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Journal articles on the topic 'AIR COOLED BLAST'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Tole, Ilda, Magdalena Rajczakowska, Abeer Humad, Ankit Kothari, and Andrzej Cwirzen. "Geopolymer Based on Mechanically Activated Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051134.

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An efficient solution to increase the sustainability of building materials is to replace Portland cement with alkali-activated materials (AAM). Precursors for those systems are often based on water-cooled ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS). Quenching of blast furnace slag can be done also by air but in that case, the final product is crystalline and with a very low reactivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the cementitious properties of a mechanically activated (MCA) air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) used as a precursor in sodium silicate alkali-activated systems. The unreactive ACBFS was processed in a planetary ball mill and its cementing performances were compared with an alkali-activated water-cooled GGBFS. Mixes based on mechanically activated ACBFS reached the 7-days compressive strength of 35 MPa and the 28-days compressive strength 45 MPa. The GGBFS-based samples showed generally higher compressive strength values.

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2

Ríos, José, Adelardo Vahí, Carlos Leiva, Antonio Martínez-De la Concha, and Héctor Cifuentes. "Analysis of the Utilization of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Industrial Waste Aggregates in Self-Compacting Concrete." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061702.

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In this work, the effects of replacing the aggregates of self-compacting concrete by air-cooled blast furnace slag have been analysed. Different mixes have been manufactured by substituting the fine and coarse natural aggregates by air-cooled blast furnace slag. The fracture energy and the tensile and compressive strength have been determined for each mix. The self-compacting properties of the mixes, or the absence of them, have been observed. The main goals of this research are the decrease of the price of aggregates, reduction of the industrial waste, and attenuation the rate of consumption of natural resources. The results show that the self-compactability of the concrete is gradually lost as the slag content is increased, thus, when the ratio of replacement is low, the concrete keeps the self-compacting properties. Nevertheless, the loss of self-compaction affects the mechanical properties by increasing its strength. An air-cooled blast furnace slag did not present problems of heavy metals leaching.

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3

Kováč, Marek, and Alena Sicakova. "Influence of Aggregate and Binder Content on the Properties of Pervious Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.3.

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This study introduces the experiment based on following parameters: kind of aggregate (natural river gravel and air-cooled blast furnace slag), the aggregate gradation and content of binder. Main properties such as compressive strength, void content and hydraulic conductivity of pervious concrete were investigated in the experiment. The experiment showed satisfactory results in the case of pervious concrete made of natural aggregate. Results of pervious concrete made of air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregates are perspective, however needs for some optimizations. Results confirmed the opposite relationship between compressive strength and void content/hydraulic activity. ACBFS performs worse than NA as for compressive strength, while it performs better in the case of hydraulic conductivity and void content.

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4

Lee, Seung-Heun, Seol-Woo Park, Dong-Woo Yoo, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Fluidity of Cement Paste with Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 51, no. 6 (November 30, 2014): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2014.51.6.584.

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5

Grubb, Dennis G., and Dusty R. V. Berggren. "Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag. I: Characterization and Leaching Context." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 22, no. 4 (October 2018): 04018030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000411.

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6

Ahn, Byung-Hwan, Su-Jin Lee, and Chan-Gi Park. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rural-Road Pavement Concrete in South Korea Containing Air-Cooled Blast-Furnace Slag Aggregates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125645.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the physical and mechanical properties of pavement concrete for rural roads of South Korea made with air-cooled slag aggregate, which is an industrial byproduct. This study assessed the physical and chemical properties according to the following performance requirements based on the design criteria of the Korea Ministry of Agriculture’s Agricultural Production Infrastructure Maintenance Business Plan and the Korea Expressway Corporation’s Highway Construction Specialized Specifications: slump of 80 mm or greater, air content of 4.5 ± 1.5%, compressive strength of at least 21 MPa, splitting tensile strength of at least 4.2 MPa, and a chloride penetration resistance of less than 4000 C. The slump, air content, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion permeability of the aggregate-containing concretes were measured. The air-cooled slag aggregates provided the necessary physical and chemical properties and presented no environmental issues. Furthermore, the slump and air content of concrete made with the aggregates met the target values. The slump decreased and the air content increased with increasing amounts of air-cooled slag aggregate. Mechanical testing of the concretes containing air-cooled slag aggregate established that they met the performance requirements for rural road pavement.

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7

Luna-Galiano, Yolanda, Carlos Leiva Fernández, Rosario Villegas Sánchez, and Constantino Fernández-Pereira. "Development of Geopolymer Mortars Using Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag and Biomass Bottom Ashes as Fine Aggregates." Processes 11, no. 6 (May 23, 2023): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061597.

