Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air Blasts

Academic literature on the topic 'Air Blasts'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Bartelt, Perry, Peter Bebi, Thomas Feistl, Othmar Buser, and Andrin Caviezel. "Dynamic magnification factors for tree blow-down by powder snow avalanche air blasts." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-759-2018.

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Abstract. We study how short duration powder avalanche blasts can break and overturn tall trees. Tree blow-down is often used to back-calculate avalanche pressure and therefore constrain avalanche flow velocity and motion. We find that tall trees are susceptible to avalanche air blasts because the duration of the air blast is near to the period of vibration of tall trees, both in bending and root-plate overturning. Dynamic magnification factors for bending and overturning failures should therefore be considered when back-calculating avalanche impact pressures.
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Zhuang, Yu, Aiguo Xing, Perry Bartelt, Muhammad Bilal, and Zhaowei Ding. "Dynamic response and breakage of trees subject to a landslide-induced air blast." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023.

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Abstract. Landslides have been known to generate powerful air blasts capable of causing destruction and casualties far beyond the runout of sliding mass. The extent of tree damage provides valuable information on air blast intensity and impact region. However, little attention has been paid to the air blast–tree interaction. In this study, we proposed a framework to assess the tree destruction caused by powerful air blasts, including the eigenfrequency prediction method, tree motion equations and the breakage conditions. The tree is modeled as a flexible beam with variable cross-sections, and the anchorage stiffness is introduced to describe the tilt of the tree base. Large tree deflection is regarded when calculating the air blast loading, and two failure modes (bending and overturning) and the associated failure criteria are defined. Modeling results indicate that although the anchorage properties are of importance to the tree eigenfrequency, tree eigenfrequency is always close to the air blast frequency, causing a dynamic magnification effect for the tree deformation. This magnification effect is significant in cases with a low air blast velocity, while the large tree deflection caused by strong air blast loading would weaken this effect. Furthermore, failure modes of a specific forest subject to a powerful air blast depend heavily on the trunk bending strength and anchorage characteristics. The large variation in biometric and mechanical properties of trees necessitates the establishment of a regional database of tree parameters. Our work and the proposed method are expected to provide a better understanding of air blast power and to be of great use for air blast risk assessment in mountainous regions worldwide.
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Chandra, N., S. Ganpule, N. N. Kleinschmit, R. Feng, A. D. Holmberg, A. Sundaramurthy, V. Selvan, and A. Alai. "Evolution of blast wave profiles in simulated air blasts: experiment and computational modeling." Shock Waves 22, no. 5 (July 24, 2012): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-012-0399-2.

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Currin, Tina Haver. "Sound Politics: The Air Horn Orchestra Blasts HB2." Southern Cultures 24, no. 3 (2018): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2018.0036.

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HANSON, DAVID. "Business group blasts changes in clean air bill." Chemical & Engineering News 66, no. 11 (March 14, 1988): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v066n011.p005.

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Monjezi, Masoud, Hamed Amiri, Mir Naser Seyed Mousavi, Jafar Khademi Hamidi, and Manoj Khandelwal. "Comparison and application of top and bottom air decks to improve blasting operations." AIMS Geosciences 9, no. 1 (2022): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2023002.

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<abstract> <p>The blasting operation is an integral part of mines, and it is still being used as the most economical tool to fragment and displace rock mass. Appropriate blast optimization alleviates undesirable side effects, such as ground vibration, air blasts and flyrock, and it and enhances rock fragmentation. Blast optimization can also be effective in reducing the overall mining cost. One way of reducing blasting side effects is to use deck charges instead of continuous ones. The location of the deck(s) is still considered an unanswered question for many researchers. In this study, an investigation was carried out to find an appropriate air deck position(s) within the blast hole. For this, air decks were placed at three different positions (top, middle and bottom) within a blast hole at Cheshmeh-Parvar gypsum and Chah-Gaz iron ore mines to understand and evaluate air deck location impact on blast fragmentation and blast nuisances. The results were compared based on the existing blasting practices at both mines, as well as the air-deck blasting results. The results obtained from the blasting were very satisfactory; it was found that charging with a top air deck, as compared to current blasting practices, causes a decrement in the specific charge, as well as a decrement of 38% in the back break and 50% in flyrock; the average size of fragments obtained from blasting was increased by 26%. Thus, it can be said that the top air deck is more advantageous than the bottom air deck in terms of reducing undesired blasting consequences.</p> </abstract>
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Anas, S. M., Mehtab Alam, and Mohammad Umair. "Air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, on the ground and buried shallow underground blast-resistant shelters: A review." International Journal of Protective Structures 13, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 99–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20414196211048910.

