Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air Breakdown

Academic literature on the topic 'Air Breakdown'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Gurevich, A. V., G. M. Milikh, and R. A. Roussel-Dupre. "Nonuniform runaway air-breakdown." Physics Letters A 187, no. 2 (April 1994): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(94)90062-0.

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Rezinkina, M. M., O. L. Rezinkin, A. R. Danyliuk, V. I. Revuckiy, and A. N. Guchenko. "PHYSICAL MODELING OF ELECTRICAL PHYSICAL PROCESSESAT LONG AIR GAPS BREAKDOWN." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2017, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2017.01.029.

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Rodríguez, A. E., W. L. Morgan, K. J. Touryan, W. M. Moeny, and T. H. Martin. "An air breakdown kinetic model." Journal of Applied Physics 70, no. 4 (August 15, 1991): 2015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349487.

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Zhou Dongfang, 周东方, 余道杰 Yu Daojie, 宁辉 Ning Hui, 马弘舸 Ma Hongge, 陈昌华 Chen Changhua, 林竞羽 Lin Jingyu, 魏进进 Wei Jinjin, et al. "Area distribution of HPM air-breakdown." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 6 (2014): 63026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20142606.63026.

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Roussel-Dupré, R. A., A. V. Gurevich, T. Tunnell, and G. M. Milikh. "Kinetic theory of runaway air breakdown." Physical Review E 49, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 2257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.49.2257.

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Malov, A. M., and A. N. Orishich. "Optical breakdown in supersonic air jet." Technical Physics Letters 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785012010269.

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Markku Oksanen and Jarmo Hietanen. "Photoacoustic breakdown sound source in air." Ultrasonics 32, no. 5 (September 1994): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-624x(94)90102-3.

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Wu, Shaocheng, Linong Wang, Jiachen Gao, Cheng Xie, Lei Liu, Tingting Wang, and Enwen Li. "Breakdown characteristics of combined air gaps under lightning impulse." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084951.

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With the increase of both voltage level and the transmission capacity, more attention has been paid to the external insulation of transmission lines. As the main external insulation medium of transmission line, the air gap’s dielectric strength will change when there are floating conductors. In this paper, we established an experiment platform to study the effects of floating conductors, simulated by floating rod electrode, on breakdown voltage, breakdown time, electric field distribution and discharge physical process of long air gaps under lightning impulse. The results showed that the intervention of floating electrode reduced the breakdown voltage and breakdown time of long air gaps, and the position with the longest breakdown time was the same as the position with the lowest breakdown voltage. In addition, the intervention of floating electrode improved the spatial electric field and complexity of discharge physical process.
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Popov, A. V., A. V. Kazakov, D. V. Bukhtoyarov, and S. Yu Khatuntseva. "Experimental Studies of the Electrical Breakdown of Fire Extinguishing Powders." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-2-49-55.

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The method for determining the breakdown voltage in the air suspension of fire extinguishing powder, simplified and more appropriate to the actual conditions of such powders use is proposed and tested. Experimental studies of the electrical breakdown of fire extinguishing powders in an alternating electrical field — homogeneous and non-homogeneous are presented. Double effect of fire extinguishing powders on the breakdown in a homogeneous electrical field in comparison with air is established. The first option: powders to a small extent complicate the breakdown (increase the breakdown voltage), which is due to the high electrical strength of solid dielectrics. The second option: powders slightly facilitate the breakdown. Presumably, this is due to the abnormally high polarizability of one of the components — monoammonium phosphate (ferroelectric). Due to the avalanche-like polarization caused by the ferroelectric, the uniformity of the field is disturbed, which reduces its electrical strength. In an inhomogeneous electric field, the breakdown voltage was about one third lower than in a homogeneous one, and exactly corresponds to the breakdown voltage of the air. In a homogeneous field between the electrodes the «bridges» of powder particles containing monoammonium phosphate appeared and continued to hang even after the breakdown. An unexpected phenomenon was revealed: a relatively weak dependence of the breakdown voltage on the presence of moisture in the extinguishing powder. It is advisable to continue research in this area. The main conclusion: fire extinguishing non-conductive powder does not participate in the electrical breakdown that goes through the air between the powder particles. In view of this, the voltage of 1 kV seems an anachronistic one, at which the use of powder fire extinguishers is allowed, while for carbon dioxide fire extinguishers this figure is 10 times higher (though the electrical strength of carbon dioxide is 0.9 of the air electrical strength). Since the air electrical strength depends on the external conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, distance between the electrodes), it is proposed to enter relative values for the assessment of the extinguishing powder electrical strength, for example, the ratio of the breakdown voltage to the breakdown voltage in the air.
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Li, Li Li, Yu Long Wang, and Hong Da Yang. "Study on Relationships between High-Frequency High-Voltage Pulse Breakdown Voltage of Air-Gaps and Pulse Delay Time." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.683.

