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Omosa-Manyonyi, Gloria Susan, Robert Langat, Bashir Farah, Elizabeth Mutisya, Hilda Ogutu, Jacquelyn Nyange, Jackton Indangasi, et al. "Establishment and implementation of a regional mucosal training program to facilitate multi-center collaboration in basic and clinical research in Eastern Africa." F1000Research 12 (September 28, 2023): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.138688.1.
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Background: The recent outbreaks of novel endemic and pandemic diseases have highlighted the importance of collaborative networks in rapid response to emerging pathogens. Over the last two decades International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), with the support of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other international donors, has invested in research capacity and infrastructure in Africa. A significant portion of this support has facilitated establishing regional centers of excellence for African scientists to develop and lead a collaborative research agenda, implemented within the IAVI-led Accelerate the Development of Vaccines and New Technologies to Combat the AIDS Epidemic (ADVANCE) program. One such regional center is the University of Nairobi’s Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR). Objective: We designed and implemented a development program to foster inter-institutional South-South technology transfer within Africa, and address a capacity gap in mucosal research. Methods: KAVI-ICR and IAVI developed standardized mucosal sample collection, processing and technical assay methods; these were subsequently applied into several observational studies, and Phase I HIV vaccines, Varicella zoster virus vaccine, and broadly neutralizing antibodies clinical trials at KAVI-ICR. Thereafter, KAVI-ICR facilitated the technology transfer of the methods, by training staff at regional establishments in Africa. Results: Twelve standardized methodologies were developed for the collection, processing and storage of 10 mucosal sample types. Subsequently, eight regional research centers received training for a variety of clinical and laboratory methodologies; the centers later applied the techniques in follow-up collaborative research. Additionally, the training fostered collaboration while allowing the development of local networks of research groups. Conclusion: By such South-South initiatives, supported by international donors, the development of regional capacity and expertise is realizable. The established expertise can be leveraged when needed, and builds the capability for African scientists to engage at an international level, actively participating in driving internationally relevant research.
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Muula, Adamson S., and Joseph M. Mfutso-Bengo. "Important but Neglected Ethical and Cultural Considerations in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS in Malawi." Nursing Ethics 11, no. 5 (September 2004): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733004ne726oa.
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Southern African countries have the highest HIV infection rates in the world. In most of the countries in the region, the rate among adults is at least 10%. The fight against HIV/AIDS has mostly been inadequate owing to the lack of proper consideration of ethical and cultural issues. In this article, the authors discuss the ethical and cultural dilemmas concerning HIV/AIDS, with Malawi as a case in point. It is argued that increasing financial resources alone, as exemplified by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria initiative, without proper attention to ethical issues, morals and appropriate legal obligations, are unlikely to reduce the spread of HIV in southern Africa.
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Szto, Courtney. "Saving Lives With Soccer and Shoelaces: The Hyperreality of Nike (RED)." Sociology of Sport Journal 30, no. 1 (March 2013): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.1.41.
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Product (RED) was launched in 2006 as an initiative to activate the corporate sector in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa. In 2009, Nike joined Product (RED)’s list of corporate partners with its “Lace Up, Save Lives” campaign. Nike (RED) directs 100% of its profits toward HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and grassroots soccer programs in Africa. This case study questions the symbolism projected by Nike (RED) and its implications by applying Jean Baudrillard’s theories on consumption and hyperreality. The manner in which Nike (RED) represents Africa, HIV/AIDS, soccer, and sport for development and peace are all discussed as mediated simulations that position Nike as the producer of knowledge. Data analysis observes that Nike (RED) laces produce a hyperreality, whereby the origin of truth becomes, according to Baudrillard, indecipherable and soccer becomes more important than HIV/AIDS.
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Powers, Theodore. "Knowledge practices, waves and verticality: Tracing HIV/AIDS activism from late apartheid to the present in South Africa." Critique of Anthropology 37, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x16671788.
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As the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic enters its fourth decade, universal access to treatment has begun to extend the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. While the South Africa’s ruling party – the African National Congress – has seized on improved health to bolster their political profile, the key agitators in producing this outcome were South African HIV/AIDS activists. Narrative accounts of the extended initiative have focused on the organisations that led the campaign for treatment access, such as the Treatment Access Campaign. Reflecting present trends in social movement theory, the emphasis in these accounts has been on transnational and/or ‘horizontal’ ties in alliance building. This approach obscures continuities with early South African HIV/AIDS activism during the late apartheid era. The concept of verticality is proposed as a means of highlighting the role of interpersonal relationships in the development of institutions and transmission of knowledge practices that link the waves of South African HIV/AIDS activism.
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Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Edward Odogbu Odo, Matthew Chibunna Igwe, Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu, Esther U. Alum, and Puche Racheal Okwaja. "Revolutionizing HIV Prevention in Africa: Landmark Innovations that Transformed the Fight." IAA Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/iaajas/2024/1.3.5288.
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The African continent has grappled with the profound impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic for decades, necessitating an ongoing evolution in prevention strategies. This review examines the pivotal innovations that have reshaped the landscape of HIV prevention in Africa. Highlighting advancements in treatment, pioneering educational campaigns, and community-focused interventions, this article explores the transformative initiatives that have redefined the fight against HIV/AIDS. Despite significant progress, challenges persist, including socio-economic disparities and evolving healthcare landscapes. This review aims to provide insights into the journey of HIV prevention in Africa, emphasizing the critical role of innovation and adaptation in sustaining and advancing progress towards a future free from the burden of HIV/AIDS. Keywords: HIV prevention, Africa, innovations, landmark, strategies, healthcare, epidemic, public health, treatment, education
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Hartwig, K. A., D. Humphries, and Z. Matebeni. "Building capacity for AIDS NGOs in southern Africa: evaluation of a pilot initiative." Health Promotion International 23, no. 3 (April 11, 2008): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dan013.
