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Journal articles on the topic 'Air entrainment'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rajaratnam, N., and A. Y. P. Kwan. "Air entrainment at drops." Journal of Hydraulic Research 34, no. 5 (September 1996): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221689609498458.

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2

Emiroglu, M. Emin, and Ahmet Baylar. "Role of Nozzles with Air Holes in Air Entrainment by a Water Jet." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.049.

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Abstract When a water jet impinges a pool of water at rest, air bubbles may be entrained and carried a distance below the pool's surface. This process is called plunging water jet entrainment and aeration. This paper describes an experimental study of the air entrainment rate of circular nozzles with and without air holes, and in particular, the effect of varying numbers and positions of air holes and distance between the location of the air holes and nozzle exit. A negative pressure occurred due to the air holes on the circular nozzles. This phenomenon affected air entrainment. The differences in air entrainment rate were related to changes in the jet shape. It was demonstrated that the air entrainment rates of the circular nozzles with air holes were significantly higher than those of circular nozzles without air holes.
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3

Simpkins, P. G., and V. J. Kuck. "On air entrainment in coatings." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 263, no. 2 (July 2003): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00347-3.

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4

Rutschmann, Peter, and Willi H. Hager. "Air Entrainment by Spillway Aerators." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 116, no. 6 (June 1990): 765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:6(765).

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5

Deike, Luc, Luc Lenain, and W. Kendall Melville. "Air entrainment by breaking waves." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 8 (April 24, 2017): 3779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl072883.

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6

MacGregor, S. A. "Air entrainment in spray jets." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(91)90064-3.

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7

Prosperetti, A., and H. N. Oguz. "Air entrainment upon liquid impact." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 355, no. 1724 (March 15, 1997): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0020.

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8

Sene, K. J. "Air entrainment by plunging jets." Chemical Engineering Science 43, no. 10 (1988): 2615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)80005-8.

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9

Li, He, Xiaodong Wang, Jiuxin Ning, Pengfei Zhang, and Hailong Huang. "Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Air Leaking into the Working Fluid on the Performance of a Steam Ejector." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136111.

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This paper investigated the effect of air leaking into the working fluid on the performance of a steam ejector. A simulation of the mixing of air into the primary and secondary fluids was performed using CFD. The effects of air with a 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mass fraction on the entrainment ratio and internal flow structure of the steam ejector were studied, and the coefficient distortion rates for the entrainment ratios under these air mass fractions were calculated. The results demonstrated that the air modified the physical parameters of the working fluid, which is the main reason for changes in the entrainment ratio and internal flow structure. The calculation of the coefficient distortion rate of the entrainment ratio illustrated that the air in the primary fluid has a more significant impact on the change in the entrainment ratio than that in the secondary fluid under the same air mass fraction. Therefore, the air mass fraction in the working fluid must be minimized to acquire a precise entrainment ratio. Furthermore, this paper provided a method of inspecting air leakage in the experimental steam ejector refrigeration system.
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10

Cohu, Olivier, and Hadj Benkreira. "Air entrainment in angled dip coating." Chemical Engineering Science 53, no. 3 (February 1998): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(97)00323-0.

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11

MIZUTANI, Yusuke, Atsushi SASAKI, Masaharu MATSUBARA, and Yoshiaki TSUCHIYA. "Air Entrainment by Plunging Water Jet." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2004.41 (2004): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2004.41.59.

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12

Bhattacharya, S., D. Hebert, and S. M. Kresta. "Air Entrainment in Baffled Stirred Tanks." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 85, no. 5 (January 2007): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd06184.

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13

Eggers, Jens. "Air Entrainment through Free-Surface Cusps." Physical Review Letters 86, no. 19 (May 7, 2001): 4290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.4290.

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14

QUINN, JOHN F. "Air Entrainment during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery." Anesthesiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199112000-00028.

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15

BROBST-LANE, EILEEN. "Air Entrainment during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery." Anesthesiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199112000-00029.

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16

Chanson, Hubert. "Stepped spillway flows and air entrainment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-057.

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Stepped spillways have become a popular method for handling flood releases. The steps significantly increase the rate of energy dissipation taking place on the spillway face and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. The compatibility of stepped spillways with roller compacted concrete and gabion construction techniques results in low additional cost for the spillway. This paper presents a review of recent developments for the design of stepped spillways, provides a discussion of the effects of air entrainment, and presents new calculation methods that take into account the effects of flow aeration on the flow characteristics and the rate of energy dissipation. Key words: stepped spillway, air entrainment, dam, spillway, energy dissipation.
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17

Du, Lianxiang, and Kevin J. Folliard. "Mechanisms of air entrainment in concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 35, no. 8 (August 2005): 1463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.026.

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18

Kumar, S., G. Cox, and P. H. Thomas. "Air entrainment into balcony spill plumes." Fire Safety Journal 45, no. 3 (April 2010): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.02.001.

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19

Benkreira, H., and M. I. Khan. "Air entrainment in dip coating under reduced air pressures." Chemical Engineering Science 63, no. 2 (January 2008): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.09.045.

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20

Vandre, E., M. S. Carvalho, and S. Kumar. "Characteristics of air entrainment during dynamic wetting failure along a planar substrate." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 747 (April 14, 2014): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.110.

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AbstractCharacteristic substrate speeds and meniscus shapes associated with the onset of air entrainment are studied during dynamic wetting failure along a planar substrate. Using high-speed video, the behaviour of the dynamic contact line (DCL) is recorded as a tape substrate is drawn through a bath of a glycerol/water solution. Air entrainment is identified by triangular air films that elongate from the DCL above some critical substrate speed. Meniscus confinement within a narrow gap between the substrate and a stationary plate is shown to delay air entrainment to higher speeds for a wide range of liquid viscosities, expanding upon the findings of Vandre, Carvalho & Kumar (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 707, 2012, pp. 496–520). A pressurized liquid reservoir controls the meniscus position within the confinement gap. It is found that liquid pressurization further postpones air entrainment when the meniscus is located near a sharp corner along the stationary plate. Meniscus shapes recorded near the DCL demonstrate that operating conditions influence the size of entrained air films, with smaller films appearing in the more viscous solutions. Regardless of size, air films become unstable to thickness perturbations and ultimately rupture, leading to the entrainment of air bubbles. Recorded critical speeds and air-film sizes compare well to predictions from a hydrodynamic model for dynamic wetting failure, suggesting that strong air stresses near the DCL trigger the onset of air entrainment.
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21

Vermeulen, P. J., V. Ramesh, and Wai Keung Yu. "Measurements of Entrainment by Acoustically Pulsed Axisymmetric Air Jets." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239933.

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Direct measurements of entrainment by acoustically pulsed axisymmetric air jets flowing into surrounding air have been made for a range of orifice sizes, Strouhal numbers, and excitation powers. The entrainment was considerably increased, by up to 5.8 times at distances greater than 15 diameters axially downstream of the orifice exit plane. The entrainment of the excited jet varied linearly with downstream distance. The jet response varied nonlinearly with excitation strength, indicating that there may be a practical upper limit to the acoustic augmentation of entrainment. The response depends on Strouhal number and appears to be optimum at about 0.25.
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22

Wei, Jiafang, Yiyi Ma, David Z. Zhu, and Jian Zhang. "Effect of boundary conditions on the performance of a dropshaft with an internal divider." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.163.

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Abstract Dropshafts with an internal divider for air circulation are proposed to reduce air entrainment in plunging type dropshafts. Dropshafts typically operate under a pressurized downstream condition and with limited air supply from the top. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the dropshaft with an internal divider under different downstream conditions and air inlet conditions. From the experiments, a pressurized downstream condition would increase the air pressure in the dropshaft, reduce the outside air entrainment while increase the internal air circulation. Reducing the size of the air inlet would decrease the air pressure, meanwhile cause an increase in internal air circulation and a reduction in outside air entrainment. A dimensionless parameter of ‘effectiveness factor’ was also proposed to measure the effectiveness of the internal air circulation on reducing the outside air entrainment. This study considers the performance of the dropshaft with a divider under the conditions close to real situations, which is important to its design and application.
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23

Bhattacharjee, Pratik, and Eric Loth. "Entrainment by a Refrigerated Air Curtain Down a Wall." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1792263.

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Thermal entrainment is important as it adversely affects energy consumption and evaporator humidity levels of refrigerated air curtain display cases, often at transitional Reynolds numbers. In order to get a more fundamental understanding of the mean and unsteady thermal entrainment processes, the shelf structure of a display case has been idealized to that of a plane, adiabatic wall subjected to refrigerated wall jets at laminar and transitional flow conditions. The wall jets are studied at different inflow profiles, Reynolds numbers, and Richardson numbers to investigate the effect on thermal entrainment rates. The primary simulation technique was direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in two dimensions for the low and moderate Reynolds numbers (though three-dimensional simulations were also conducted). At higher Reynolds numbers, a conventional Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes approach was employed, which was found to give reasonable agreement with the above approach at a wall jet (early-transitional) Reynolds number of 2000. In general, the results yielded a significant variation in entrainment as a function of Reynolds number, with a minimum occurring at flow speeds immediately prior to transition. The entrainment rates were also sensitive to the initial velocity distribution, whereby a constant gradient profile (where any local velocity-gradient peaks were minimized) provided the least entrainment. Entrainment was also found to decrease with increasing Richardson number.
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24

Choi, W., and B.-C. Choi. "Estimation of the air entrainment characteristics of a transient high-pressure diesel spray." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34630.

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The air entrainment characteristics of a transient high-pressure diesel spray were investigated with respect to time and location for injection pressures ( Pinj = 76 or 137 MPa) and ambient density (ρa = 15.6 kg/m3) under the non-evaporating condition (303 K). A particle image velocimetry analysis was introduced and some parameters were defined to express air entrainment characteristics. The air entrainment rate increased greatly as the flow moved downstream owing to a larger contact surface area and a recirculating flow. Higher pressure led to a greater entrainment rate with higher effectiveness. The speed (spray tip and front ambient gas) and volume (spray and laterally entrained gas) relations suggested the possibility for the renewal against the lateral-dominant entrainment mechanism.
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25

Lee, T. S. "Effects of Air Entrainment on the Ability of Air Vessels in the Pressure Surge Suppressions." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 3 (March 10, 2000): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286992.

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This paper describes a new and efficient model for the study of air entrainment effects on the responses of a typical horizontal air vessel. The effects of air entrainment on the pressure surges for unsteady flow in a pipeline system were investigated. Studies showed that entrained, entrapped, or released gases in the transient fluid system tend to amplify the first pressure peak, increase surge damping, and produce asymmetric pressure surges with respect to the static head. The pressure surges showed longer periods of down-surge and shorter periods of upsurge. The upsurge was considerably amplified and down-surge was marginally reduced when compared with the gas-free case. With the horizontal air vessel installed, studies showed that the effects of air entrainment on the maximum transient pressure can be considerably reduced with an appropriately configured air vessel. [S0098-2202(00)00203-0]
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26

Waniewski, T. A., C. E. Brennen, and F. Raichlen. "Measurements of Air Entrainment by Bow Waves." Journal of Fluids Engineering 123, no. 1 (October 17, 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1340622.

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This paper describes measurements of the air entrained in experiments simulating the breaking bow wave of a ship for Froude numbers between two and three. The experiments and the characteristics of the wave itself are detailed in T. Waniewski, 1999, “Air Entrainment by Bow Waves; Ph.D. theses, Calif. Inst. of Tech.” The primary mechanism for air entrainment is the impact of the plunging wave jet, and it was observed that the air bubbles were entrained in spatially periodic bubble clouds. The void fraction and bubble size distributions were measured in the entrainment zone. There were indications that the surface disturbances described in Waniewski divide the plunging liquid jet sheet into a series of plunging jets, each of which produces a bubble cloud.
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27

Baylar, Ahmet, and M. Emin Emiroglu. "The effect of sharp-crested weir shape on air entrainment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-017.

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Aeration in the waters of rivers and streams is very important to the quality and existence of aquatic life. If the overfall jets downstream of weir structures plunges into a plunge pool, entrained air bubbles will contribute to aeration. This paper investigates sharp-crested weirs having different cross-sectional geometry and their effect on the air entrainment rate. It is demonstrated that the air entrainment rate of a 30° triangular sharp-crested weir is better than that of the other sharp-crested weirs tested. Moreover, variation in the number of V-notches over the width of the weir plate was studied for 30° triangular sharp-crested weirs. The 30° triangular sharp-crested weir with two V-notches was found to have higher values of air entrainment rate.Key words: aeration, air entrainment rate, plunging overfall jet, sharp-crested weir.
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28

Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, Beata. "The Influence of W/C Ratio and Superplasticizer Type on Porosity of Concrete with Air-Entraining Cement with Fly Ash." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.266.

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The research results of stability of air-entrainment of concrete acc. PN-EN 480-1 in case of innovate air-entraining multi-component cement CEM II/B-V is presented in the paper. The influence of PCE, naphthalene and phosphonamidite based superplasticizers and w/c ratio: 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 on air-entrainment and consistency of fresh concrete mix was investigated. The research results indicated that with increasing w/c ratio the air-entrainment of concrete increases. Moreover, in case of an increase in the degree of liquidity of the air-entrained concrete made of participation of the innovative, air-entraining multi-component cement CEM II/B-V, first and new generation superplasticizers based on modified naphthalene, and then modified phosphonamidite should be used. PCE based superplasticizer cause the too high air-entrainment of concrete. The research results proved, that the porosity of hardened concrete meets the European standards for frost-resistant concrete.
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29

Baylar, Ahmet. "An Investigation on the Use of Venturi Weirs as an Aerator." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.047.

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Abstract The most classic example of a hydraulic structure where gas transfer occurs is a weir. Transfer of gases between the atmosphere and river water can occur in a free overfall jet from a weir. A free overfall jet from a weir plunging into downstream water causes entrainment of air bubbles if the free overfall jet velocity exceeds the critical value where aeration occurs. This paper investigates the free overfall jets from Venturi and rectangular notch weirs and their effect on air entrainment rate. A Venturi weir was placed at the upstream channel end in order to increase the flow velocity of the free overfall jet and, in turn, to increase air entrainment. It was demonstrated that the air entrainment rate of the Venturi weir is significantly better than the rectangular notch weir, and this advantage becomes more pronounced as the throat width of the Venturi weir is decreased. These results demonstrated that Venturi weirs can be used as highly effective aerators in streams, rivers, constructed channels, fish hatcheries, water treatment plants, etc. Moreover, a regression equation was obtained for the Venturi weirs, relating air entrainment rate to unit discharge, weir crest width, drop height and throat width of Venturi weir. There was good agreement between the measured air entrainment rates and the values computed from the predictive equation.
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30

Ding, Qiang, Yiyi Ma, and David Z. Zhu. "Air entrainment in a vertical dropshaft with limited air supply." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 8, no. 5 (September 2018): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2018.05.002.

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31

Vermeulen, P. J., P. Rainville, and V. Ramesh. "Measurements of the Entrainment Coefficient of Acoustically Pulsed Axisymmetric Free Air Jets." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906606.

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Novel direct measurements of the entrainment coefficient in the initial zone of a pulsating air jet have been successfully accomplished. A series of pulsating air jets flowing from different nozzle orifice sizes into surrounding air were investigated for the effects of jet axial length, excitation power, and Strouhal number. The entrainment coefficient of the excited jet varied strongly with axial distance downstream of the orifice exit plane and with pulsation strength. The acoustic drive considerably increased the entrainment coefficient by up to 4.6 times at 10 diameters downstream of the nozzle. There was only a tendency for the entrainment coefficient to increase with the Strouhal number and hence an optimum Strouhal number for jet response was not found.
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32

Emiroglu, M. Emin, and Ahmet Baylar. "Experimental Study of the Influence of Different Weir Types on the Rate of Air Entrainment." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.048.

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Abstract Aeration is used in water treatment to alter the concentration of dissolved gases, to strip volatile organics, and to reduce tastes and odours. This can be obtained by creating turbulence in the water. One method of producing such turbulence is via the overflow jets downstream of weir structures. This paper investigates the effect of varying weir types on the air entrainment rate. Empirical correlations predicting the maximum penetration depth and air entrainment rate were developed for different weir types. It is demonstrated that the air entrainment rate of the broad-crested weirs is generally much better than for the sharp-crested weir and the labyrinth weirs. The air entrainment rate increased as the weir longitudinal slope of the broad-crested weirs and the weir sill slope of the labyrinth weirs became larger.
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33

Lee, T. S., and K. L. Ngoh. "Air Entrainment Effects on the Pressure Transients of Pumping Systems With Weir Discharge Chamber." Journal of Fluids Engineering 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 1034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1514204.

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This paper presents a new model for the study of air entrainment on the extreme pressure surges in pumping systems. For the present fluid system considered with a weir discharge chamber, numerical investigations showed that, with the proposed model of the air entrainment, reasonable predictions of transient pressures with proper phasing and attenuation of pressure peaks can be obtained. The results obtained are consistent with observations from field measurements made when the pumps were operating at low pump cutout levels where air entrainment due to attached surface vortex and falling jets from the inflow near the pump intake were present. Further studies were also made on the design characteristics of the weir discharge chamber on the extreme pressure transients for the unsteady flow in the pipeline system with various degrees of air entrainment.
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34

Keshavan, M. B., and J. A. Wickert. "Air Entrainment During Steady-State Web Winding." Journal of Applied Mechanics 64, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2788999.

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As a web is wound at speed onto a roll, a thin layer of air becomes entrapped between it and the incoming web stream. The resulting spiral-shaped air bearing separates adjacent web layers and can extend many wraps into the roll. The air entrained during the winding process increases the propensity for lateral interlayer slippage and damage to the edges of the web. In the present paper, an in situ technique is developed for measuring the thickness of the entrained air film during winding, and parameter studies quantify the effects of such winding variables as tension, width, transport speed, and surface roughness. With a view towards evaluating different transport designs and operating conditions, three measures of air entrainment are discussed: (i) the cumulative thickness of all air layers, (ii) the thickness of the outermost air layer at the nip, and (iii) the rate at which air bleeds from the roll once it comes to rest. Measured values of the first two metrics are compared with those predicted by a derived two-dimensional reduced-order model for steady-state winding. The analysis treats the two bounding configurations of symmetric and asymmetric stacking of web layers by specifying appropriate cross-web pressure profiles.
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35

ERVINE, D. A. "AIR ENTRAINMENT IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: A REVIEW." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Maritime and Energy 130, no. 3 (September 1998): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iwtme.1998.30973.

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36

TAKAHASHI, Masayuki, and Iwao OHTSU. "CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT IN HYDRAULIC JUMPS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 71, no. 4 (2015): I_529—I_534. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.71.i_529.

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37

SHULDYAKOV, K. V., B. Ya TROFIMOV, and L. Ya KRAMAR. "High-Frost-Resistant Concrete without air Entrainment." Stroitel'nye Materialy 781, no. 6 (2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-781-6-18-26.

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38

Zhang, D. S. "Air entrainment in fresh concrete with PFA." Cement and Concrete Composites 18, no. 6 (January 1996): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(96)00033-9.

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39

Chanson, Hubert. "Hydraulic jumps: turbulence and air bubble entrainment." La Houille Blanche, no. 3 (June 2011): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2011026.

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40

Möller, Georg, Martin Detert, and Robert M. Boes. "Vortex-Induced Air Entrainment Rates at Intakes." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 141, no. 11 (November 2015): 04015026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001036.

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41

GILBERT, DEAN, THEODORE J. SANFORD, and BRIAN L. PARTRIDGE. "Air Entrainment Through a Multiport Injection System." Anesthesiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198901000-00047.

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42

MACEDO, THELMA. "Air Entrainment Through a Multiport Injection System." Anesthesiology 70, no. 1 (January 1989): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198901000-00048.

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43

Deane, Grant B., and Dale M. Stokes. "Monitoring air entrainment with breaking wave noise." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 5 (November 2002): 2261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4779022.

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44

Lamarre, Eric, and W. K. Melville. "Air entrainment and dissipation in breaking waves." Nature 351, no. 6326 (June 1991): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/351469a0.

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45

Albarkani, M. S. S., L. W. Tan, and A. Al-Gheethi. "Characteristics of Air Entrainment in Hydraulic Jump." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 140 (April 2018): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/140/1/012063.

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46

Basu, Biswajit, Subhash Chand, K. C. Jayaprakash, S. P. Srivastava, and P. K. Goel. "Air-Entrainment Phenomenon in Mineral Lubricating Oils." A S L E Transactions 28, no. 3 (January 1985): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981626.

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47

Mausser, G., and G. Schwarz. "Air entrainment during high-frequency jet ventilation." British Journal of Anaesthesia 100, no. 3 (March 2008): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen008.

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48

Chanson, H. "Study of air entrainment and aeration devices." Journal of Hydraulic Research 27, no. 3 (May 1989): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221688909499166.

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49

Yano, Ken'ichi, and Masahiro Maeda. "Fast Shake Mixing Control Considering Air Entrainment." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 34, no. 4 (2008): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.34.424.

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50

Pfister, Michael, and Willi H. Hager. "Self-entrainment of air on stepped spillways." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 37, no. 2 (March 2011): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2010.10.007.

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