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Weak political systems and poor governance in certain developing countries are found to have a war-like environment where structures are being targeted by blasts and bombs. Industrial blasts due to frail know-how and mishandlings are also quite common. Recent accidental explosions like that occurred at the Beirut Port, Lebanon (August 2020); ammunition depot in the outskirt of the Ryazan City of Russia (November 2020) are of concern for the safety of adjacent building infrastructure and their users. Such intense loading events cause damage to certain elements of a structure which may result in disproportionate or progressive collapse. It necessitates a clear understanding of the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it, and response of the target structure under such loadings. In this study, the state of research on air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, and on the ground and buried shallow blast-resistant shelters are presented. The phenomenon of the self-Mach-reflection of the explosion, loading parameters and empirical blast models available in the open literature followed by the damage criteria for the buildings subjected to the underground blasting and available peak particle velocity (PPV) prediction models have been discussed. To make the application of advanced materials such as fibrous concrete, ultra-high performance concrete, FRP composites, etc., it is important to comprehend the existing blast/shock-resistant shelters and their response under such loading. The shelters are primarily designed by incorporating features of the materials like high degree of deformability/ductility, use of the shock-isolation panels and the mechanism for controlling crack formations. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future studies are summarised. This paper presents prospects to engineers, town planners, researchers, policymakers and members of the core drafting sectional committees to understand the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it.
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Hoo Fatt, Michelle S., and Dushyanth Sirivolu. "Marine composite sandwich plates under air and water blasts." Marine Structures 56 (November 2017): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.08.004.

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Stokstad, E. "TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS: Inspector General Blasts EPA Mercury Analysis." Science 307, no. 5711 (February 11, 2005): 829a—831a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5711.829a.

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Fernández, Pablo R., Rafael Rodríguez, and Marc Bascompta. "Holistic Approach to Define the Blast Design in Quarrying." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020191.

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A new approach to determine the most efficient blast design was proposed, taking the peak particle velocity (PPV) as the main constraint, while including costs, production, granulometry, air blast and carbon footprint as relevant characteristics. The research was based on a case study that registered and analyzed 548 blasts over more than 10 years, while the vibration of the blast was recorded in 32% of them. A general attenuation law and several local laws were determined based on the geological conditions of the quarry. The blast design improvement allowed one to reduce the specific consumption by almost 30%, 26% of the blast cost in terms of explosive consumption and 18% of the CO2 emissions. This allowed for the achievement of a more environmentally friendly extraction system while complying with the legal standards, the quality requirements and the production and productivity conditions established.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Curry, Richard. "Response of plates subjected to air-blast and buried explosions." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26877.

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Explosive threats have become more prevalent in both military and terrorist theatres of conflict, showing up largely in the form of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) which are often buried in soil to conceal them and increase their effectiveness. The response of a structure subjected to a blast load is influenced by many factors, namely stand off distance, mass of explosive, degrees of confinement and medium surrounding the charge. This study focuses on characterizing the transient deformation of test plates which have been exposed to different explosive loading conditions including free air blasts (AIR), backed charge (VBP) and buried charge (SBP) configurations. In the three loading configurations, four charge masses are considered, utilizing 10g, 15g, 20g and 25g masses of PE4 plastic explosive which were moulded into cylindrical charges of a constant 38mm diameter. The transient deformation of the test plates was captured using high speed Digital Image Correlation (DIC), which utilized two high speed cameras to record the experiments. Extensive modifications to the blast pendulum to incorporate the cameras was necessary to adapt this technique in a different method to that used in previous literature. The mounting method proposed allowed the cameras to record the experiment while capturing the impulse imparted on a test plate using a blast pendulum. The experimental plates exhibited only Mode I failure, which is plastic deformation, enabling the effect of different loading configurations on the transient and final plate deformation profiles to be identified. Numerical simulations of the experiments were developed to further the understanding of the load arising from the three configurations and the deformation mechanisms involved. The experimental results are used to validate the numerical models, which allow for a better understanding of the evolution of the deformation and strains across the plate. The transient data for the numerical simulation and the experiments were found to match closely. This work clearly shows the effect that the different loading conditions have on the tests plates, specifically the impulse distributions and transient strain in the plates. It was observed in this study that the impulse imparted on a test plate increases with the addition of sand while keeping other test conditions constant. The impulse recorded was observed to increase by 490-540% and 19-100% when compared to AIR and VBP 50mm SOD tests respectively. The loading profile acting on the test plate as a result of the specific impulse changes significantly with the inclusion of sand. The midpoint deflection increases with a decrease in stand off distance, increase in charge mass, increase in level of confinement or the inclusion of an overburden of sand. The observed increase in midpoint deflection of between 90-160% and 30-40% when compared to AIR and VBP 50mm SOD tests respectively was reported. The transient plate profile does not match the final deformation profile.
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Chock, Jeffrey Mun Kong. "Review of Methods for Calculating Pressure Profiles of Explosive Air Blast and its Sample Application." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32066.

