Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Air conditioning'
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1
Золотова, Світлана Григорівна, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova, and N. A. Radcko. "Air conditioning." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13511.
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Ibrahim, Munzer. "Solar Powered Air Conditioning System." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39522.
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Wachsmuth, Carsten Ulrich Harro. "Precooling strategies for passenger vehicles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/930.
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By ventilating the vehicle’s interior during a soak, the peak cooling load is reduced and therefore the air-conditioning needs less power. This in turn translates to a smaller air-conditioning unit which would consume less power, be lighter and more compact. This solar driven ventilation of the vehicle’s interior during a soak is defined as precooling. During this project the best precooling strategy for passenger vehicles was found by investigating and testing different precooling strategies and evaluating them according to their thermodynamic performance, their potential implementation and their influence on the required cooling performance of the airconditioning cycle. The best performances were achieved by strategies with a high air flow rate and a relatively low air inlet temperature. Two categories of precooling strategies were examined: natural convection and forced convection strategies. Openings in the vehicle’s body that fit to all strategies had to be found; with a big potential concerning their thermodynamic performance and other aspects like prevention against water penetration. The best investigated precooling strategies proved to be the one which used the design outlet as an inlet and the opening of the HVAC as an outlet. With these openings a good air flow through the whole cabin can be guaranteed. In addition to that the strategy only uses existing openings of the body which prevent against water penetration. The required installation space for this strategy already exists and can be considered for the package of next generation vehicles.
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Ting, Tsan-kau Chris. "International market selection in Asia Pacific Region : air conditioning service industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20622867.
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Lilly, Dana Elizabeth. "Analysis and performance of gas-electric hybrid chiller systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15996.
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Tan, Junyi. "Investigation of novel liquid desiccant cooling system." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664251.
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Eftekhari, M. M. "Optimal operation of an air-conditioning plant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234946.
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Tang, Dechao. "Modelling of heating and air-conditioning system." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21451.
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The shortage of natural resources calls for energy conservation and the changing structure of modern science and technology makes possible the efficient dynamic energy modelling. This thesis presents a general review of existing techniques in the field of building and plant system energy modelling and concentrates on the establishment of a generalised modelling tool - the control volume conservation state space approach - to cope with the developing modern technology. The theoretical basis of this approach is discussed and verified in detail and applications demonstrated to the modelling of HVAC systems and equipment. Using this approach, any component of an HVAC system can be modelled at different levels and the qualities of the model are fully supported by the theoretical background of this approach. A computer programme for heating system simulation has been developed for the purpose of model validation and the validation efforts have been involved in the international cooperated programme of IEA Annex 10 exercises. As a part of group research, the work presented in this thesis has been involved in the development of advanced energy modelling techniques and methodology which has taken place at the ABACUS unit.
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Chung, Chenwu. "Air Conditioning System Fundamentals for Architecture Students." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596932.
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This report is not only submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Master of Architecture but also is designed to be used as guide to help architectural professionals and students in the selection and analysis of HVAC systems. This report divided into four sections. Part I is an introduction of basic concepts and terminologies, such as how energy is transfered, sun -earth relations, thermal resistance, and what is entropy. Part II is a review of basic HVAC systems and principles, such as heating and cooling loads, variable volume system, and Constant Volume system. In Part III, duct design will be introduced, for example, low- velocity duct design. Part IV will be applications of above principles and methods.
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Almutairi, Hamad Hhn. "Low energy air conditioning for hot climates." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/low-energy-air-conditioning-for-hot-climates(8e4fe7e9-c0d0-4bc3-8b81-96ced66331e1).html.
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Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.
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Nigi, Hasn. "Air-conditioning systems monitoring for maintenance optimization." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515169.
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Pitts, Adrian C. "Air movement and energy flows in an air-conditioned and partitioned industrial environment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10185/.
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This study concerns an investigation into air movement and associated energy flows within the environment of a synthetic fibre producing factory. A multiplicity of airconditioning and ventilation systems were operated within the factory to provide a suitable atmosphere for the yarn, and also to allow some degree of comfort in hot production areas. Potential for improved operation of these systems was anticipated. Initial experiments showed certain anomalies and problems relating to air conditions and air movement; and an important facet of the production areas was identified as the regular partitioning created by the machine layout. A review of previous studies of building air flows indicated a lack of information relating to industrial and partitioned areas. Mathematical relationships for air flows were studied and the interactions of similar, closely spaced partitions were considered. A series of model scale tests using simple layouts supported a theory of interaction. The effect was substantial for wall type partitions and a considerable overestimation could result from the simple additive approach to determination of total resistance. At the factory a computer based monitoring scheme was designed and installed in order to establish environmental conditions and energy flows. The concept of "total thermal efficiency" was developed as a means of evaluating the performance of some of the air-conditioning systems. Considerable variations were evident between seasons and between systems; improvements being possible and recommended. Air flows were also investigated using Nitrous Oxide as a tracer gas. The effect of the internal partitioning combined with the high degree of ventilation and air-conditioning was to "compartmentalize" the spaces between the machines in the production areas, semi-isolating each from its neighbours. Thus, the results of the simplified model scale work could not be applied directly. However the isolation of the spaces offers potential for better systems operation by reducing air-conditioning requirements.
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Leung, Wai-yip, and 梁偉業. "Indoor air quality and heating, ventilation & air conditioning systemsin office buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253787.
