Academic literature on the topic 'Air conditioner building development'
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Journal articles on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Melikyan, Zohrab, Naira Egnatosyan, and Siranush Egnatosyan. "Development of Heating and Cooling Local Air Conditioning System for Houses." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.920.
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Centralized air conditioning systems are widely used in buildings at present. In these conditioners, the outside air gets required temperature, humidity, purity, and other features, necessary for creating comfort microclimate in inside areas of houses, and by the help of fans and air ducts the processed air moves to all rooms of a building. As a result, the creation and maintenance of comfort conditions in buildings become complicated and expensive activity. From this point of view, it is becoming more expedient to install local air conditioners in each room instead of single central one for the whole building. For this reason new local air conditioner is developed.
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Huang, Qian, and Kangli Hao. "Development of CNN-based visual recognition air conditioner for smart buildings." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 25 (July 21, 2020): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2020.021.
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Demand-driven heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) operations have become very attractive in energy-efficient smart buildings. Demand-oriented HVAC control largely relies on accurate detection of building occupancy levels and locations. So far, existing building occupancy detection methods have their disadvantages, and cannot fully meet the expected performance. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a visual recognition method based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), which can intelligently interpret visual contents of surveillance cameras to identify the number of occupants and their locations in buildings. The proposed study can detect the quantity, distance, and angle of indoor human users, which is essential for controlling air-conditioners to adjust the direction and speed of air blow. Compared with the state of the art, the proposed method successfully fulfills the function of building occupant counting, which cannot be realized when using PIR, sound, and carbon dioxide sensors. Our method also achieves higher accuracy in detecting moving or stationary human bodies and can filter out false detections (such as animal pets or moving curtains) that are existed in previous solutions. The proposed idea has been implemented and collaboratively tested with air conditioners in an office environment. The experimental results verify the validity and benefits of our proposed idea.
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Han, Yerim, and Woohyun Kim. "Development and Validation of Building Control Algorithm Energy Management." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030131.
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In this paper, a building control algorithm is proposed to reduce the electricity consumption of a building with a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system. The algorithm uses sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory (seq2seq LSTM) to set target electricity consumption, and uses a VRF air conditioner system to reduce electricity consumption. After setting target electricity consumption, the algorithm is applied as a method of updating target electricity consumption. In addition, we propose two methods to increase the performance of the seq2seq LSTM model. First, among the feature selection methods, random forest is used to select, among the numerous features of the data, only those features that are most relevant to the predicted value. Second, we use Bayesian optimization, which selects the optimal hyperparameter that shows the best model performance. In order to control the air conditioners, the priority of air conditioners is designated, the method of prioritization being the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, comparison of the performance of seq2seq LSTM model with and without Bayesian optimization proved that the use of Bayesian optimization achieved good performance. Simulation and demonstration experiments using the algorithm were also conducted, and showed that building electricity consumption decreased in a similar manner to the reduction rate by means of the algorithm.
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Bai, Li, Yi Ran Zhang, and Jia Rui Chu. "Energy Conservation Analysis on Self-Thermal Insulation Walls Structural System in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1778.
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Analysis of Chinese current development status of wall insulation technology, aim at the importance of building energy conservation in cold areas. Point out that developing energy-saving building wall is the key to development of building energy saving. In this paper, put a kind of an advanced self-thermal insulation walls as an example in Changchun area. Adopt Tsinghua university’s building thermal environmental simulation software DeST-c. Modeling analysis of building’s heating air conditioner operation consumption in the whole year under three different kinds of walls. Through the comparison we know that the structure adopting new self-thermal insulation wall has the most remarkable energy saving effect.
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Chang, Jing Yi, Yean Der Kuan, Chih Hsun Yao, and Sheng Ching Chan. "Integrated Application of Renewable Energy Technology in Building Energy Efficiency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.51.
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During the average fifty or sixty years of building lifecycles, large amounts of energies are consumed at all stages, from the production of building materials, transportation for project constructions, daily use, and maintenance to demolition, in particular, the daily energy consumption of air-conditioners, lighting, and elevators. The main “energy saving indicator,” from among nine green building indicators, evaluates the electrical power consumption of air conditioners and lighting. The main evaluation items are building envelope heating load ratio, air-conditioner energy efficiency ratio, and lighting energy saving ratio. During evaluation, the promotion and application of renewable energy is encouraged by incentive factors. The development and use of renewable energy technology may improve energy utilization efficiency, maintain a balance of supply and demand, and reduce environmental pollution, thus, this study developed a indoor personal office system with 1KW solar energy and a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM fuel cell) as the power source, which is composed of LED indoor lighting, air fan, LED table lamp, notebook computer, printer, and acoustic equipment. Under continuous operations of 24h, this office system will generate 12kwh of electricity, which reduces 7.656kg of carbon dioxide output. If continuously operated for 1 year, it will generate 4,320kwh electricity, which reduces 2,756.16kg of carbon dioxide output. In addition, the side product water can be recycled as landscape water.
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Zhang, Tengfei (Tim), Shugang Wang, Gangsen Sun, Linxiao Xu, and Daizo Takaoka. "Flow impact of an air conditioner to portable air cleaning." Building and Environment 45, no. 9 (September 2010): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.006.
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AKABAYASHI, Shin-ichi, Jun SAKAGUCHI, Hisato SATO, and Hideki ASAMA. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COP SIMPLE MEASURING METHOD FOR A HOUSEHOLD AIR-CONDITIONER(Environmental Engineering)." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 11, no. 22 (2005): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.11.315.
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Yu, Jinghua, Changzhi Yang, Liwei Tian, and Dan Liao. "Methodology for calculating the energy consumption of air-conditioner in residential Building of China." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 6, no. 5/6 (2008): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2008.020735.
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Wei, Li Ming, and Chen Li. "Design of Central Air Conditioning Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1472.
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In this paper, hardware and software of the central air-conditioning control system is researched by STC series of enhanced 8051 microcontroller. The STC11F 08XE is the main control of the hardware part. Temperature and humidity sensor regulating valve and all kinds of motor are used as external equipment to complete the temperature and humidity of building the internal control of central air conditioner. In terms of software, the program is described by protel99SE software. Microcontroller program is compiled by Microcontroller development tools keil u and STC-ISP. The temperature and humidity control and optimization of central air conditioning are completed by PID parameters. Infrared control unit is operated and liquid crystal is displayed to show the operation results.