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Blast profiles and two primary methods of determining them were reviewed for use in the creation of a computer program for calculating blast pressures which serves as a design tool to aid engineers or analysts in the study of structures subjected to explosive air blast. These methods were integrated into a computer program, BLAST.F, to generate air blast pressure profiles by one of these two differing methods. These two methods were compared after the creation of the program and can conservatively model the effects of spherical air blast and hemispherical surface burst.

The code, BLAST.F, was used in conjunction with a commercial finite element code (NASTRAN) in a demonstration of method on a 30 by 30 inch aluminum 2519 quarter plate of fixed boundary conditions in hemispherical ground burst and showed good convergence with 256 elements for deflection and good agreement in equivalent stresses of a point near the blast between the 256 and 1024 element examples. Application of blasts to a hypothetical wing comprised of aluminum 7075-T6 was also conducted showing good versatility of method for using this program with other finite element models.
Master of Science

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Magnusson, Johan. "Structural concrete elements subjected to air blast loading." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Byggvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4441.

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Ismail, Mohamed Mohamed. "Blast wave parameter studies of fuel-air explosives." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316143.

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Avasarala, Srikanti Rupa. "Blast overpressure relief using air vacated buffer medium." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54211.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88).
Blast waves generated by intense explosions cause damage to structures and human injury. In this thesis, a strategy is investigated for relief of blast overpressure resulting from explosions in air. The strategy is based on incorporating a layer of low pressure-low density air in between the blast wave and the target structure. Simulations of blast waves interacting with this air-vacated layer prior to arrival at a fixed wall are conducted using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework. Pressure histories on the wall are recorded from the simulations and used to investigate the potential benefits of vacated air layers in mitigating blast metrics such as peak reflected pressure from the wall and maximum transmitted impulse to the wall. It is observed that these metrics can be reduced by a significant amount by introducing the air-vacated buffer especially for incident overpressures of the order of a few atmospheres. This range of overpressures could be fatal to the human body which makes the concept very relevant for mitigation of human blast injuries. We establish a functional dependence of the mitigation metrics on the blast intensity, the buffer pressure and the buffer length. In addition, Riemann solutions are utilized to analyze the wave structure obtained from the blast-buffer interactions for the interaction of a uniform wave an air-depleted buffer. Exact analytical expressions are obtained for the mitigation obtained in the incident wave momentum in terms of the incident shock pressure and the characteristics of the depleted buffer. The results obtained are verified through numerical simulations.
(cont.) It is found that the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the theory. The work presented could help in the design of effective blast protective materials and systems, for example in the construction of air-vacated sandwich panels. Keywords: Blast Mitigation, Air-depleted Buffer, Low Pressure, Blast Waves, Sandwich Plates, Numerical Simulations
by Srikanti Rupa Avasarala.
S.M.
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Fox, Matthew J. "Numerical modeling of air blast effects on hybrid structures." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2630.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 114 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-45).
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Bigikocin, Onur. "Presplit Blast Induced Air Overpressure Investigation At Usak Kisladag Gold Mine." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608741/index.pdf.

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In presplit blasting operations airborne energy called air blast overpressure or impulsive sound is produced. The air blast induced by blasting may vary significantly at or around an open pit mine depending on several parameters such as the amount of charge detonated, the physical distance between the blast and the monitoring locations and the weather conditions. Therefore evaluation and assessment of noise condition at or around an open pit mine is necessary. The objective of this research study is to monitor and record the noise and to investigate and assess the noise conditions that will be induced from presplit blasting operations at Kisladag Gold Mine. In this research study, several parameters such as the amount of charge, the physical distance to the location of monitoring device or residential structures and the weather condition parameters such as wind direction, wind speed were recorded, analyzed and evaluated. It is observed that with increasing charge per delay air overpressure increases, whereas with increasing scaled distances it decreases. It is also understood that wind speed and the direction are effective in air overpressure propagation also, but this subject needs further investigation. It is concluded that according to the U.S. regulations there is no damage risk to the structures and no disturbance to the inhabitants at present. Due to the uncertainties in weather conditions, in order not to take any risks, the charge amount per delay should be kept at 35 kg or less for presplit blasting at the mine.
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Davids, Sean. "The influence of charge geometry on the response of cylinders to internal air blasting." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20400.