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Alanezi, Ahmad Qatnan. "Dynamic coupling of air culvert air conditioning hybrid cooling system in buildings." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17832.
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Active and passive cooling methods have been the subject of much investigation. Nevertheless, there remains a significant opportunity to utilise the so-called "responsive building elements" and to arrange for cooperative deployment with downsized, conventional HVAC systems. The integration of an air culvert with an active cooling system along with associated control is the subject of this thesis. The issues studied within this thesis are as follows. The quantification of air culvert thermal efficacy. The elaboration of an integrated system design method that accounts for the transient interaction between the air culvert and the air conditioning systems. The requirement for hybrid system control when deployed within different climates. The ESP-r system was adopted within the present work. A ground temperature model was established for the hot/dry climate location selected and validated against measured soil temperature profiles. A culvert model was derived and verified empiricall y and by inter-model comparison. Results showed that the ESP-r model can robustly quantify the thermal performance of an air culvert. The culvert was then coupled to a residential villa situated in the hot/arid climate domain and its contribution explored. A constant air volume air-conditioning system was then linked to the culvert-building model and used to research approaches to the control of such a hybrid cooling system. A general control strategy was then devised corresponding to specific objectives and constraints. Results confirmed that the final control set-up can be implemented for a culvert/HVAC hybrid cooling system regardless of climate type, with cooling load matching in excess of 85% keeping indoor resultant temperatures within comfort threshold limits. The project conclusion is that a culvert may be deployed in a manner that allows significant down-sizing of conventional cooling plant, thereby achieving both capital and running costs savings without appreciable loss.
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To, Ka-wing. "Environmental, cost and health benefits of district cooling." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4257657X.
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To, Ka-wing. "Environmental, coat and health benefits of district cooling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25436119.
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Redshaw, Stuart Peter. "Waste heat powered ejector air-conditioning for vehicles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407003.
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Kuegler, Kurt W. "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and design /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10982.
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Soares, Darrow P. "Curriculum in mathematics for air conditioning and refrigeration." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1239.
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Kwan, Hung-on Tony. "A study of the structure of Hong Kong central air-conditioning industry and the competitive strategy of contractors /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12341769.
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Bantan, Mafor Glory. "Thermodynamic and electrical performance monitoring of a domestic split-type air conditioner and development of a simulation based R22 permanent replacement." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4857.
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The difficulty that exists in accurately monitoring the performance of air conditioners has made performance prediction an arduous task. Nevertheless, the performance still needs to be monitored and predicted as it helps solve a lot of problems resulting from this technology like effect of the technology on the grid, energy consumption, water utilisation and GHGs emission. With the introduction of regression modelling as a means of system monitoring and prediction some years ago, the accuracy was still a call for concern. It is worth realising that increasing the number of predictors will enhance this method’s accuracy. As such, this document intends to increase the accuracy of this method’s monitoring and predicting ability by increasing the number of predictors to cut across system thermal, environmental and human behavioural variation. These predictors experimentally gotten are used to build an environ-behavioural model that monitors the coefficient of performance and energy consumption of a domestic split-type air conditioner with higher accuracy. Refrigerants have undergone evolution in the past decades in a bid to come up with a refrigerant that has zero ODP, lower – than – R22 GWP and much better than R22 thermodynamic performance. No pure refrigerant has been found to possess these qualities as such mixtures or blends are the best shot at the moment. R410A could stand the test of time to be the long term R22 replacement but for the fact that besides R410A’s higher GWP than that of R22, the former’s system performance is lower than that of the latter’s due to the lower thermodynamic performance of the former. This means the search continues. In this document, a combination of carefully chosen refrigerant components are carefully blended to come up with a simulation based R22 long term replacement, which will be referred to in this document as BTEP.
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Liu, Lianquan. "Analytical and experimental investigation of closed-cycle sorption cooling systems." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 1992. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9231123.
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Leung, Wai-yip. "Indoor air quality and heating, ventilation & air conditioning systems in office buildings /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734315.
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Cafe, Gary. "Energy efficient Air-conditioning: Technology review and decision aid for Australian telecommunications sites." Thesis, Cafe, Gary (2011) Energy efficient Air-conditioning: Technology review and decision aid for Australian telecommunications sites. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/5818/.
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Energy consumption is a major concern for telecommunications infrastructure companies with issues including government legislation, sharply rising costs of electricity and environmental impacts. Air-conditioning represents a significant proportion of the energy use at telecommunications sites but also provides some of the greatest potential for savings. This paper explores the available technologies and aims to aid engineers in making technology choices that maximise this potential.
The first section provides a technology review covering the major current technologies of today and those presenting significant potential in the future. For each technology the following sections are presented:
1. A succinct description of the theory behind the technology with further information available in the appendices if required.
2. A literature review discussing the technology's state of commercial development with case study reviews and where available.
3. a review and analysis to provide clear examples of how this technology can be utilised on telecommunications sites.
4. A list main advantages and disadvantages to summarise the findings and recommend the applications which present the greatest potential.
To aid in the paper's continued use, a decision aid has been developed to give the reader a tool for continual assessment of these ever evolving technologies. The primary aim of the decision aid is to provide a tool that will engineers in choosing the most suitable technology by guiding them through an assessment of relevant life cycle criteria. The decision aid is designed for comparison of site specific input data relevant at the time of use and is flexible in its application from high level first pass assessment to more detailed analysis. The decision aid also has the ability to be applied in a generalised fashion to aid nationwide network planning and focus investment.