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Cherry, Michael. "South African government seeks reassurances on AIDS initiative." Nature 399, no. 6737 (June 1999): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21269.
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Cooper, Melinda. "The Theology of Emergency: Welfare Reform, US Foreign Aid and the Faith-Based Initiative." Theory, Culture & Society 32, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276413508448.
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This article addresses the rise of faith-based emergency relief by examining the US President’s Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS (PEPFAR), a public health intervention focused on the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that the theological turn in humanitarian aid serves to amplify ongoing dynamics in the domestic politics of sub-Saharan African states, where social services have assumed the form of chronic emergency relief and religious organizations have come to play an increasingly prominent role in the provision of such services. In the context of an ongoing public health crisis, PEPFAR has institutionalized the social authority of the Pentecostal and charismatic churches, leading to a semantic confluence between the postcolonial politics of emergency and the Pentecostal/Pauline theology of kairos or event. Far from being confined to the space of foreign aid, however, the faith-based turn in humanitarianism is in keeping with ongoing reforms in domestic social policy in the United States. While on the one hand the sustained welfare programmes of the New Deal and Great Society have been dismantled in favour of a system of emergency relief, on the other hand the federal government has intensified its moral, pedagogical and punitive interventions into the lives of the poor. The wilful transfer of welfare services to overtly religious service providers has played a decisive role in this process. The article concludes with a critical appraisal of the links between African and North American Pentecostal-evangelical churches and questions the revolutionary mission ascribed to Pauline political theology in recent political theory.
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D'Angelo, Paul, John C. Pollock, Kristen Kiernicki, and Donna Shaw. "Framing of AIDS in Africa: Press-state relations, HIV/AIDS news, and journalistic advocacy in four sub-Saharan Anglophone newspapers." Politics and the Life Sciences 32, no. 2 (2013): 100–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/32_2_100.
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This study offers the first systematic analysis of the impact of press-state relations, or media systems, on the HIV/AIDS news agenda in African news coverage. The premise is that media systems play a determining role in the degree to which journalists can independently advocate for social change when covering HIV/AIDS. Drawing on comparative research, four sub-Saharan countries were categorized into two media systems: Contained Democratic (South Africa, Nigeria) and Repressive Autocratic (Zimbabwe, Kenya). A sample of HIV/AIDS stories (n = 393) published from 2002–2007 in each country's leading Anglophone newspaper was content analyzed. Across all coverage, the topic of social costs was framed more for the responsibility borne by nongovernmental agents than governmental agents. In Contained Democratic media systems, however, story emphasis shifted toward government agents taking responsibility for addressing the social costs of HIV/AIDS. Prevention campaigns were framed more as progress than decline across all newspapers; however, campaigns were reported as being more efficacious in Contained Democratic systems than in Repressive Autocratic systems. No impact of media system on framing of medical developments was found. Results show the value of comparative analysis in understanding the agenda-setting process: with greater emphasis on positive efficacy and government initiative, the news agenda in Contained Democratic media systems can facilitate stronger positive societal-level responses than the news agenda in Repressive Autocratic media systems.
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Akenroye, Ayodele. "Navigating the Complexity of HIV/AIDS in African Peacekeeping Missions: Challenges and Prospects." Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no. 3-4 (2013): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1704010.
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The end of the Cold War witnessed the resurgence of ethnic conflicts in Africa, which necessitated the deployment of peacekeeping missions in many crisis contexts. The risk of HIV transmission increases in post-conflict environments where peacekeepers are at risk of contracting and spreading HIV/AIDS. In response, UN Security Council Resolution 1308 (2000) stressed the need for the UN to incorporate HIV/AIDS prevention awareness skills and advice in its training for peacekeepers. However, troops in peacekeeping missions remain under national command, thus limiting the UN prerogatives. This article discusses the risk of peacekeepers contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS, as well as the role of peacekeeping missions in controlling the spread of the disease, and offers an account of the steps taken within UN peacekeeping missions and African regional peacekeeping initiatives to tackle the challenges of HIV/AIDS. While HIV/AIDS remains a scourge that could weaken peacekeeping in Africa, it seems that inertia has set in, making it even more difficult to tackle the complexity of this phenomenon.
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Tucker, Timothy J., and Gatsha Mazithulela. "Development of an AIDS vaccine: perspective from the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative." BMJ 329, no. 7463 (August 19, 2004): 454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7463.454.