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The effect of charge geometry on the structural response of right circular cylinders, subjected to internal blast loading, was investigated. Thin-walled, seamless 304 stainless steel cylinders were subjected to blast loads from partially confined bare cylindrical PE4 charges with different diameter and aspect ratios(charges length to charge diameter). The diameters of interest were: 25 mm (aspect ratios of 0.5 -3). 30 mm (aspect ratios of 0.5 -1.6). 35 mm (aspect ratios of 0.5 - 1.1). 40 mm (aspect ratios of 0.5 - 0.9). The effect of aspect ratio, for the constant diameter or constant mass cases, on the structural response of the cylinders (that is, diametric deflection, axial impulse, and axial shortening) is reported. Cylindrical charges with an aspect ratio of 1, were compared to spherical charges of equivalent mass. For charges with constant diameter with varying length: The diametric deflection increased with increasing aspect ratio. The axial shortening increased with increasing aspect ratio. The axial impulse increased with increasing aspect ratio. For charges with constant mass with varying diameter and length: The long charges (that is, charges with aspect ratios greater than 1) caused larger diametric deflections than their mass equivalent short (that is, charges with aspect ratios less than 1) charges. This is because the long charges had more side effective charge mass (that is, the mass of the charge that contributes directly to the diametric deflection of a cylinder) than the shorter charges. The short charges transferred more axial impulse to the ballistic pendulum, because they had more axial effective charge mass (that is, the mass of the charge that contributes directly to the axial impulse that is transferred to a ballistic pendulum) than their mass equivalent long charges. It was observed that a lighter charge can diametrically deflect a cylinder more effectively than a heavier charge, if its side effective charge mass is greater than that of the heavier charge. The structural responses of the cylinders obtained from cylindrical charge detonations were greater than those obtained from the mass equivalent spherical charge detonations. The deflections resulting from the cylindrical charges were also more localised compared to the spherical charges.
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Ahmed, Tushar. "Atomization and Combustion of Hybrid Electrohydrodynamic-Air-Assisted Sprays." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28180.

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This thesis presents an extensive study of the atomization and combustion of dielectric liquids using a hybrid air-blast electrostatic atomizer. While airblast atomization relies on the shear stresses generated at the liquid-air interface, electrostatic atomization introduces an electric charge into the bulk liquid, and the resulted Coulombic repulsive force facilitates the fragmentation process. The atomizer introduced in this contribution is specifically designed to operate in either a single (air-blast or electrostatic) or hybrid mode to enable the delivery of a charged and/or air-assisted spray for combustion applications. The aim is to understand the effect of adding electric charge to a liquid jet which is subject to break up in a co-flowing air stream. In addition to analysis of atomization processes, the influence of charge on flame structure is also analyzed. Laser diagnostics are utilized for measurements and the results obtained for the atomizer in hybrid mode (air-blast + electrostatic) are compared with the pure air-blast mode. Firstly, a high-speed microscopic shadowgraphy technique is implemented to examine near-field spray structure. Diesel is used as a dielectric liquid to create various sprays that cover a range of non-dimensional numbers. The effect of charge on liquid jet unsteadiness and on the probability distribution of wavelength and amplitude of instabilities is discussed. The influence of charge on droplet and ligament size and their population is also analyzed. The findings show that the application of charge makes the liquid jet more unstable and the instabilities forming on the liquid core exhibit a shift to a shorter wavelength with a broadening in the probability distribution of wave amplitude. In addition, a droplet and ligament size reduction along with an increase in droplet count is observed with the addition of charge. The thesis then progresses to discussing results from reacting sprays stabilized on a pilot where kerosene is chosen as the liquid. A premixed pilot flame is used to provide a steady heat source for stabilizing the hybrid atomized sprays. Flame stability characteristics, in terms of blow-off velocity, are presented as a function of controlling parameters, without and with charge. Downstream droplet statistics and flow field for both non-reacting and reacting sprays are shown using laser Doppler velocimetry/phase Doppler anemometry (LDV/PDA) revealing key features in the droplet fields from this burner. Due to relatively low spray specific charge for the aerodynamic Weber numbers investigated, the droplet size and velocity remained largely unaffected through the addition of charge, however, a rise in particle concentration at the center of the spray was noted. Finally, high-speed hydroxyl planar laser induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) is used to locate reaction zones and comment on the morphology of the reaction zone structures. In a hybrid mode, the charge was seen to push reaction zones radially outward and assisted in stabilizing the flame by keeping OH islands more connected when compared to a pure air-blast mode. This observation was also consistent with a slight improvement in flame stability with the addition of charge.
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Deng, Tian. "LES combined with statistical models of spray formation closely to air-blast atomizer." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDL0037/document.