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The aim of this study is to compare the mechanical and physical properties of different geopolymer mortars made with granulated blast furnace slag as a geopolymer source material, NaOH (8 M) as the activating solution, and three different types of fine aggregates (air-cooled blast furnace slag, biomass bottom ashes, and silica sand). The samples were made with an aggregate/geopolymer ratio of 3/1, and physical (density and mercury intrusion porosimetry), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), and acid attack resistance were determined. When air-cooled blast furnace slag is used, the mechanical and acid attack properties are improved compared with silica sand and biomass bottom ashes because of the existence of amorphous phases in this slag, which increase the geopolymer reaction rate despite the particle size being higher than other aggregates. It can be highlighted that the use of ACBFS as a fine aggregate in geopolymer mortars produces better properties than in cement Portland mortar.

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8

Nisa, Ambreen u. "Study on Properties of Concrete After Incorporating Waste Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012064.

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Abstract The effects of fly ash, Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ACBFS), and silica fume on cement compressive strength are examined. The compressive strength of cement concrete is studied by the addition of fly ash, air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS), and silica fume. The effect of fly ash, ACBFS, and silica fume on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The cement content of the concrete was reduced by 25%, 22.50%, 20%, and 17.50%, respectively; fly ash was used to replace 20%, 40%, and 60% of the coarse aggregate; and fly ash was partially replaced by 2.5%, 5%, and 7.50% of the cement content. Contrarily, fly ash was left out of the mixing process for M30. The compressive strength of concrete cubes and beams aged 7 and 28 days was tested.

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9

Zhou, Lvshan, Tongjiang Peng, Hongjuan Sun, and Sanyuan Wang. "Thermodynamics analysis and experiments on Ti-bearing blast furnace slag leaching enhanced by sulfuric acid roasting." RSC Advances 12, no. 54 (2022): 34990–5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06237b.

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10

Tripathy, Sunil Kumar, Jayalaxmi Dasu, Y. Rama Murthy, Gajanan Kapure, Atanu Ranajan Pal, and Lev O. Filippov. "Utilisation perspective on water quenched and air-cooled blast furnace slags." Journal of Cleaner Production 262 (July 2020): 121354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121354.

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11

Endawati, Jul, Rochaeti, and R. Utami. "Optimization of Concrete Porous Mix Using Slag as Substitute Material for Cement and Aggregates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.282.

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In recent years, sustainability and environmental effect of concrete became the main concern. Substituting cement with the other cementitious material without decreasing mechanical properties of a mixture could save energy, reduce greenhouse effect due to mining, calcination and limestone refining. Therefore, some industrial by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, and Ground Iron Blast Furnace Slag (GIBFS) would be used in this study to substitute cement and aggregate. This substitution would be applied on the porous concrete mixture to minimize the environmental effect. Slag performance will be optimized by trying out variations of fly ash, silica fume, and slag as cement substitution material in mortar mixture. The result is narrowed into two types of substitution. First, reviewed from the fly ash substitution effect on binder material, highest compressive strength 16.2 MPa was obtained from mixture composition 6% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 17% grinding granular blast-furnace slag. Second, reviewed from slag types as cement substitution and silica fume substitution, highest compressive strength 15.2 MPa was obtained from mortar specimens with air-cooled blast furnace slag. It composed with binder material 56% Portland composite cement, 15% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 26% air-cooled blast furnace slag. Considering the cement substitution, the latter mixture was chosen.

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12

Gáspár, László, and Zsolt Bencze. "Blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance." Dorogi i mosti 2021, no. 23 (March 25, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2021.23.053.

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Introduction. There is a global trend to increase the sustainability of road construction and maintenance technologies. The growing use of various industrial by-products as economical and eco-friendly construction and maintenance techniques can be observed in many countries.Problem Statement. The utilization of various forms of blast furnace slag in the road sector can be cost effective, however, several special technological measures have to be taken.PurposePresenting best practices for the use of blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance techniques based on Hungarian and other decade-long experiences.Materials and Methods. The main types investigated are air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded or foamed slag, pelletized slag, and granulated blast furnace slag. The utilization areas in road sector: asphalt layers, surface treatments, rut repair, hydraulically bound pavement layers, unbound base layers, frost protection layer, subgrade, cement production.Results. Presenting best practices for the use of blast furnace slag in road construction and maintenance can be beneficial for the experts of countries with limited experience in the field. Keywords: blast furnace slag, industrial by-products, road construction, road maintenance, environmental protection

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13

Shi, Jinyan, Baoju Liu, S. H. Chu, Yu Zhang, Zedi Zhang, and Kaidong Han. "Recycling air-cooled blast furnace slag in fiber reinforced alkali-activated mortar." Powder Technology 407 (July 2022): 117686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117686.