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Sou, Kun Tou. "Microorganism control for air conditioning systems using ultraviolet light." Thesis, University of Macau, 2002. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1446149.
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Wolpert, Jorge L. "Solar powered ejector air conditioning system for Mexican climate." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397596.
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Ahmad, Abdalqader Y. H. "Investigation of cryogenic energy storage for air conditioning applications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8255/.
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This research aims to develop an efficient air conditioning technology that exploits cold energy storage to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions and shift the cooling load to off peak times to achieve better national electricity grid stability. The investigation includes the use of commonly used cold storage materials (ice, Phase Change Materials PCM) to enhance the existing air conditioning systems and using cryogenic cold storage namely, liquid nitrogen/air (LN2/Lair) to provide air conditioning for domestic and office buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modelling of the main two components in the cryogenic cooling system namely, cryogenic heat exchanger and expander were also carried out. An experimental test facility was developed to validate the CFD modelling of the liquid nitrogen evaporation process and assess its potential to provide cooling. Results showed that integrating existing Air Conditioning systems with cold storage tank can lead to energy saving of up to 26% and shifting the cooling load to off peak times, but this energy saving is highly dependent on the storage medium and its storage temperature. Also, using cryogenic fluids (LN2/Lair) to provide air conditioning for domestic and office buildings can recover up to 94% of the energy stored in LAir and up to 78% of the energy stored in LN2, and based on LN2/Lair prices of 3.5 pence per kg the system showed cost saving of the energy consumption of up to 73% when LAir is used and 67% when LN2 is used compared with the conventional system. The CFD modelling of cryogenic heat exchanger showed good agreement with the experimental work with maximum deviation 7.6%.
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Boyer, Elizabeth J. "A study of membrane properties on air conditioning performance." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15758.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Chemical Engineering
Mary E. Rezac
Mary E. Rezac
Energy consumption due to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning amounts to 10-20% of global electrical energy usage. Air conditioning alone uses one trillion kilowatt hours globally. This energy is required for the dehumidification of air in addition to its cooling. New membrane technologies have the potential to decrease air conditioning energy requirements by significant amounts. A membrane acts as a partial heat and mass exchanger in conjunction with a traditional air conditioning system to remove water content and reduce the cooling load. Membranes vary according to their properties and method of mass transport. Liquid membranes have high permeability and selectivity, dense membranes have high selectivity and low permeability, and porous membranes have low selectivity and high permeability. A theoretical model was created to observe how membrane properties affected the potential energy savings of such systems. The most influential properties were flow rate, water permeability and selectivity, membrane area and thickness, and the purge flow temperature. Other properties were determined to be minimally important such as outdoor temperature and humidity. The effect on energy savings in many cases was not a linear relationship but suggested an optimal value beyond which energy savings did not significantly increase. The best simulations showed electrical energy savings of 86-95%.
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Moskalenko, S. "The significance of the air conditioning in our lives." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45614.
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Maintaining an optimal climatic conditions in apartments, houses, offices, cars, as well as cleaning indoor air of harmful particles - all these make an integral part of our life. For a modern man this comfort is a necessity and not a luxury. Otherwise life becomes unbearable. We are so accustomed to some of the modern facilities that can not even imagine how we got along without air conditioning before. Such benefit of civilization as air conditioning has quite closely incorporated into our daily lives.
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Mei, Jun. "Energy efficiency control of direct expansion air conditioning systems." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67805.
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The dynamic mathematical models for direct expansion air conditioning (DX A/C) systems with respect
to indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, relative humidity and air temperature and the coupling
effects among them have been built in this thesis. To reduce the energy cost and improve the energy
efficiency for DX A/C systems while maintaining both indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort
at acceptable levels, a hierarchical control structure is proposed in this thesis. This control structure
includes two levels. The upper level is an open loop optimal controller to generate the optimal setpoints
of indoor CO2 concentration, relative humidity and air temperature for the lower level controller. The
lower level designs a closed-loop model predictive control (MPC) controller to optimize the transient
processes reaching the setpoints where the energy efficiency improvement and energy cost savings are
achieved.
In Chapter 2, the control objective is to improve both IAQ and thermal comfort as well as energy
efficiency for a DX A/C system. The details of a hierarchical control structure in this chapter are as follows: In the upper layer, an energy-optimised open loop controller is proposed based on an
optimization of energy consumption of the DX A/C system and given reference points of indoor CO2
concentration, relative humidity and air temperature to generate a unique and optimised steady state for
the lower layer controller. In the lower layer, the closed-loop MPC controller is proposed such that the
indoor CO2 concentration, relative humidity and air temperature follow the steady state computed by
the upper layer, whereas the energy efficiency is improved. To facilitate the MPC design, the nonlinear
DX A/C control system is linearized around the optimised steady state.