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In the paper, power frequency and high-frequency high-voltage pulse breakdown voltage of air-gaps were measured by circuits of spark gap switches respectively, and then output waveforms were obtained by sampling circuits, finally a large number of data in experiments were recorded and were drawn into curves. It can be seen from curves: firstly, relationships between pulse breakdown voltage of air-gaps and pulse delay time or between pulse breakdown voltage of air-gaps and pulse coefficient are discussed when electrodes and distances between electrodes are different, secondly, relationships between pulse breakdown voltage and air-gap distances are analyzed under 100kHz pulse voltage when electrodes are spherical electrodes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Tremas, Laure. "Pre-breakdown and breakdown phenomena in air along insulating solids." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT117.

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Compréhension et maîtrise des phénomènes intervenant sous haute tension à l'interface entre un gaz et un isolant solide.Dans le cadre du remplacement du SF6 dans les appareils moyenne tension, une étude de l’isolation électrique mixte (gaz (air) / solide isolant) a été réalisée. L’objectif étant de déterminer l’influence de la nature du solide sur la tenue au claquage. Pour cela plusieurs matériaux ont été sélectionnés tel que l’époxy / silice (matériau de référence chez Schneider Electric), le PA6T/66.GF50 (nouveau matériau pour cette application) ainsi que plusieurs autre matériaux permettant une meilleure compréhension du phénomène (PTFE, PC, PP, …). Les caractérisations diélectriques ont permis de mesurer des déclins de potentiel, des courants volumiques ainsi que des permittivités en fonction de la nature des matériaux. A partir de ces données, des mesures de claquage ont été effectuées. Deux configurations de champ électrique ont été testées (parallèle et perpendiculaire au solide). La géométrie « pointe-plan » a été sélectionnée, permettant l’observation de décharges partielles avant le claquage et donc une étude de la propagation de la décharge et non de l’initiation de celle-ci. Ces mesures ont permis de déterminer l’influence du solide sur la tension de claquage, avec une influence indirecte de la nature du matériau et sa teneur en eau. Dans notre configuration, la présence d’un isolant solide dégrade la tenue diélectrique. La permittivité est le paramètre influençant la tension de claquage, avec une réduction de celle-ci en présence de matériaux à forte permittivité (comme l’alumine). Aucun lien n’a pu être mis en évidence entre les mesures de déclin de potentiel et les tensions de claquage. Pour caractériser le développement de la décharge électrique le long de l’isolant solide, des visualisations et des mesures de courant ont été réalisés. Les visualisations ont permis d’observer deux types de décharges menant avant le claquage. Dans un premier temps le développement d’une décharge en surface « streamer de surface », puis celui d’une décharge dans le gaz « streamer de volume ». Ces observations ont permis de conclure que le streamer menant au claquage se développe majoritairement dans l’air en configuration de champ parallèle. Les mesures de courant ont apporté des informations sur l’initiation de la décharge, en montrant une réduction de la tension et du temps d’initiation de la décharge en présence d’un solide. Des résultats semblables ont été obtenus pour une large gamme de matériaux. Cependant certains matériaux de faible permittivité (PP, PTFE) se distinguent avec des tensions et des temps d’initiation retardés et aléatoires, semblables à ceux obtenus dans l’air sans solide. Il a été montré que l’initiation et la propagation n’influencent pas la tension de claquage en géométrie pointe-plan. Celle-ci est déterminée par la transition au claquage.Mots-clés : appareillages moyenne tension, tension de claquage, caractérisation diélectriques, streamers, courant transitoires, visualisations
