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Journal articles on the topic 'Air conditioner building development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Melikyan, Zohrab, Naira Egnatosyan, and Siranush Egnatosyan. "Development of Heating and Cooling Local Air Conditioning System for Houses." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.920.

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Centralized air conditioning systems are widely used in buildings at present. In these conditioners, the outside air gets required temperature, humidity, purity, and other features, necessary for creating comfort microclimate in inside areas of houses, and by the help of fans and air ducts the processed air moves to all rooms of a building. As a result, the creation and maintenance of comfort conditions in buildings become complicated and expensive activity. From this point of view, it is becoming more expedient to install local air conditioners in each room instead of single central one for the whole building. For this reason new local air conditioner is developed.

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2

Huang, Qian, and Kangli Hao. "Development of CNN-based visual recognition air conditioner for smart buildings." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 25 (July 21, 2020): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2020.021.

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Demand-driven heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) operations have become very attractive in energy-efficient smart buildings. Demand-oriented HVAC control largely relies on accurate detection of building occupancy levels and locations. So far, existing building occupancy detection methods have their disadvantages, and cannot fully meet the expected performance. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a visual recognition method based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), which can intelligently interpret visual contents of surveillance cameras to identify the number of occupants and their locations in buildings. The proposed study can detect the quantity, distance, and angle of indoor human users, which is essential for controlling air-conditioners to adjust the direction and speed of air blow. Compared with the state of the art, the proposed method successfully fulfills the function of building occupant counting, which cannot be realized when using PIR, sound, and carbon dioxide sensors. Our method also achieves higher accuracy in detecting moving or stationary human bodies and can filter out false detections (such as animal pets or moving curtains) that are existed in previous solutions. The proposed idea has been implemented and collaboratively tested with air conditioners in an office environment. The experimental results verify the validity and benefits of our proposed idea.

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3

Han, Yerim, and Woohyun Kim. "Development and Validation of Building Control Algorithm Energy Management." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030131.

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In this paper, a building control algorithm is proposed to reduce the electricity consumption of a building with a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system. The algorithm uses sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory (seq2seq LSTM) to set target electricity consumption, and uses a VRF air conditioner system to reduce electricity consumption. After setting target electricity consumption, the algorithm is applied as a method of updating target electricity consumption. In addition, we propose two methods to increase the performance of the seq2seq LSTM model. First, among the feature selection methods, random forest is used to select, among the numerous features of the data, only those features that are most relevant to the predicted value. Second, we use Bayesian optimization, which selects the optimal hyperparameter that shows the best model performance. In order to control the air conditioners, the priority of air conditioners is designated, the method of prioritization being the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, comparison of the performance of seq2seq LSTM model with and without Bayesian optimization proved that the use of Bayesian optimization achieved good performance. Simulation and demonstration experiments using the algorithm were also conducted, and showed that building electricity consumption decreased in a similar manner to the reduction rate by means of the algorithm.

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4

Bai, Li, Yi Ran Zhang, and Jia Rui Chu. "Energy Conservation Analysis on Self-Thermal Insulation Walls Structural System in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1778.

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Analysis of Chinese current development status of wall insulation technology, aim at the importance of building energy conservation in cold areas. Point out that developing energy-saving building wall is the key to development of building energy saving. In this paper, put a kind of an advanced self-thermal insulation walls as an example in Changchun area. Adopt Tsinghua university’s building thermal environmental simulation software DeST-c. Modeling analysis of building’s heating air conditioner operation consumption in the whole year under three different kinds of walls. Through the comparison we know that the structure adopting new self-thermal insulation wall has the most remarkable energy saving effect.

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5

Chang, Jing Yi, Yean Der Kuan, Chih Hsun Yao, and Sheng Ching Chan. "Integrated Application of Renewable Energy Technology in Building Energy Efficiency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.51.

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During the average fifty or sixty years of building lifecycles, large amounts of energies are consumed at all stages, from the production of building materials, transportation for project constructions, daily use, and maintenance to demolition, in particular, the daily energy consumption of air-conditioners, lighting, and elevators. The main “energy saving indicator,” from among nine green building indicators, evaluates the electrical power consumption of air conditioners and lighting. The main evaluation items are building envelope heating load ratio, air-conditioner energy efficiency ratio, and lighting energy saving ratio. During evaluation, the promotion and application of renewable energy is encouraged by incentive factors. The development and use of renewable energy technology may improve energy utilization efficiency, maintain a balance of supply and demand, and reduce environmental pollution, thus, this study developed a indoor personal office system with 1KW solar energy and a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM fuel cell) as the power source, which is composed of LED indoor lighting, air fan, LED table lamp, notebook computer, printer, and acoustic equipment. Under continuous operations of 24h, this office system will generate 12kwh of electricity, which reduces 7.656kg of carbon dioxide output. If continuously operated for 1 year, it will generate 4,320kwh electricity, which reduces 2,756.16kg of carbon dioxide output. In addition, the side product water can be recycled as landscape water.