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14

Grubb, Dennis G., Dusty R. V. Berggren, and Todd B. Weik. "Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag. II: Phosphate Removal from Simulated Rainfall Events." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 22, no. 4 (October 2018): 04018031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000410.

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15

Wang, Hong, Bin Ding, Xiao-Ying Liu, Xun Zhu, Xian-Yan He, and Qiang Liao. "Solidification behaviors of a molten blast furnace slag droplet cooled by air." Applied Thermal Engineering 127 (December 2017): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.215.

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16

Wang, Hui, Su Ping Cui, and Ya Li Wang. "Influence of Process Conditions on the Structure and Hydraulic Activity of Air-Cooling Blast Furnace Slag." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.476.

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Using the industrial limestone, fly ash and pure chemical reagents as raw materials, the blast furnace slag was prepared by the fast air-cooled method. Using orthogonal experiment method, the influence of process conditions such as heating rate, heat preservation time of the blast furnace slag in hearth, discharge temperature of slag and cooling speed on the glass content and hydraulic activity of blast furnace slag were studied, the main influence factors and the optimal process conditions of blast furnace slag were determined. The results showed that the discharge temperature of slag was the key factor influencing on the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag. The impact degree of all process conditions on the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag accord with the following sequence: discharge temperature of slag > heat preservation time > heating rate > cooling rate. And heat preservation time and cooling rate were the key factors influencing 28 days activity index of blast furnace slag, the impact sequence of all process conditions on the 28 days activity index of granulated blast furnace slag was as follows: heat preservation time > cooling rate > discharge temperature of slag > heating rate. This study also optimized the process conditions of granulated blast furnace slag for different indicators.

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17

Bao, Ze Fu, Hai Feng Dai, Peng Zang, and Jiang Ping Wang. "Design and Application of Forced Heat Dispersing Device of Superdeep Drilling Rig in High Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.561.

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The system about the eddy current brake in drilling rig is very important and friable component. The temperature will arise with the winch lift the heave object and break, which will affect the winch. The conventional drilling rigs are cooled by air blast or water circulation, which always can’t content the request of drilling rig winch brake system. For this situation, I am to design and manufacture the forced heat-dispersing unit for ZJ70/4500DZ drilling rig winch. This device unified the formerly forced-air cooling and water cooling characteristic, and what’s more, it consists of air cooler, water tank, water pump valves, manifold and instruments. It has lots of advantages, for example: structure compact, easy installation and maintenance and so on. The article in the bases of analyses the ZJ70 drilling rig winch system characteristic and the theory of the formerly heat-dispersing, to introduced the approach of design and composition design…

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18

Verian, Kho Pin, Parth Panchmatia, Jan Olek, and Tommy Nantung. "Pavement Concrete with Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag and Dolomite as Coarse Aggregates." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2508, no. 1 (January 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2508-07.

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19

Wang, Aiguo, Min Deng, Daosheng Sun, Bing Li, and Mingshu Tang. "Effect of crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag on mechanical properties of concrete." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 27, no. 4 (July 14, 2012): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0543-y.

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20

Tobo, Hiroyuki, Yoko Miyamoto, Keiji Watanabe, Michihiro Kuwayama, Tatsuya Ozawa, and Toshihiro Tanaka. "Solidification Conditions to Reduce Porosity of Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag for Coarse Aggregate." Tetsu-to-Hagane 99, no. 8 (2013): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.99.532.

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21

Lee, Seong-Ho, Joobeom Seo, Kwang-Suk You, Thenepalli Thriveni, and Ji-Whan Ahn. "Synthesis of calcium carbonate powder from air-cooled blast furnace slag under pressurized CO2atmosphere." Geosystem Engineering 15, no. 4 (October 30, 2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2012.732317.

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22

Tobo, Hiroyuki, Yoko Miyamoto, Keiji Watanabe, Michihiro Kuwayama, Tatsuya Ozawa, and Toshihiro Tanaka. "Solidification Conditions to Reduce Porosity of Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag for Coarse Aggregate." ISIJ International 54, no. 3 (2014): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.704.

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23

Yuan-Sheng, Shen, Liu Zong-Ming, Zhu Tao, Yan Fu-Sheng, Xin Hong-Ni, and Sun Rui-Lian. "The new technology and the partial thermotechnical computation for air-cooled blast furnace tuyere." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 5-6 (April 2009): 1232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.06.026.

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24

Wang, Guiqiang, Xiaohang Cheng, Zhiqiangè Kang, and Guohui Feng. "Influence of Airflow Field on Food Freezing and Energy Consumption in Cold Storage." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185301038.