In Chapter 3, the control objective is to lower the energy cost and consumption of a DX A/C system
while maintaining both IAQ and thermal comfort at comfort levels. To achieve this purpose, an
autonomous hierarchical control (AHC) structure is designed and described below. The upper level
is an open loop nonlinear optimal controller, which optimizes the predicted mean vote (PMV) index
and the energy cost for the DX A/C system under a time-of-use (TOU) price structure of electricity
according to the changing environment over a 24-hour period, to generate the tradeoff setpoints of
indoor CO2 concentration, relative humidity and air temperature for the lower level controller. The
lower layer is formed as a closed-loop MPC to track the trajectory reference points calculated by the
optimization layer. This AHC strategy means the upper controller can adaptively and automatically set
the setpoints and the lower layer adaptively and optimally tracks them, minimizing energy consumption
and costs. In addition, in this chapter, the volumes of outside air allowed to enter the DX A/C system
are regarded as varying with the changing circumstance over a day and are optimized by the AHC.
Moreover, a supply fan to steer the pressure swing absorption with a built-in proportional-integral (PI)
controller is proposed to lower the indoor CO2 concentration such that it would reduce the complexity
of computation for the AHC and the cost of hardware.
In Chapter 4, the control objective is to reduce energy cost, improve energy efficiency, and reduce
communication resources, computational complexity and conservativeness, as well as peak demand
for a multi-zone building multi-evaporator air conditioning (ME A/C) system while maintaining
multi-zones’ thermal comfort and IAQ at comfort levels. To realize this objective and to consider the
interaction effects between rooms, we present an autonomous hierarchical distributed control (AHDC)
method. The upper level is an open loop nonlinear optimizer, which only collects measurement
information and solves a distributed steady state optimization problem to adaptively and automatically
generate time-varying and optimised reference points of indoor CO2 concentration, relative humidity
and air temperature for the lower-layer controllers, by minimizing the demand and energy costs of a multi-zone building ME A/C system under the TOU price structure of electricity according to the
changing circumstance during the day. The lower level also uses local information to track the trajectory
references calculated by the upper-layer distributed controller, via distributed MPC controllers. The
proposed hierarchical control strategy is distributed in two layers since they use only local information
from the working zone and its neighbours.
To validate the performance of these hierarchical control strategies for DX A/C systems, simulation
tests are performed in this thesis. In Chapter 2, simulations are provided to show that the closed-loop
regulation of the MPC controller and the energy-optimised open loop controller can maintain indoor
CO2 concentration, relative humidity and air temperature at their desired setpoints with small deviations
and reduce the effect of indoor cooling and pollutant loads. The simulations also demonstrate that
the controllers are superior to conventional controllers in terms of energy efficiency. In Chapter 3,
the simulation tests show that the AHC strategy can reduce more energy consumption and cost than
the baseline strategy. In addition, the tests demonstrate that the AHC scheme is not sensitive to the
physical parameters of the DX A/C system. In Chapter 4, to show the performance of the two-layer
distributed control strategies, a case study is given. The simulation tests demonstrate that the AHDC
strategy is capable of shifting demand from peak hours to off-peak hours and reducing the energy cost
for a multi-zone building ME A/C system while maintaining multi-zones’ IAQ and thermal comfort at
comfort levels.Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Torres, Arevalo Arturo Alejandro, and Changhao Han. "Air conditioning system modeling for car fuel economy simulation." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246125.
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The automotive air conditioning system is the greatest auxiliary load of a vehicle, having a considerable impact on its fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. For this reason, forecasting the influence that this sys-tem has on the fuel economy of a car is desired. The present work is dedicated to model the air conditioning system of a plug-in hybrid ve-hicle in order to predict its energy consumption. GT-SUITE was chosen as the simulation tool, where the air condi-tioner, which is a vapor-compression refrigeration system, was mod-eled by specifying its components: compressor, evaporator, thermal expansion valve and condenser. Moreover, additional sub-systems which influence the energy consumption were also considered, these are the vehicle’s cabin and the battery cooling loop. The simulated model shows good agreement with test data for impor-tant parameters such as the compressor power consumption and the air temperature after the evaporator. The percent difference between the test data and the simulation for the auxiliary power consumption (energy consumed by the A/C compressor and the charging load of the low voltage battery) is 6.25%.På ett fordon utgör luftkonditioneringssystem den främsta extraordi-nära energibelastningen, vilket har stor påverkan på bränsleförbruk-ning och koldioxidutsläpp. Av detta skäl är det önskvärt att förutse det inflytande som detta system har på fordonets bränsleekonomi. Detta arbete är har för avsikt att simulera luftkonditioneringssystemet för ett plug-in hybridfordon för att förutsäga energiförbrukningen. GT-SUITE valdes som simuleringsverktyg, där klimatanläggningen, som är ett ångkomprimerat kylsystem, modellerades genom att speci-ficera komponenterna: kompressor, förångare, värmeutvidgningsven-til och kondensor. Dessutom beaktades ytterligare delsystem som på-verkar energiåtgången, nämligen fordonets hytt och batterikylnings-loop. Den simulerade modellen visar en god korrelation med testdata för be-tydelsefulla parametrar såsom kompressorns energiförbrukning och lufttemperaturen efter förångarsteget. Den procentuella skillnaden mel-lan testdata och simuleringen för den extra energiförbrukningen (ener-gi som förbrukas av A/C-kompressorn och laddningen av lågspän-ningsbatteriet) är 6,25%.
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Ibrahim, Sherine Taher Mahmoud. "Simulation of air-conditioning loads in electrical power systems." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362265.