Comprehension and control of phenomena occurring under high voltage at the interface between a gas and a solid insulator.In the context of SF6 replacement in medium-voltage apparatus, a study of mixed electrical insulation (gas (air) / insulating solid) was carried out. The aim is to determine the influence of the nature of the solid on breakdown voltage. For this purpose several materials have been selected such as epoxy / silica (reference material of Schneider Electric), PA6T / 66.GF50 (new material for this application) and several other materials allowing a better understanding of the phenomenon (PTFE, PC, PP, ...). The dielectric characterizations allowed us to measure potential decay, currents and permittivities according to the nature of the materials. From this data, breakdown measurements have been carried out. Two configurations of electric field were tested (parallel and perpendicular to the solid). The "point-to-plane" geometry was selected, allowing the observation of partial discharges before breakdown and therefore a study of the propagation of the discharge and not of the initiation. These measurements show the influence of the solid on the breakdown voltage, with an indirect influence of the nature of the material and its water content. In our configuration, the presence of a solid insulator lowers the dielectric strength. The relative permittivity is the main parameter influencing the breakdown voltage, with a reduction of it in the presence of materials with high permittivity (alumina). It was not possible to establish a link between surface potential decay measurements and breakdown voltages. In order to characterize the development of the electric discharge along the solid insulation, visualizations and transient current measurements were achieved. The visualizations allowed the observation two types of discharges before the breakdown. First, the development of a surface discharge "surface streamer", followed by a discharge in the gas "volume streamer". These observations lead us concluding that streamers leading to breakdown develop predominantly in air above the surface in the parallel field configuration. Current measurements provide information on the initiation of the discharge. There exists a reduction of voltage and initiation time of the discharge in the presence of a solid. Similar results have been obtained for a wide range of materials. However, several low permittivity materials (PTFE, PP) show a different behaviour, with higher and scattered time delay and initiation voltage, similar to those obtain in air without solid. It has been shown that initiation and propagation do not influence the breakdown voltage in poi nt-plane geometry. The transition to breakdown mainly determines the breakdown voltage.Key words: medium voltage apparatus, breakdown voltage, dielectric characterization, streamers, transient currents, visualizations
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Polynkin, Pavel. "Multi-pulse scheme for laser-guided electrical breakdown of air." AMER INST PHYSICS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626071.

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Channeling an extended electrical breakdown of air by a laser beam is a long-standing challenge in applied laser science. Virtually all previously reported experiments on discharge channeling by femtosecond laser beams relied on the application of a single laser pulse and have been conducted with discharge gaps of less than one meter, in which case the direct ohmic heating of the laser-generated plasma by the applied DC electric field is the dominant channeling mechanism. We report a laboratory-scale demonstration of a channeling approach that makes use of concatenated plasma filaments produced by a sequence of multiple ultrashort laser pulses. Direct ohmic heating of the guiding channel is eliminated through the introduction of large temporal delays between the individual laser pulses in the pulse sequence. We propose an extension of this scheme to channeling kilometer-scale discharges, including natural lightning. Our proposed approach alleviates the fundamental range limitations inherent to the single-pulse schemes reported previously. It can channel discharges propagating in either direction and along curved paths. Published by AIP Publishing.
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MacGregor, Scott John. "Electrical breakdown in SF←6 and SF←6/air mixtures." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386581.

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Okubo, Hitoshi, Toshiaki Rokunohe, Tatsuro Kato, Norihito Yanagita, Fumihiro Endo, Naoki Hayakawa, Hiroki Kojima, and Takeshi Iwata. "POSITIVE STREAMER PROPAGATION AND BREAKDOWN CHARACTERISTICS IN NON-UNIFORM AIR GAP." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14456.