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6

Zhang, Tengfei (Tim), Shugang Wang, Gangsen Sun, Linxiao Xu, and Daizo Takaoka. "Flow impact of an air conditioner to portable air cleaning." Building and Environment 45, no. 9 (September 2010): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.006.

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7

AKABAYASHI, Shin-ichi, Jun SAKAGUCHI, Hisato SATO, and Hideki ASAMA. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COP SIMPLE MEASURING METHOD FOR A HOUSEHOLD AIR-CONDITIONER(Environmental Engineering)." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 11, no. 22 (2005): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.11.315.

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8

Yu, Jinghua, Changzhi Yang, Liwei Tian, and Dan Liao. "Methodology for calculating the energy consumption of air-conditioner in residential Building of China." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 6, no. 5/6 (2008): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2008.020735.

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9

Wei, Li Ming, and Chen Li. "Design of Central Air Conditioning Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1472.

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In this paper, hardware and software of the central air-conditioning control system is researched by STC series of enhanced 8051 microcontroller. The STC11F 08XE is the main control of the hardware part. Temperature and humidity sensor regulating valve and all kinds of motor are used as external equipment to complete the temperature and humidity of building the internal control of central air conditioner. In terms of software, the program is described by protel99SE software. Microcontroller program is compiled by Microcontroller development tools keil u and STC-ISP. The temperature and humidity control and optimization of central air conditioning are completed by PID parameters. Infrared control unit is operated and liquid crystal is displayed to show the operation results.

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10

Yamaguchi, Masaki, Takayuki Takahashi, Yuichiro Yoshino, Makoto Sasaki, and Hajime Nishimiya. "Influence of local air velocity from air conditioner evaluated by salivary and skin biomarkers." Building and Environment 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 2539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.018.

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11

Yang, Zixu, Jiaan Zhao, Baolong Wang, Rong Zhuang, Xin Li, Hansong Xiao, and Wenxing Shi. "Experimental performance analysis of hybrid air conditioner in cooling season." Building and Environment 204 (October 2021): 108160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108160.

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12

Wei, Li Ming, and Chen Li. "Research on Central Air Conditioning Control System in Office Buildings Based on STC Microcontroller." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.658.

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In this paper, hardware and software of the central air-conditioning control system is researched by STC series of enhanced 8051 microcontroller. The STC11F 08XE is the main control of the hardware part. Temperature and humidity sensor regulating valve and all kinds of motor are used as external equipment to complete the temperature and humidity of building the internal control of central air conditioner. In terms of software, the program is described by protel99SE software. Microcontroller program is compiled by Microcontroller development tools keil u and STC-ISP. The temperature and humidity control and optimization of central air conditioning are completed by PID parameters. Infrared control unit is operated and liquid crystal is displayed to show the operation results.

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13

Aguilar, Francisco J., Javier Ruiz, Manuel Lucas, and Pedro G. Vicente. "Performance Analysis and Optimisation of a Solar On-Grid Air Conditioner." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 8054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238054.

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Solar-powered air conditioners offer a high potential for energy-efficient cooling with a high economic feasibility. They can significantly reduce the energy consumption in the building sector, which is essential to meet the greater ambition of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% in the EU by 2050. This paper presents a computational model development capable of simulating the behaviour of a photovoltaic-assisted heat pump in different locations and working conditions. In addition, this model has been used to optimise a solar on-grid air conditioning system. The generated model has been validated with experimental data obtained in a real facility for a whole summer of operation (more than 100 tested days) in a Mediterranean climate (Alicante, Spain). According to the simulation results, the average Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of the system is 16.0, 10.7 and 7.8 in Barcelona, Madrid and Seville, respectively. The optimisation analysis has proven that the severity of the climatic region increases the costs as well as the optimum PV power to drive the AC unit. The obtained values for the the PV power and the annualised cost are 400 W and 506.2 € for Barcelona, 900 W and 536.7 € for Madrid, and 1300 W and 564.7 € for Seville. The annualised cost and the CO2 emission levels are higher for the conventional system (no PV panels) than for the solar on-grid system, regardless of the installed PV power. This difference can be up to 66.64 € (10.55%) and 112.94 kg CO2 (64.83%) per summer season in the case of Seville.

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14

Liu, Jing, and Ting Cai. "Development Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV) Model for Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Zunyi, China." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913603029.