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Langman, Jason Claude Chris. "Air conditioning performance during future climate conditions in Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/209304/1/Jason%20Claude%20Chris_Langman_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis uses building simulations to assess air conditioning energy consumption and thermal comfort impacts on housing in current and future climates in three climate zones in QLD. The simulations looked at natural ventilation potential, cooling system resilience and performance as well as indoor environmental conditions. It evaluated three different air conditioning technologies under current and 2050 future climate files. Overall, the results challenge the HVAC industry to explore resilience in their design by means of increased system capacity or alternative renewable cooling technologies.
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Chiarello, Manuel. "Development of high efficiency air-conditioning and heating systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426578.
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The energy efficiency is one of the most important topic concerning heating, cooling and refrigerating systems. The objective of researchers and manufacturers is to reduce the energy consumptions of such systems, assuring the same capacity. The interest is related not only to the price of energy, continuously increasing, but also to the need of reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide, responsible of the global warming. In addition, the optimization of a heating, cooling or refrigerating system must take into consideration economical constrains and restrictions, fixed by national or international organism, concerning the use of refrigerants. The subject has different solutions: in the Introduction of the present work, a review of such options is presented.
In the first part of this work, the theme of the energy efficiency is faced considering the system at rating conditions. Several solutions, to optimize a HVAC&R plant, are investigated, taking into account aspects like the refrigerant, the cycle configuration and the components.
In the second part, the issue of the energy efficiency is studied according to a more recent approach, considering the energy consumptions of a system running at different part load ratios. In this way, the control and management techniques are studied, highlighting the actual seasonal energy consumption of the plant.
The objective of the present work is to provide a wide range of solutions for the energy optimization, taking into consideration the needs and the characteristics of different systems. The fact that there is not an univocal solution of the problem of the energy efficiency, but each plant configuration must be studied, is remarked.Il tema dell’efficienza energetica è uno delle questioni più importanti nell’ambito della ricerca riguardante i sistemi di refrigerazione, condizionamento e riscaldamento. L’obiettivo, infatti, è quello di minimizzare i consumi energetici di tali impianti, garantendo la stessa resa. L’interesse riguardante tale tema è giustificato non solo dal prezzo dell’energia, in costante aumento, ma anche dalla necessità di ridurre le emissioni di anidride carbonica, responsabile del riscaldamento globale. L’ottimizzazione di sistemi di condizionamento e refrigerazione, inoltre, deve sottostare a vincoli di natura economica e ai limiti imposti da normative nazionali ed internazionali riguardo l’uso dei refrigeranti. Il problema presenta molteplici sfaccettature, che saranno brevemente riassunte nell’Introduzione del presente lavoro. Nella prima parte di questa tesi si affronta il problema dell’efficienza energetica considerando il funzionamento dell’impianto nelle condizioni di progetto. Vengono prese in esame alcune modalità di ottimizzazione di un impianto HVAC&R, considerando aspetti come il refrigerante, il tipo di ciclo e i singoli componenti. Nella seconda parte il tema dell’efficienza energetica viene affrontato secondo un approccio più moderno, considerando i consumi di un impianto operante a diverse frazioni di carico. In questo caso particolare risalto viene dato alle modalità di controllo e gestione del sistema, evidenziando gli effettivi risparmi energetici annuali. L’obiettivo finale è offrire un ampio ventaglio di soluzioni per le diverse necessità e le diverse tipologie di impianto, fermo restando che non esiste una soluzione univoca al problema dell’ottimizzazione energetica, ma che ogni singolo caso deve essere studiato nella sua specificità.
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洪淵深 and Yuen-sum Hung. "Study of interactions of terminal units of a variable air volume air conditioning system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214162.
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Hung, Yuen-sum. "Study of interactions of terminal units of a variable air volume air conditioning system /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18696417.
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Seshadri, Swarooph. "Optimization of Air Conditioning Cycling." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9775.
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Systems based on the vapor compression cycle are the most widely used in a variety of air conditioning applications. Despite the vast growth of modern control systems in the field of air conditioning systems, industry standard control is still thermostat based on-off control, in other words cycle control. This thesis proposes an approach to find the optimal profiles for the expansion valve and the evaporator fan for an air conditioning system for a given period of on-off cycle of the compressor. The research will consist of two phases, the development of a simulation model and an experimental analysis.
In this thesis, the profiles for the expansion valve and the evaporator fan are parameterized by an S-curve equation so that the optimization problem will have less numbers of parameters. The first step is a simulation model that predicts startup/shutdown characteristics. This model is used as a tool to understand the effect that the S-curve parameters has on the system cycle efficiency. Several key vapor compression system dynamics are identified as causes for increasing/decreasing system's cyclic efficiency. Refrigerant migration and fan delay at shutdown are determined as crucial issues that have an effect on the A direct search optimization algorithm, namely the simplex search algorithm, is then used to search for the optimal S-curve parameters. Valve/fan strategies that ultimately resulted in a better superheat control are assessed as the most energy efficient. Extensive experimental tests conducted on a 3-ton residential air conditioner are then presented to intuitively understand the effect of expansion valve and evaporator fan cycling in a real system. A real time optimization method is explored and the feasibility, recommendations for a successful online method are proposed. The heuristics for the expansion valve and evaporator fan profiles from the optimization results could be easily hard coded into any commercial air conditioning system to perform the much preferred cycle control. Thus a significant improvement in the energy performance was observed without the use of any advanced control techniques.