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Cette thèse présente une extension de l'approche stochastique de l'atomisation primaire de type air assisté près d'un injecteur. Cette approche avait déjà été introduite dans les publications de Gorokhovski et al. Dans le cadre de la simulation des grandes échelles, la zone d'atomisation primaire est simulée comme un corps immergé avec une structure stochastique. Ce dernier est défini par la simulation stochastique de la position et de la courbure de l'interface entre le liquide et le gaz. La simulation de la position de l'interface est basée sur l'hypothèse de symétrie d'échelle pour la fragmentation. La normale extérieure à l'interface est modélisée en supposant une relaxation statistique vers l'isotropie. Les statistiques de la force du corps immergé servent de conditions aux limites pour le champ de vitesse issu de la LES ainsi que pour la production des gouttes de l'atomisation primaire. Celles-ci sont ensuite transportées par une approche lagrangienne. Les collisions entre les gouttes dans la zone d'atomisation primaire sont prises en compte par analogie avec l'approche standard de la théorie cinétique des gaz. Une fermeture est proposée pour la température statistique des gouttelettes. Cette approche est validée par des comparaisons avec les mesures expérimentales de la thèse de Hong. Les résultats numériques pour la vitesse et de la taille des gouttes dans le spray à différentes distances du centre du jet et de l'orifice de la buse sont relativement proches des résultats expérimentaux. Différentes conditions d'entrée pour la vitesse sont testées et comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. Par ailleurs, le rôle spécifique de la zone de recirculation devant le dard liquide est soulignée par le battement du dard liquide et la production de gouttelettes
This thesis introduced an extension to stochastic approach for simulation of air-blast atomization closely to injector. This approach was previously proposed in publications of Gorokhovski with his PHD students. Our extension of this approach is as follows. In the framework of LES approach, the contribution of primary atomization zone is simulated as an immersed solid body with stochastic structure. The last one is defined by stochastic simulation of position-and-curvature of interface between the liquid and the gas. As it was done previously in this approach, the simulation of the interface position was based on statistical universalities of fragmentation under scaling symmetry. Additionally to this, we simulate the outwards normal to the interface, assuming its stochastic relaxation to isotropy along with propagation of spray in the down-stream direction. In this approach, the statistics of immersed body force plays role of boundary condition for LES velocity field, as well as for production of primary blobs, which are then tracked in the Lagrangian way. In this thesis, the inter-particle collisions in the primary atomisation zone are accounted also by analogy with standard kinetic approach for the ideal gas. The closure is proposed for the statistical temperature of droplets. The approach was assessed by comparison with measurements of Hong in his PHD. The results of computation showed that predicted statistics of the velocity and of the size in the spray at different distances from the center plane, at different distances from the nozzle orifice, at different inlet conditions (different gas velocity at constant gas-to-liquid momentum ratio, different gas-to-liquid momentum ratio) are relatively close to measurements. Besides, the specific role of recirculation zone in front of the liquid core was emphasized in the flapping of the liquid core and in the droplets production
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Books on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Houlston, R. Air-blast experiments on square plates (U). Ralston, Alta: Defence Research Establishment Suffield, 1986.

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J, Smith Timothy. Orchard air-blast sprayer calibration, adjustment and operation. [Pullman]: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension, 1990.

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Slater, J. E. Air-blast studies on GRP composite structures: Final report. Ralston, Alberta: Defence Research Establishment Suffield, 1994.

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K, Lawrie Linda, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Building comfort analysis using BLAST: A case study. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1991.

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Honma, Hiroki. Experimental and numerical studies of weak blast waves in air. [S.l.]: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Byrtus, Joseph Edmond Darcy. The response of delaminated composite panels to air blast loading. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

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Defense Nuclear Agency (U.S.). MABS monograph: Air blast instrumentation, 1943-1993 : measurement techniques and instrumentation. Alexandria, Va: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1995.

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Annamraju, Gopal. Air pollution impacts when quenching blast furnace slag with contaminated water. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Slater, J. E. Air-blast loading and structural response of a ship stiffened panel in a re-entrant corner at event "misty picture". Ralston, Alta: Defence Research Establishement Suffield, 1993.

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BLAST: Babysitter lessons and safety training. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Needham, Charles E. "Some Basic Air Blast Definitions." In Blast Waves, 3–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05288-0_2.

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Needham, Charles E. "Some Basic Air Blast Definitions." In Blast Waves, 3–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65382-2_2.

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Kinney, Gilbert Ford, and Kenneth Judson Graham. "Blast Waves." In Explosive Shocks in Air, 88–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86682-1_6.

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Kinney, Gilbert Ford, and Kenneth Judson Graham. "Internal Blast." In Explosive Shocks in Air, 137–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86682-1_9.

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Kinney, Gilbert Ford, and Kenneth Judson Graham. "Dynamic Blast Loads." In Explosive Shocks in Air, 161–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86682-1_10.

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Ramamurthi, K. "Blast Waves in Air." In Modeling Explosions and Blast Waves, 25–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74338-3_2.

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LeBlanc, James, and Arun Shukla. "Underwater Explosive Response of Submerged, Air-backed Composite Materials: Experimental and Computational Studies." In Blast Mitigation, 123–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7267-4_5.