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Yamaguchi, Masaki, Takayuki Takahashi, Yuichiro Yoshino, Makoto Sasaki, and Hajime Nishimiya. "Influence of local air velocity from air conditioner evaluated by salivary and skin biomarkers." Building and Environment 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 2539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.018.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Ушенко, Поліна Анатоліївна. "Становлення та функціонування Харківського науково-виробничого комплексу кондиціонеробудування (початок 30-х рр. – початок 90-х рр. ХХ ст.)." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/17184.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.07 – історія науки і техніки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" – Харків, 2015. У роботі проведено дослідження становлення та функціонування Харківського науково-виробничого комплексу кондиціонеробудування з поч. 30-х рр. – до поч. 90-х рр. ХХ ст., сформованого завдяки співпраці двох провідних установ галузі – ХЗ "Кондиціонер" та ВНДІКондиціонер. Здійснено широкий історіографічний та джерелознавчий аналіз, а також запропоновано класифікацію наукової літератури та історичних джерел. Доведено значущість науково-технічних витоків галузі як історичної передумови становлення кондиціонеробудування. Узагальнено доробок окремих учених зі всього світу. Обґрунтовано авторську періодизацію розвитку галузі, що складається з чотирьох періодів: перший (поч. 1930 рр. – 1957 р.), другий (1957–1967 рр.), найбільш результативний третій (1967 р. – поч. 1990-х рр.), четвертий період охоплював події після 1991 р. Розкрито особливість підготовки інженерних кадрів у Харкові для галузі кондиціонеробудування. Узагальнено досвід підвищення кваліфікації працівників безпосередньо в межах ХЗ "Кондиціонер". Висвітлено непослідовність державного управління кондиціонеробудуванням, що призвела до згортання виробництва кондиціонерів у Харкові на поч. 90-х рр. ХХ ст. Проте, незважаючи на серйозні ускладнення того часу, промислове виробництво кондиціонерів повітря в Харкові збереглося, і прямим спадкоємцем виробничого центру кондиціонеробудування сьогодні є ТОВ "Укркондиціонер".Thesis for the Candidate of Historical Sciences degree, speciality 07.00.07 – History of Science and Technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" – Kharkiv, 2015. The formation and effective functioning of the Kharkiv scientific-industrial conditioner building complex, formed through the cooperation of two leading sectoral institutions – Kharkiv plant "Conditioner" and All-Union Scientific Research Institute "Conditioner", in the early 1930's – in the beginning of the 1990's, were studied in the paper. Wide historiographical and sources study analysis are done. The importance of science and technology beginnings as a historical background of the industry formation, is proved. Achievements of individual scientists from around the world are generalized. The author periodization of industry development, which consisted of four periods, is grounded. In particular, the first (early 1930 – 1957 year), the second (1957 – 1967 years), the third (1967 – the beginning of the 1990's). The fourth period covered the events after 1991. The feature of engineers training in Kharkiv for conditioner building branch is disclosed. Inconsistency of conditioner building industry state administration, which led to the curtailment of air conditioners production in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 1990's of the XX century, is highlighted. However, despite the serious complications of that time, manufacturing of air conditioners in Kharkiv survived, and the direct heir of the production center of conditioner building industry today is LLC "UkrConditioner".
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Ушенко, Поліна Анатоліївна. "Становлення та функціонування Харківського науково-виробничого комплексу кондиціонеробудування (початок 30-х рр. – початок 90-х рр. ХХ ст.)." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/17182.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.07 – історія науки і техніки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" – Харків, 2015.
У роботі проведено дослідження становлення та функціонування Харківського науково-виробничого комплексу кондиціонеробудування з поч. 30-х рр. – до поч. 90-х рр. ХХ ст., сформованого завдяки співпраці двох провідних установ галузі – ХЗ "Кондиціонер" та ВНДІКондиціонер. Здійснено широкий історіографічний та джерелознавчий аналіз, а також запропоновано класифікацію наукової літератури та історичних джерел. Доведено значущість науково-технічних витоків галузі як історичної передумови становлення кондиціонеробудування. Узагальнено доробок окремих учених зі всього світу. Обґрунтовано авторську періодизацію розвитку галузі, що складається з чотирьох періодів: перший (поч. 1930 рр. – 1957 р.), другий (1957–1967 рр.), найбільш результативний третій (1967 р. – поч. 1990-х рр.), четвертий період охоплював події після 1991 р. Розкрито особливість підготовки інженерних кадрів у Харкові для галузі кондиціонеробудування. Узагальнено досвід підвищення кваліфікації працівників безпосередньо в межах ХЗ "Кондиціонер". Висвітлено непослідовність державного управління кондиціонеробудуванням, що призвела до згортання виробництва кондиціонерів у Харкові на поч. 90-х рр. ХХ ст. Проте, незважаючи на серйозні ускладнення того часу, промислове виробництво кондиціонерів повітря в Харкові збереглося, і прямим спадкоємцем виробничого центру кондиціонеробудування сьогодні є ТОВ "Укркондиціонер".Thesis for the Candidate of Historical Sciences degree, speciality 07.00.07 – History of Science and Technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" – Kharkiv, 2015. The formation and effective functioning of the Kharkiv scientific-industrial conditioner building complex, formed through the cooperation of two leading sectoral institutions – Kharkiv plant "Conditioner" and All-Union Scientific Research Institute "Conditioner", in the early 1930's – in the beginning of the 1990's, were studied in the paper. Wide historiographical and sources study analysis are done. The importance of science and technology beginnings as a historical background of the industry formation, is proved. Achievements of individual scientists from around the world are generalized. The author periodization of industry development, which consisted of four periods, is grounded. In particular, the first (early 1930 – 1957 year), the second (1957 – 1967 years), the third (1967 – the beginning of the 1990's). The fourth period covered the events after 1991. The feature of engineers training in Kharkiv for conditioner building branch is disclosed. Inconsistency of conditioner building industry state administration, which led to the curtailment of air conditioners production in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 1990's of the XX century, is highlighted. However, despite the serious complications of that time, manufacturing of air conditioners in Kharkiv survived, and the direct heir of the production center of conditioner building industry today is LLC "UkrConditioner".
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Lundén, Hanna. "Concept Development of a Split Air Conditioner." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171937.
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Detta examensarbete är en konceptutveckling utförd för Home Comfort avdelningen på Electrolux och Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan under vårterminen 2014. Författaren Hanna Lundén samarbetar med Industridesignstudenten Luis R. Velazquez från Lunds Universitet. Målet är att omdefiniera vad en Split airconditioner är idag och utveckla ett koncept i linje med vad användaren vill ha, önskar och åtrår. Projektet är begränsat till att använda den teknik som finns i dagens Split enheter samt att endast utveckla inomhusdelen av systemet. Ett teoretiskt ramverk är samlat för att besvara forskningsfrågan: Hur kan dagens teknik i Split airconditioning användas i en enhet för kyla och värme av ett rum, för att öka användarens belåtenhet, medans den är energieffektiv? Denna kompletteras med användar- och marknadsstudier som ska inspirera en användarcentrerad konceptutveckling. Insikterna används i idéframtagningsprocessen där scenarier skapas baserade på trendstudier för att öka kreativiteten. En teknisk analys genomförs parallellt och två workshops utförs för att generera idéer för en ny komponentarkitektur. Värmeväxlaren och fläkten är identifierade som de mest inflytelserika komponenterna på enhetens funktionalitet och alla andra komponenter ska utvecklas utefter parametrarna dessa sätter. Resultatet är en sovrums-airconditioner med ett nytt luftflöde, en ny form samt ny användarinteraktion. Det nya luftflödet är utformat efter två principer: varm luft stiger och luft följer ytor. Enheten riktar luften uppåt och ut mot angränsande ytor när den kyler och vice versa nedåt när den värmer rummet. Den runda formen och designen repellerar den boxliknande arketypen Split enheterna har idag. Den nya formen kräver en ny komponentarkitektur, vilket ändrar alla komponenters konstruktion. Den nya värmeväxlarkonstruktionen analyseras och jämförs med en nuvarande för att validera enhetens effektivitet. En ny fläkt definieras tillsammans med en av de största fläkttillverkarna Ebm-papst. För att skapa en åtråvärd produkt användare kan relatera till är interaktionen utformad för att skapa en god sömnmiljö i sovrummet. Forskning visar ett det är fundamentalt för hälsan att följa en sömnrytm och att ljus samt temperatur kan användas som hjälpmedel. Det är bevisat att omgivningsljus av olika våglängder främjar kroppens produktion av sömn- respektive väcknings-hormoner. LED lampor med aktuella våglängder är därför integrerade i enheten för att skapa en tyst guide till en regelbunden sömnrytm. Temperaturen är programmerad till att automatiskt ställa om sig till kroppens inre temperaturskillnader som sker under sömnen, vilket ska öka komforten och samtidigt sänka energiförbrukningen. Alla inställningar kan bli ändrade efter personliga preferenser. Kontrollen är