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Yih, Chen-Lun, and 易正倫. "Simulator of Air-Conditioning Systems." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02205608137093313215.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
90
Simulator of Air-Conditioning Systems Yih, Chen Lun Abstract Technology of computer simulation is widely used in many kinds of areas. The purpose of this research is to establish a simulator of air-conditioning systems for operator training and design verification. It also builds a complete structure for further research. In the text, we build the mathematical models of the elements in air-conditioning systems first, and we realize the models by the concept of “Object-Oriented Analysis” (OOA). At last, we combine the element models and build all kinds of air-conditioning system models by the concept of modulization. There are two purposes of using the concept of OOA. First, it is easier to extend the element models exists, so we can build the complete air-conditioning element model database. It also makes the method of simulation more general. We compare the simulation results based on this research with two sets of experiment data. The validity of the numerical results is confirmed. This text could be referenced for the research of a more functional air-conditioning simulator.
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CHEN, YEN-HSUN, and 陳彥勳. "Intelligent Air Conditioning Switch Machine." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5eab8u.
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碩士逢甲大學
資訊電機工程碩士在職學位學程
106
The purpose of this research is to construct a smart oxygen air conditioning switching system integrating various environmental sensors. Sensors include temperature and humidity sensors, carbon dioxide sensors, aerosol (PM2.5) sensors with an instantaneous and accurate intelligent system to monitor the quality of indoor air. In a sealed indoor environment, generally cold air is activated and so-called internal circulation and indoor exhaust in which indoor air naturally exchanges indoor and outdoor air can be considered, but in reality both the internal circulation and the external exhaust can only be used. In order to improve the indoor air quality of the indoor environment, fresh air outside the room can be introduced into the room. The intelligent oxygen-operated air conditioning switch system designs the air filter at the inlet and outlet fan ports for indoor air cleaning, indoor cloudy air emission, and high oxygen content replacement of fresh gas.
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Chang, Shuen-Chao, and 張順超. "Discussion on the efficiency of air conditioning control combined with pre-cooling air conditioning system." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5k9qa7.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
106
Taiwan is in a humid and high-temperature climate in the subtropical zone. According to statistics, modern people have an average of 90% of working hours. In indoor environments (including home environments, offices or other buildings), "Sick Building Syndrome" is prone to occur. However, most of the researches are aimed at the correlation between biogas glue (referred to as biological particles suspended in the air), office buildings, hypermarkets, and the environment and air quality in the north, south, and south. This research experiment is based on the registration and analysis of the indoor air quality of a medical center in Kaohsiung, and following the domestic indoor air quality management method and the indoor air conditioning temperature demand, the air conditioning box is matched with the pre-cooled air conditioning box. Under different control modes, the carbon dioxide concentration in the indoor chamber and the power consumption of the air conditioner box motor in the variable frequency operation are statistically analyzed. The first stage carbon dioxide concentration is set at 800ppm to control the damper opening of the air conditioner box automatically, and the different frequency control of the return fan motor is separately controlled. So with the pre-cooled air-conditioner as the introduction condition when the external air is insufficient, the energy-saving benefit has a difference of 30.8%. In the second stage, the indoor air-carbon concentration detector and the outdoor devaluation detector automatically control the damper opening of the air-conditioning box. Also, with the pre-cooled air-conditioning box as a condition when the outside air is insufficient, its energy-saving benefit is better than the first stage, its energy-saving advantage can also reach 32% difference. According to the analysis of the experimental results, the best way to improve the indoor air quality is to introduce fresh external air volume, install the devaluation detector for the air inlet of the air-conditioner, control the inverter with the return fan, and match the pre-cooled air-conditioning box. Introducing conditions when gas is insufficient is one of the ways to help reduce air conditioning load and power consumption.
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Yeh, Chih-ling, and 葉志凌. "Refrigerated Air Conditioning SystemsDesign and Application." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57009635015270031425.
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碩士國立高雄大學
電機工程學系-工業技術整合產業研發碩士專班
101
Since science and technology improve day by day, Air conditioning and refrigerant products have been used in most part of our lives and changed our living habits. It is also most important parts for our lives. These are applied in our food、clothing、housing、transportation and related entertainments. This research mainly studies refrigerated air conditioning system design and application by actual project. In general the equipment of refrigerated air conditioning equipment is placed at room. To Chiller unit、chilled water pump, cooling water pump, cooling tower and others parts are completed reach comfortable air conditioning and cooling capacity. The system uses a middle and small type design and is constructed in Taiwan, then it would be exported to Asian or the other countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia eg. Different solutions can be developed for refrigerated air conditioning system. Hopefully, such model and analysis of the experiment could be regarded as an efficient technique applied into actual units, and Furthermore, this system would provide chiller units with not simply deeper discussion but also more efficient solution to the goal of energy saving.
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Lai, Ying-Hsu, and 賴瑩栩. "Simulation on Package Air-conditioning System." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42462357184600348998.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
冷凍與低溫科技研究所
92
This research is to develop a computer-aided software for designing a water-cooled package air-conditioner. The simulation software consists of several design program modules including air circulation module, refrigeration cycle module and cooling tower module. The programs can be utilized to do performance researches or analysis by only inputting ambient air and return air conditions. The programs are written in Visual Basic language and will run on a personal computer. A PC could handle any complicated problems with long calculation easily and quickly. By simulation at outdoor WBT 27±0.1℃or 28℃±0.1℃and 3 different return air temperatures, it was verified that all parameters obtained from simulation programs are within 20％ of experimental data. It concluded that the package air-conditioning simulator was feasible in practical application.