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Zong, Zhaowen. "First Aid Techniques for Blast Injury." In Explosive Blast Injuries, 167–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2856-7_10.

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Gazonas, George A., and Joseph A. Main. "Air Blast Loading of Cellular Media." In Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 11–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_5.

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Vieira, Margarida, and Jorge Pereira. "Comparing Air Blast and Fluidized Bed Freezing." In Experiments in Unit Operations and Processing of Foods, 105–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68642-4_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Alvarez, J. T., I. D. Alvarez, and S. T. Lougedo. "Dust barriers in open pit blasts. Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080101.

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Fedina, Ekaterina, Christer Fureby, and Andreas Helte. "Predicting Mixing and Combustion in the Afterburn Stage of Air Blasts." In 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-773.

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Krol, Dariusz, and Jaroslaw Golaszewski. "A simulation study of a helicopter in hover subjected to air blasts." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2011.6084035.

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Preece, Dale S., and W. Venner Saul. "Blastwall Effects on Down Range Explosively-Induced Overpressure." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1826.

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Blastwalls are often assumed to be the answer for facility protection from malevolent explosive assault, particularly from large vehicle bombs (LVB’s). The assumption is made that the blastwall, if it is built strong enough to survive, will provide substantial protection to facilities and people on the side opposite the LVB. This paper will demonstrate through computer simulations and experimental data the behavior of explosively induced air blasts during interaction with blastwalls. It will be shown that air blasts can effectively wrap around and over blastwalls. Significant pressure reduction can be expected on the downstream side of the blastwall but substantial pressure will continue to propagate. The effectiveness of the blastwall to reduce blast overpressure depends on the geometry of the blastwall and the location of the explosive relative to the blastwall.
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Brundage, Aaron L., Stephen W. Attaway, Michael L. Hobbs, Michael Kaneshige, and Lydia A. Boye. "Prediction of Spatial Distributions of Equilibrium Product Species from High Explosive Blasts in Air." In 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3918.

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Hinz, Brandon J., Matthew V. Grimm, Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler, and Shawn M. Walsh. "Comparative Study of the Dynamic Response of Different Materials Subjected to Compressed Gas Blast Loading." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64395.

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Understanding the dynamic response of materials under blast and impact loading is of interest for both military and civilian applications. In the case of blast loading, the mitigation characteristics of materials employed in personal protective equipment (PPE) is of particular importance. Without adequate protection, exposure of the head to blast waves may result in or contribute to brain tissue damage leading to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The development of simple but representative laboratory experiments that can be used to study the mechanical response of different materials and/or material combinations to blast loading could be very useful for the design of PPE such as helmets. This paper presents a basic experimental setup that can be conveniently used to perform such studies using small scale compressed gas blasts. An open end shock tube is employed to generate the blasts used to load flat plate samples placed in a special rigid holder. Acceleration time histories at selected locations in the sample are used to generate data to compare the dynamic response and blast mitigation effectiveness of different specimens. High speed schlieren video is used to correlate the arrival of the shock wave and air flow that follows with the motion of the test sample.
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Zieg, Parker, John Benson, and Yang Liu. "An Experimental Study on the Effects of Burst Pressure on Air Blast Development in a Blast Wave Simulator." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65930.

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Abstract Due to the extensive use of explosive devices in military conflicts, there has been a dramatic increase in life-threatening injuries and resultant death toll caused by explosive blasts. In an attempt to better understand the blast waves and mitigate the damages caused by such blast waves, various devices/systems have been developed to replicate the field blast scenarios in laboratory conditions. The East Carolina University Advanced Blast Wave Simulator (i.e., ECU-ABWS) is one such facility that can reproduce blast waves of various shapes and profiles. The peak overpressure of a blast is the key factor that causes the greatest number of damages, and it is essentially determined by the burst pressure of the blast. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of burst pressure on blast generation and development is strongly desired to develop safer and more effective blast mitigation technologies. In the present study, a series of experiments were carried out in the ECU-ABWS to characterize the blast waves generated under different burst pressure conditions. While the incident (side-on) pressures at multiple locations along the blast propagation direction were measured using a temporally-resolved multi-point pressure sensing system, the time-evolutions of blast wave profiles were also qualitatively revealed by using a high-speed Schlieren imaging system. The synchronization of pressure sensing and Schlieren image acquisition enables us to extract more physical details of the dynamic blast wave development under different burst pressure conditions by associating the incident pressures and shock wave morphologies. In this study, the different burst pressures were achieved by altering the thickness of the membrane separating the driver section of pressurized gas and the driven section of air at atmospheric pressure. It is found that there is a linear relationship between the burst pressure and the peak overpressure. As the burst pressure increases (by increasing the membrane thickness), more clearly defined shock wavefronts are also observed along with the peak overpressure increase.
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Karr, Dale G., Christian G. Kasey, Sung Ham Kim, Michael A. Cilenti, Suresh K. Pisini, and Marc Perlin. "Fluid Encasement and Flow Within Sub-Structured Blast Panels." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71126.

