas sobre más de 150 estaciones de calidad del aire (más de 2 millones de datos experimentales). Además, esta tesis ha usado el sistema CALIOPE para analizar los patrones de calidad del aire sobre 2004, identificando claramente las áreas de contaminación. Las ideas más importantes que se desprenden de esta tesis son tres. Primero, las condiciones de contorno químicas basadas en un modelo global, como el LMDz-INCA2, son esenciales para modelizar el O3 troposférico sobre los dominios de estudio. Segundo, para simular la concentración de PM en el sur de Europa, tanto a escala rural como urbana, la contribución de polvo procedente del desierto del Sahara deber ser considerada debido a la proximidad al continente africano. La contribución del polvo del desierto a través del modelo BSC-DREAM8b ayuda satisfactoriamente a modelizar los picos de PM10 observados. Tercero, para ser capaz de modelizar la calidad del aire a escala urbana sobre España es esencial (1) una alta resolución espacial y temporal que permita describir fenómenos mesoescalares en áreas de topografía compleja , (2) un modelo de emisiones altamente desagregado como HERMES; (3) unos modelos que representen el estado actual del conocimiento en meteorología y química atmosférica
The impact of air pollution is a critical topic in environment and climate. Poor air quality is an important public health issue, especially in urban environments. Particulate matter (PM), tropospheric ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the main problematic pollutants in Europe and Spain. The European Commission has shown a great concern for developing actions that allow increasing the knowledge on dynamics of atmospheric pollutants to assure the accomplishment of legislation and to inform the population about their levels. The European directive 2008/50/EC establishes the possibility of using modelling techniques to assess air quality. This Ph.D. thesis is developed in the framework of two projects: the CALIOPE project and the CGL2006-08903 CICYT project, both based on the necessity to develop an air quality modelling system that allows assessing and understanding the air pollution levels in Europe and Spain, with the aim of obtaining a precise air quality forecast. For that purpose, the CALIOPE air quality modelling system has been developed with high spatial and temporal resolution over Europe (12 km x 12 km, 1 h), as a mother domain; and Spain (4 km x 4 km, 1 h), as the nested domain. The CALIOPE system consists in a set of models that take into account both anthropogenic and natural pollution. The availability of the MareNostrum supercomputer, held in Barcelona Supercomputing Center- Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, has allowed such configuration of the CALIOPE system. The main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to increase the scientific confidence on the CALIOPE system, identifying skills and weakness with a degree of detail that contributes to establish necessities of improvements in the modelling process. Therefore, the present work has spatially and temporally evaluated CALIOPE air quality simulations over Europe and Spain in terms of O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10 concentrations over the full year 2004. In order to identify the origin of uncertainties in PM modelling, PM chemical composition has been also evaluated in both target domains. Evaluations have been performed across more than 150 air quality-monitoring stations and over more than 2 million of experimental data. Furthermore, this Ph.D. thesis has used the CALIOPE system to assess air quality pattern over the year 2004, identifying clearly the areas of air pollution. There are three major thrusts of the present Ph.D. thesis. First, chemical boundary condition based on a global model, such as LMDz-INCA2, becomes essential to model O3 background concentrations in the target domains. Second, to simulate PM concentration in southern Europe, both regional and urban scales, the contribution of dust from the Saharan desert should be taken into account, since that region is frequently affected by dust outbreaks due to its proximity to the African continent. The contribution of desert dust through the BSC-DREAM8b helps to satisfactory model the observed episodic PM10 concentration peaks. Even more, the contribution of sea-salt aerosol is especially important over coastal areas. Third, to be able to model the air quality in urban scale over Spain it is essential (1) a high spatial (4 km x 4 km and 15 layers) and temporal (1h) resolution that allows describing mesoscale phenomena in very complex terrains; (2) a high disaggregated emission model to describe the sources, such as HERMES; and (3) an state-of-the-science meteorological and chemical models. This Ph.D. thesis has demonstrated that CALIOPE system applied over Europe and Spain is a useful tool which may contribute to (1) forecast air pollution in urban/suburban areas with a pervasive influence of anthropogenic emissions on a local scale and over very complex terrains and meteorology patterns; (2) assess about air pollution, discriminating between anthropogenic and natural episodes; and (3) manage air pollution, by means of modification of urban strategies or requirements of the legislation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Moeller, Matthew K. "The United States Air Force in Europe : an analysis within the post-cold war security environment." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24084.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Brouelette, Elizabeth. "Instrumental or experimental : a history of U.S. naval air stations in Europe during World War I /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10347.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Rey-Ubago, Beatriz del. "The emerging GNSS : Galileo, the European alternative to the Global Positioning System." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78212.