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Lin, Shyue Shyan, and 林學賢. "Analysis Large Space Air Conditioning System." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02946251029449893683.
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Crum, Daniel R. "Open cycle desiccant air conditioning systems." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14352936.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-176).
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Hsin-JungFu and 傅新榮. "Behavior of individual air-conditioning use." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81302510972908224588.
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Shieh, Perng-Fa, and 謝鵬發. "Air Conditioning Design and Performance Analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51952031651862813777.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
98
In order to understand the influence of contamination detachment of air conditioning supplied and return installed location, includes return locations the wall near the floor and locations the 4 corner near the floor, under an operating room at the same air changes per hour. The method to carry out this study was using CFD（computational fluid dynamics）. Subjects were recruited through 2 case studies. Clearly, the findings indicate that the results of CFD simulation, the supply HEPA（high efficiency particulate absorbing） module above table at ceiling particle detachment performed significantly batter than other ; the return location the wall near the floor superior to location the 4 corner near the floor. But the difference proved unimpressive of 0.3μm and 0.5μm.
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Liu, Ting-Chi, and 劉丁吉. "Study of Regional Air-Conditioning Technology." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x4qhzj.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
96
Uneven regional temperature and airflow distribution, which are caused by unconsidered technology of personalized regional air-conditioning control of today’s air conditioning, lead to the consumption and waste of air conditioning energy, so this research brings up a new idea. The main purpose of the research plan is to make airflow sustain independently in a suitable region by the establishment of airflow management technology as well as the control of the best deployment of exhaled and inhaled air outlet and the wind velocity of an electric fan. Another objective of it is to create a comfortable living space by timely providing clean and fresh air of suitable temperature and humidity. The research plan will use fluent software to make an imitative analysis of 3-D spatial thermal flow field, as Develops personalize regional air-conditioning technique and aggrandizes research feasibility. Based on the result of the imitative analysis, the research plan will virtually make a prototype machine of personalized regional air conditioning energy saving equipment to compare with it. Contrary to the same concept of airflow management and study result can be applied to air conditioning of any space. This excellently contributes to the energy saving of air conditioning and the increased energy usage efficiency.
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"Waste minimisation at an air-conditioning company." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3981.
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Waste minimisation involves reducing waste (emissions, effluent, solid waste) in companies, at source. v 7, 8 Its benefits include cost savings, environmental improvement, increased throughput and risk and liability reduction. 7, 8, 13 Through implementation of a structured waste minimisation programme, companies can identify waste minimisation
opportunities: broad focus areas that will benefit from a more detailed waste minimisation assessment. More specific waste minimisation solutions can then be identified. In this study, the waste minimisation opportunity was identified by the company, Ben Booysen, a priori. Ben Booysen is a local air-conditioning and refrigeration company in Pietermaritzburg, which services air-conditioner units. They identified the waste minimisation opportunity of optimising the process conditions for cleaning the airconditioner units. At the time at Ben Booysen, Alukleen, an acid cleaner (RT Chemicals®, RTCM 64) , was applied manually (by a paintbrush) at an effective dilution of 1:3 to clean the aluminium air-conditioner coils. Handy Andy and green soap were used to clean the plastic covers of the units. Concerns about the effluent, cost and safety of handling Alukleen led to their identification of this waste minimisation opportunity. The initial objectives of this project were thus the qualification and quantification of the species present in Alukleen; the quantification of the species present in the Ben Booysen effluent and the subsequent comparison of these values to limits for disposal to stormwater and Darvill. A further objective was the optimisation of the cleaning system with regard to Alukleen concentration and contact (soaking) time. Wet chemical analysis was employed as a qualitative tool for identification of the components present in Alukleen. This analysis indicated that fluoride, sulfate, sulfide, arsenite and chloride ions are present in Alukleen. Further quantitative analysis using the
Ion chromatograph, the ICP-OES and a fluoride ion selective electrode indicated that only sulfate (152600 ppm) and fluoride (25400 ppm) are present in significant quantities. Studies were conducted on aluminium coil pieces in which both the contact (soaking) times and Alukleen concentrations were varied. These tests indicated that the effect of
soaking time on the cleanliness achieved was negligible. Although a greater amount of dirt was removed when using more concentrated Alukleen solutions, etching of the metal occurred at higher concentrations, resulting in a loss of sheen and malleability of the metal. Etching of the aluminium air-conditioner coils by Alukleen, as indicated by both digital photography and electron microscopy, resulted in extending the objectives of this project
to include the investigation of alternative aluminium cleaners. Hence, the cleaning action of three degreasers was investigated: Powerkleen (RT Chemicals®, RTCMI23), Technicians' Choice (Auto Brite (PTY) Ltd.) and Klengine (Auto Brite (PTY) Ltd.) . Powerkleen was found to be the most effective degreaser and did not compromise the metal's sheen or malleability. Further studies were then conducted to characterise the
major components ofPowerkleen and to optimise its use with regard to concentration and contact (soaking) time. The suitability oftwo methods of application was also tested. The main component of Powerkleen, determined through the use of ICP-OES, was found to be potassium hydroxide, present at a concentration of 0.711 M. The optimum Powerkleen concentration range for cleaning the aluminium coils was found to be between a 1:20 and 1:40 dilution. Contact (soaking) time of Powerkleen with the aluminium coils was found to have a negligible effect on the mass of dirt removed by the degreaser. Application of the Powerkleen to the aluminium coils by an air gun at a pressure of 4 bars (for units serviced at Ben Booysen) and by a pump bottle (for units serviced in industry) were both found to achieve an acceptable degree of cleanliness of the aluminium.