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Fanger’s predicted mean vote (PMV) model which is as a result of climate-chamber-based experiments is a good tool to evaluate indoor thermal comfort for air-conditioned buildings in global wide. However, PMV model has defect of predicting people’s real thermal sensation under non-air-conditioned conditions. It is reflected by the significant discrepancies between PMV values and Actual Mean Vote (AMV) values. The aim of this study is to develop an Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV) Model on the basis of ‘black box’ theory considering occupants’ adaptations to improve prediction performance. A field study was carried out in naturally ventilated educational buildings in Zunyi, China. The developed aPMV model produces more reliable results and shows better prediction performance, comparing with values predicted by PMV model. It indicates that aPMV model is of great benefit to connect traditional PMV model and adaptive comfort model and consequently to provide guidance on building design, operation and maintenance, which contribute to achieve building energy conservation and emission reduction target.

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15

Yang, Zixu, Xian Dong, Hansong Xiao, Hongli Sun, Baolong Wang, Wenxing Shi, and Xianting Li. "Investigation of thermal comfort of room air conditioner during heating season." Building and Environment 207 (January 2022): 108544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108544.

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16

Mun, Sun-Hye, Younghoon Kwak, and Jung-Ho Huh. "Influence of Complex Occupant Behavior Models on Cooling Energy Usage Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031243.

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The behavior of building occupants has been studied by researchers for building control as well as for predicting energy use. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the application of single and complex behavior models on the simulation results of residential buildings. Two occupant behaviors—window opening and closing and air conditioner (AC) usage—were simulated, which are known to be interconnected. This study had two purposes: The first was to integrate data analysis tools (R in this study) and building simulation tools (EnergyPlus in this study) so that two behaviors with interconnectivity could be reflected in building simulation analysis. The second purpose was to apply the behavior models in residential buildings to an integrated simulation environment in stages to analyze their relative influence on the building energy and indoor environment. The results of the study prove that the application of complex behavior is important for research regarding the prediction of actual energy consumption. The results help identify the gap between reality and the existing simulation methods; thereby, they can help improve methods related to energy consumption analysis. We hope that this study and its results will serve as a guide for researchers looking to study occupants’ behavior in the future.

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17

Piotrowski, Andrzej, and Tadeusz Nieszporek. "Smart House - The Building Management System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 613 (August 2014): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.613.83.

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Unit recently, electronic management systems were reserved exclusively for production systems. The development of technology has enabled the construction of "intelligent buildings", that is buildings equipped with advanced systems to supervise the operation of household equipment. Control systems monitor the condition of the rooms (temperature, humidity) using sensors, and the measurement is analysed by a program resident in the memory of a microcontroller which, based on a developed algorithm, makes the decision to activate the actor – an actuating device (heater, air conditioner). The system acts like a robot, which creates the picture of the world with its sensors and then, based on its built-in "intelligence" (a program), performs a specific operation. The only difference is in the appearance; instead of a human-shaped android, we have a "thinking" building. The intelligent building control system enhances the living comfort of the inhabitants and reduces the energy intensity. A characteristic feature is the user's ability to interfere in equipment operation parameters, e.g. to change the temperature. Therefore, control systems feature a simple and functional interface suited to the skills of an average user. It is activated on any device with an internet browser to enable the remote control of the system.

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18

Yang, Zixu, Hansong Xiao, Baolong Wang, Youlin Zhang, Mengdi Cui, Boliang Huang, Jiaan Zhao, and Wenxing Shi. "Performance simulation and applicability analysis of hybrid air conditioner in cooling season." Building and Environment 210 (February 2022): 108692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108692.

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19

Cheong, K. W., and K. Y. Chong. "Development and application of an indoor air quality audit to an air-conditioned building in Singapore." Building and Environment 36, no. 2 (February 2001): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(99)00064-5.

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20

Noh, Kwang-Chul, Jae-Soo Jang, and Myung-Do Oh. "Thermal comfort and indoor air quality in the lecture room with 4-way cassette air-conditioner and mixing ventilation system." Building and Environment 42, no. 2 (February 2007): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.033.

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21

Wonorahardjo, Surjamanto, Inge Magdalena Sutjahja, Ekrem Tunçbilek, Rizky Amalia Achsani, Müslüm Arıcı, and Nadiya Rahmah. "PCM-based passive air conditioner in urban houses for the tropical climates: An experimental analysis on the stratum air circulation." Building and Environment 192 (April 2021): 107632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107632.

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22

Wang, Biao, and Zhihao Wang. "High-rise Building Integrated with Solar Chimney and Bioenergy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 898, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/898/1/012028.

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Abstract In dense mega cities, high-rise buildings huge energy consumption on mechanical ventilation and overheat produced by the air conditioners are among big challenges for the sustainable building development and green city construction. Solar chimney is proved to be an efficient method to promote natural ventilation for buildings. Different types of solar chimney are presented with a high-rise building layout example. Solar chimney geometry and environment basic data is suggested to be evaluated to optimize the Solar chimney’s natural ventilation. In addition, aiming as well a clean and sustainable environment, bio-energy can be adopted in buildings by integrating with algae-fluid window and wall system. Different materials of radiation absorber can be studied and integrated with solar chimney. An outline of research on solar chimney integrated with bio-energy for high-rise building is given in this paper. In order to succeed, close multidisciplinary cooperation is necessary for the project which involves at least architecture, thermal physics, air dynamics, materials science and biology. Experiment conditions and potential risk should be discussed beforehand.

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23

Sekhar, S. C., K. W. Tham, and David Cheong. "Ventilation characteristics of an air-conditioned office building in Singapore." Building and Environment 37, no. 3 (March 2002): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(01)00027-0.

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24

Gomes, Luis, Carlos Ramos, Aria Jozi, Bruno Serra, Lucas Paiva, and Zita Vale. "IoH: A Platform for the Intelligence of Home with a Context Awareness and Ambient Intelligence Approach." Future Internet 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11030058.

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This paper presents IoH (Intelligence of Home), a platform developed to test some basic intelligent behaviors in Home context. Internet of Things, ambient intelligence and context awareness approaches motivated the development of IoH. The platform involves six layers, responsible by connectivity, persistency, unification, Internet of Things integration, subsystems integration and user interface. The integrated subsystems involve intelligent systems for light control, television brightness control, desk light control, persons counting and air conditioner control. The IoH platform is then tested for a real building, and results and conclusions are obtained. Different intelligent methods and technologies are used, form the use of a diversity of sensors, actuators, and controllers and processing units to a set of artificial intelligence approaches varying from machine learning and optimization algorithms to the use of sensor fusion and computer vision. The use of IoH day-by-day demonstrated an intelligent performance for the real building occupants.

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25

Pirouz, Behrouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Mario Maiolo, Natale Arcuri, and Patrizia Piro. "Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310178.

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Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims to investigate the use of water directly for green roofs and reduce the water footprint of energy in summer and winter due to its thermal impacts. The measurements were carried out for an extensive green roof with an area of 55 m2 and a thickness of 22 cm, and direct water consumption by a green roof and direct and indirect water consumption by cooling and heating systems were analyzed. According to the analysis, in summer, the maximum roof temperature on a conventional roof was 72 °C, while under the green roof it was 30.3 °C. In winter, the minimum roof temperature on a conventional roof was −8.6 °C, while under the green roof it was 7.4 °C. These results show that green roofs affect energy consumption in summer and winter, and the corresponding thermal requirements for the building have a water footprint regarding energy production. In summer, the thermal reduction in the water footprint by a green roof was 48 m3 if an evaporative air conditioner is used and 8.9 m3 for a compression air conditioner, whereas the water consumed in the green roof was 8.2 m3. Therefore, using water directly in the green roof would reduce the energy consumption in buildings, and thus less water has to be used in power plants to provide the same thermal impact. In winter, green roofs′ water consumption was higher than the thermal water footprint; however, there is no need to irrigate the green roof as the water consumed comes from precipitation. This experimental analysis determines that in the Mediterranean climate, green roofs allow the achievement of the same thermal conditions for buildings in both summer and winter, with a reduction in water consumption.

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Puad, Nadzhratul Husna Ahmad, Mohd Faris Khamidi, Khairun Azizi Azizli, and Syed Ahmad Farhan. "Review on Reinforcement of Aerogel for Development of Advanced Nano Insulation Material for Application in Sustainable Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.277.

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Installation of insulation materials in buildings can reduce the usage of air conditioners by retarding heat flow into the building. Aerogel is one of the best insulation materials with distinctive properties that can replace existing building insulation materials such as fibre glass and polyurethane. However, brittleness of Aerogel makes it difficult to handle and disqualifies its viability as a building insulation material. Reinforcement of Aerogel with binding materials can improve its mechanical and thermal properties to overcome its brittleness. However, only a few studies have been carried out on this area. Furthermore, from the few existing studies, vital information such as thermal conductivity and specific application of the reinforced Aerogel studied were not considered. As an initiative to fill in this research gap, a review on reinforcement of Aerogel is presented.

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27

Andjelkovic, Aleksandar, Tanja Cvjetkovic, Damir Djakovic, and Ivan Stojanovic. "The development of simple calculation model for energy performance of double skin façades." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 1 (2012): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120201076a.

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Estimating thermal effect of so called double-skin fa?ades on energy performance of buildings with two envelopes, a proprietary mathematical model of heat transfer through double-skin fa?ades has been developed. A very specific approach of the mathematical model presented here is based on prediction of the double-skin fa?ades interspace temperature and assumption that fa?ade could be treated as a single one declaring the interspace temperature and reduced intensity of solar radiation as the ?outdoor? conditions. In this paper results of the heating and cooling loads as well as the interspace temperature prediction compared for three months (January, April and July) and for the west oriented fa?ade with ordinary and absorption glass are presented. Fa?ade is placed under climatic conditions of Belgrade (45? North Latitude). Also, results for weather conditions of sunny and cloudy day are shown. Results includes influence of air velocity in interspace of fa?ades for April and July. Following a type of the double-skin fa?ade construction assumption it was implied that the space between the two envelopes is closed during the winter mode for air circulation, in order to have temperature higher inside than outside and opposite in the summer mode, air inlet and outlet are opened in order to prevent much higher temperatures than the outside ones, and higher cooling load of an air-conditioned building, as a consequence. Taking only thermal effects into account, presented prediction has proven that double-skin fa?ades decrease both building heat losses and heat gains throughout the year, and give significant contribution to the building energy consumption savings.

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Chaisan, Jirod, Somchai Maneewan, and Chantana Punlek. "Thermal Resistance by Phase Change Materials of the Double Roof System." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2784.

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This research studies about the possibility of Phase change materials for development with the double roof system which uses the Radiant barrier to reduce the heat into the house and to reduce load of the air conditioner. The experiment was divided into 4 patterns. The Radiant barrier and the Phase change materials are on top of the air passage (model 1). The Phase change materials and the Radiant barrier are on top of the air passage (model 2). The Radiant barrier is under the roof and the Phase change materials is under the air passage is (model 3). The Radiant barrier is under the air passage and the Phase change materials is under the roof (model 4). By building the test room sizes 90x90 cm2 and the air passage sizes 10 cm. The heat source from the heat generator in temperature is 45, 50, 60. The results revealed that if the Radiant barrier is under the roof and the Phase change materials is under the air passage, temperature will tend to decrease by the heat transmission into the house decrease about 3-5 in the experiment. The above-mentioned decrease of the temperature, the calculation of the thermal energy per unit area in (model 3) can decrease the most quantity of heat flux more than the other patterns by average at 19.66, 22.5 and 29.14 W/m2 respectively. From the experiment was found that (model 3) has the appropriate position for development more than the other patterns.

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29

He, Ling Li, Shu Feng Yang, and Ye Fei Bai. "Study on Application of Ground-Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System in Hohhot." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.379.

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The technology of ground-source heat pump is a revolutionary new technology emerging in the field of central air conditioners for buildings in China. Its application in Hohhot grew continuously in recent years. Based on the demonstration project of general office building of the Development & Reform Commission, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this paper studies the application of ground-source heat pump air conditioning system with supporting heat source in northern cold area, analyzing the energy consumption of system operation, presenting some problems in the operation and solutions thereof, and concluding that the ground-source heat pump air conditioning system is feasible in Hohhot.

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Liu, Xiaojun, Xin Chen, and Mehdi Shahrestani. "Optimization of Insulation Thickness of External Walls of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041574.

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It is important to reduce primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone of China. Changing the insulation thickness of the external walls of residential buildings (ITEWB) is regarded as an effective way to manage such problems within a budget. This paper aims at developing an innovative way to select the optimal insulation thickness of external walls for residential buildings (OTWRB) in the HSCW zone of China, considering economic, energy and greenhouse gas emissions issues associated with the ITEWB. Four different cities and two different operation modes of the air conditioners (continuous and intermittent) are considered in this study. To explain the selection process, typical hypothetical buildings are simulated in Wuhan, Changsha, Hangzhou and Chengdu. Expanded polystyrene is chosen as the material of the insulation layer while split air conditioners are selected as the equipment for space heating and cooling. Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment is used for the dynamic operational energy consumption of buildings. Life cycle cost method is adopted to calculate the economic impact of ITEWB on building performance. The Chinese life cycle database is used to quantize the impacts of ITEWB on building performance in the aspect of energy and greenhouse gas emissions based on the life cycle theory. The most appreciated insulation thickness is chosen from the thickness range of 30 mm to 150 mm. We find that for continuous operation mode of air conditioners in Wuhan, the optimal economic insulation thickness is 70 mm, whereas when considering only energy and environmental aspects, the OTWRB is 150 mm. These are all larger than the current insulation thickness which is 30 mm. When the weighting efficiencies of the economy, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions are different, the OTWRB varies from 70 mm to 150 mm for continuous operation mode. The different cities have little influence on the OTWRB while the different operation modes of air conditioners have some influence on the OTWRB.

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31

Kulaib, Aboelyazied, Abdulrahim Kalendar, Shafqat Hussain, and Yousuf Alhendal. "A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING AIR-CONDITIONED BUILDINGS IN KUWAIT." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.1.163.

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ABSTRACT In Kuwait air-conditioning systems consume approximately 70% of the grid energy during the long summer months. In this paper, various practical approaches are investigated to enhance the energy efficiency and decrease the energy consumption of five existing air-conditioned (AC) buildings in Kuwait City. The process of energy management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait is overwhelming due to high energy consumption in the building sector. This study proposed an optimization technique for the proper energy management of installed AC systems to target energy-efficient buildings. In this study the aim is to explore the effect of different operating parameters, both theoretically and experimentally, and to contribute to the reduction of AC energy consumption. Consequently, the relationship between the thermal load in the air-conditioned buildings and the actual electrical energy consumption is determined, and remedial measures, along with different recommendations for energy saving, are presented. The actual thermal loads of each selected building were calculated and compared with the installed cooling capacity of the AC systems. From the results obtained it was concluded that, by implementing the suggested remedial measures, the predicted load in the selected buildings could be decreased significantly from the existing installed capacity of the cooling systems. Most of the remedial measures suggested for energy management lead to a reduction in power consumption and increased energy efficiency at different levels based on the specifications of the buildings considered and the AC systems installed, resulting in improved in economy, a reduced carbon footprint, and a cleaner environment.

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Cheong, K. W. D., and H. Y. T. Lau. "Development and application of an indoor air quality audit to an air-conditioned tertiary institutional building in the tropics." Building and Environment 38, no. 4 (April 2003): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(02)00183-x.

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Kim, Joowook, Doosam Song, Suyeon Kim, Sohyun Park, Youngjin Choi, and Hyunwoo Lim. "Energy-Saving Potential of Extending Temperature Set-Points in a VRF Air-Conditioned Building." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092160.

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Building energy savings and occupant thermal comfort are the main issues in building technology. As such, the development of energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and the control strategies of HVAC systems are emerging as important topics in the HVAC industry. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems have efficient energy performance, so the use of VRF systems in buildings is increasing. However, most studies on VRF systems focus on improving mechanical efficiency, with few studies on energy-efficient control while satisfying the thermal comfort of occupants. The goal is to estimate the energy-saving potential of adjusting the temperature set-points and dead-band (range) in VRF air-conditioned building. To do so, we analyzed the influence of control strategies of a VRF system on human thermal comfort and energy consumption using a simulation method. The results showed that energy consumption can be reduced by 25.4% for predicted mean vote (PMV)-based control and 27.0% for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort range control compared with the typical set-point temperature control of a VRF system. The indoor thermal environments of the analyzed control strategies are controlled in the thermal comfort range, which is based on a PMV at ±0.5. Compared with the typical set-point control, PMV and ASHRAE comfort range-based control reduced the operation time of the compressor in the VRF system.

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Fernández Bandera, Carlos, Jose Pachano, Jaume Salom, Antonis Peppas, and Germán Ramos Ruiz. "Photovoltaic Plant Optimization to Leverage Electric Self Consumption by Harnessing Building Thermal Mass." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020553.

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The self-consumption without surplus to the grid is one of the aspects of the new Spanish law for prosumers. Increasing the share of renewable energy sources into the grid inherently leads to several constraints. The mismatch between the energy demand and the renewable energy production, which is intermittent in nature, is one of those challenges. Storage offers the possibility to decouple demand and supply, and therefore, it adds flexibility to the electric system. This research evaluates expanding electricity self-consumption without surplus to the grid by harnessing thermal mass storage in the residential sector. The methodology is investigated by using a variable refrigerant flow air conditioner system. Because there is no option to export the excess capacity to the grid, this research proposes an approach to profiting from this surplus energy by activating structural thermal mass, which is quantified from the information acquired using a building energy model. For this purpose, an EnergyPlus model of a flat in Pamplona (Spain) was used. The optimization analysis was based on a set-point modulation control strategy. Results show that under adequate climatological circumstances, the proposed methodology can reduce the total electric energy from the grid between by 60– 80 % .

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Chen, Zhijie, Fu Xiao, Jian Shi, and Ao Li. "Dynamic model development for vehicle air conditioners based on physics-guided deep learning." International Journal of Refrigeration 134 (February 2022): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.11.021.

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Hsieh, Chun-Ming, Toshiya Aramaki, and Keisuke Hanaki. "Estimation of heat rejection based on the air conditioner use time and its mitigation from buildings in Taipei City." Building and Environment 42, no. 9 (September 2007): 3125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.029.

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Tahara, Yusuke, Naomi Morito, Hajime Nishimiya, Hideyuki Yamagishi, and Masaki Yamaguchi. "Evaluation of environmental and physiological factors of a whole ceiling-type air conditioner using a salivary biomarker." Building and Environment 44, no. 6 (June 2009): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.012.