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Currently most food products are cooled and frozen in air-blast cold storage to prolong storage time. The airflow field distribution in storage has a great impact on the process of food freezing and energy cost by that. In this paper, a transient model of food freezing considering airflow field was developed to simulation the temperature profile of air and food products during freezing process. A lumped parameter model was used to predict the temperature and moisture profile of air, which connected all other components together, such as air coolers, food products, envelop enclosure and refrigeration system. A finite difference method was employed to model the heat transfer inside food products during freezing, where the mass transfer was neglected as the food products were wrapped with polystyrene films. Unit load factor method was applied to calculate the sensible heat refrigeration capacity and thus the total capacity of air coolers. The simulation was conducted on a large cold storage filled with large quantities of packaged food products. Results show that there are great differences in airflow field distribution at different locations in cold storage, which lead to spacial differences in freezing time required. Inappropriate set point of freezing time prolongs freezing process unnecessarily and leads to extra energy consumption. Operational mode of air coolers has a great impact on the total energy consumption, as they consume energy themselves and release equivalent heat into storage simultaneously.

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25

Panchmatia, Parth, Taehwan Kim, and Jan Olek. "Effects of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate on Pore Solution Chemistry of Cementitious Systems." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 04019317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002960.

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26

Cao, Qi, Usman Nawaz, Xin Jiang, Lihua Zhang, and Wajahat Sammer Ansari. "Effect of air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregate on mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete." Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (June 2022): e01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01027.

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27

Wang, Aiguo, Min Deng, Daosheng Sun, Bing Li, and Mingshu Tang. "Physical properties of crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag and numerical representation of its morphology characteristics." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 27, no. 5 (October 2012): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0584-2.

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28

de Matos, Paulo R., Jade C. P. Oliveira, Taísa M. Medina, Diego C. Magalhães, Philippe J. P. Gleize, Rudiele A. Schankoski, and Ronaldo Pilar. "Use of air-cooled blast furnace slag as supplementary cementitious material for self-compacting concrete production." Construction and Building Materials 262 (November 2020): 120102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120102.

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29

Nicula, Liliana Maria, Daniela Lucia Manea, Dorina Simedru, Oana Cadar, Mihai Liviu Dragomir, Ioan Ardelean, and Ofelia Corbu. "Potential Role of GGBS and ACBFS Blast Furnace Slag at 90 Days for Application in Rigid Concrete Pavements." Materials 16, no. 17 (August 29, 2023): 5902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175902.

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Incorporating blast furnace slag into the composition of paving concrete can be one of the cost-effective ways to completely eliminate by-products from the pig iron production process (approximately 70% granulated slag and 30% air-cooled slag). The possibility to reintroduce blast furnace slag back into the life cycle will provide significant support to current environmental concerns and the clearance of tailings landfills. Especially in recent years, granulated and ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute for cement and air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) aggregates as a substitute for natural aggregates in the composition of concretes have been studied by many researchers. But concrete compositions with large amounts of incorporated blast furnace slag affect the mechanical and durability properties through the interaction between the slag, cement and water depending on the curing times. This study focuses on identifying the optimal proportions of GGBS as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and ACBFS aggregates as a substitute to natural sand such that the performance at 90 days of curing the concrete is similar to that of the control concrete. In addition, to minimize the costs associated with grinding GGBS, the hydration activity index (HAI) of the GGBS, the surface morphology, and the mineral components were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX), and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMR). The flexural strength, the basic mechanical property of road concretes, increased from 28 to 90 days by 20.72% and 20.26% for the slag concrete but by 18.58% for the reference concrete. The composite with 15% GGBS and 25% ACBFS achieved results similar to the reference concrete at 90 days; therefore, they are considered optimal percentages to replace cement and natural sand in ecological pavement concretes. The HAI of the slag powder with a specific surface area equivalent to that of Portland cement fell into strength class 80 at the age of 28 days, but at the age of 90 days, the strength class was 100. The results of this research present three important benefits: the first is the protection of the environment through the recycling of two steel industry wastes that complies with European circular economy regulations, and the second is linked to the consequent savings in the disposal costs associated with wastefully occupied warehouses and the savings in slag grinding.

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30

Manni, Mattia, Claudia Fabiani, Andrea Nicolini, Anna Laura Pisello, Federico Rossi, and Franco Cotana. "Assessment of operating temperature within the new pavilion for slag management in Terni." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2177, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2177/1/012008.