designad för intuitiv användning som går att utföra under nattens sömntid. Detaljerade inställningar ändras i en Smartphone applikation medan en enkel fjärrkontroll kan ändra temperatur och tid för uppvaknande. Resultatet anses bemöta projektmålen väl. Sovrumsfokuset och det nya luftflödet är lätt att kommunicera och är något alla användare kan relatera till. De viktigaste komponenterna för enhetens effektivitet, fläkten och värmeväxlaren, är jämförda med nuvarande motsvarigheter med positiva resultat. Den nya formen differentierar sig från den nuvarande rektangulära boxen och är därav mer uttrycksfull för personlig smak. Detta går väl ihop med den expressionist Electrolux förmedlar som sin målgrupp.This Master of Science thesis covers a concept development project conducted for the Home Comfort department at Electrolux and The Royal Institute of Technology during the spring semester 2014. The author Hanna Lundén collaborates with the Industrial Design student Luis R. Velazquez from Lund University. The aim is to redefine what a Split air conditioner is today and develop a concept aligned with what users want, wish and desire. The project is restricted to the technology used in today’s Split air conditioners and focus on the indoor unit only. The indoor unit is developed to match a current outdoor unit. It will be a reversed air conditioner, meaning it can both cool and heat. A theoretical frame of reference is gathered to answer the research objective: How can today’s technology in Split air conditioning be applied in one device for cooling and heating of a room, in order to create higher user satisfaction, while being energy efficient? Furthermore, extensive user and market research is gathered and analysed to inspire a user focused concept development. The insights are used for brainstorming where trend study input creates near future scenarios to trigger creativity. A technology analysis is performed as a parallel process and two workshops are conducted to generate ideas for new the component architecture. The heat exchanger and fan are identified as most important components and all other components should be developed according to the parameters they set. The result is a bedroom air conditioner with a new airflow, shape and user experience. The new airflow is developed based on two principles: hot air rises and air follows surfaces. The unit directs the air upwards out towards surrounding room surfaces when cooling and vice versa downwards when heating. The shape and design respells the box-like Split air conditioner archetype. The new shape demands a new component architecture, which change all component constructions. The new heat exchanger construction is analysed and compared to a current one to validate the unit efficiency. A new fan is defined together with one of the largest fan distributors Ebm-papst. The product is made more desirable and easy to relate to by developing the interaction to create a good sleep environment in the bedroom. Research shows that it is crucial to follow a healthy sleep cycle and that light as well as temperature can be used as aid. Ambient light in 5 different wavelengths is proven to trigger sleep or wake-up hormones. LED lights are integrated in the unit to provide a silent guide to a regular sleep pattern. The temperature is programmed to automatically adjust to the body temperature change during sleep, which aims to raise the comfort level and lower the energy consumption. All settings can be changed to personal preferences. The control is developed for intuitive interaction that can be done during the night’s sleep. The user choose detailed settings in a Smartphone application and can use a simplified remote control for changing temperature and wake-up time. The results are considered to meet the project purpose and goal. The bedroom focus and new airflow is easy to communicate and is something all users can relate to. The key components for unit efficiency, the fan and the heat exchanger, is validated in comparison to a current unit with successful results. The new shape differs from today’s rectangular box, which makes the unit a statement product more likely to find desirable for the Electrolux expressionist target group.
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Dahlkvist, Jessica. "Development & Optimization of a Portable Air Conditioner." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183045.
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This master thesis is a product development project that has been carried out between Electrolux, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design. The purpose of the project was to explore the feasible opportunities within the field of portable air conditioning. User oriented studies were conducted where six key problem areas were found with the existing portable air conditioner units. A majority of the users find the unit large, hard to handle, noisy and inefficient. Furthermore, the connected exhaust air outlet that removes the heat from the room is often complicated and inefficient to use. How can a new type of portable air conditioner be developed in order to satisfy the user demands as well as containing a realistic technology on the inside? Ideas were initially generated about the unit’s overall shape and assembly. Thereafter the components were fragmented down in their own categories in order to optimize them for the new design. The result was a cylinder shaped portable air conditioner, with its air distribution in the top, distributed in a radial half circular direction out in the room. It is designed to make the handling easier for the user by using simplistic features and intuitive details. The inner components are dimensioned by references from existing portable air conditioners and placed favorably for both efficiency and maintenance. The final proposal of this project was considered to be successful. The result delivers proposals on all the six key problems, and a large part of the details in the entire air conditioner unit has been taken into account. Furthermore, the result was considered to stand out among existing portables which also contributed to the success.Detta examensarbete är ett produktframtagningsprojekt som har utförts i samarbete mellan Electrolux, KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan och Konstfack. Syftet med projektet var att utforska möjligheter inom området portabel luftkonditionering för att kunna ta fram en ny innovativ enhet. Projektet skulle arbeta med befintlig teknik. Användarorienterade studier genomfördes i den inledande fasen av projektet där sex övergripande problemområden hittades inom de befintliga portabla luftkonditioneringarna. En majoritet av användarna finner enheten för stor, otymplig att hantera och högljudd. Dessutom anser många att enheten kyler ineffektiv och att det påkopplade frånluftsröret som tar ut värmen från rummet många gånger är komplicerad att använda. Utgående från studiens resultat genererades idéer för hur den generella formen och sammansättningen av den nya enheten skulle te sig. Därefter fragmenterades komponenterna ner till egna kategorier för att optimera dem för den nya designen.Resultatet var en cylinderformad portabel air conditioner, med dess luftdistribution placerad högst upp på enheten. Luften distribueras i en radiell halvcirkulär riktning ut i rummet. Enheten är designad för att förenkla handhavande för användaren genom att inneha enkla features och intuitiva detaljer. De inre komponenterna är dimensionerade utifrån referenser från existerande portabla enheter och placerade fördelaktigt för både effektivitet och underhåll. Resultat av detta projekt ansågs vara framgångsrikt. Den nya designen levererar förslag till alla sex problemområden, och en stor del av detaljerna i hela enheten har tagits i åtanke. Avslutningsvis kan det konstateras att resultatet står ut bland existerande portabla enheter vilket bidrog till det framgångsrika slutkonceptet.
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Bantan, Mafor Glory. "Thermodynamic and electrical performance monitoring of a domestic split-type air conditioner and development of a simulation based R22 permanent replacement." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4857.
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The difficulty that exists in accurately monitoring the performance of air conditioners has made performance prediction an arduous task. Nevertheless, the performance still needs to be monitored and predicted as it helps solve a lot of problems resulting from this technology like effect of the technology on the grid, energy consumption, water utilisation and GHGs emission. With the introduction of regression modelling as a means of system monitoring and prediction some years ago, the accuracy was still a call for concern. It is worth realising that increasing the number of predictors will enhance this method’s accuracy. As such, this document intends to increase the accuracy of this method’s monitoring and predicting ability by increasing the number of predictors to cut across system thermal, environmental and human behavioural variation. These predictors experimentally gotten are used to build an environ-behavioural model that monitors the coefficient of performance and energy consumption of a domestic split-type air conditioner with higher accuracy. Refrigerants have undergone evolution in the past decades in a bid to come up with a refrigerant that has zero ODP, lower – than – R22 GWP and much better than R22 thermodynamic performance. No pure refrigerant has been found to possess these qualities as such mixtures or blends are the best shot at the moment. R410A could stand the test of time to be the long term R22 replacement but for the fact that besides R410A’s higher GWP than that of R22, the former’s system performance is lower than that of the latter’s due to the lower thermodynamic performance of the former. This means the search continues. In this document, a combination of carefully chosen refrigerant components are carefully blended to come up with a simulation based R22 long term replacement, which will be referred to in this document as BTEP.