A feasibility analysis (technical , economical and environmental) indicated that a 1:40 dilution of Powerkleen is a feasible, cost-effective and environmentally compliant alternative to Alukleen. Implementation of the Powerkleen cleaning system would result in a R5030 annual saving with a payback period of 5.9 months and an internal rate of return of 214.9%. It would further eliminate the fluoride effluent problems associated with Alukleen and reduce the quantity of chemical raw materials required for the process from 2100 Llannum to 260 Llannum. In industry, an effective dilution of 1:39 would be used for the sake of eas y dilution. A 1:79 dilution of Powerkleen was also found to be a feasible replacement for Handy Andy and green soap in the cleaning of the plastic covers of the units.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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TUAN, NGUYEN ANH, and 阮英俊. "Study of a Regional Air-conditioning Mechanism." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fy5ksc.
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博士國立臺北科技大學
機電整合研究所
100
Making a room more comfortable, healthy, safe, and energy-efficient, while limiting the increase of CO2, is an important goal with broad implications at home and work environments. This study presents a new concept in energy-saving equipment, namely, a regional air-conditioning mechanism (RACM). RACM system consists of a main duct with an upper round inlet port and a lower round outlet port located in a room. RACM can produce an airflow circulation cell for satisfying the thermal comfort demands of users and potentially be energy-saving. The experimental study was examined with manikins in the room. RACM can create two independent thermal environment regions in the room, that is, the occupied zone with RACM installation (manikin one) and the other zone without RACM installation (manikin two). The highest temperature difference between both manikins was up to 6oC. Experimental platforms were set up to test the validity of a simulation model, and the test results showed good agreement with simulation. The numerical analysis targets two areas: (1) study the effects of the physical and geometrical parameters of RACM system to obtain the optimal airflow, temperature distribution, and thermal comfort indices in the occupied zone in an empty cylindrical room using non-dimensional form; (2) determine their suitable adjustments for creating a better airflow circulation cell using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Thirty-three case studies were divided into eight groups with various values of outlet port angle (phi_2), distance between outlet port and floor surface (L2), outlet port height (Wout), outlet vacuum pressure (Pout), angle of inlet port (phi_1), distance between inlet port and floor surface (L1), inlet port height (Win), and Reynolds number (Re). Under suitable range of adjustments, the airflow circulation cell is hold well in the occupied zone. RACM takes the airflow circulation cell to achieve values in acceptable thermal comfort indices such as predicted mean vote (PMV), vertical temperature profiles and floor surface temperature. The study also used Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays to evaluate the importance of eight design parameters for improving airflow circulation energy efficiency (Eoz) performance in the occupied zone:phi_2, L2, Wout, Pout,phi_1, Win, L1, and cooling air supply flow rate (Qin). The level of each parameter in Taguchi’s method is chosen based on the suitable range of adjustments above. The results show that six parameters of RACM system including, Wout, Pout, phi_1, Win, L1, and Qin greatly influence airflow circulation energy efficiency in the occupied zone. Included with eight design parameters is used a signal to noise ratio (SNR) method to identify their optimal values for use in RACM system. Under the optimal design parameters, two thermal areas can be successfully created in the study’s simulated room, i.e., the occupied zone and the rest of the room. RACM can produces a high thermal comfort PMV of 0.37 and airflow circulation energy efficiency can reach about 57.7% in the occupied zone in the room. RACM system is therefore recommended for use in various thermal environments, including buses, trains, factories, public building, offices, homes, and so on.
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CHEN, ZHI-LONG, and 陳志龍. "Universal Air-Conditioning Cloud Monitoring & Control." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p2967g.
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碩士醒吾科技大學
資訊科技應用系
105
In recent years, the government was proactive towards the policy of carbon emission reduction. There were even favorable on the price of electricity to encourage citizens to reserve energy. However, only the large scaled air conditioner took advantage within such as in company buildings or school gyms. Other users at home wish to create a simpler and clearer system to display their usage. This research gains a wireless (NodeMCU) controller circuit on the interface of the air conditioner’s controller board, which will not be excluded from various brands. It collects the information of the switch of the compressor and motor and then sends it to cloud platforms through internet gateway; simultaneously, the cloud platform can also deliver commands such as switch on/off through internet gateway like a remote control. Due to the built-in sensors of the controller circuit, which can detect the temperature and the humidity, the information sent to the data structure can be used as an instant monitoring function through smartphone APPs. The controller can be accessed either through APPs or original controllers and generate a runtime history to actually achieve energy reserving. Since the development of the controller circuit has a low cost advantage, energy consuming air conditioners can be supervised efficiently, wasteful or invalid energy consuming problems can be solved. It expects to bring an attractive application on air conditioner designs and management.