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Tsampiras, Carla. "Two Tales about Illness, Ideologies, and Intimate Identities: Sexuality Politics and AIDS in South Africa, 1980–95." Medical History 58, no. 2 (April 2014): 230–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.7.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the micro-narratives of two individuals whose responses to AIDS were mediated by their sexual identity, AIDS activism and the political context of South Africa during a time of transition. Their experiences were also mediated by well-established metanarratives about AIDS and ‘homosexuality’ created in the USA and the UK which were transplanted and reinforced (with local variations) into South Africa by medico-scientific and political leaders.The nascent process of writing South African AIDS histories provides the opportunity to record responses to AIDS at institutional level, reveal the connections between narratives about AIDS and those responses, and draw on the personal stories of those who were at the nexus of impersonal official responses and the personal politics of AIDS. This article records the experiences of Dennis Sifris, a physician who helped establish one of the first AIDS clinics in South Africa and emptied the dance floors, and Pierre Brouard, a clinical psychologist who was involved in early counselling, support and education initiatives for HIV-positive people, and counselled people about dying, and then about living. Their stories show how, even within government-aligned health care spaces hostile to gay men, they were able to provide support and treatment to people; benefited from international connections with other gay communities; and engaged in socially subversive activities. These oral histories thus provide otherwise hidden insights into the experiences of some gay men at the start of an epidemic that was initially almost exclusively constructed on, and about, gay men’s bodies.
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Siringi, Samuel. "African initiative launched to tackle HIV/AIDS in children." Lancet 359, no. 9300 (January 2002): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07255-0.
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Cooke, Jennifer G., and J. Stephen Morrison. "Building an Ethic of Public Policy Discourse: An Appeal to the African Studies Community." African Issues 30, no. 2 (2002): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s154845050000651x.
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U.S. policy engagement in Africa has entered a phase of dramatic enlargement, begun during President Bill Clinton’s tenure and expanded—unexpectedly—under the administration of George W. Bush. In the last five years, several Africa-centered U.S. policy initiatives have been launched—in some instances backed by substantial funding increases—in trade and investment, security, development assistance, counterterrorism, and HIV/AIDS. By contrast with the Cold War era, recent initiatives—the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a counterterrorism task force in Djibouti, President Bush’s $15 billion HTV/AIDS proposal, and the $5 billion Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)—have been largely free of partisan rancor or controversy.
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Walker, Gavin Robert. "Emotive Media as a Counterbalance to AIDS Messaging Fatigue in South Africa: Responses to an HIV/AIDS Awareness Music Video." AIDS Education and Prevention 34, no. 1 (February 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2022.34.1.17.
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South Africa recorded and estimated 230,000 new infections in 2020, and low levels of AIDS risk awareness remain prevalent among the nation's youth. While public health awareness initiatives continue to be necessary, the large quantity of AIDS-related content that has permeated the media landscape since the start of the epidemic has resulted in increasing indifference to health messaging. Drawing from the concept of referent emotional responses, this article analyzes the reception of “Sing,” an HIV/AIDS awareness music video characterized by emotive visual representations of AIDS. The data highlight ongoing fatigue towards HIV/AIDS messaging and the potential of highly emotive media to engage target audiences in a climate of indifference to AIDS awareness. The article recommends that future awareness and prevention campaigns consider the role of emotive content in effective AIDS-related health promotion in South Africa.
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Das, Pam. "Tim Tucker—Director of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative." Lancet Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (March 2003): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00551-6.
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Brandon, Leslie Leila, and International Labour Office. "Action against HIV/AIDS in Africa: An Initiative in the Context of the World of Work." African Studies Review 44, no. 1 (April 2001): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525414.
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Chipukuma, Julian, Brianna Lindsay, Linah K. Mwango, Pawel Olowski, Caitlin Baumhart, Kalima Tembo, Adebayo A. Olufunso, et al. "Fostering Access to PrEP Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Aged 16 to 24 Years at High Risk of HIV Through the DREAMS Initiative in Four Districts in Zambia." AIDS Education and Prevention 35, Supplement A (July 2023): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2023.35.suppa.52.
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Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa remain at high risk for HIV, yet limited data exist on implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for this group. We examined PrEP uptake among AGYW using a retrospective cohort enrolled in the Determined Resilient Empowered AIDS-free Mentored Safe (DREAMS) initiative in Zambia between October 2020 and March 2022. Consent was obtained from eligible AGYW at substantial risk for HIV, and they voluntarily participated in PrEP. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with PrEP refills following initiation. Of 4,162 HIV-negative AGYW, 3,233 (77%) were at substantial risk and initiated on PrEP. Overall, 68% of AGYW had at least one refill, but this differed significantly by age group and district. DREAMS was successful at reaching AGYW with PrEP services. More evidence is needed to assess reasons for discontinuation and to improve persistence for those with sustained HIV risk.
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Burger, Mariekie. "Mapping the field." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 34, no. 2 (October 17, 2022): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v34i2.1610.
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Despite a vast array of HIV/AIDS prevention communication initiatives in South Africa, recentresearch pointed out that the general public’s knowledge level about HIV/AIDS has decreasedand that risky behaviour associated with the spread of the virus, is on the increase. This meansthat even though some successes with HIV/AIDS prevention communication have been achieved,new innovative ways of communicating about the epidemic urgently needs to be investigated. Insearch for a new direction, this article maps four forms of HIV/AIDS prevention communicationin the country. Instead of continuing on the trajectory of exploring project-based campaigns thatare initiated ‘from the outside’ (such as projects formulated by donor institutions), this articlesuggests that community-initiated HIV/AIDS prevention communication initiatives might suggesta new direction to supplement existing communication on the epidemic.
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Jacobson, Laura E. "President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Policy Process and the Conversation around HIV/AIDS in the United States." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 5, no. 2 (July 2020): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133320952210.