Full text

Abstract:

The Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS), the core of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management concept is capable of supporting future aviation needs. The implementation of this revolutionary technology however remains overshadowed by a series of complex institutional and legal issues. The extraterritorial control and ownership of existing GNSS systems coupled with the dual character of this technology poses a serious threat to the concept of national sovereignty as traditionally understood. This is further aggravated by the fact that there exists only one de facto GNSS signal provider, thus placed in a position to impose its own conditions without reference to the requirements of the rest of the world.
In an attempt to secure both European political independence and a fair share in the global GNSS market Europe has decided to play an active role by launching Galileo, an autonomous global constellation under the control of civil authorities scheduled to be operational by 2008.
The present thesis analyses the desirability of a suitable legal and institutional GNSS framework to achieve universal acceptance of the GNSS. However, in the context of the present status quo it is unrealistic to expect that the only GNSS signal provider surrender its nationally procured system under the umbrella of an international instrument. National security concerns and industrial policy goals underlie this tendency. The present situation may turn different when the incumbent GPS faces the competition of Galileo, an alternative civil system willing to offer firm legal guarantees of service performance albeit in exchange for a fee. The entire viability of this theory remains however dependent upon the European capability of defining a successful business case for Galileo.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Emberson, Lisa Dianne. "Defining and mapping relative potential sensitivity of European vegetation to ozone." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312278.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Travis, Robin. "Air transport liberalisation in the European Community, 1987-1992 a case of integration /." Uppsala, Sweden : R. Travis : Distributor, Uppsala University Library, 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=65mKAAAAMAAJ.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Vojtovic, Raphaele L. "Liability and risk management in international air transport, a study of European initiatives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ44078.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Vojtovic, Raphaële L. "Liability and risk management in international air transport : a study of European initiatives." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20548.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the legal aspects of aviation insurance and reinsurance regarding passenger liability, in particular in Europe. The paper identifies and describes four main trends currently affecting the aviation insurance industry: the globalization of aviation insurance and reinsurance undertakings, increased competition in aviation insurance sector, the liberalization of the European insurance market, and the evolution of the international and European air carriers liability regime. The implications of these trends for premium rates, and for insurance and reinsurance activities in general, are then assessed.
This analysis indicates that the liberalization of the European insurance and reinsurance markets remains incomplete, given that certain essential aspects linked to the activities of insurance undertakings are not harmonized. This lack of consistency within the European regulatory regime is found to be a source of invisible barriers which hamper the effective application of the European freedoms of establishment and of providing services as established in the Treaty of Rome. Furthermore, the author identifies a potential for growing friction between the different international regulatory regimes governing air carriers liability. Looking to the future, the expected effects of the single European currency and the expansion of the WTO services disciplines is also examined.
The author concludes that the effectiveness of traditional structures and organizations of insurance and reinsurance markets are being challenged by profound structural changes in the industry. In this context, the European liberalization could serve as a model for adapting to this changing environment on a regional level so as to benefit from the opportunities provided by competition and globalization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

JehlicÌŒka, Petr. "A comparative investigation into the dynamics of environmental politics in Western and Eastern Europe 1988-1993 with special reference to the Czech Republic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

HELTERLIN, Gilles, and Nuno RAMALHO. "How did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? : Case studies: SAS Airline & Ryanair." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1224.