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Hourdakis, Emmanouel Spyros. "Electrical measurements at the micro scale air breakdown and si coulomb blockard devices /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7619.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kurt, Mustafa. "Time Resolved Spectroscopy Of Laser Induced Air Plasma." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608985/index.pdf.

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The laser beam interaction with matter and the plasma generation have been studied for many years. In some applications what is really important is to understand the composition and the temporal evolution of the species in the interested medium. In this thesis, time resolved optical spectroscopy was employed to understand the evolution of the plasma which is produced by interaction of Infrared (1.064 µ
m) laser beam with air. In this thesis, a new technique is suggested to analyze the time evolution of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The suggested method and the instrumentation of the setup are tested with a single gas (He). After the tests, we analyzed time sequence spectra of Laser Induced Air Breakdown. The suggested method is based on triggering the laser and the spectrometer at different time and applying the spectrometer trigger time by adding the time delay (&
#916
t) between them by using the pulse generator. The results show that the decay rates are slowing down microseconds after the excitation of the plasma. The results of the time-resolved measurements of the line spectra show that different component of the air has different decay rate, and lifetime. The lifetime of helium is 20 µ
s, and the decay start 5 µ
s after the initiation of plasma. Air has 12 µ
s lifetime, and the decay start 3 µ
s after the initiation of the plasma. Also, the decay rate and the lifetime depend on the state. We also calculate Doppler velocity for different component and different emission states. Doppler velocities show that the component which has great mass has small velocity, the component which has small mass has high velocity.
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Zhu, Guo-Qiang. "Modeling of plasma dynamics and pattern formation during high pressure microwave breakdown in air." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00668934.

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Dans cette thèse, un modèle de la dynamique du plasma après un claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été développé. Ce modèle a permis d'expliquer pour la première fois la formation et la dynamique de structures filamentaires auto-organisées lors du claquage microonde. Le claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été récemment observé au MIT dans des expériences mettant en oeuvre une source microonde de puissance et des caméras rapides. Les mesures montrent que, lors du claquage, un ensemble structuré de filaments de plasma se forme et se dirige vers la source à une vitesse de plusieurs km/s. Les mécanismes de formation et de propagation de ces structures auto-organisées de plasma ne sont pas bien compris et l'objectif de cette thèse a été de mettre en évidence et de modéliser les phénomènes physiques de base qui en sont responsables. Dans le but de décrire la dynamique du plasma après claquage, les équations de Maxwell ont été couplées à un modèle simple de plasma et résolues numériquement. Le modèle de plasma suppose la quasineutralité et décrit l'évolution de la densité de plasma sous l'effet de la diffusion, de l'ionisation, de l'attachement et de la recombinaison électron-ion. L'ionisation et l'attachement sont supposés dépendre du champ électrique effectif local. La vitesse moyenne électronique est déduite d'une équation de transport de quantité de mouvement simplifiée. La diffusion des particules chargées est ambipolaire au sein du plasma mais devient libre dans le front où la densité chute à zéro. Une expression heuristique de la transition entre diffusion ambipolaire dans le corps du plasma et diffusion libre sur les bords a été établie et validée à l'aide d'un modèle mono-dimensionnel de type dérive-diffusion-Poisson que nous avons développé et dans lequel on ne suppose pas la quasineutralité du plasma. Le modèle plasma-Maxwell quasineutre a ensuite été utilisé pour étudier la dynamique du plasma après claquage dans les conditions des expériences du MIT. Les résultats numériques montrent la formation de structures filamentaires auto-organisées de plasma en excellent accord qualitatif avec les observations expérimentales. Ces structures auto-organisées sont liées aux structures du champ électrique diffracté par le plasma. De nouveaux filaments se forment de façon continue dans le front du plasma par des phénomènes de diffusion-ionisation. Le modèle montre que la formation d'un réseau de filaments de plasma auto-organisé est dû à l'apparition des maxima de champ électrique de l'onde stationnaire formée dans le front du plasma. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la formation d'un filament de plasma isolé (ou streamer microonde) au maximum de champ formé à l'intersection de deux faisceaux microondes est analysée à l'aide du modèle. Le streamer microonde s'allonge parallèlement à la direction du champ en raison du renforcement du champ à ses pôles (phénomène de polarisation). L'intensité du champ aux extrémités du filament est modulée dans le temps en raison de phénomènes de résonance pour des longueurs de filaments voisines de multiples de la demi longueur d'onde.
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Cheung, Chi Wai. "Application of fracture mechanics to dielectric breakdown in air, silicone oil and silicone rubber /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202009%20CHEUNG.