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In 2003, the George W. Bush administration passed the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government initiative to address the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic primarily in Africa. PEPFAR’s US$18 billion budget remains the largest commitment from any nation towards a single disease and has saved countless lives. Given the historical and current political resistance to foreign aid, PEPFAR’s drastic spike in spending on HIV/AIDS raises questions over how the policy process resulted in bipartisan support. Using two policy process theories, punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), this analysis helps explain the framing of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the factors that resulted in the creation of PEPFAR. The analysis of the PEPFAR policy process reveals a ‘tipping point’ in the early 2000s, when political actors, the media and advocacy coalitions benefitted from issue framing, narrative change and measures of political attention to elevate the global HIV/AIDS crisis to the public agenda. The findings highlight an increase in presidential attention, the evolution of the HIV/AIDS narrative away from stigma and the formation of powerful coalitions. Looking back on the combination of policy process factors that led to PEPFAR’s bipartisan success might lead to insights for dismantling the grand public health challenges of the present and future. This study’s findings have implications for currently stigmatised public health crises, such as the opioid epidemic.
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Badri, Motasim, Susan Cleary, Gary Maartens, Jennifer Pitt, Linda-Gail Bekker, Catherine Orrell, and Robin Wood. "When to Initiate Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa? A South African Cost-Effectiveness Study." Antiviral Therapy 11, no. 1 (January 2006): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350601100103.
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Background Large-scale programmes increasing access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are being implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. However, cost-effectiveness of initiating treatment at different CD4 count thresholds has not been explored in resource-poor settings. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from a public health perspective using primary treatment outcomes, healthcare utilisation and cost data (Jan 2004 local prices; US$1=7.6 Rands) derived from the Cape Town AIDS Cohort. A Markov state-transition model was developed to estimate life-expectancy, lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), cost per life-year and QALY gained for initiating HAART at three CD4 cell count thresholds (<200/μl, 200–350/μl and >350/μl), including the no antiretroviral therapy (No-ART) alternative. Each treatment option was compared with the next most effective undominated option. Results Mean life-expectancy was 6.2, 18.8, 21.0 and 23.3 years; discounted (8%) QALYs were 3.1, 6.2, 6.7 and 7.4; and discounted lifetime costs were US$5,250, US$5,434, US$5,740, US$6,588 for No-ART, and therapy initiation at <200/μl, 200–350/μl and >350/μl scenarios respectively. Clinical benefits increased significantly with early therapy initiation. Initiating therapy at <200/μl had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$54 per QALY versus No-ART, 200–350/μl had an ICER of US$616 versus therapy initiation at <200/μl, and >350/μl had an ICER of US$1,137 versus therapy initiation at 200–350/μl ICERs were sensitive to HAART cost. Conclusions HAART is reasonably cost-effective for HIV-infected patients in South Africa, and most effective if initiated when CD4 count >200/μl. Deferring treatment to <200/μl would reduce the aggregate cost of treatment, but this should be balanced against the significant clinical benefits associated with early therapy.
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Winnie, Babirye, and Joel Isabirye. "The role of Mass Media in combating HIV/AIDs in Uganda: A case study of Uganda Broadcasting Corporation." NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW, COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGES 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/nijlcl/2024/4.1.122848.
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This research investigates the role of mass media in combating HIV/AIDS in Uganda, focusing onthe case study ofUganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC). The study is situated within the global Africa East African, and Ugandan contexts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. The statement of the problem emphasizes the real challenges faced in the effective use ofmass media for HIV/AIDS awareness in Uganda. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of UBC's HIV/AIDS awareness programs, analyze perceptions and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS in UBC's audience, and identify opportunities for enhanced collaboration and community involvement. The significance of the study lies in contributing valuable insights to the field of HIV/AIDS communication and media strategies. The research objectives delve into assessing UBC's programs, exploring audience perceptions, and identifying collaborative opportunities. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics to capture the effectiveness of mass media in HIV/AIDS awareness. Survey questions assess respondents' agreement with statements related to mass media's impact on awareness, perceptions, and collaborative strategies. Findings reveal insights into the effectiveness of UBC's programs, audience perceptions, and collaborative opportunities. The study contributes to the literature on mass media's role in public health campaigns and offers recommendations for enhancing UBC's HIV/AIDS awareness initiatives. The research concludes with reflections on limitations and suggests avenues for future studies in this critical area. Keywords: Mass media, HIV/AIDS, Uganda, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), awareness programs.
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Peltzer, Karl. "Opinion on Aids Prevention and Education among Rural Secondary School Pupils in the Northern Province of South Africa." Psychological Reports 87, no. 2 (October 2000): 593–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.593.
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The study investigated perceptions of AIDS prevention and education among 308 Grade 11 pupils (132 boys and 176 girls), secondary school pupils (mainly Northern Sotho and Tsonga) in the Northern Province of South Africa. They were chosen randomly from three rural schools in Mankweng district and were ages 17 to 25 years ( M age=19.1 yr., SD=2.8). Analysis of ratings given on items of a questionnaire on AIDS prevention and education indicated that ‘Isolating people who are HIV positive’ and ‘How to protect yourself from getting HIV/AIDS’ received the highest ratings. Factor analysis extracted three factors on AIDS education explaining 48% of the variance. The items loading strongly on the first factor were use of condoms (.54), giving information (.53), finding a cure (.52), and no sex outside marriage (.42). On AIDS education two factors were extracted accounting for 52% of the variance. The first factor had significant item loadings for ‘sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS’ (.75), ‘knowledge of self-protection’ (68), how AIDS/HIV affects the body' (.66), and ‘alcohol and sexual behaviour’. These findings should contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives directed at AIDS/HIV.