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We address the design and analysis of blast resistant panels consisting of layered substructures with fluid filled chambers. The panels are designed to absorb energy from an air blast by progressive elastic-plastic, through-thickness collapse of the panel substructure. This mechanism of energy absorption is enhanced further by the presence of fluid within alternating chambers of the panel substructure. The fluid primarily contributes to blast effects mitigation by providing increased initial mass to the resisting system, by direct dissipation of energy through viscosity, and by redirecting momentum imparted to the system. Analyses are presented first of the structural system design without fluid. Plastic collapse mechanisms are addressed for optimum design for quasi-static loading. Analytical, numerical and experimental results are discussed. Selected panel geometry is then used to analyze the system with fluid encasement. Simulations of fluid-structure interaction during panel collapse due to adjacent air blasts are presented. The key aspects of optimal design for blast effects mitigation are discussed. The importance of maximizing fluid momentum transfer and redirection, the encasement details including structural passages for prescribed fluid flow, and the system viscosity resulting from fluid-structure dynamics are examined.
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Settles, Gary S., Jeremy R. Benwood, and Joseph A. Gatto. "Optical Shock Wave Imaging for Aviation Security." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45606.

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This paper is about shock wave propagation inside an aircraft fuselage, caused either by a terrorist device or by an accidental explosion. The concern over blasts inside airframes, stemming from past terrorist attacks on commercial aviation using concealed explosives, continues unabated and extends to luggage, passengers, and air cargo. In earlier publications by the present authors, it was noted that all previous aviation security studies lacked optical shock imaging, the principal tool of explosion and shock wave research. In an effort to correct this, high-speed schlieren shock wave cinematography methods on a large scale are demonstrated here for aircraft hardening studies. This capability is used to examine shock propagation in realistic aircraft interior scenarios, as well as to carry out some basic experiments toward an improved understanding of internal blast wave behavior.
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Cowler, Malcolm S., Xiangyang Quan, and Greg E. Fairlie. "A Computational Approach to Assessing Blast Damage in Urban Centers Using AUTODYN." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3044.

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Recent terrorist attacks have prompted considerable interest in predicting damage to structures that could result from explosive blasts in densely populated urban environments. This is a particular concern for government and military organizations wishing to improve the safety of facilities and insurance providers who want to quantify risks. Blast waves from explosions are characterized by a shock front propagating into the surrounding air, followed by an exponential decay in pressure. Structural damage can be caused by either the magnitude of the peak pressure or the impulsive loading over time. Thus, any assessment of damage requires accurate computation of the entire pressure history on the structure. Semi-empirical approaches, such as CONWEP, although able to predict free-field and single-reflected pressures accurately, are unable to account for the effect that the urban environment has on amplifying, dissipating or focusing the blast wave. This paper describes a numerical finite difference approach, using the non-linear dynamics program AUTODYN, which allows an accurate prediction of the pressure fields that develop as a blast wave propagates through an urban environment by recursively remapping the solution through numerical regions that expand to track the evolving shock front. Data for specific urban layouts can be imported into AUTODYN from geographic information system (GIS) services.
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Reports on the topic "Air Blasts"

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Glenn, L. A. Air Blasts from Cased and Uncased Explosives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1248318.

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Stewart, Joel B. Air Blast Calculations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585119.

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Vander Wiel, Gerrit. Air Blast Meshing & Pressure Mapping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1813806.

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Schnurr, Julie M., Arthur J. Rodgers, Keehoon Kim, Sean R. Ford, and Abelardo L. Ramirez. Analysis of MINIE2013 Explosion Air-Blast Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331466.

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Vander Wiel, Gerrit, Paula Rutherford, and Phillip Wolfram. Air Blast Mesh Sensitivity and Pressure Mapping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819127.

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Yager, Robert J. Blast Parameters From Explosions in Air (Coded in C++). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada593251.

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Lundgren, Ronald G. Stand Alone Sensor for Air Bag and Restraint System Activation in an Underbody Blast Event. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601200.

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Chipman, V. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Air Blast Propagation from the Humble Redwood Chemical High Explosive Detonations Using GEODYN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035964.

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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.

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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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Ripoll, Santiago, Tabitha Hrynick, Ashley Ouvrier, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Federico Marco Federici, and Elizabeth Storer. 10 façons dont les gouvernements locaux en milieu urbain multiculturel peuvent appuyer l’égalité vaccinale en cas de pandémie. SSHAP, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2023.001.