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Shao, Jingjing. "Development of a novel energy efficient phase change emulsion for air conditioning systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30426/.
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Buildings represent more than 40% of final global energy consumption, among which 50%-60% of energy consumption is attributed to Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The application of phase change material emulsions (PCMEs) in air conditioning systems is considered to be a potential way of saving energy because with their relatively higher energy storage capacity, they are able to reduce flow rate whilst delivering the same amount of cooling energy. PCMEs can also simultaneously act as cold energy storage to shift peak-load to off-peak time and improve coefficient of performance of systems. However, one of the main barriers affecting the application of PCME is the difficulty in maintaining stability in the emulsions without experiencing any temperature stratification during phase change process. To this end, an innovative energy efficient phase change emulsion has been developed and evaluated. The emulsion (PCE-10) which consists of an organic PCM (RT10) and water has a phase change temperature range of 4-12°C with heat capacity of twice as much as that of water thus making it a good candidate for cooling applications. Particular attention was also paid to the selection of the surfactant blends of Tween60 and Brij52 since they are capable of minimizing the effect of sub-cooling as well as ensuring stability of the emulsion. For the purpose of testing the performance of developed PCE-10 in fin-and-tube heat exchangers, series of theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to understand the rheological behaviour and heat transfer characteristics of the developed PCE-10 in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger. Both experimental and theoretical results were fairly close and showed that the PCE-10 did enhance the overall heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger. In order to evaluate the potential of the integrated system, whole building energy simulation was carried out with a building simulation code TRNSYS. It was found out that the required volumetric flow rate of PCE-10 was 50% less than that of water which is equivalent to 7% reduction in total energy consumption when providing the same amount of cooling power. Despite its potential in cooling systems, the viscosity of the developed sample was found to be much higher than water which could contribute to high pressure drop in a pumping system. Its thermal conductivity was also found to be about 30% lower than the value for water which could influence heat transfer process. There is therefore the need to enhance these thermophysical properties in any future investigations.
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Jarumongkonsak, Pornput. "Development and performance investigation on solar-powered thermoelectric radiant cooling in building-integrated system for a bedroom under hot and humid climate." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33629/.
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In order to replace a conventional air-conditioner (AC) based on vapour compression technology that directly has high global warming potential and also currently consumes the most fossil fuel primary energy in building sector of tropical countries for generating thermal comfort on sleeping purpose, other alternative green space cooling technologies, as thermoelectric cooling (TEC), has to be improved to have same performance with AC. This research aims to develop and investigate a performance of Solar-powered Thermoelectric Radiant Cooling (STRC) system, as the combination of TEC and radiant cooling (RC) that is well known in its low energy consumption advantage. The studies were conducted through calculations, CFD simulations, system performance simulations and experiments. The results of optimum STRC system design was proved to provide better thermal and air quality performances, while the result in energy performance was depended on the TEC’s COP and vapour condensation prevention. After novel developing of TEC’s cooling channel with combined helical and an oblique fin to induce effective secondary flows that highly reduced the TEC’s hot side temperature in this research, the COP was able to increase up to 175%. Meanwhile, a novel bio-inspired combined superhydrophobic and hydrophobic coating on RC panel were able to competently repel most condensed water droplets, leaving just tiny droplets that was hard to be seen by naked eye. Finally, the COP of STRC system from house model experiment in 1:100 scales under hot and high humid climate was as high as 2.1 that helped STRC to consume electricity 34% less than AC system. Along with other benefits, as no working fluid, noise-free and low maintenance needs, the return of investment (ROI) was studied to be only 5-6 years when being operated with grid electricity and 17-18 years with PV panel generated electricity.
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Brown, Veronica M. "Development of improved methods for the characterisation of organic chemicals emitted into indoor air by building and furnishing products." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8078.
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A wide range of organic compounds are released from building and furnishing products and these have the potential to adversely affect indoor air quality. There are growing international requirements for testing and controlling these emissions for the protection of public health. The test methods require specialist analytical chemistry facilities based on thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). This project has addressed the need for better performance and greater automation of the analysis, as well as development of simpler screening tests. A variety of products were tested using screening techniques, with an emission cell method being used as a reference test. Short duration tests, using a micro-scale chamber at slightly elevated temperature, were shown to have the potential to predict emissions occurring during longer term reference tests. Multi-sorbent air sampling tubes, that have the potential to extend the volatility range of compounds determined by a single TD/GC/MS analysis, were compared with Tenax TA tubes specified by current standard methods. This showed no difference in performance for the range of compounds for which Tenax is optimal, with improved performance for a number of more volatile compounds. The determination of formaldehyde was investigated using 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine as a derivatising agent, followed by TD/GC/MS. The results showed the possibility of this method being developed as an alternative to the current standard method that involves solvent elution and liquid chromatography. The performance of a newly developed time-of-flight mass spectrometer was compared with a standard quadrupole instrument. This showed its potential, with the use of re-collection, to extend the concentration range of compounds quantified from a single air sample, of particular benefit for the determination of carcinogens. New compound identification software was applied to increase automation of analysis of the TD/GC/MS data. Good correlation with manual processing was achieved, demonstrating the possibility of routine application to material emissions testing.
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Braish, Tamara. "Development of sensitive analytical and measurement methods for characterizing the emissions of SVOCs from building and consumer materials into indoor air." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3039.