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Abstract The whole metallurgic sector produces up to 200 million tons of slag, which are tapped from the blast furnace (at a temperature of 1,500°C), and then need to be cooled down before disposal. These cooling processes are generally conducted open-air, significantly affecting local environmental quality of the surroundings. The present study aims at investigating the potential of an innovative slag cooling system housed within a pavilion, designed in order to minimize the emission of dust and pollutants out from the metallurgic plant. Such a system consists of a depressurized environment whose top surface is treated with black pigments and cooled down by water streams above it. Air is continuously extracted and then adequately filtered before being released outdoor. A numerical model was elaborated for evaluating the main heat flows developed within and through the pavilion’s envelope for the case study in Terni, central Italy. Once the physical and geometrical properties of the slag and the pavilion were defined, the heat exchanged with the air and water due to convection, as well as the latent heat dissipated through water evaporation was quantified. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of the water-based cooling system in keeping the roof temperature lower than 328 K without compromising the mechanical properties of the material. The evaporated water mass ranged between 4.2 kg h−1 and79.6 kg h−1 and was strongly influenced by seasonal weather conditions.

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31

Park, Se-Ho, Seung-Tae Lee, and Jae-Hong Jeong. "Experimental study on resistance of cement concrete pavement constructed using air-cooled and water-cooled ground blast-furnace slag exposed to combined carbonation and scaling." International Journal of Highway Engineering 22, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2020.22.5.047.

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32

Park, Yong-Kyu, and Ki-Won Yoon. "The Properties of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregates and the Applicability Evaluation to PHC Pile." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 31, no. 6 (September 30, 2014): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2014.31.6.681.

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33

Park, Yong-Kyu, Hyun-Woo Kim, Seung-Il Kim, Kab-Soo Hur, and Ki-Won Yoon. "The Optimal Mixing Design of the PHC Piles Utilizing the Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate." Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14190/jrcr.2014.2.2.137.

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34

Endawati, Jul. "Permeability and Porosity of Pervious Concrete Containing Blast Furnace Slag as a Part of Binder Materials and Aggregate." Solid State Phenomena 266 (October 2017): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.266.272.

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The use of industrial by-products could provide a feasible solutions for the construction industry to reduce the strain on supply of natural aggregate as well as achieving the concept of environmentally friendly binder material by replacing part of Portland cement. This paper reports the results of an experimental study, mainly on the permeability and porosity characteristic of pervious concrete developed by substituting 26% Portland cement with air-cooled blast furnace slag and replacing part of natural coarse aggregate with granular blast furnace slag of different aggregate size and different water/cement ratio. The pervious concrete with lower water cement ratio and 25% GBFS affected either the porosity or the compressive strength of the pervious concrete. As expected, the porosity increased in pervious concrete with bigger aggregate size, but decreased when the smaller aggregate size was used. Partial substitution of coarse aggregate with granular GBFS of the same gradation size did not affect the permeability coefficient. Specimens developed using water cement ratio of 0.34 and coarser aggregate size tend to have a greater water permebility compared with those of 0.3 water/cement ratio.

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35

Endawati, Jul. "Properties of GGBFS-Based Pervious Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Silica Fume." Solid State Phenomena 266 (October 2017): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.266.278.

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Pervious concrete primarily is used as a means of storm water management. Taking into consideration the environment issues, the binder can also be formed by partially replaced Portland cement by cementitious materials, such as blast furnace slag fine powder, fly ash and silica fume. The combination of the binder materials was determined based on previous work, which composed of 56% Portland Composite Cement, 15% fly ash Type F, 26% air-cooled blast furnace slag from a local steel Industry and 3% condensed silica fume. The compressive strength of specimens with coarser aggregate was lower compared with the control pervious concrete, but still within the range of the requirement compressive strength according to ACI 522R-2010. The difference of the aggregate size affected the enhancement of the compressive strength. The flexural strength of pervious concrete with aggregate size of 9.5mm-12.5mm tend to be higher compared with that of pervious concrete with smaller aggregate size. Furthermore, the addition of 6% natural fine aggregate while applying higher water/cement ratio could be a contribution to the enhancement of the compressive and the flexural strength.

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36

Panchmatia, Parth, Jan Olek, and Taehwan Kim. "The influence of air cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) aggregate on the concentration of sulfates in concrete’s pore solution." Construction and Building Materials 168 (April 2018): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.133.

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Verian, Kho Pin, and Ali Behnood. "Effects of deicers on the performance of concrete pavements containing air-cooled blast furnace slag and supplementary cementitious materials." Cement and Concrete Composites 90 (July 2018): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.009.

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38

Ahn, Byung-Hwan, Su-Jin Lee, and Chan-Gi Park. "Chloride Ion Diffusion and Durability Characteristics of Rural-Road Concrete Pavement of South Korea Using Air-Cooled Slag Aggregates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178215.