Full text

Abstract:

The dynamics of business contexts influence the way firms act in their industry. These changes can have effects in several areas within a company. Entrepreneurship and Innovation are two areas that are affected when a change in firm’s environment occurs, like Schumpeter, Shane and Drucker point. Changes in the deregulatory framework are a specific type of change that can occur. According to Entrepreneurship theories, the removal of regulatory barriers creates opportunities to different reallocation of resources that can lead to changes in market equilibrium. This study addresses this relation between deregulation and entrepreneurship-innovation in the European airline industry. With the removal of regulatory barriers, companies like SAS and Ryanair, saw opportunities to do something new and at the same time had to adapt to these “doing something new” behavior of other companies. Entrepreneurship and innovation were the answer to theses changes and the weapon to fight answers to others with this change. Considering this, our statement problem is the following:

How did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? The case of SAS and Ryanair.

Our goal is to describe the process of deregulation and how firms reacted to it and to give explanations behind the relation deregulation-entrepreneurship, identifying the direct and indirect influence of deregulation in the studied companies. Furthermore, based on this investigation, we will trace possible ways on how future deregulation in Europe can foster further entrepreneurial behavior and innovation.

This thesis was conducted with a positivism scientific ideal and a deductive approach. We used a qualitative method to collect empirical data that could match with the theories we had chosen beforehand. We conducted three interviews with people inside the industry – from airlines (SAS Braathens and SAS) and from airports (LFV). The first two were used as main sources to SAS case study and the third to have a perspective of airline industry. Since we could not get any interview with Ryanair, Ryanair story book was used as main source for this case study.

Our theoretical framework consists of four different broad areas that are interrelated to each other. These areas and the respective theories integrated in them are: institutions and regulation, changes in context and strategic position.

Our study shows that EU deregulation altered the five competitive forces in European airline industry and in turn this fostered entrepreneurship and innovation, as a reaction of firms to adapt to the change in their context. The reaction of Ryanair and SAS through entrepreneurial and innovative behaviour was different due to the differences in their business model. We argue that the removal of barriers to new entrants and the increased rivalry between firms were the main forces that fostered entrepreneurship and innovation. We predict that if further EU deregulation comes (as it is the trend) this will generate more opportunities to entrepreneurship and innovation like it generated in the past.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

O'Reilly, Margaret Dolores. "Intensity of competition in a recently deregulated industry : the airline industry of the European Community." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844062/.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the liberalisation of the European Community's civil aviation industry and attempts to measure how effective this process has been in achieving its goal of increased competition and greater efficiency. Using the experience in the United States following deregulation of domestic air transport services as a template, the study employs Easton's model of political analysis and Porter's model of competitive forces as a framework for empirical research. This research was carried out with a representative sample of EC airlines, of their suppliers and customers, of providers of substitute services and of the industry's regulators. The results of the research were validated by personal interviews with leading stakeholders in the industry. The main Conclusions drawn from the research are that: i. liberalisation of the European Community air transport market has resulted in an influx of new entrants, an increase in the number of routes operated and a wider availability of discounted fares; ii. to the extent that competition has nevertheless been less fierce than anticipated, this is because the aims of liberalisation have been frustrated by a resistance to change on the part of certain Member States and by the European Commission's inability to prevent further grants of State aid to loss-making flag carriers. Inadequate infrastructure has also acted as a brake on competition; iii. customer choice is strongly influenced by frequency of service and by price. Those airlines which have set out to gain market share and which have pursued low price strategies have benefited most from liberalisation; iv. airlines benefit from selling to a large number of buyers and from having a wide choice of suppliers; V. the only threat of substitution to air travel within the European Community is from the High Speed Train and then only over comparatively short distances.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Makwana, Shivani Bhupendra. "Transparency, Accountability, Aid and the European Union." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre of Research on Europe, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8109.

Full text

Abstract:

In the midst of the international development agenda, two concepts have recently emerged, transparency and accountability. These concepts represent ideas, which have shaped the current direction in which development has been managed. Recent international agreements and partnerships, including the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, have mentioned transparency and accountability as principles that may create greater aid effectiveness. In a time of austerity, development aid has come under pressure to create results. Transparency and accountability are concepts that may allow for an efficient use of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA). Large donors of ODA shape the development agenda. Yet, many developed nations face questions from citizens regarding finances. The European Union (EU) has provided an example of integration and coherence within development policies. EU Member States and the EU are large donors of ODA. However, the austerity measures have caused a need to re-examine the way in which development aid is spent. Transparent and accountable policies may create effectiveness and efficiency within the deliverance of ODA. By examining the EU and EU Member States, the relevance of transparency and accountability may be understood. This thesis attempts to divulge the complex relationships between transparency, accountability, co-operation and the EU. Furthermore, primary data has been collected on the levels of transparency and accountability within the EU and EU Member States. The role of co-operation and partnership for these actors provides a greater understanding of the perspectives towards development aid. Transparency and accountability may allow for responsibility and trust to occur within co-operative efforts in implementing development aid. The relevance, purpose, and operationalisation of the concepts are central to this research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Mao, Shiyue. "Combats with VOCs - Strategies and Management in China and Europe." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223622.