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Mutinda, Gladys, and Zhimin Liu. "On the Roles of World-Class Universities and the Sustainability Agenda in Africa: A Case Study of Two Universities in South Africa and Egypt." Higher Education Studies 11, no. 4 (October 6, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p70.
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In the past decade, the World Class University discussion has become rampant due to the integral role that higher education plays in any economy's aspiration to compete globally while still pursuing sustainability. This article reports on a study that explored the roles played by world-class universities (WCUs) in fostering sustainability initiatives and practices in the African context. The article harnesses a document review approach that facilitates in-depth document analysis using two world-class institutions in Africa: The University of Cape Town in South Africa and American University in Cairo in Egypt as case studies. This study finds that world-class institutions in the two countries have rigorous, comprehensive sustainability organisations, synthesised and adopted from international agreements and concepts. The sustainability organisation is characterised by a less hierarchical approach to its management and leadership. Sustainability in research is fostered through environmental research and other key research areas such as food and medicine. Sustainable teaching is fostered through living-learning labs, redesigned curriculums, targeted degree programs and lecturer development through training and awards as incentives. Tangible, sustainable technology and innovation initiatives are also evident. This article comprehensively establishes the links and roles played by WCUs in fostering sustainability. It aids potential WCUs in Africa to understand and adopt sustainable initiatives within different and dynamic institutional contexts.
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Durden, Emma, and Dominique Nduhura. "Use of participatory forum theatre to explore HIV/AIDS issues in the workplace." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 26, no. 2 (October 20, 2022): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v26i2.1725.
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The continued success of entertainment education programmes around the world has seen anincrease in the use of theatre for HIV/AIDS interventions. Both UNAIDS and UNESCO recommendthe use of such cultural strategies for HIV/AIDS awareness. A brief survey of current evaluationsin this field reveals such projects in Kenya, Angola, Mozambique, the Netherlands and Honduras,amongst other countries. Forum theatre is reported as being used as a technique to deepenunderstanding of HIV/AIDS issues in programmes in Georgia, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and SouthAfrica (The Communication Initiative, 2007).This paper explores the application of participatory theatre techniques in a South African factoryenvironment in 2003. It investigates the conditions and context for the project, some of the theoreticalunderpinnings of the forum theatre concept, and the reception of the project by the factory audience.Essentially, the paper seeks to determine whether forum theatre is an appropriate strategy to usefor HIV/AIDS awareness in this environment.
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Kharsany, Ayesha B. M., and Quarraisha A. Karim. "HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010034.
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Global trends in HIV infection demonstrate an overall increase in HIV prevalence and substantial declines in AIDS related deaths largely attributable to the survival benefits of antiretroviral treatment. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionate burden of HIV, accounting for more than 70% of the global burden of infection. Success in HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa has the potential to impact on the global burden of HIV. Notwithstanding substantial progress in scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART), sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 74% of the 1.5 million AIDS related deaths in 2013. Of the estimated 6000 new infections that occur globally each day, two out of three are in sub-Saharan Africa with young women continuing to bear a disproportionate burden. Adolescent girls and young women aged 15-24 years have up to eight fold higher rates of HIV infection compared to their male peers. There remains a gap in women initiated HIV prevention technologies especially for women who are unable to negotiate the current HIV prevention options of abstinence, behavior change, condoms and medical male circumcision or early treatment initiation in their relationships. The possibility of an AIDS free generation cannot be realized unless we are able to prevent HIV infection in young women. This review will focus on the epidemiology of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, key drivers of the continued high incidence, mortality rates and priorities for altering current epidemic trajectory in the region. Strategies for optimizing the use of existing and increasingly limited resources are included.
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Cheru, Fantu. "Debt relief & social investment: linking the HIPC initiative to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa: the case of Zambia." Review of African Political Economy 27, no. 86 (December 2000): 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240008704487.
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Darko, Delese, and Yvonne Adu-Boahen. "PO 8300 REGIONAL CENTER FOR REGULATORY EXCELLENCE IN CLINICAL TRIAL OVERSIGHT – TRAINING 2017." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A28.1—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.71.
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BackgroundThe competencies of the various national medicines regulatory agencies (NMRAs) in Africa vary which leads to generally porous regulatory systems for clinical trial oversight. Consequently, many trials have been conducted under unacceptable conditions compromising participants’ safety and data credibility and resulted in questionable outcomes that are used for making scientific judgement in addressing issues of public health in Africa.To improve the safety and quality of health technologies in Africa, the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) agency launched a programme to designate Regional Centres of Regulatory Excellence (RCOREs) with the specific objective of bridging existing gaps between African NMRAs through strengthening regulatory capacity of African Union member states. The Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), Ghana, was designated as RCORE for Clinical Trials oversight in May 2014.MethodsTo achieve the RCORE objectives, the FDA collaborated with the School of Public Health (SPH), University of Ghana to develop a training manual and piloted a training programme with funds from the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) through NEPAD.The programme, consisting of 4 compulsory modules, was organised from 6–30 November 2017 for 10 participants from Zambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Rwanda and Ghana. Interactive training methods in the form of theoretical and practical sessions were employed.ResultsThe pilot RCORE training was successful with expected training objectives achieved. Participants gained hands-on experience through activities like observing Good Clinical Practice inspection and a Technical Advisory Committee Meeting. Participants were given template tools to assist in developing regulatory guidelines and forms in their respective countries.A follow-up questionnaire was circulated to participants to assess the impact of the training on their work. Feedback indicates that regulation of clinical trials has improved in their respective institutions.ConclusionThis pilot fellowship training was successful, leading to the improvement of clinical trial regulation in the participating countries.