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Si l’on s’en tient aux chiffres de la vaccination contre la COVID-19 dans les pays du G7, la campagne apparaît comme un véritable succès tant au niveau global qu’au niveau national. En effet, à ce jour, 79,4 % de la population totale des pays du G7 a reçu une première dose, 72,9 % une seconde, et 45,4 % une dose de rappel (données du 28 avril 2022) 1 En France, c’est 80,6 % de la population totale qui a reçu une première dose, 78,2 % qui a reçu deux doses, et 55,4 % qui a reçu un rappel (données du 28 avril 2022).2 Au Royaume-Uni, 79,3 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 74,1 % une seconde, et 58,5 % un rappel.1 Enfin, en Italie, 85,2 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 80,4 % a reçu deux doses et 66,5 % a reçu leurs rappels (données du 28 avril 2022). Ces taux de vaccination élevés masquent pourtant des disparités importantes à l’intérieur de chaque pays. Ainsi, à Marseille, deuxième ville de France, moins de 50 % des habitants des quartiers nord de la ville étaient vaccinés à la fin de l’année 2021, alors que plus de 70 % des habitants des quartiers sud l’étaient au même moment.3 Dans le quartier populaire de Ealing, situé au nord-ouest de Londres, 70 % de la population admissible avait reçu une première dose, soit près de 10 % de moins que la moyenne nationale. 4 (Données du 4 avril 2022). Des disparités similaires ont été observées dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7. Ce document examine ces disparités au prisme de la notion d’« (in)égalité vaccinale ». En s’appuyant sur des recherches qualitatives menées pendant la campagne de vaccination de la COVID-19 dans les quartiers nord de Marseille, le quartier de Ealing à Londres (Nord-ouest) et dans la région de l'Émilie-Romagne et à Rome, en Italie, il montre comment les autorités locales peuvent agir pour atténuer ces inégalités. Mieux comprendre les inégalités en matière de vaccins fut primordial lors de la pandémie de la COVID-19 en ce sens que les populations sous-vaccinées étaient la plupart du temps des minorités ethniques ou culturelles, vivant dans des zones défavorisées, ou sans-papiers, donc plus susceptibles de contracter la COVID-19, et d’en subir les conséquences les plus dramatiques. 5 6 7 8 Ainsi, à Ealing, quatre mois après la campagne de vaccination, seulement 57,6% des personnes dans le décile de pauvreté le plus bas avaient reçu une dose, contre 81% des personnes dans le décile le plus aisé. 9 En outre, 89,2 % des résidents britanniques blancs de Ealing étaient vaccinés, contre 64 % des Pakistanais et 49,3 % des habitants issus des Caraïbes.9 À Rome, comme c’est le cas dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7, nos données révèlent des disparités particulières importantes entre le recours aux vaccins des populations sans papiers et celui des citoyens établis. Les facteurs d’inégalité vaccinale dans ces environnements urbains sont complexes et liés à l’interaction de nombreux phénomènes tels que les inégalités économiques, le racisme structurel, l'inégalité d'accès aux soins de santé, la méfiance envers les professionnels de santé, les représentants de l'État, et plus encore. Les collectivités locales tout comme les professionnels de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la manière dont s’exprime l’(in)égalité vaccinale. Pour autant, peu de leçons ont été systématiquement tirées des efforts menés en matière d’ «engagement vaccinal » au niveau local. Dans ce document, nous proposons d’expliquer comment l’expérience des inégalités structurelles se recoupe avec celle des habitants, et comment ces expériences ont été prises en compte ou au contraire ignorées dans la promotion et l’administration des vaccins contre la COVID-19 par les collectivités locales. Nous adressons également un ensemble de recommandations qui s’appliquent aux programmes de « vaccination de rattrapage » contre la COVID-19 (visant à atteindre les personnes qui n’ont pas encore reçu leur schéma vaccinal complet), mais elles concernent également les programmes de vaccination d'urgence à venir. Ce document repose sur des recherches menées entre octobre et décembre 2021 à Marseille et sur des échanges réguliers avec les autorités du Borough de Ealing initiés dès mai 2021. Il identifie comment les gouvernements locaux, les acteurs de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la production d’(in)égalités vaccinales. Ce document a été élaboré pour la SSHAP par Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Tavitha Hrynick (IDS), Ashley Ouvrier (LaSSA), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Federico Federici (UCL) et Elizabeth Storer (LSE). Il a été revu par Eloisa Franchi (Université de Pavie) et Ellen Schwartz (Conseil de santé publique de Hackney). La recherche a été financée par la British Academy COVID-19 Recovery : Fonds G7 (COVG7210038). Les recherches ont été menées à l’Institut d’études du développement (IDS), à l’Université de Sussex et au Laboratoire des sciences sociales appliquées (LaSSA). La SSHAP en assume la responsabilité.
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