Full text

Abstract:

This work aims to figure out the history and footpath of the trials and combats against VOCs emission in China. As China is a country that overlooked the environmental problems for decades (e.g. VOCs emissions), China’s environmental management system has not been mature and well-functioned towards current severe environmental pollution over China. Hence, a sounder and more flexible system for controlling VOCs emission from industry should be built up, urgently. This paper also attempts to come up with some reasonable and practical suggestions for improvement of the environmental management system with inspiration from European countries and markets. In this paper, “management system” and “treatment technology” in China are both options that will be explored thoroughly. Desktop research and interviewing are the major means of investigation. As to some research on management system, China’s national policies, provincial policies, emission standards, etc. are investigated; in addition, on-going treatment technology in China by enterprises and companies are also explored, with a summary of VOCs recovery and treatment techniques. European countries are explored as pioneers and models for treatment of VOCs emission. By learning some technology created and applied in EU markets, Chinese market can also be inspired and introduced. After that, some analysis on China’s VOCs management system coming from several aspects, i.e. governance dilemma, technology application, economic initiative and public participation, is made. Finally, some recommendation for management policies and technology application have been proposed as well, as a result of this study on VOCs emission for China’s authorities.
Det här arbetet syftar till att ta reda på historien och gången i försöken och bekämpa utsläpp av VOC i Kina. Eftersom Kina är ett land som förbisedde miljöproblemen i årtionden (t ex VOC-utsläpp) har Kinas miljöledningssystem inte varit moget och välfungerat mot nuvarande allvarlig miljöföroreningar över Kina. Därför bör ett kraftigare och mer flexibelt system för kontroll av VOC-utsläpp från industrin byggas upp, snabbt. I detta försök försöker man också få fram några rimliga och praktiska förslag till förbättring av miljöledningssystemet med inspiration från europeiska länder och marknader. I detta dokument är "management system" och "behandlingsteknik" i Kina båda grenar som kommer att undersökas noggrant. Skrivbordsundersökningar och intervjuer är viktiga medel för undersökning. När det gäller viss forskning om ledningssystemet undersöks Kinas nationella politik, provinspolitik, utsläppsstandarder etc. Dessutom har även pågående behandlingsteknik i Kina av företag och företag utforskats, med en sammanfattning av VOCs återvinnings- och behandlingstekniker. Europeiska länder har utforskats som pionjärer och modeller för behandling av VOC-utsläpp. Genom att lära sig någon teknik som skapats och tillämpas på EU-marknader kan den kinesiska marknaden också inspireras och introduceras. Slutligen har man också föreslagit en del rekommendationer om förvaltningspolitik och teknikansökan, som en följd av denna studie om utsläpp av VOC i både Kina och Europa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Sioulas, Andreas. "The relevant market : From an air passenger perspective." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12221.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis intends to analyze and clarify the relevant market within air passenger transport. Further the thesis intends to investigate if there is any difference in air passenger transport in accordance to more general business. The definition of the relevant market is an essential step in order to establish a breach under European competition law. The relevant market includes the relevant product market and the relevant geographic market. The fundamental issue in the relevant product market is whether products are considered to be substitutable and can constitute the same market. The Commission has set a notice which includes methods and criterias and serves as guidelines to courts and companies to define the relevant market. The notice is however not binding for courts. The CJ have developed implementation of the criterias which it tends to refer to even if it is a different branch, however a case-by-case based definition is needed. The definition of the relevant market is based on three main criterias: demand substitutability, supply substitutability and potential competition. Even though the supply substitutability seems not be implemented in a further extension in more general branches, it seems to be of greater importance when defining the relevant market within air passenger transport. The air passenger transport has also established a test called base of origin and base of destination which includes an analysis of price, travel frequencies, comfort of the journey, transfer time to terminals and differences in the qualities and quantities in airports. However according to air passenger transport, travel sequences seems to be the criteria that courts focus most on.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ahr, Berenice [Verfasser]. "Integration von Infrastrukturen in Europa im historischen Vergleich : Band 2: Telekommunikation (Telefonie) / Berenice Ahr." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1110055838/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Czudar, Eniko, Nikolett Ruck, and Karolina Ruwinska. "The customers’ perception of Wizz Air, the largest low–fare low–cost airline in Central Eastern Europe." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-853.