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Homsy, Jaco, Rachel King, Joseph Tenywa, Primrose Kyeyune, Alex Opio, and Dorothy Balaba. "Defining Minimum Standards of Practice for Incorporating African Traditional Medicine into HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care, and Support: A Regional Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/1075553042476731.
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Hammed, Hanafi A. "Appraising the Role of African Union: the New Partnership for Africa’s Development in Conflict prevention and Management in Africa." International and Comparative Law Review 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0036.
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Abstract The New Partnership for Africa’s Development is the latest in a long line of initiatives or framework intended by African leaders to place African continent on a path of growth and sustainable development. The development challenges that face Africa are enormous and varied. Th e crisis of political instability, bad governance, lack of peace and security, poverty and diseases like HIV/AIDs. NEPAD recognized peace and security as condition for good governance and sustainable development. Therefore, in absence of peace and security, democracy and good governance cannot strive and where there is no good governance, we cannot witness sustainable development. This paper argues that peace and security has been elusive in much of Africa. The failure of the Organisation of African Unity to ensure peace and security in Africa and to address Africa’s post-cold war legion of challenges, the successor organisation, the African Union and its attendant development programme, the NEPAD were established. The first issue which is critical to NEPAD is, solving armed conflict and civil unrest on the continent. Currently, twenty percent of the people of Africa are living in condition of conflict. These conditions cause terrible suffering and hold back economic development in the affected countries. The extent of conflict is so great that the whole continent is affected and this creates a major barrier to inward investment. On the resolution, NEPAD is in a position to make considerable progress. It was learnt in Sierra Lone that with concentrated international eff ort, conflict can be successfully ended and institutions of a properly functioning state can begin to be rebuilt. The paper therefore examines the origin of the NEPAD, NEPAD and challenges of peace and security in Africa and involvement of AU/NEPAD in Darfur and Cote D’Ivoire crises. It further discusses the AU/NEPAD conflict mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and resolution and draw conclusion.
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Likoti, Palesa Grace, Desmond Kuupiel, and Nelisiwe Khuzwayo. "Mapping factors influencing initiation of antiretroviral treatment among adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review protocol." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 22, 2024): e0289515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289515.
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Background Since the Start Free, Stay Free, and AIDS-Free launch, UNAIDS targets intended to promote interventions to prevent HIV transmission and promote access to ART among adolescents and children, of which none were achieved in 2020. In the sub-Saharan African region, the number of adolescents initiated on ART drugs remained consistently low, with approximately100 000 adolescents succumbing to AIDS-related causes in 2022. Although HIV prevalence among adolescents had been reduced, several HIV- positive adolescents died without being initiated on ART drugs. Therefore, this scoping review protocol aims to map factors influencing the initiation of ART drugs among adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The methodological framework for scoping reviews will guide this scoping protocol. A search strategy will be used to search literature in electronic databases, including EBSCOhost (PubMed/MEDLINE), Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, BioMed Central, and the World Health Organization library for citations and literature using keywords and the Medical Subjects Heading (MeSH). The electronic databases will be supplemented by hand-searching references on the included studies. The search will be from Jan 01, 2012, to Dec 31, 2022. Articles will be searched and assessed for eligibility by two screeners uploaded on the Endnote software, and duplicates will be identified and removed before the abstract screening. The two screeners will assess the eligibility of the abstracts and the complete articles of the selected studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A third screener will intervene when there is a lack of consensus between the two screeners. The selection process will be documented by following and using the PRISMA flow diagram (Fig 1). A thematic content analysis will present a narrative account of the extracted data. Discussion The results of this review will identify and describe factors influencing the initiation of Antiretroviral treatment among adolescents living with HIV in the Sub-Saharan African region. The findings will guide future research and inform tailored interventions and strategies for initiating ART among adolescents. Trial registration Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RNF2T.
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Lusey, Hendrew G., Monica Christianson, Miguel San Sebastian, and Kerstin E. Edin. "Church representatives’ perspectives on masculinities in the context of HIV: the case of the Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative in Africa." African Journal of AIDS Research 15, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2016.1203341.
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Fiori, K., J. Schechter, and S. Houndeno. "Global health delivery science: Applying the care delivery value framework to a community based HIV/AIDS initiative in Togo, West Africa." Annals of Global Health 81, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.936.
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Boakye, Dorothy Serwaa, Mawuko Setordzi, Gladys Dzansi, and Samuel Adjorlolo. "Mental health burden among females living with HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): e0002767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002767.