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In the construction industry, the lack of supply and demand for high-quality natural aggregates is a problem. In the case of South Korea, according to data from the Ministry of Environment, it is predicted that the depletion of aggregate resources will occur in 20 years, considering the amount of aggregate used in construction every year and the amount of natural aggregate. Therefore, it is necessary to develop recycled aggregates that can replace natural aggregates for construction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of recyclable air-cooled slag (ACS) aggregates as a substitute material for natural aggregates applied to rural-road pavement concrete. That is, the applicability of rural-road pavement concrete is evaluated by evaluating the strength and durability of rural-road pavement concrete to which an ACS aggregate is applied. Durability was assessed in terms of the chloride ion diffusion, repeated wetting-drying, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, and repeated freezing-thawing tests. The test result showed that the diffusion coefficient of the mixture to which the ACS aggregate was applied was slightly larger. In addition, the diffusion coefficient was slightly larger in the case of applying the air-cooled slag coarse aggregate (GG) than in the case of applying the air-cooled slag fine aggregate (GS). The results of abrasion and impact resistance tests of ACS-aggregate-incorporated rural-road concrete indicated that abrasion and impact resistance decreased as the aggregate content increased. The ACS retained some of the properties of the blast furnace slag. Thus, in repetitive wetting-drying tests, which can cause changes in chemical properties, the ACS aggregate increased the concrete’s long-term residual strength. In addition, the results showed that the relative dynamic elastic modulus targeting repeated freezing-thawing resistance satisfied the 80% target. The freeze-thaw resistance improved as the ACS aggregate content increased. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the durability of rural-road pavement concrete can be improved experimentally by applying both GG and GS at the same time. Therefore, it is shown that ACS aggregates can be applied to rural-road pavement concrete as a substitute for natural aggregates.

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Semenov, Yu S., E. I. Shumelchik, V. V. Horupakha, S. V. Vashchenko, O. Yu Khudyakov, K. P. Ermolina, I. Yu Semion, and I. V. Chychov. "INTRODUCTION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR BLAST SMELTING CONTROL IN THE CONDITIONS OF METALLURGICAL PRODUCTION OF PRJSC "DNIPROVSKYI COKE PLANT"." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-78-94.

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The aim of the work is to increase the level of automation of blast furnace production through the development and implementation of new systems to support decision-making on the management of blast furnace smelting in changing technological and fuel conditions. The article presents a description of three decision support systems (DSS) in the mode of an adviser to the technological personnel of blast furnaces, which were implemented by the Iron and Steel Institute or underwent pilot testing as part of the automated control system of the blast furnace shop of the metallurgical production of PrJSC "Dniprovskyi Coke Plant" (Kamianske). The first DSS for managing the thermal state was implemented in 2021, it includes the entire list of information necessary for personnel in a convenient and compact form, generates recommendations in case of technology deviations and, in case of incorrect actions of the personnel, signals the need for correct actions. The main recommendations of the system are to correct the raceway adiabatic flame temperature, coke consumption when its characteristics and ore load change. Using the system allows both reducing the specific coke consumption and preventing unplanned downtime. The second DSS for controlling the distribution of fuel additives over air tuyeres is based on information on thermal loads determined on water-cooled elements of tuyere tools. The main recommendations of the system are to adjust the amount of injected pulverized coal fuel on individual tuyeres in order to ensure a uniform distribution of the raceway adiabatic flame temperature around the circumference of the blast furnace and, as a result, the energy efficiency of blast furnace smelting. The third DSS for adjusting the parameters of the charging mode is based on information from the means of controlling the temperatures of the gas flow above the surface of the charge in the blast furnace. The functioning of this system is based on determining the reference curves for the distribution of the gas flow along the furnace radii, corresponding to the minimum consumption of coke and maximum productivity, and on the search for solutions by direct and iterative optimization methods, which allow, by adjusting the loading parameters, to ensure a rational distribution of charge materials and gas flow in the furnace.

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Shi, Jinyan, Jinxia Tan, Baoju Liu, Jiazhuo Chen, Jingdan Dai, and Zhihai He. "Experimental study on full-volume slag alkali-activated mortars: Air-cooled blast furnace slag versus machine-made sand as fine aggregates." Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (February 2021): 123983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123983.

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41

Abdel-Ghani, Nour T., Hamdy A. El-Sayed, and Amel A. El-Habak. "Utilization of by-pass cement kiln dust and air-cooled blast-furnace steel slag in the production of some “green” cement products." HBRC Journal 14, no. 3 (December 2018): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2017.11.001.

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Ozbakkaloglu, Togay, Lei Gu, and Ali Fallah Pour. "Normal- and high-strength concretes incorporating air-cooled blast furnace slag coarse aggregates: Effect of slag size and content on the behavior." Construction and Building Materials 126 (November 2016): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.015.