Full text

Abstract:

Wizz Airline company was established only three years ago. This thesis explores the customers' satisfaction about their services. The data was collected from internet forums and journals. The final conclusion was that the majority are satisfied with Wizz Air's services.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Economides, Constantin 1962. "Air transport law and policy in the Europe of the EEC and ECAC : now and beyond 1992." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55672.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

V, Shyian Yu. "Legal regulation of the european common aviation area." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53298.

Full text

Abstract:

The EU pays considerable attention to the aviation industry and regulation, as air transport and legal regulatory issues are a common concern of the international community. The conclusion of an agreement in the field of aviation management is a prerequisite for the further development of the aviation sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Morgan, William Thomas. "Pollution aerosol across Northern Europe : assessing properties, processes and effects on regional climate." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pollution-aerosol-across-northern-europe-assessing-properties-processes-and-effects-on-regional-climate(8c347b7e-baa9-4430-af93-911ad77eef7d).html.

Full text

Abstract:

Atmospheric aerosols are the major component in the shorter-term variability governing the radiative balance of the climate system, particularly on regional scales. However, knowledge of the myriad of properties and processes associated with aerosols is often limited, which results in major uncertainties when assessing their climate effects. One such aspect is the chemical make-up of the atmospheric aerosol burden.Airborne measurements of aerosol properties across Northern Europe are presented here in order to facilitate constraint of the properties, processes and effects of aerosols in this highly populated and industrialised region. An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) delivered highly time-resolved measurements of aerosol chemical components, which included organic matter, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium.The chemical composition of the aerosol burden was strongly determined by the dominant meteorological conditions in Northern Europe. Pollution loadings in North- Western Europe were strongly enhanced when air masses originated from Continental Europe. Conversely, much cleaner conditions were associated with air masses from the Atlantic Ocean.Organic matter was found to be ubiquitous across Northern Europe and predominantly secondary in nature, which is consistent with other analyses in polluted regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, its concentration was generally comparable to, or exceeded that of, sulphate. Significant chemical processing of the organic aerosol component was observed. Highly oxidised secondary organic aerosol dominated, as the distance from source and photochemical processing increased.Ammonium nitrate was found to be a major component of the aerosol burden in Northern Europe, with peak contributions occurring in North-Western Europe, due to the co-location of its emission precursors (NH3 and NOx) in the region. Ammonium nitrate was found to be the dominant sub-micron chemical constituent during periods associated with enhanced pollution episodes. Its concentration was shown to be modulated by the thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere, with enhanced concentrations prevalent at the top of the boundary layer. This phenomenon greatly enhanced the radiative impact of the aerosol burden; the increased mass and water uptake by the aerosol significantly amplified the aerosol optical depth in the region.The results presented in this thesis highlight a highly dynamic region, where major changes in emissions have played a significant role in determining the chemical composition of the aerosol burden. As substantial reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions have occurred over the past two decades in Northern Europe, the relative contribution of sulphate aerosols to the regional aerosol burden has decreased. Consequently, it is more pertinent to consider the roles of organic matter and ammonium nitrate, as their influence becomes more pronounced than sulphate on regional and global climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Cook, Vanessa (Vanessa Ann Trevelyan) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "American aid to the private sector in Central Europe (1989-1993)." Ottawa, 1995.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Dusek, Ulrike. "Characterization of marine boundary layer aerosol from north Atlantic and European sources : physical and chemical properties and climate forcing parameters /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10065.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Air Europa'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles