Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air entrainment

Academic literature on the topic 'Air entrainment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Rajaratnam, N., and A. Y. P. Kwan. "Air entrainment at drops." Journal of Hydraulic Research 34, no. 5 (September 1996): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221689609498458.

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Emiroglu, M. Emin, and Ahmet Baylar. "Role of Nozzles with Air Holes in Air Entrainment by a Water Jet." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.049.

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Abstract When a water jet impinges a pool of water at rest, air bubbles may be entrained and carried a distance below the pool's surface. This process is called plunging water jet entrainment and aeration. This paper describes an experimental study of the air entrainment rate of circular nozzles with and without air holes, and in particular, the effect of varying numbers and positions of air holes and distance between the location of the air holes and nozzle exit. A negative pressure occurred due to the air holes on the circular nozzles. This phenomenon affected air entrainment. The differences in air entrainment rate were related to changes in the jet shape. It was demonstrated that the air entrainment rates of the circular nozzles with air holes were significantly higher than those of circular nozzles without air holes.
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Simpkins, P. G., and V. J. Kuck. "On air entrainment in coatings." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 263, no. 2 (July 2003): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00347-3.

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Rutschmann, Peter, and Willi H. Hager. "Air Entrainment by Spillway Aerators." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 116, no. 6 (June 1990): 765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:6(765).

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Deike, Luc, Luc Lenain, and W. Kendall Melville. "Air entrainment by breaking waves." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 8 (April 24, 2017): 3779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl072883.

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MacGregor, S. A. "Air entrainment in spray jets." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(91)90064-3.

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Prosperetti, A., and H. N. Oguz. "Air entrainment upon liquid impact." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 355, no. 1724 (March 15, 1997): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0020.

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Sene, K. J. "Air entrainment by plunging jets." Chemical Engineering Science 43, no. 10 (1988): 2615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)80005-8.

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Li, He, Xiaodong Wang, Jiuxin Ning, Pengfei Zhang, and Hailong Huang. "Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Air Leaking into the Working Fluid on the Performance of a Steam Ejector." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136111.

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This paper investigated the effect of air leaking into the working fluid on the performance of a steam ejector. A simulation of the mixing of air into the primary and secondary fluids was performed using CFD. The effects of air with a 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mass fraction on the entrainment ratio and internal flow structure of the steam ejector were studied, and the coefficient distortion rates for the entrainment ratios under these air mass fractions were calculated. The results demonstrated that the air modified the physical parameters of the working fluid, which is the main reason for changes in the entrainment ratio and internal flow structure. The calculation of the coefficient distortion rate of the entrainment ratio illustrated that the air in the primary fluid has a more significant impact on the change in the entrainment ratio than that in the secondary fluid under the same air mass fraction. Therefore, the air mass fraction in the working fluid must be minimized to acquire a precise entrainment ratio. Furthermore, this paper provided a method of inspecting air leakage in the experimental steam ejector refrigeration system.
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Cohu, Olivier, and Hadj Benkreira. "Air entrainment in angled dip coating." Chemical Engineering Science 53, no. 3 (February 1998): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(97)00323-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Hadjerioua, Boualem. "Air entrainment and oxygenation by overfalling nappes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186852.

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This research analyzes air entrainment and flow conditions of overfalling nappes and the behavior of bubbles in the plunge pools leading to oxygenation of the water. A literature search indicated that these phenomena have never been analyzed as a whole. An experimental/analytical/numerical approach is used to estimate the rate of oxygenation by nappes over weirs. The experimental investigation was done at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Engineering Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee. An air-water concentration probe (developed by Lamb and Killen, 1950) was calibrated and used to determine contours of air concentration in the plunge pool. Representative bubble sizes were determined using high-speed photography. The air set in motion by the nappe was computed analytically by integrating the momentum and continuity equations over the air boundary layer. Comparison with the air in the plunge pool established the fraction of the boundary entering the plunge pool. A three-dimensional, fluid flow solver was used to compute a representative water flow field in the plunge pool. Using that water flow field, the trajectory and residence time of bubbles in the plunge pool were then computed by solving the two-dimensional Lagrangian equations of motion. Included in this calculation is the mass transfer of air from the bubble over its trajectory using an empirical mass transfer coefficient. From this calculation, the rate of oxygenation was determined for the overall plunge pool. The analytical results show good agreement with the experimental data collected by the author and with other findings documented in the literature.
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Harrison, Roger. "Entrainment of Air into Thermal Spill Plumes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2865.

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The design of smoke management systems for buildings such as atria, covered shopping malls and sports arenas require appropriate calculation methods to predict the volume of smoky gases produced in the event of a fire. The volume of smoke must be calculated in order to determine the required fan capacity or ventilator area for a smoke management system. In design, consideration is often given to entrainment of air into a smoke flow from a compartment opening that subsequently spills and rises into an adjacent atrium void. This type of plume is commonly known as a thermal spill plume. There has been much controversy over the validity of various entrainment calculation methods for the spill plume and there are considerable differences in the calculated smoke production rates using these methods. There are also scenarios involving the spill plume where design guidance is very limited. Whilst over-sizing of the required smoke exhaust can be uneconomical, under-sizing can compromise the design objectives. This work attempts to rigorously characterises thermal spill plume entrainment using new data obtained from an extensive series of 1/10th physical scale modelling experiments, supported by numerical modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Spill plume behaviour and subsequent entrainment appears to be specifically dependent on the characteristics of the layer flow below spill edge, particularly in terms of the width and the depth of the flow. Plumes generated from narrow, deep layer flows entrain air at a greater rate with respect to height compared to plumes generated from wide, shallow layers. The findings of this work go some way to explain and reconcile differences in entrainment reported between previous studies. New guidance has been developed for the thermal spill plume in smoke management design, in the form of a range of new simplified design formulae,improvements to analytical calculation methods and an initial assessment of the use of numerical modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics.
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Veverka, Peter John. "An investigation of interfacial instability during air entrainment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5800.

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Terrill, Eric J. "Acoustic measurements of air entrainment by breaking waves /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9907829.

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O'Connell, Aileen. "Observations of air entrainment and the limits of coatability." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/915.

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Blenkinsopp, Christopher Edwin. "Air entrainment, splash and energy dissipation in breaking waves." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435725.

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Fung, Po Kan. "A fundamental study of air entrainment in steam condensers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253839.

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Lamarre, Eric. "An experimental study of air entrainment by breaking waves." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12685.

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Byrne, Kirstin. "Air/Gas entrainment in sewer force mains| A case study." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523045.

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Air and gas pocket entrainment in pressurized sewer systems are a major issue for many wastewater agencies due to decreased capacity, increased pumping and maintenance costs, corrosion, and reduction in efficiency. The Orange County Sanitation District has been concerned about air pocket formation in their Newport Force Main Network. In this study, we performed field tests to determine if air pockets existed within OCSD’s large diameter force main from the Bitter Point Pump Station to Plant 2 and the effects of air entrapment on the hydraulic performance of the system. Several flow scenarios were analyzed during the field tests, which were performed with air valves open and air valves closed to compare flow and pressure fluctuations when air cannot escape the system. The effective flow area was analyzed to determine the decrease experienced when large quantities of air were present within the force main. Little information is available in regards to field studies performed on air and gas pocket formation outside of a controlled laboratory, so the type of tests and the methodology proposed in this study could be used as guidelines by other agencies facing similar problems.

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Gómez, Ledesma Ramón. "An experimental investigation on the air entrainment by plunging jets." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1953.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Books on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Chanson, H. Air entrainment in chutes and spillways. Brisbane: University of Queensland, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1992.

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Hahn, Ulrich. Lufteintrag, Lufttransport und Entmischungsvorgang nach einem Wechselsprung in Flachgeneigten, geschlossenen Rechteckgerinnen. München: Institut für Wasserbau und Wassermengenwirtschaft und Versuchanstalt für Wasserbau Oskar v. Miller-Institut in Obernach, Technische Universität München, 1985.

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Crawford, G. B. On the turbulent diffusion of air bubbles. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1988.

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Crawford, G. B. On the turbulent diffusion of air bubbles. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1988.

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Branch, Ontario Water Resources. The design and testing of a large propeller driven aeration device for reservoir use. [Toronto?]: Queen's Printer, 1991.

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Lamb, W. S. Cavitation and aeration in hydraulic systems. Bedford, Eng: BHRA, 1987.

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Lamb, W. S. Cavitation and aeration in hydraulic systems. Cranfield, Bedford, England: BHRA, 1987.

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Ackman, Terry E. In-line aeration and treatment of acid mine drainage: Performance and preliminary design criteria. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Hicks, D. M. Roughness characteristics of New Zealand Rivers: A handbook for assigning hydraulic roughness coefficients to river reaches by the "visual comparison" approach. Wellington, N.Z: Water Resources Survey, 1991.

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Hicks, D. M. Roughness characteristics of New Zealand Rivers: A handbook for assigning hydraulic roughness coefficients to river reaches by the "visual comparison" approach. Wellington, N.Z: Water Resources Survey, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Lubin, Pierre. "Wave Breaking and Air Entrainment." In Advanced Numerical Modelling of Wave Structure Interactions, 69–85. First edition. 1 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351119542-3.

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de Arellano, Jordi Vilà-Guerau, Peter G. Duynkerke, and David Pino. "Entrainment Process in Mesoscale Models: Observational Validation." In Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation, 13–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04956-3_2.

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Heskestad, Gunnar. "Fire Plumes, Flame Height, and Air Entrainment." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 396–428. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_13.

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Mudryy, R., P. Singh, and A. D. Rosato. "Air Entrainment and Segregation in Powder Flows." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 327–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9498-1_32.

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Netterville, Dennett D. J. "Entrainment and Plume Rise in Turbulent Winds." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, 681–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3720-5_79.

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Shao, Mingyue, Jimei Wu, Li’e Ma, and Zhen Tian. "Traction Characteristics of Guide Roller with the Air Entrainment." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 759–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3530-2_95.

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Kopsch, Thomas, Darragh Murnane, and Digby Symons. "Air Flow Entrainment of Lactose Powder: Simulation and Experiment." In IUTAM Symposium on Recent Advances in Moving Boundary Problems in Mechanics, 107–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13720-5_10.

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Archer, Lucas, F. V. Guerra, and Christoph Beckermann. "Measurement of Air Entrainment During Pouring of an Aluminum Alloy." In Shape Casting, 31–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_3.

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Jakumeit, Juergen, Herfried Behnken, Frank Schmidt, Julian Gänz, Bastian Thorwald, and Michael Mathes. "Simulation of Air Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Applications." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 59–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65133-0_8.

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Jakumeit, Juergen, Herfried Behnken, Frank Schmidt, Julian Gänz, Bastian Thorwald, and Michael Mathes. "Simulation of AIR Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Applications." In CFD Modeling and Simulation in Materials Processing 2016, 59–65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274681.ch8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Prosperetti, A., and H. N. Oǧuz. "MECHANICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT." In Proceedings of the III International Meeting on Natural Physical Processes Related to Sea Surface Sound. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447102_0024.

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HUANG, JUPING, JIAJIA LI, MARCELA POLITANO, RAN LI, and PABLO CARRICA. "Modeling Air Entrainment Downstream of Spillways." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1317.

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Akabane, Masaaki, Yasuo Koizumi, Akihiro Uchibori, Hideki Kamide, and Hiroyuki Ohshima. "Velocity of Entrainments Formed by High Velocity Air Jet Flow in Stagnant Water." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30806.

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This study was intended to examine sodium entrainment behavior in the case that a hole was formed on a tube wall in the steam generator of a fast breeder reactor and high pressure and high temperature water jetted out into sodium. Flow visualization experiments of an air jet in liquid were performed. The test vessel was 270 mm wide, 5 mm depth and 300 mm high. The air jet was blown vertically upward into stagnant liquid in the test vessel from a rectangular cross-section nozzle of 1 mm wide, 5 mm depth and 20 mm long which was located at the bottom of the test vessel. A flow state of the jet in the liquid was recorded with a high speed video camera at the fastest 150,000 frame/s. The test liquid was water and kerosene. Filament-like ears and wisps pulled out from the wavy interface were noticed on the interface between liquid and the air jet. The ears and the wisps were broken off and entrained into the air jet. The droplets broke up to small entrainments. This process seemed quite similar to the entrainment process in the annular dispersed flow in a pipe. Entrainment was initiated at a little bit downstream from the nozzle outlet. The entrainment inception point moved downstream as the air jet velocity increased. Axial directional entrainment velocity increased as the air jet velocity increased and the entrainment proceeded downstream. Transversal directional entrainment velocity was much slower than the axial directional entrainment velocity. The variation of the entrainment velocity in the transversal direction was not so prominent. The entrainments produced at the interface of the air jet moved to gather at the center portion of the air jet as those were accelerated.
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Kshirsagar, J. T., and S. G. Joshi. "Investigation of Air Entrainment: A Numerical Approach." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45415.

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The air entrainment in sumps (Pump Intake) is a commonly observed phenomenon at low water level and high Froude number corresponding to flow rates higher than the rated flow. The air entrainment initiates with the formation of small vortex like structure on the surface with its position varying in the vicinity of Pump intake portion. Normally it calls for two-phase flow analysis (and possibly transient also) to correctly predict the air entrainment phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics approach. We at CRED, Kirloskar Brothers Limited could predict the root cause for air entrainment by studying the vortex formation well within the flow. A single-phase steady state flow was analyzed. Two test cases were studied. IOWA University had published a sump case with results from computational fluid dynamics studies. The other case was the actual sump model study carried out using experimental setup wherein the air entrainment was observed. The paper presents the comparison of the predictions with results from these two test cases.
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Carrillo, José M., Patricio R. Ortega, Luis G. Castillo, and Juan T. García. "Air entrainment in rectangular free falling jets." In 8th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures ISHS2020. The University of Queensland, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2020.605.

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Totten, G. E., Y. H. Sun, and R. J. Bishop. "Hydraulic Fluids: Foaming, Air Entrainment, and Air Release - A Review." In 1997 SAE International Off-Highway and Powerplant Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/972789.

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Koizumi, Yasuo, Kohei Nago, Akihiro Uchibori, Hideki Kamide, and Hiroyuku Ohshima. "Entrainment Into High Speed Air Jet Blowing Out From a Hole to Stagnant Water." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65822.

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Flow visualization experiments of an air jet in liquid were performed. The test vessel was 270 mm wide, 5 mm depth and 300 mm high. The air jet was blown vertically upward into stagnant liquid in the test vessel from a nozzle of 1 mm wide, 5 mm depth and 20 mm long which was located at the bottom of the test vessel. A flow state of the jet in the liquid was recorded with a high speed video camera at fastest 5×105 f/s. The test liquid was water and kerosene. Experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Filament-like ears and wisps pulled out from the wavy interface were noticed on the interface between liquid and the air jet. The ears and wisps were broken off and entrained into the air jet. The droplets broke up to small entrainments. This process seemed quite similar to the entrainment process in the annular dispersed flow in a pipe. As the air jet velocity increased, the number of entrainments created by the air jet increased lineally and the smaller entrainments increased. The correlation for the entrainment diameter distribution which was developed for the annular dispersed two-phase flow in a pipe predicted well the present results. The correlations for the entrainment diameter developed for entrainments in the annular dispersed two-phase flow in a pipe and for droplets that were blown out into open space above a water pool by a nitrogen gas jet that blew into water vertically upwards considerably underpredicted the experimental results. Measured entrainment rates were considerably lower than the prediction of the correlation for the annular dispersed two-phase flow in a pipe.
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Kozma, Jodi Hansen, and P. V. Farrell. "Air Entrainment in a High Pressure Diesel Spray." In International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/971620.

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Hegde, U., D. Stocker, M. Bahadori, D. Stocker, M. Bahadori, and U. Hegde. "Non-buoyant diffusion flames with oscillatory air entrainment." In 35th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-674.

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Suzuki, Ryushi, and Yutaka Tanaka. "Solution of Air Entrainment for Fluid Power Systems." In International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1387.

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Reports on the topic "Air entrainment"

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Arosquipa Nina, Yvan, Rui Shi, Davide Wuthrich, and Hubert Chanson. Intrusive and non-Intrusive air-water measurements on stepped spillways with inclined steps: a physical study on air entrainment and energy dissipation. The University of Queensland, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/e3f4d48.

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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffrey Roesler, M. Ley, Shinhyu Kang, Loren Emerson, Zane Lloyd, Braden Boyd, and Marllon Cook. High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for Pavements Findings: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-030.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) has improved durability and sustainability properties at a lower cost than conventional concrete, but its early-age properties like strength gain, setting time, and air entrainment can present challenges for application to concrete pavements. This research report helps with the implementation of HVFAC for pavement applications by providing guidelines for HVFAC mix design, testing protocols, and new tools for better quality control of HVFAC properties. Calorimeter tests were performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash sources, cement–fly ash interactions, chemical admixtures, and limestone replacement on the setting times and hydration reaction of HVFAC. To better target the initial air-entraining agent dosage for HVFAC, a calibration curve between air-entraining dosage for achieving 6% air content and fly ash foam index test has been developed. Further, a digital foam index test was developed to make this test more consistent across different labs and operators. For a more rapid prediction of hardened HVFAC properties, such as compressive strength, resistivity, and diffusion coefficient, an oxide-based particle model was developed. An HVFAC field test section was also constructed to demonstrate the implementation of a noncontact ultrasonic device for determining the final set time and ideal time to initiate saw cutting. Additionally, a maturity method was successfully implemented that estimates the in-place compressive strength of HVFAC through wireless thermal sensors. An HVFAC mix design procedure using the tools developed in this project such as the calorimeter test, foam index test, and particle-based model was proposed to assist engineers in implementing HVFAC pavements.
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Author, Not Given. Ambient Test Rig (ATR) flow studies: A laminar flow, reduced entrainment electrostatic precipitator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5743565.

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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffery Roesler, and Junryu Fu. Early-age Properties of High-volume Fly Ash Concrete Mixes for Pavement: Volume 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-031.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) is more cost-efficient, sustainable, and durable than conventional concrete. This report presents a state-of-the-art review of HVFAC properties and different fly ash characterization methods. The main challenges identified for HVFAC for pavements are its early-age properties such as air entrainment, setting time, and strength gain, which are the focus of this research. Five fly ash sources in Illinois have been repeatedly characterized through x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and laser diffraction over time. The fly ash oxide compositions from the same source but different quarterly samples were overall consistent with most variations observed in SO3 and MgO content. The minerals present in various fly ash sources were similar over multiple quarters, with the mineral content varying. The types of carbon present in the fly ash were also characterized through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, loss on ignition, and foam index tests. A new computer vision–based digital foam index test was developed to automatically capture and quantify a video of the foam layer for better operator and laboratory reliability. The heat of hydration and setting times of HVFAC mixes for different cement and fly ash sources as well as chemical admixtures were investigated using an isothermal calorimeter. Class C HVFAC mixes had a higher sulfate imbalance than Class F mixes. The addition of chemical admixtures (both PCE- and lignosulfonate-based) delayed the hydration, with the delay higher for the PCE-based admixture. Both micro- and nano-limestone replacement were successful in accelerating the setting times, with nano-limestone being more effective than micro-limestone. A field test section constructed of HVFAC showed the feasibility and importance of using the noncontact ultrasound device to measure the final setting time as well as determine the saw-cutting time. Moreover, field implementation of the maturity method based on wireless thermal sensors demonstrated its viability for early opening strength, and only a few sensors with pavement depth are needed to estimate the field maturity.
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