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Les Composés Organiques Semi-Volatils (COSV), notamment les phtalates et retardateurs de flamme organophosphorés (RFOP), entrent dans la composition de nombreux matériaux de construction et produits de consommation. En effet, ils confèrent à ces produits des caractéristiques techniques spécifiques en tant que plastifiants ou retardateurs de flamme. Du fait de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques, ces composés émis par les matériaux peuvent être présents à la fois en phase gazeuse mais également en phase adsorbée sur les surfaces et les poussières intérieures. Par conséquent, les voies d’exposition aux COSV dans les environnements intérieurs sont multiples, et l’évaluation des risques sanitaires complexe. Dans ce contexte, l’émission des matériaux ou produits, sources de ces polluants dans les environnements intérieurs, doit être caractérisée. De nombreuses méthodes de mesure ont été mises au point pour étudier les émissions de COSV à partir de produits et de matériaux d'intérieur. Mais, celles-ci présentent encore des inconvénients et des limites, notamment dus aux effets d’adsorption sur les parois des chambres d’essai d’émission. De plus, peu d’études traitent des RFOP et aucune méthode ne permet d’évaluer simultanément les émissions de phtalates et de RFOP. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de développer une nouvelle méthode pour caractériser les émissions gazeuses de phtalates et RFOP émis par les matériaux. La thèse comporte deux parties principales : ̶ Le développement d’un protocole robuste et d’une méthode innovante de caractérisation de phtalates et de RFOP émis respectivement par des revêtements de sol en vinyle et des mousses de polyuréthane. Pour cela, une micro-chambre d’essai d’émission (µ-CTE), recommandée par la norme ISO 16000-25 a été utilisée. Ce dispositif permet de réaliser des essais à des températures allant jusqu’à 250 °C, ce qui permet de limiter le phénomène d’adsorption des composés sur les parois du système et de réduire les temps d’expérimentation. Les phtalates et RFOPs émis en phase gazeuse ont été prélevés au moyen de cartouches d’adsorbant analysées par ThermoDésorption-Chromatographie Gazeuse - Spectrométrie de Masse (TD-GC-MS). ̶ Le développement de la méthode d’analyse par TD-GC-MS, incluant l’optimisation des paramètres de désorption des cartouches et les paramètres chromatographiques dans le but de pouvoir analyser simultanément les phtalates et les RFOPs à des niveaux de concentrations faibles dans l’air (inférieurs au µg/ m3). La méthodologie développée permet de déterminer la concentration de phtalates et de RFOP en phase gazeuse en équilibre avec la surface de matériaux (y0). Deux approches ont été mise en œuvre : mesure directe de y0 à température ambiante en optimisant le volume de la chambre d'essai et extrapolation à partir de valeurs de y0 obtenues à des températures plus élevées selon une relation linéaire entre ln (y0) et l'inverse de la température adaptée de l’équation de Clausius-Clapeyron. La méthodologie a été validée sur des échantillons de revêtements de sol en vinyle et des mousses de rembourrage en polyuréthane. Elle peut donc être généralisée à d’autres matériaux ou produits et ainsi conduire à une meilleure connaissance de l’impact des phtalates et RFOP sur la qualité de l’air intérieur et la santé. Elle peut également être testé pour d'autres familles de COSVSemi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including phthalates and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), are used in many building and consumer materials. They are added to different indoor materials in order to enhance their properties as plasticizers or flame retardants. Because of their specific physico-chemical properties, these compounds emitted by the materials can be present both, in the gaseous phase and adsorbed on internal surfaces and dust. As a result, human exposure pathways to SVOCs in indoor environments are multiple leading to complex health risk assessment. In this context, the emission of materials or products, sources of these pollutants in indoor environments, must be characterized. Many measurement methods have been developed to study the emissions of SVOCs from indoor products and materials. However, these methods still have drawbacks and limitations, in particular due to adsorption of these compounds on the walls of the emission test chambers. In addition, few studies deal with OPFRs and there is no existing method for simultaneously evaluating phthalates and OPFRs emissions. The objective of this work is therefore to develop a new method to characterize the gaseous emissions of phthalates and OPFRs from the materials. This work is divided into two parts: ̶ The development of a robust protocol and an innovative method for the characterization of phthalates and OPFRs emitted from vinyl flooring and polyurethane foams (PUF), respectively. For this, a micro-emission test chamber (μ-CTE) recommended by the ISO 16000-25 standard was used. This device allows to carry out tests at temperatures up to 250 °C, which makes it possible to limit the phenomenon of adsorption of the compounds on the walls of the system and to reduce the time of experimentation. Phthalates and OPFRs emitted in the gaseous phase were collected using adsorbent tubes analyzed after by thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). ̶ The development of the TD-GC-MS analytical method, including the optimization of the adsorbent tubes desorption parameters and chromatographic parameters in order to be able to simultaneously analyze phthalates and OPFRs at low air concentration levels (at the level of μg/ m3). The methodology developed enables determining the gas-phase concentration of phthalates and OPFRs in equilibrium with material surface (y0). Two approaches have been implemented: direct measurement of y0 at room temperature by optimizing the volume of the test chamber and extrapolation from y0 values determined at higher temperatures based on an obtained linear relationship between ln(y0) and the reciprocal of temperature adapted from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The methodology was validated on vinyl flooring samples and PUF padding. It can be generalized to other materials or products and thus lead to a better understanding of the impact of phthalates and RFOP on indoor air quality and health. It can also be tested for other families of SVOCs
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Baltazar, Cervantes Juan Carlos. "Development of an automated methodology for calibration of simplified air-side HVAC system models and estimation of potential savings from retrofit/commissioning measures." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5026.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation provides one methodology to determine potential energy savings
of buildings with limited information. This methodology is based upon the simplified
energy analysis procedure of HVAC systems and the control of the comfort conditions.
Numerically, the algorithm is a tailored exhaustive search over all the independent
variables that are commonly controlled for a specific type of HVAC system. The
potential energy savings methodology has been applied in several buildings that have
been retrofitted and/or commissioned previously. Results from the determined savings
for the Zachry building at Texas A&M after being commissioned show a close
agreement to the calculated potential energy savings (about 85%). Differences are
mainly attributed to the use of simplified models.
Due to the restriction of limited information about the building characteristics and
operational control, the potential energy savings method requires the determination of
parameters that characterize its thermal performance. Thus, a calibrated building is
needed. A general procedure has been developed to carry out automated calibration of
building energy use simulations. The methodology has been tested successfully on
building simulations based on the simplified energy analysis procedure. The automated
calibration is the minimization of the RMSE of the energy use over daily conditions.
The minimization procedure is fulfilled with a non-canonical optimization algorithm, the Simulated Annealing, which mimics the Statistical Thermodynamic performance of
the annealing process. That is to say, starting at a specified temperature the algorithm
searches variable-space states that are steadier, while heuristically, by the Boltzmann
distribution, the local minima is avoided. The process is repeated at a new lower
temperature that is determined by a specific schedule until the global minimum is
found. This methodology was applied to the most common air-handler units producing
excellent results for ideal cases or for samples modified with a 1% white noise.
Books on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Tretola, Rich. Beginning AIR: Building applications for the Adobe Integrated Runtime. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub., 2008.
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Tretola, Rich. Beginning AIR: Building applications for the Adobe Integrated Runtime. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub., 2008.
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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Energy and Public Utilities. Interim hearing, energy regulation and air quality: December 13, 1988, State Office Building Auditorium, room 1138, 107 South Broadway, Los Angeles, California. Sacramento, CA: The Committee, 1988.
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Dierikx, M. L. J. Building castles of the air: Schiphol Amsterdam and the development of airport infrastructure in Europe, 1916-1996. The Hague: Sdu, 1997.
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Virtanen, Markku. Thermal coupling of leakage air and heat flows in buildings and in building components: Development and application of numerical methods. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1993.
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Martinez, D. Fred. Development of an analytical model to predict volumetric properties. Helena]: Montana Dept. of Transportation, 1997.
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Lampropoulos, Andreas, ed. Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.
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<p>Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that despite the continuous developments of novel materials and new strengthening techniques, the majority of the existing structures are still unprotected and at high seismic risk. The repair and strengthening framework is a complex process and there are often barriers in the preventative upgrade of the existing structures related to the cost of the applications and the limited expertise of the engineers. The engineers need to consider various options thoroughly and the selection of the appropriate strategy is a crucial parameter for the success of these applications.</p><p>The main aim of this collection is to present a number of different approaches applied to a wide range of structures with different characteristics and demands acting as a practical guide for the main repair and strengthening approaches used worldwide. This document contains a collection of nine case studies from six different countries with different seismicity (i.e. Austria, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Nepal and New Zealand). Various types of structures have been selected with different structural peculiarities such as buildings used for different purposes (i.e. school buildings, town hall, 30 storey office tower), a bridge, and a wharf. Most of the examined structures are Reinforced Concrete structures while there is also an application on a Masonry building. For each of the examined studies, the local conditions are described followed by the main deficiencies which are addressed. The methods used for the assessment of the in-situ conditions also presented and alternative strategies for the repair and strengthening are considered.</p>
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management. The administration's Strengthening America's Communities initiative and its impact on economic development: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, March 17, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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Liddament, Martin W. Photovoltaics as part of building facade design: A synthesis : a report of the European Air-Lit-PV project, "The development of a prototype facade unit integrating natural ventilation, daylighting, solar protection, intelligent control and photovoltaic power. Coventry: AIVC for Oscar Faber Group, 1999.
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US Army Corps of Engineers. Engineering and design: Beneficial uses of dredged material. Washington: Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Kshirsagar, Roshan, Chetankumar Patil, and Ashok Deshpande. "Development of Environment Friendly Air Conditioner Using Fuzzy logic." In Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, 379–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06323-2_24.
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Pagett, Richard. "Air." In Building Global Resilience in the Aftermath of Sustainable Development, 67–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62151-7_10.
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Desai, Soham, Twinkle Kathiriya, Abhishek Gupta, Veerendra Sahu, Manish Yadav, and Tushali Jagwani. "Indoor Air Quality and Green Building: Nexus for Sustainable Development." In Green Innovation, Sustainable Development, and Circular Economy, 199–214. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020. | Series: Green engineering and technology: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003011255-16.
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Gao, Hang, Y. G. Zheng, W. G. Liu, and Jian Hui Li. "Development of Vitrified Bond CBN Wheel for Internal Precision Grinding of the Air-Conditioner Compressor Piston Hole." In Advances in Grinding and Abrasive Technology XIII, 29–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-986-5.29.
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Qu, Yongfeng, Maya Milliez, Luc Musson-Genon, and Bertrand Carissimo. "Development of a Building Resolving Atmospheric CFD Code Taking into Account Atmospheric Radiation in Complex Geometries." In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXI, 75–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1359-8_13.
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Sun, Xiaopu, and Richard Ferris. "Non-industry and Nonstate Actors Contribution in the Standard Drafting Process: Examples from the Development of China Room Air Conditioner Standards." In Governing China in the 21st Century, 225–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6594-0_8.
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Yang, Tianpu, Junshi Gao, Haitao Wang, Guangchong Dai, and Rui Zhai. "Research on the Remote Deployment Design of OTN Electrical Racks." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 117–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4922-3_9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe rapid development of 4G and multimedia services drives the exponential increase of the demand for transmission bandwidth. The OTN technology therefore emerges. In recent years, the number of OTN devices in backbone and core equipment rooms has increased sharply. However, due to factors such as equipment room planning, air conditioner, and power supply, new electrical racks cannot be installed in the same equipment room as original optical racks during OTN expansion of 80-wavelength systems. The remote deployment of OTN electrical racks has certain impact on OTN system indicators, OM/OD, and OTU optical-layer parameters. This document analyzes the factors that are affected by the remote deployment of OTN electrical racks, creates simulation models based on scenarios, and provides suggestions on the remote deployment design of OTN electrical racks.
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Bohn, Dorothee, and C. Michael Hall. "Building a gateway to the Arctic: a political economy perspective on tourism development and conservation in Finnish Lapland." In Tourism transformations in protected area gateway communities, 24–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249033.0003.
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Abstract Research on gateway communities conventionally focuses on micro-level aspects that emerge in the nexus of environmental conservation, tourism development and local livelihoods. However, the embeddedness of places and the local tourism sector in the modes of production, consumption and capital circulation of contemporary capitalism remains oftentimes unaddressed. This chapter, therefore, adopts a political economy perspective and examines the macro-frameworks that condition tourism development in Finnish Lapland, in tandem with attempts to consolidate its gateway position to the Arctic. The aim is to encourage a more nuanced view on gateway status in regions where tourism development is driven by multi-scalar stakeholder interests and embedded into competitive regional development initiatives. While the devastating effects of climate change and human induced pollution on the fragile terrestrial and maritime Arctic ecosystems are well recognized, the spatial reimagination of Lapland in the Arctic represents another neoliberal step towards the total commodification of the environment.
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Dudhee, Vishak, and Vladimir Vukovic. "Integration of Building Information Modelling and Augmented Reality for Building Energy Systems Visualisation." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 83–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_11.
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AbstractBuildings consist of numerous energy systems, including heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and lighting systems. Typically, such systems are not fully visible in operational building environments, as some elements remain built into the walls, or hidden behind false ceilings. Fully visualising energy systems in buildings has the potential to improve understanding of the systems’ performance and enhance maintenance processes. For such purposes, this paper describes the process of integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) models with Augmented Reality (AR) and identifies the current limitations associated with the visualisation of building energy systems in AR using BIM. Testing of the concept included creating and superimposing a BIM model of a room in its actual physical environment and performing a walk-in analysis. The experimentation concluded that the concept could result in effective visualisation of energy systems with further development on the establishment of near real-time information.
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Siddiqi, Faisal. "Paradoxes of Strategic Labour Rights Litigation: Insights from the Baldia Factory Fire Litigation." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 59–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_4.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the legal activism that followed the Ali Enterprises factory fire and its aftermath in Pakistan. This chapter has two purposes: firstly, it documents the legal proceedings that were initiated and pursued in the courts of Pakistan as well as its interconnected developments. Secondly, I aim to use this engagement with the legal proceedings of the Baldia factory fire aftermath as an opportunity for an in-depth reflection on the capacity and, finally, suitability of the judicial process to bring about justice in struggles over human and labour rights. Providing a rare and insider account of the legal proceedings in the Pakistani courts and its interconnected developments, I hope to lay the empirical foundation for the theoretical and strategic claims of this study. It is against the background and based on the experience with the litigation and legal advocacy following the Baldia fire that I examine the two what I perceive as “paradoxes” at the heart of the litigation. The first is the inseparability of the “limited justice” that may result from such litigation on one hand, and the “structural injustice” that informs and determines the conditions the litigation seeks to address—and transform—on the other hand. The second paradox concerns the inseparability of both law and lawlessness as regards the legal context of the litigation, advocacy and policy proposal elements that are here in play.My argument is that these apparently contradictory phenomena not only coexist alongside one another but that they guarantee each other’s existence. This analysis leads me to the conclusion that in order to understand and improve such forms of strategic litigation, it is necessary to measure its success and failure in terms of three distinct but interconnected criteria. These are the tactical, strategic and structural impacts of the litigation. Ultimately, I will argue for rejecting what is often perceived by involved stakeholders to be an unavoidable choice between nihilism, euphoria or incremental reform in this context. But, to the contrary, I will argue for a conception of legal struggles as a means of building sustainable and fruitful forms of resistance and of change based on the recognition and exploitation of these irreconcilable paradoxes rather than fruitless attempts to ignore or transcend these irreconcilable contradictions.
Conference papers on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Khalil, Essam E. "Ten Tips for Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioned Buildings." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28348.
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The Developing communities in their path for rapid development is endeavoring to make all necessary and appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and increase the beneficiation of the energy resources. The energy production, transmission, distribution and utilization efficiency becomes a vital factor and measure of national development. Governmental organizations were established earlier to be responsible for energy planning and efficient utilization, information dissemination and capacity building as well as devising the necessary codes and standards. Energy rationalization and audit exercises were developed and monitored by Governmental authorities, Universities and Research centers through the past two decades with a definitive positive energy reduction and beneficiation. The development of the relevant codes of practice and giving hints and tips to energy managers on how to effectively reduce their energy bill is forcibly underway.
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Sen, Sushobhan, Jeffery Roesler, Benjamin L. Ruddell, and Ariane Middel. "Cool Pavements for Sustainable Urban Development." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/xx1hzrq3.
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Around the world, urban development and densification leads to the Urban Heat Islands (UHI) effect, in which cities are warmer than adjoining rural areas. Cool pavements have been recommended as a mitigating strategy for the UHI effect. However, the spatial extent over which cool pavements need to be applied to achieve widespread mitigation has received little attention. A previously developed urban microclimatic model for the Power Ranch community in suburban Phoenix, Arizona, was used to investigate this question. The microclimatic model is used to investigate the effects of urban densification for the meteorological conditions at 5:00 PM on August 13, 2015. In the modeled scenario, the heights of the buildings were increased from 5 m to 10 m, a large, central park was redeveloped as a parking lot, and a reflective pavement was implemented in the parking lot. Both localized and downwind air temperature effects at 2m of this further densification were quantified in the modelling effort. For the lower building height, using typical concrete to redevelop the park as a parking lot increased the 2 m air temperature directly over and downstream by about 0.20℃. When a reflective concrete parking lot was used instead, the 2m air temperature decreased by 0.20℃ over and downstream. At 10 m building heights, the reflective parking lot decreased the 2 m air temperature by 0.20℃, however, its effect was more localized with less benefit for downstream areas. Thus, urban form with taller buildings affects the airflow, which requires a more distributed application of reflective surfaces to mitigate UHI.
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Grahovac, Svetozar, and Julija Grahovac. "Integrated Sustainable Building Design." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.425.
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Today’s customers often require the vehicle manufacturer to document passenger compartment heating for specific test conditions. Without correct selection and sizing of the HVAC system for the passenger compartment, thermal comfort cannot be ensured. One of the aims that the manufacturers of modern vehicles have in mind is the development of new and optimization of the existing systems for achieving and maintaining thermal comfort in the passenger area. The selection of system components to achieve the required thermal comfort in the passenger compartment is the first step. The second step consists on the optimization of the selected thermal comfort control concept of the passenger compartment under various environmental conditions. For the computerized evaluation of thermal comfort at selected standing place, the 4 following measurement variables are used: air speed, humidity, air temperature and the temperature of the black ball. In addition to the prediction of percentage of unsatisfied persons during the heat up phase of the vehicle passenger compartment, the special thermal conditions in the vehicle are pointed out. Within the scope of the work the thermal comfort of the inhomogeneous is compared with the homogeneous environment. Using the operational and the equivalent temperature according to SAE J2234 the homogeneous environments are determined. The following external conditions are constant; incident-flow velocity of the vehicle, air temperature and humidity. The aim of the paper is to indicate a complexity of determining the thermal comfort conditions in passenger vehicles.
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Park, Benjamin, and Moncef Krarti. "Development of a Simulation Analysis Environment for Ventilated Slab Systems." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36349.
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This paper presents a simulation environment developed to assess the energy performance of hollow core ventilated slab systems. The developed simulation environment combines a transient finite difference solution of a ventilated slab system with an RC network model for a multi-floor building. The developed simulation environment takes into account ventilated slab system thermal bridge effects on the energy performance of multi-floor buildings. The predictions of the developed simulation environment are verified against those obtained from a detailed whole-building energy simulation tool. In addition, several parametric analyses are performed to determine the performance of ventilated slab systems under various design and operating conditions. In particular, the parametric analyses include the effect of supply air inlet temperature, air mass flow rate, hollow core depth, and hollow core diameter. In particular, it is found that due to increased heat transfer through slab edge increases due to thermal bridge effects, ventilated slab requires 5% more heating and 7% more cooling energy end-uses.
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Zhai, Chaoqin, David H. Archer, and John C. Fischer. "Performance Modeling of Desiccant Wheels: 1 — Model Development." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54185.
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This paper presents the development of an equation based model to simulate the combined heat and mass transfer in the desiccant wheels. The performance model is one dimensional in the axial direction. It applies a lumped formulation in the thickness direction of the desiccant and the substrate. The boundary conditions of this problem represent the inlet outside/process and building exhaust/regeneration air conditions as well as the adiabatic condition of the two ends of the desiccant composite. The solutions of this model are iterated until the wheel reaches periodic steady state operation. The modeling results are obtained as the changes of the outside/process and building exhaust/regeneration air conditions along the wheel depth and the wheel rotation. This performance model relates the wheel’s design parameters, such as the wheel dimension, the channel size and the desiccant properties, and the wheel’s operating variables, such as the rotary speed and the regeneration air flowrate, to its operating performance. The impact of some practical issues, such as wheel purge, residual water in the desiccant and the wheel supporting structure, on the wheel performance has also been investigated.
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Cowie, Matthew, Xiaohong Liao, and Reinhard Radermacher. "Applying CHP to the Ventilation Air of Buildings." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43920.
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There is a strong industry focus on packaged CHP systems for small scale applications where the design time for unique installations cannot be justified. Distributed generators such as microturbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells can all now be purchased as CHP products. The development of these products will bring the energy, environmental and economic savings realized in larger applications to the smaller consumers. CHP systems traditionally operate most effectively and give the shortest payback when operated continuously at full output in a baseloading application. This is in conflict with a typical commercial building whose energy requirements vary extensively over daily, weekly and seasonal time periods. Just as CHP is not expected to supply the entire energy requirements of the industrial sector, so CHP should be looked at as merely part of the energy mix for the commercial sector as the capital cost of CHP equipment is typically higher compared to its alternatives and there are technical complications to supply a heating or cooling to power ratio away from design values. An economic CHP system must therefore have a capacity much lower than the peak load of the building to ensure high utilization of the system so that the larger capital investment can be recovered through energy cost savings as quickly as possible. In the absence of a year round continuous demand for either hot or chilled water a commercial CHP system must offer a diverse range of outputs so that the waste heat from the generator can be utilized as mush as possible particularly since the generator component is likely to dominate the capital cost of the installation. This paper proposes that the outdoor, or ventilation air stream into a building provides an excellent capacity match for CHP equipment packaged as a CHP Dedicated Outdoor Air System (CHPDOAS). Ventilation air has the largest temperature and humidity difference with indoor air of any stream of air in the building and so reduces the heat and mass transfer surface areas in the equipment. Also since the ventilation air is only a fraction of the total air flow rate that is being conditioned the CHP system can overcool the air in the summer or overheat the air in the winter and the effect is simply the reduce the cooling or heating workload of the conventional equipment since the ventilation air is then mixed with the bulk of the air remaining in the building before being conditioned. This means that the CHP system can run its generator for longer hours and at higher loads than would have been possible if the outlet conditions were set at space neutral or space supply conditions.
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Wei, Bing, Na Pei, Jing Liu, and Juan Tang. "Simulation of Energy Saving Control for a Central Air Conditioning System." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54195.
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In recent years with the sustainable development of economy, the energy consumption of air conditioning system has accounted for over 40% of the total of buildings in China. Energy conservation has become an important issue. Various energy wastes exist in the operation process of central AC systems. So the central air conditioning system of energy saving has great potential. Central air conditioning load changes with time-varying characteristics, the load and operating conditions are influenced by various factors such as season, weather, traffic and environmental conditions changing and so on. They are always changing, and always fluctuating. Even in the day, morning and evening have temperature changes. According to statistics it is only a short time for the occurrence of most buildings’ maximum load time, and air conditioning systems are running at part load conditions in most time. If air conditioning system operating control way cannot change load according to the dynamic adjustment, which necessarily causes enormous energy waste. In this paper, with the help of a typical building located in Baoding, China, the simulation of a central air-conditioning system was carried out. First, the simulation models of main equipments of a central air conditioning system are established. Second, according to the actual loads, simulation of the different energy control modes and the operation schemes were carried through. Third, the simulation curves were obtained. Finally, based on the comparison of simulation curves, the optimal energy saving control mode and the operation scheme of the central air conditioning system were analyzed, the energy saving potentials existing in the actual operating process were proposed. All these above will be very important for the AC system operation optimization of building energy-efficient and air conditioning system operation and management.