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43

Rios, J. D., C. Arenas, H. Cifuentes, B. Peceño, and C. Leiva. "Porous Structure by X-Ray Computed Tomography and Sound Absorption in Pervious Concretes with Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate." Acoustics Australia 47, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40857-019-00162-5.

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44

Harmaji, Andrie, Andri Hardiansyah, Neneng Annisa Widianingsih, Rodulotum Minriyadlil Jannah, and Syoni Soepriyanto. "The effect of Basic Oxygen Furnace, Blast Furnace, and Kanbara Reactor Slag as Reinforcement to Cement Based Mortar." JPSE (Journal of Physical Science and Engineering) 7, no. 1 (April 9, 2022): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um024v7i12022p056.

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Slag is a waste from steelmaking industries that was released into the environment. Slag was used as reinforced material in mortar. Different types of slag, including Air Cooled Slag (ACS), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOFS), and Kanbara Reactor Slag (KRS), were used as a reinforcing material in this study. The composition of slag in the mixture on mortar was 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The sample was made with a water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.35, with the ratio of sand and cement being 1:1.5, respectively. Treatment of mortar sample at ambient temperature was applied. The mortar samples were left to cure until 3, 7, and 28 days, which performed a compression test. The results show that adding slag to the mortar enhanced the compressive strength of the pristine mortar. The highest strength was obtained by adding 10% slag at 28 days. The compressive strength of GBFS, BOFS, KRS, and ACS was 23.76 MPa, 23.28 MPa, 19.68 MPa and 17.48 MPa, respectively. Based on the XRD result, it was discovered that the mixture has more Calcium Silicate Hydrate Peak than Pristine mortar.

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Kim, Jun, Abdul Qudoos, Sadam Jakhrani, Atta-ur-Rehman, Jeong Lee, Seong Kim, and Jae-Suk Ryou. "Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Resistance of High Volume Fly Ash Cement Mortars with Air-Cooled Slag as Fine Aggregate and Polypropylene Fibers." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030469.

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The depletion of natural sand and production of the huge amount of cement in the construction industry are serious threats to the environment, which can be reduced by the utilization of by-products as cement replacement material. In this study, cement was replaced with fly ash up to 45% (by weight). In addition, the natural fine aggregate was replaced with air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregate (here referred to as “slag aggregate”) at a level of 50% and 100% (by weight). Polypropylene fiber was also added, at a dosage of 0.25% of binder weight. Mortar specimens were prepared and analyzed using tests for compressive, flexure, and splitting tensile strength, as well as for microhardness, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. In addition, the specimens were exposed to sulfate solution and investigated for changes in length, mass, and compressive strength. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed to examine the microstructure and phase changes of mortar specimens exposed to sulfate solution. The results indicate that mortar specimens made with 50% slag aggregate and 0.25 % fiber showed enhanced mechanical properties. The performance of slag aggregate mortars under sulfate attack was improved significantly.

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Kokane, Rushikesh S., Chintamani R. Upadhye, and Avesahemad S. N. Husainy. "A Review on Recent Techniques for Food Preservation." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2021.10.2.3009.

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Food preservation is most significant in the food industry to prevent food from the growth of bacteria and yeasts which causes spoilage of food. And also for the safety and reliability of food product, the freezing plays important role in the food industries. Modern industries has introduced many innovative food preservation freezing technologies which are explained in this review paper such freezing technologies are cryogenic freezing, air blast freezing, super-chilling, high pressure freezing and also alternate freezing processes such as ultrasound assisted freezing and electrically and magnetically assisted freezing. This freezing techniques are most commonly used to preserve the food for long period in safe manner. In this food freezing process the food is cooled from ambient temperature to chilling temperature and then stored between temperature of -18 oCand -35 oC to slow down the microbiological, physicaland chemical factorswhich are responsible for spoilage and deterioration in foods. This paper aims to accelerate the developmentand implementation of these freezing technologies by the food sector to achieve better quality and shelf life of food products.

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Wang, Aiguo, Peng Liu, Kaiwei Liu, Yan Li, Gaozhan Zhang, and Daosheng Sun. "Application of Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag Aggregates as Replacement of Natural Aggregates in Cement-based Materials: A Study on Water Absorption Property." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 33, no. 2 (April 2018): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-018-1843-6.

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48

Nicula, Liliana Maria, Daniela Lucia Manea, Dorina Simedru, Oana Cadar, Anca Becze, and Mihai Liviu Dragomir. "The Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on Cement Concrete Road by Microstructure Characterization and Assessment of Physical-Mechanical Resistances at 150/480 Days." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093332.