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Guo, Xuan, Ganlin Huang, Xingyue Tu, and Jianguo Wu. "Effects of urban greenspace and socioeconomic factors on air conditioner use: A multilevel analysis in Beijing, China." Building and Environment 211 (March 2022): 108752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108752.

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Ali, Mohammed Ali S., Kozan Uzunoglu, and Çimen Özburak. "Shading and Air Flow Analysis on Selected Residential Buildings in Al-Bayda City, Libya." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160307.

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A lot of energy is required to provide a comfortable interior with air conditioning systems. The use of high energy in buildings has made an essential contribution to climate change and air pollution. It is crucial for energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption. Applying the architectural principles of climatic design can provide thermal comfort in residential buildings. In this research, an analytical study was conducted on the climate factors that affect the energy consumption in the residential buildings in Al-Bayda, Libya. Eight buildings were randomly selected. The impact of solar energy, orientation, and wind factors that affect the climatic comfort on the selected residential buildings were considered as the leading indicators for improving energy consumption. These topics were studied comprehensively on the chosen buildings, and outcomes of the analysis were evaluated. Users gave answers to the questions regarding energy consumption, protection and utilization from the sun and air currents, and the physical insulation status of the building during the interviews. Independently of these, the results of airflow and shade analysis based on theories of passive design principles for each building have been revealed. It was observed that the answers of users and analytical results were consistent with each other. In the end, simple constructional applications that can prevent high energy use were recommended for future architectural designs. In this way, extensive use of air conditioners and thus air pollution, which has become one of the significant problems in Libya's cities, can be reduced to a certain extent.

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Mukhtar, Mustapha, Bismark Ameyaw, Nasser Yimen, Quixin Zhang, Olusola Bamisile, Humphrey Adun, and Mustafa Dagbasi. "Building Retrofit and Energy Conservation/Efficiency Review: A Techno-Environ-Economic Assessment of Heat Pump System Retrofit in Housing Stock." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020983.

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The world has not been able to achieve minimum greenhouse gas emissions in buildings’ energy consumptions because the energy and emissions optimization techniques have not been fully utilized. Thermal comfort is one of the most important issues for both residential and commercial buildings. Out of the 40% of global energy consumed by buildings, a large fraction is used to maintain their thermal comfort. In this study, a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in building energy conservation and efficiency application is presented based on existing high-quality research papers. Additionally, the retrofit of the heating/cooling and hot water system for an entire community in Cyprus is presented. This study aims to analyze the technical and environmental benefits of replacing existing electric heaters for hot water with heat pump water heating systems and the use of heat pump air conditioners for thermal comfort in place of the existing ordinary air conditioners for space heating and cooling. One administrative building, 86 apartments (including residential and commercial) buildings, and a restaurant building is retrofitted, and the feasibility of the project is determined based on three economic indicators, namely; simple payback period (SPP), internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV). The electrical energy required by the hot water systems and the heating/cooling system is reduced by 263,564 kWh/yr and 144,825 kWh/yr, respectively. Additionally, the retrofit project will reduce Cyprus’ CO2 emission by 121,592.8 kg yearly. The SPP, IRR, and NPV for the project show that the retrofit is economically feasible.

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Kumar, Ashvini, S. Ashutosh, and M. S. Sodha. "Optimum distribution of insulation over various components of an air-conditioned building." Building and Environment 24, no. 2 (January 1989): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(89)90007-3.

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Dedinec, Aleksandra, Aleksandar Dedinec, and Natasa Markovska. "Optimization of heat saving in buildings using unsteady heat transfer model." Thermal Science 19, no. 3 (2015): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140917037d.

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Reducing the energy consumption growth rate is increasingly becoming one of the main challenges for ensuring sustainable development, particularly in the buildings as the largest end-use sector in many countries. Along this line, the aim of this paper is to analyse the possibilities for energy savings in the construction of new buildings and reconstruction of the existing ones developing a tool that, in terms of the available heating technologies and insulation, provides answer to the problem of optimal cost effective energy consumption. The tool is composed of an unsteady heat transfer model which is incorporated into a cost-effective energy saving optimization. The unsteady heat transfer model uses annual hourly meteorological data, chosen as typical for the last ten-year period, as well as thermo physical features of the layers of the building walls. The model is tested for the typical conditions in the city of Skopje, Macedonia. The results show that the most cost effective heating technology for the given conditions is the wood fired stove, followed by the inverter air-conditioner. The centralized district heating and the pellet fired stoves are the next options. The least cost effective option is the panel that uses electricity. In this paper, the optimal insulation thickness is presented for each type of heating technology.

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Suen, Wing Sze, Guanghan Huang, Zhanxiao Kang, Yuheng Gu, Jintu Fan, and Dahua Shou. "Development of wearable air-conditioned mask for personal thermal management." Building and Environment 205 (November 2021): 108236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108236.