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Mental health problems, particularly depression and anxiety, are common in women and young girls living with HIV/ AIDS particularly in low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries where women’s vulnerability to psychiatric symptoms is heightened due to the prevalent intersectional stressors such as stigma and intimate partner violence. However, no synthesized evidence exists on the mental health burden of females living with HIV/AIDS (FLWHA) in Africa. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the mental health burden among FLWHA in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic literature review of articles published from 2013–2023 was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Five electronic databases; PubMed, MEDLINE with full text, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and Health Source: Nursing Academic Edition were searched for articles published in English. Nineteen articles (15 quantitative, 3 qualitative, and 1 case study) from over 7 African countries met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies’ quality was determined to be moderate. The prevalence of depression ranged from 5.9 to 61% and anxiety from 28.9 to 61%. Mental health burden was a logical outcome of HIV diagnosis. Predictors of mental health outcomes in the context of HIV/AIDS were identified as intimate partner violence (IPV), stigma, childhood traumas, sexual abuse, poverty, unemployment, and social isolation. Social support and resilience were identified as protective factors against mental illness in FLWHA. Mental illness had a deleterious effect on viral suppression rates among FLWHA, resulting in delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy treatment and increased mortality but had no impact on immune reconstitution in the face of ART adherence. Given the high prevalence rates of depression and anxiety and their relationship with HIV progression, it is crucial that mental health care services are integrated into routine HIV care.
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Beck, Rose Marie. "Popular media for HIV/AIDS prevention? Comparing two comics: Kingo and the Sara Communication Initiative." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 513–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06002072.
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This paper draws attention to some assumptions implicit in HIV/AIDS communication or prevention campaigns which use popular culture media, in this instance comics. Theoretically the analysis is placed in a framework of popular culture as the arena of negotiations about claims over hegemonic discourses. Methodologically the internal logics of a local Swahili comic from the magazine Kingo and of a comic from the Sara Initiative in Swahili (UNICEF-ESARO) are explored through a comparative textual analysis, focusing on differences and convergences in the use of dramaturgy and characterisation of the protagonists. The transformations of locally known comic characters and the differences in dramaturgical strategies are made visible in the comparison, exposing the communicative, historical and social underpinnings of both comics. It is argued that as long as these preconditions of the international campaigns, as well as of local popular culture production are not thoroughly explored, hegemonic Western claims of knowledge of HIV/AIDS will be rejected by African people (and why not?). The paper recommends that prevention design allow for ‘moments of freedom’ understood ‘as the potential to transform one's thoughts, emotions and experience into creations that can be communicated and shared’ (Fabian 1998).
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Odediran, Omoladun O., Oluwakemi O. Odukoya, Mobolanle R. Balogun, Jonathan A. Colasanti, and Alani S. Akanmu. "A Qualitative Study Exploring Factors Associated with Retention in HIV Care among Women with HIV in a Large HIV Clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, after Implementing the Test and Treat Policy." AIDS Research and Treatment 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9074844.
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Background. In Nigeria, various sociocultural and economic factors may prevent women from being retained in HIV care. This study explores the factors associated with retention in care among women with HIV in a large HIV clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, under the Test and Treat policy. Methods. Women living with HIV/AIDS (n = 24) enrolled in an HIV study at the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, were interviewed from April 1 to October 31, 2021, using a semistructured interview guide. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and the themes were analyzed using the framework of Andersen and Newman’s Behavioural Model for Healthcare Utilization. Results. The mean age of the respondents was 37.4 ± 9.27 years. The identified themes were as follows: being aware of the antiretroviral medications and their benefits, the household’s awareness of the respondents’ HIV status, and the presence of social support. Other themes were the presence of a dependable source of income and the ability to overcome the challenges encountered in obtaining income, ease of travel to and from the clinic (length of travel time and transportation costs), securing support from the clinic, challenges encountered in the process of accessing care at the clinic, and the ability to overcome these challenges. Also mentioned were self-perception of being HIV positive, motivation to remain in care, linkage to care, and intention to stay in care. Conclusion. Several deterring factors to retention in HIV care, such as nondisclosure of status, absence of social support, and clinic barriers, persist under the Test and Treat policy. Therefore, to achieve the “treatment as prevention” for HIV/AIDS, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, it is essential to employ strategies that address these barriers and leverage the facilitators for better health outcomes among women with HIV/AIDS.
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Drah, Bright B. "Of ‘prostitutes’ and ‘AIDS people’: Feminization of HIV and AIDS in South-eastern Ghana." Contemporary Journal of African Studies 3, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/contjas.v3i2.1.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, more women than men live with HIV and women bear the largest proportion of the burden of care that is due to the epidemic. Only a few studies have documented the precise details of how women in countries with low HIV prevalence became the worst affected by the epidemic. In Ghana, the historical factors that account for high HIV infections among women and the emergence of women-led community-based HIV interventions have been less researched. This paper examines the historical (political-economic), cultural and personal factors that account for the high HIV prevalence in Manya Klo, the area worst impacted by HIV in Ghana. The paper presents the social history of the pandemic in Manya Klo and explains why Klo women are considered to be the sources of HIV in Ghana. It suggests that concentrating interventions on women helps to reduce the impact of HIV and inform national interventions. Women-focused interventions may, however, alienate other groups that can contribute to improving the lives of families affected by HIV. Therefore, women-focused interventions must be planned in a manner that engages multiple stakeholders.Keywords: Manya Krobo, queen mothers, female migration, female sex work, orphans and vulnerable children, community-based HIV initiatives
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Peltzer, Karl, Warren Parker, Musawenkosi Mabaso, Elias Makonko, Khangelani Zuma, and Shandir Ramlagan. "Impact of National HIV and AIDS Communication Campaigns in South Africa to Reduce HIV Risk Behaviour." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/384608.