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Liu, Xin. "Partial discharge detection and analysis in low pressure environments." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155573657.

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Shirvani, Boroujeni Ali. "Ein Beitrag zum Entladungsverhalten langer Luftfunkenstrecken bei Blitzspannung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-158163.

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Für die Menschen zählen Gewitter mit Donner und Blitz zu den ältesten bekannten Phänomenen der Natur. Die Tatsache, dass Blitze dennoch bis heute nicht abschließend erforscht sind, liegt in dem äußerst komplexen, schnellen und stochastischen Verhalten der Blitzentladung begründet. Der Autor befasste sich in Rahmen dieser Arbeit u.a. mit der Entwicklung eines modernen Messsystems, durch das die Erfassung von sowohl elektrischen als auch optischen Parametern der im Nanosekundenbereich ablaufenden Prozesse der Entladungen möglich wurde. Es handelt sich um technisch anspruchsvolle Messungen von hohen Stoßspannungen und schwachen Vorentladungsströmen in einem großen Frequenzbereich. Außerdem gelang es durch eine geschickte Synchronisation, die Entladungsprozesse präzise und erstmalig in einer Fotosequenz aufzunehmen. Auf Grundlage der Messergebnisse konnte der Entladungsprozess in mehrere Phasen der Vorentladung unterteilt und beschrieben werden. Vor allem beweisen die Messergebnisse die Existenz einer kanalartigen Vorentladung, die nicht zwingend zu einem Durchschlag führt. Dieser Mechanismus, der bei langsam ansteigenden Spannungen als stabile Leaderentladung benannt und mit Thermoionisation gekennzeichnet ist, war bei Blitzstoßspannungen bisher umstritten
The breakdown behavior of long air gaps by Lightning Voltages has been investigated and the results of a new measurement system are reported. A series of up to eight photos (made by a high-speed camera) have recorded the expansion of discharge activities during the breakdown process. The pre-discharge current and voltage have been measured as well. The modern measurement techniques have made possible the synchronization of the photos with the current and voltage measurements in nanosecond-ranges. The combination of the measured current, voltage, and photos can precisely explain the breakdown process. The experiments have been carried out with the lightning impulses up to 2.4 MV and the air gaps up to 4 m. Despite of such high voltages, the experimental system has been verified to be appropriate for measuring the pre-discharge current in mA-ranges
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Books on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Downie, Bryan M. When negotiations fail: Causes of breakdown and tactics for breaking the stalemate. Kingston, Ont: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University, 1991.

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Great Britain. Legal Services Commission. Legal aid and mediation for people involved in family breakdown. London: Stationery Office, 2007.

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Bano, Masooda. Breakdown in Pakistan: How aid is eroding institutions for collective action. Stanford, California: Stanford Economics and Finance, an imprint of Stanford University Press, 2012.

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Breakdown in Pakistan: How aid is eroding institutions for collective action. Stanford, California: Stanford Economics and Finance, an imprint of Stanford University Press, 2012.

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Lapointe, Monique France. Conversational partners' reactions to communication breakdown, repair strategies and the hearing aid effect. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 2000.

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Experiment and theoretical study of the propagation of high power microwave pulse in air breakdown environment. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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[District of Columbia revenue breakdown]. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Bano, Masooda. Breakdown in Pakistan: How Aid Is Eroding Institutions for Collective Action. Stanford University Press, 2012.

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Resnick, Danielle. Foreign Aid and Democratization in Developing Countries. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.17.