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Sharke, Paul. "From Helios to Our House." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 08 (August 1, 2001): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-aug-1.

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A study commissioned by Florida Power and Light Co. of Juno Beach reports that energy savings in Florida from ceiling fans came only with the raising of air conditioner thermostats. Making fans with high-efficiency motors offered one way of achieving that goal and aerodynamic blades offer another. Infrared thermogram of a typical ceiling fan shows heat generated by the motor. Temperature scale at bottom reads from coolest to hottest. With simulations having helped the decision on the choice of design, the engineer team set out to discover a building method for making the prototype blades. As work proceeded on the blades, Florida Solar Energy Center, in Cocoa, also considered what sort of control system would eventually operate a production version. Even after undergoing many redesigns from the original wooden-blade prototype development team tested back in 1997, the two production models offer substantial improvements in energy efficiency.

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Yan, Shurui, Nianxiong Liu, Weitao Wang, Shuyan Han, and Jingyu Zhang. "An adaptive predicted percentage dissatisfied model based on the air-conditioner turning-on behaviors in the residential buildings of China." Building and Environment 191 (March 2021): 107571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107571.

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Wang, Ruozhu, Ruting Ma, Guang Hong, Wei Tian, and Yongmei Qian. "An Extensive Design Approach Integrating Offshore Residential Buildings and Solar Collectors." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 1549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390517.

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Utilization of energy has boosted socio-economic development but meanwhile exacerbated the environmental problems. Offshore areas in China boast abundant solar energy resources. The present work explores the application of solar energy in offshore residential buildings and the ways for integration of solar collectors with the buildings to analyze the potential impact of installation of solar collectors on the design of offshore residential buildings. An extensive design approach that introduces protruding features, outdoor air-conditioner unit spaces, and “virtual” elements into design of residential buildings was proposed, which would integrate the solar collectors into the architectural design and extend the functions of the residential buildings. This research aims to provide a theoretical basis for promoting utilization of solar energy and integrated design of offshore buildings.

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Narayanan, Muthalagappan. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Absorption Cooling for Commercial buildings in India." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, no. 3 (November 6, 2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.253-262.

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Space cooling and heating always tends to be a major part of the primary energy usage. By using fossil fuel electricity for these purposes, the situation becomes even worse. One of the major electricity consumptions in India is air conditioning. There are a lot of different technologies and few researchers have come up with a debate between solar absorption cooling and PV electric cooling. In a previous paper, PV electric cooling was studied and now as a continuation, this paper focuses on solar thermal absorption cooling systems and their application in commercial/office buildings in India. A typical Indian commercial building is taken for the simulation in TRNSYS. Through this simulation, the feasibility and operational strategy of the system is analysed, after which parametric study and economic analysis of the system is done. When compared with the expenses for a traditional air conditioner unit, this solar absorption cooling will take 13.6 years to pay back and will take 15.5 years to payback the price of itself and there after all the extra money are savings or profit. Although the place chosen for this study is one of the typical tropical place in India, this payback might vary with different places, climate and the cooling demand.Article History: Received May 12th 2017; Received in revised form August 15th 2017; Accepted 1st Sept 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Narayanan, M. (2017). Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Absorption Cooling for Commercial Buildings in India. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 253-262.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.253-262

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Li, Qiong, Hiroshi Yoshino, Akashi Mochida, Bo Lei, Qinglin Meng, Lihua Zhao, and Yufat Lun. "CFD study of the thermal environment in an air-conditioned train station building." Building and Environment 44, no. 7 (July 2009): 1452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.010.

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Kukk, Villu, Targo Kalamees, and Jaan Kers. "The effects of production technologies on the air permeability and crack development of cross-laminated timber." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119866869.

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In a building envelope, the cross-laminated timber is often used as an air barrier layer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of production technologies such as edge bonding, different initial moisture content of lamination and number of lamination layers (three and five) on the air permeability properties of the cross-laminated timber. Air leakage and crack area in cross-laminated timber panels were measured after the panels were conditioned in environments with different relative humidities in progressive steps from humid to dry environments (relative humidity 75% → relative humidity 43% → relative humidity 30% → relative humidity 15%). The test results showed that the five-layer specimens combined with initially drier laminations had the most considerable effect on avoiding air leakages through the panel. The greater number of layers helps to avoid any overlapping of gaps between laminations that are possible sources of air leakages. Based on the results, it is recommended to combine the technologies of using a larger number of layers together with initially drier laminations to minimise the growth of cracks on panel surfaces and avoid air leakages during the time of use.

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Palanisamy, Dhamodharan, and Bakthavatsalam Kannappan Ayalur. "Impact of condensate cooled air purging on indoor air quality in an air conditioned laboratory." Building and Environment 188 (January 2021): 107511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107511.

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