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Li, Pengfei, Yaoyu Li, and John E. Seem. "Modelica Based Dynamic Modeling of an Air-Side Economizer." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13173.
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For the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for commercial buildings, the cooling coils in air handling units (AHU) account for a significant fraction of total building energy consumption and have a major impact on comfort conditions and maintenance costs. Development of cost-effective advanced control strategies will enhance the performance and efficiency of AHU. The control design process can be greatly facilitated with simulation on high-fidelity dynamic model prior to experimental validation and implementation. This paper presents a dynamic model for an air-side economizer. The model development was based on Dymola and AirConditioning Library with some revision on heat exchanger modeling. For chilled-water cooling coil modeling, the major challenges include the variation of coil surface conditions under flow rate changes and partially-dry-partially-wet operations. This study proposes a dynamic coil model that is capable of predicting cooling performances under fully dry, partially-dry-partially-wet, and fully wet conditions. Validation with experimental data from a benchmark study was conducted under both dry and wet surface conditions. The model predicted the experimental results quite well for both transient and steady-state behaviors. In addition, other moist air components, such as dampers, fans, ducts and room, were developed. Such transient model will lay a more quality foundation for controller validation at the simulation phase.
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Suhara, Junji, Tadashi Tamura, Yasuo Okada, and Katsuhiko Umeki. "Development of Three Dimensional Seismic Isolation Device With Laminated Rubber Bearing and Rolling Seal Type Air Spring." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1430.
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Three dimensional (3D) seismic isolation device has been developed to use for the base isolation system of the heavy building like a nuclear reactor building. The developed device is the 3D seismic isolation device that consists of the laminated rubber bearing as a horizontal isolation device and the rolling seal type air spring as the vertical isolation device in series. In this research, the 3D seismic isolation device reduction model whose scale is 1/10 is made and the workability of the device by the horizontal and vertical dynamic load is examined. Two experiment parameters are considered. One is the case that the structure of the part that the horizontal load and the vertical load contact is pin condition and the other is the case of the roller condition. As a result of the examination, the workability of the vertical direction is confirmed when the horizontal load acts. The pressure resistant ability test for the air spring is performed by the monotonic pressurization. As the result, it is confirmed that pressure resistant ability improved by restricting the side deformation of the air spring and that the material of the existing air spring can withstand high pressure use sufficiently. As the result, it is confirmed that the developed 3D seismic isolation device is applicable to the actual plant.
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Chen, Hua, and Qianqian Di. "Application of Water-Cooled Air-Conditioning for High-Rise Residential Buildings." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22127.
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To improve the applicability of water-cooled air-conditioners in the domestic sector, the development of a prediction model for energy performance analysis is needed. This paper addressed the development of an empirical model for predicting the operation performance and the annual energy consumption for the use of water-cooled air-conditioners. An experimental prototype was set up and tested in an environmental chamber in validating the empirical model. The predictions compared well with the experimental results. Furthermore, a high-rise residential building whole-year energy consumption simulation on applications of water-cooled air conditioners in South china was also analyzed. The results show 20.4% energy savings over air-cooled units while the increase in water-side consumption is 31.1%. The overall energy savings were estimated at 16.2% when including the additional water costs.
Reports on the topic "Air conditioner building development"
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Gschneidner, Karl A. ,. Jr, V. K. Pecharsky, David Jiles, and Carl B. Zimm. Development of vehicle magnetic air conditioner (VMAC) technology. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/771244.
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Sugaya, Masahiko, and Masahiko Morikawa. Development of Network for the Air Conditioner Door Actuator Control. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0079.
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Kozubal, Eric, Jason Woods, and Ron Judkoff. Development and Analysis of Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioner Prototype. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1043778.
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Shen, Bo. Development of High Efficiency Window Air Conditioner and Compressor Using Propane (R-290). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1488701.
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Goetzler, William, Robert Zogg, Jim Young, and Justin Schmidt. Energy Savings Potential and Research, Development, & Demonstration Opportunities for Residential Building Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219929.
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none,. Energy Savings Potential and Research, Development, & Demonstration Opportunities for Commercial Building Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219981.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.
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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Michalak, Julia, Josh Lawler, John Gross, and Caitlin Littlefield. A strategic analysis of climate vulnerability of national park resources and values. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287214.
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The U.S. national parks have experienced significant climate-change impacts and rapid, on-going changes are expected to continue. Despite the significant climate-change vulnerabilities facing parks, relatively few parks have conducted comprehensive climate-change vulnerability assessments, defined as assessments that synthesize vulnerability information from a wide range of sources, identify key climate-change impacts, and prioritize vulnerable park resources (Michalak et al. In review). In recognition that funding and planning capacity is limited, this project was initiated to identify geographies, parks, and issues that are high priorities for conducting climate-change vulnerability assessments (CCVA) and strategies to efficiently address the need for CCVAs across all U.S. National Park Service (NPS) park units (hereafter “parks”) and all resources. To help identify priority geographies and issues, we quantitatively assessed the relative magnitude of vulnerability factors potentially affecting park resources and values. We identified multiple vulnerability factors (e.g., temperature change, wildfire potential, number of at-risk species, etc.) and sought existing datasets that could be developed into indicators of these factors. To be included in the study, datasets had to be spatially explicit or already summarized for individual parks and provide consistent data for at least all parks within the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The need for consistent data across such a large geographic extent limited the number of datasets that could be included, excluded some important drivers of climate-change vulnerability, and prevented adequate evaluation of some geographies. The lack of adequately-scaled data for many key vulnerability factors, such as freshwater flooding risks and increased storm activity, highlights the need for both data development and more detailed vulnerability assessments at local to regional scales where data for these factors may be available. In addition, most of the available data at this scale were related to climate-change exposures, with relatively little data available for factors associated with climate-change sensitivity or adaptive capacity. In particular, we lacked consistent data on the distribution or abundance of cultural resources or accessible data on infrastructure across all parks. We identified resource types, geographies, and critical vulnerability factors that lacked data for NPS’ consideration in addressing data gaps. Forty-seven indicators met our criteria, and these were combined into 21 climate-change vulnerability factors. Twenty-seven indicators representing 12 vulnerability factors addressed climate-change exposure (i.e., projected changes in climate conditions and impacts). A smaller number of indictors measured sensitivity (12 indicators representing 5 vulnerability factors). The sensitivity indicators often measured park or landscape characteristics which may make resources more or less responsive to climate changes (e.g., current air quality) as opposed to directly representing the sensitivity of specific resources within the park (e.g., a particular rare species or type of historical structure). Finally, 6 indicators representing 4 vulnerability factors measured external adaptive capacity for living resources (i.e., characteristics of the park and/or surrounding landscape which may facilitate or impede species adaptation to climate changes). We identified indicators relevant to three resource groups: terrestrial living, aquatic living (including living cultural resources such as culturally significant landscapes, plant, or animal species) and non-living resources (including infrastructure and non-living cultural resources such as historic buildings or archeological sites). We created separate indicator lists for each of these resource groups and analyzed them separately. To identify priority geographies within CONUS,...
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Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment, and Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators: H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.
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Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
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Homeowner's Guide to Window Air Conditioner Installation for Efficiency and Comfort (Fact Sheet), Building America Case Study: Technology Solutions for Existing Homes, Building Technologies Office (BTO). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1086348.
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