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The results presented in this paper on the appropriateness of using of blast furnace slag (BFS) in the composition of roads make an original contribution to the development of sustainable materials with the aim to reduce the carbon footprint and the consumption of natural resources. The novelty of this work consists of determining the optimal percentage of BSF in road concrete, in order to: increase mechanical resistances, reduce contractions in the hardening process, and ensure increased corrosion resistances, even superior to classic cement-based mixtures. Thus, the physical-mechanical characteristics and the microstructure of some road concretes were studied in the laboratory for three different recipes. We kept the same amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute for Portland cement, respectively three percentages of 20%, 40%, 60% air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) and crushed as sand substitute from now on called S54/20, S54/40, S54/60. Drying shrinkage, mechanical resistances, carbonation-induced corrosion, microstructure characterization of hardened concretes, and degree of crystallinity by SEM and XRD measurements were analyzed after a longer curing period of 150/480 days. The obtained results on the three BSF mixtures indicated a reduction of drying shrinkage and implicitly increased the tensile resistance by bending to 150 days well above the level of the blank composition. The degree of crystallinity and the content of the majority phases of the mineralogical compounds, albites, quartz, and tobermorite out of the three BSF samples justifies the increase in the compressive strengths at the age of 480 days in comparison with the test samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction measurements showed the highest compactness and lowest portlandite crystal content for the S54/20 slag composite. Future research concerns are the realization of experimental sections in situ, the study of the influence of BFS on the elasticity module of road concrete, and the opportunity to use other green materials that can contribute to the reduction of the carbon footprint, keeping the physical and mechanical properties of road concrete at a high level.

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Ahadi, Khalif, Guntur Tri Setiadanu, Yohanes Gunawan, Subhan Nafis, and Dedi Suntoro. "Energy Consumption Analysis in Katsuwonus Pelamis sp. Freezing and Storaging Process." E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123203017.

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A fresh fish has a short limited fresh time without treatment. To maintain quality and prevent spoilage, several treatments are carried out especially using a cooling method. In the fish storage industry, most energy consumed by cooling equipment. With the rising of energy prices, the frozen fish industries are looking for possibilities to reduce production costs by saving energy. Energy-saving assessment can be seen from the specific energy consumption (SFC) which is a comparison of the amount energy needed to produce a product (kWh/ton of product). This article will be discussed about data collection and analysis to get the value of SFC for process and storage in the fish freezing and storage services industry. The measurement result shows that the value of SFC for cold storage are 4.2 kWh/ton. The SFC used by the air blast freezer (ABF) with 5 tons capacity are 91 Wh/kg. The consumption of electrical energy in ABF is strongly influenced by matched between the capacity specifications of ABF and the number of fish to be cooled. If the 5 tons ABF is only filled less than 2 tons of fish, the SFC will increase more than 50% up to 145 Wh/kg.

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Nicula, Liliana Maria, Daniela Lucia Manea, Dorina Simedru, Oana Cadar, Ioan Ardelean, and Mihai Liviu Dragomir. "The Advantages on Using GGBS and ACBFS Aggregate to Obtain an Ecological Road Concrete." Coatings 13, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081368.

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This work aims to show the advantages of using GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) and ACBFS aggregate (Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag) on the tensile strength and durability properties of infrastructure concrete at the reference age of 28 days. Three concrete mixes were prepared: the first one was a control sample; the second one had 15% GGBS (instead of Portland cement) and 25% ACBFS (instead of natural sand); and the third had 15% GGBS (instead of Portland cement) and 50% ACBFS (instead of natural sand). The studies on mortars focused on the ratio of compressive strength (CS) in correlation with the specific surface area (obtained by the Blain method). The microstructure of the prepared mortars was examined at the age of 28 days by X-ray diffraction, SEM electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive EDX spectrometer, and NMR nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. The results of the tests carried out afterwards on the concretes containing slag (15% GGBS and 25% or 50% ACBFS) showed values that met high-quality criteria for exfoliation (S56 < 0.1 kg/m2), carbonation, and gelling G100 (with a loss of resistance to compression η < 25%). The slag concretes showed a degree of gelation of G100 (with a loss of compressive strength below 25%), low volume losses below 18,000 mm3/5000 mm2 (corresponding to wear class 4, grade I), and moderate penetration of chlorine ions (according to the RCPT test). All of these allow the concrete with slag (GGBS/ACBFS) to be recommended as an ecological road concrete. Our study proved that a high-class road concrete of BcR 5.0 can be obtained, with tensile strengths of a minimum 5 MPa at 28 days (the higher road concrete class in Romania, according to national standards).

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