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This article examines how donors influence democracy through foreign aid. Focusing on development aid and democracy assistance, it considers three mechanisms through which aid is disbursed: the diffusion of norms and knowledge, the provision of incentives, and the use of coercion. The article first looks at different types of foreign aid before providing a conceptualization of the democratization process. It then discusses the mechanisms linking different types of aid with elements of democratization and how well these mechanisms have worked in practice. It argues that coercion has been most conducive at influencing democratic transitions and addressing breakdown. Norms and knowledge diffusion as well as incentives are more directly influential, in both positive and negative ways, on issues of accountability and competitive party systems.
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Auer, Peter, and Ina Hörmeyer. Achieving Intersubjectivity in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0013.

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This paper investigates communication, including computer-based speech aids by people with severe cerebral palsy—namely Augmented and Alternative Communication, AAC. The reduced bodily capacities and the “uncontrolled bodies” of CP sufferers make bodily synchronization with their partners a considerable challenge. What is more, the electronic speech aid not only produces a disembodied language (synthetic speech), but also has a massive impact on the mutual corporeal attunement of the participants. It will be shown that these detrimental effects of AAC can lead to a breakdown in temporal, sequential and topical structure, and to interactional failure and lack of understanding. However, there are ways to overcome these risks—for example, a “moderator” who channels and controls co-participants’ activities despite the Augmented/Alternative Communicator’s focus on the machine, even during the production of a complex utterance. Thus the machine can be “embodied,” and the interaction can—despite CP—become an “intercorporeal” one.
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Book chapters on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Kojima, Hiroki, Ryuta Asano, Daigo Komesu, Jun Nukaga, Toshiaki Rokunohe, and Naoki Hayakawa. "Modeling of Channel Heating Breakdown in Dry Air." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 400–409. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31680-8_41.

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Qiu, Zhibin, Jiangjun Ruan, and Shengwen Shu. "Power Frequency Breakdown Voltage Prediction of Air Gaps." In Power Systems, 109–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5163-0_5.

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Abu-Seada, M. S., S. N. Salem, and H. Anis. "Breakdown of Air Gaps under Oscillatory Simulated Switching Surges." In Gaseous Dielectrics VI, 279–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3706-9_35.

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Martin, J. C. "D.C. Breakdown Voltages of Non-Uniform Gaps in Air." In J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power, 139–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1561-0_11.

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Malegiannaki, I., and D. Anglos. "CHAPTER 3. Open-air Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)." In Detection Science, 45–74. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788015974-00045.

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Crull, E., H. Krompholz, A. Neuber, and L. Hatfield. "Fast Volume Breakdown in Argon and Air at Low Pressures." In Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 7, 440–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-37731-5_48.

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Dizengremel, Pierre, and Marianne Pétrini. "Effects of air pollutants on the pathways of carbohydrate breakdown." In Plant Responses to the Gaseous Environment, 255–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1294-9_14.

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Hartherz, P., K. Ben Yahia, L. Mueller, R. Pfendtner, and W. Pfeiffer. "Electrical Breakdown Experiments in Air for Micrometer Gaps Under Various Pressures." In Gaseous Dielectrics IX, 333–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0583-9_46.

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Zaengl, W. S., and K. Petcharaks. "Application of Streamer Breakdown Criterion for Inhomogeneous Fields in Dry Air and SF6." In Gaseous Dielectrics VII, 153–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1295-4_28.

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Martin, J. C. "High Speed Breakdown of Pressurised Sulphur Hexafluoride and Air in Nearly Uniform Gaps." In J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power, 335–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1561-0_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Simka, Philipp, Elsi-Mari Borrelli, and Andreas Blaszczyk. "Air Breakdown at Sharp Edges." In 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2018.8468399.

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Simka, Philipp, Elsi-Mari Borrelli, and Andreas Blaszczyk. "Air Breakdown at Sharp Edges." In 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2018.8514689.

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Blackett, J. "Fundamental aspects of air breakdown." In 15th IET International School on High Voltage Engineering and Testing 2008. IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20080543.

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Wei, Jin-jin, Tao Hu, and Dong-fang Zhou. "Probability distribution investigation of air breakdown." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Network (WCSN 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813140011_0100.

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Bychkov, Vladimir, Nikolai Ardelyan, Konstantin Kosmachevskii, Sergey Volkov, Aleksander Kuranov, and Aleksander Savarovsky. "Air Breakdown Characteristics at High Altitudes." In 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-927.

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Liu, Guozhi, Jingyue Liu, Wenhua Huang, Jinshan Zhou, and Xiaoxin Song. "High-power microwave(HPM) air breakdown." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Howard E. Brandt. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.284016.

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Ladouceur, H. D., Tz B. Petrova, and A. P. Baronavski. "Air breakdown dynamics of preformed plasma channels." In The 33rd IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 2006. ICOPS 2006. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2006.1706974.

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Bychkov, Vladimir, Sergey Volkov, Igor Kochetov, and Andrew Aleksandrov. "Humid Air Breakdown Fields in Lower Stratosphere." In 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-660.

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Kyrala, G. A., P. H. Lee, K. A. Stetler, and I. I. Yu. "Air Breakdown Photography In The Picosecond Domain." In 33rd Annual Techincal Symposium, edited by Gary L. Stradling. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.962452.

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Adams, Steven, Jared Miles, and Adam Laber. "Resonant Laser Induced Breakdown for Fuel-Air Ignition." In 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-646.

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Reports on the topic "Air Breakdown"

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Roussel-Dupre, R. A., A. V. Gurevich, T. Tunnell, and G. M. Milikh. Kinetic theory of runaway air-breakdown. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10186712.

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Roussel-Dupre, R. A., A. V. Gurevich, T. Tunnell, and G. M. Milikh. Kinetic theory of runaway air breakdown and the implications for lightning initiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10190227.

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Ali, A. W. Intense and Short Pulse Electric Field (DC and Microwave) Air Breakdown Parameters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172227.

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Yukhimuk, V., R. Roussel-Dupre, E. Symbalisty, and Y. Taranenko. Optical, radio and x-ray radiation of red sprites produced by runaway air breakdown. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/486140.

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Walker, David, Craig Baker-Austin, Andy Smith, Karen Thorpe, Adil Bakir, Tamara Galloway, Sharron Ganther, et al. A critical review of microbiological colonisation of nano- and microplastics (NMP) and their significance to the food chain. Food Standards Agency, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xdx112.

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Microplastics are extremely small mixed shaped plastic debris in the environment. These plastics are manufactured (primary microplastics) or formed from the breakdown of larger plastics once they enter the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments (secondary microplastics). Over time, a combination of physical, photochemical and biological processes can reduce the structural integrity of plastic debris to produce microplastics and even further to produce nanoplastics. NMPs have been detected in both the aquatic and terrestrial environments and can be easily spread by water, soil and air and can be ingested by a wide range of organisms. For example, NMPs have been found in the guts of fish and bivalve shellfish. Microplastics have also been detected in food and in human faeces. Therefore, NMPs are not only found in the environment, but they may contaminate the food supply chain and be ingested by consumers. There is evidence suggesting that microorganisms are able to colonise the surfaces of microplastics and aggregates of nanoplastics. However, the risk to consumers posed by NMPs colonised with microorganisms (including those that are AMR) which enter the food supply chain is currently unknown.
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Strauss, Steven H. Testing a High-Sensitivity ATR FTIR Water Monitor for Ionic CWA Breakdown Products. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422637.

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Luong, Ngor, Rebecca Gelles, and Melissa Flagg. Mapping the AI Investment Activities of Top Global Defense Companies. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210015.

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Militaries around the world have often relied on the largest global defense companies to acquire and integrate cutting-edge technologies. This issue brief examines the investment and mergers and acquisition activities in artificial intelligence of the top 50 global defense companies — a key, if limited, approach to accessing AI innovation in the commercial sector — and assesses investment trends of their corporate venture capital subsidiaries and offers a geographic breakdown of defense companies and their AI target companies.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.

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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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