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In South Africa social and behavioural communication interventions are a critical component of HIV/AIDS prevention, and numerous communication campaigns have been implemented intensively across the country through government initiatives and nongovernmental organisations over the past decade. The aim of this paper is to assess the reach of HIV and AIDS communication campaigns in conjunction with contributions to knowledge, attitudes, and HIV risk behaviours in the general population in South Africa. The sample included in this nationally representative cross-sectional survey was 13234 people aged 15–55 years. Overall, the study found that there was high exposure to 18 different HIV communication programmes (median 6 programmes and 14 programmes more than 30%) across different age groups. Most programmes were more often seen or heard by young people aged between 15 and 24 years. In multivariate analysis, greater exposure to HIV mass communication programmes was associated with greater HIV knowledge, condom use at last sex, having tested for HIV in the past 12 months, and less stigmatizing attitude toward PLWHA.
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Horner, Marie-Josèphe, Steady Chasimpha, Adrian Spoerri, Jessie Edwards, Julia Bohlius, Hannock Tweya, Petros Tembo, et al. "High Cancer Burden Among Antiretroviral Therapy Users in Malawi: A Record Linkage Study of Observational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohorts and Cancer Registry Data." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 5 (November 17, 2018): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy960.
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Abstract Background With antiretroviral therapy (ART), AIDS-defining cancer incidence has declined and non-AIDS–defining cancers (NADCs) are now more frequent among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected populations in high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, limited epidemiological data describe cancer burden among ART users. Methods We used probabilistic algorithms to link cases from the population-based cancer registry with electronic medical records supporting ART delivery in Malawi’s 2 largest HIV cohorts from 2000–2010. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates (IRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by cancer site, early vs late incidence periods (4–24 and >24 months after ART start), and World Health Organization (WHO) stage among naive ART initiators enrolled for at least 90 days. Results We identified 4346 cancers among 28 576 persons. Most people initiated ART at advanced WHO stages 3 or 4 (60%); 12% of patients had prevalent malignancies at ART initiation, which were predominantly AIDS-defining eligibility criteria for initiating ART. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) had the highest IR (634.7 per 100 000 person-years) followed by cervical cancer (36.6). KS incidence was highest during the early period 4–24 months after ART initiation. NADCs accounted for 6% of new cancers. Conclusions Under historical ART guidelines, NADCs were observed at low rates and were eclipsed by high KS and cervical cancer burden. Cancer burden among Malawian ART users does not yet mirror that in high-income countries. Integrated cancer screening and management in HIV clinics, especially for KS and cervical cancer, remain important priorities in the current Malawi context.
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Alkatout, Ibrahim, Alison Furey, Rebecca Vineberg, Ulrike Schulz, and Paul Thistle. "Sexual behaviour as the limiting and linking factor in HIV-infected people in rural Zimbabwe." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207782193867.
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Although the incidence of AIDS continues to increase in Zimbabwe, no systematic investigation has been done of the contextual (behavioural and situational) variables important to the tailoring of AIDS educational prevention programmes for those at risk. As part of a World Health Organization-recommended cotrimoxazole prophylaxis programme to 1146 HIV-positive individuals in rural Zimbabwe, data were collected on risk behaviours and characteristics of all participants. Outcomes included condom use, relationship, marital status, duration of the programme and reason for HIV testing. Forty-five participants (4.1%) reported always using condoms, 379 (34.5%) reported occasional use and 673 (61.4%) reported no condom use. Statistical analysis showed significant positive correlations between condom use and participant age, duration of the programme, the reason for HIV testing, knowledge about the partners' HIV status and the partner's awareness of the patient's HIV-positive status. Results reflect the need to target subpopulations, for specific HIV/AIDS education initiatives in rural Africa.
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Abdullah, Adam Muhammad Ahmed, Celia Dyduck, and Taha Y. Ahmed. "Transboundary Water Conflicts as Postcolonial Legacy (the Case of Nile Basin)." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-184-196.
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It is not shortage or lack of water that leads to conflict but the way how water is governed and managed. It is said that water will be, much more than oil, the major geopolitical issue of the 21st century. Although it is difficult to demonstrate this, it is clear that the increasing scarcity of the resource, on the one hand, and the configuration of its availability, on the other, are conflict-generating. In the particular case of the African continent, the large catchment basins of the Nile, Niger and Chad, shared by many states of unequal power, are the scene of inefficient hydro-diplomacy. Indeed, north to south, the Nile Delta is 161 km long and covers the coastline of Egypt from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east. Egypt with 100 mln population is de facto the principal hydro-hegemon state in the Nile basin. Nevertheless, a couple of riparian states, as Ethiopia (105 mln population), have taken measures in order to challenge this status quo: the signature and launching of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), the signature of Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and the signing of the Declaration of Principles Agreement. The article attempts to analyse the urgency of the problem of water resources allocation in Africa with particular focus to the Nile basin and the complexity of agreements regulating the issue dating back to the colonial era. The study also emphasizes the difficulties bilateral and multilateral aids faced while trying to solve a conflict. As Nile for many states is not just a source of water, it is the host of a fragile ecosystem, essential for maintaining the environmental and ecological balance of North-East Africa.
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Burgers, Wendy A., Joanne H. van Harmelen, Enid Shephard, Craig Adams, Thandiswa Mgwebi, William Bourn, Tomáš Hanke, Anna-Lise Williamson, and Carolyn Williamson. "Design and preclinical evaluation of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C DNA vaccine for clinical trial." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81379-0.
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In this study, the design and preclinical development of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C DNA vaccine are described, developed as part of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI). Genetic variation remains a major obstacle in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine and recent strategies have focused on constructing vaccines based on the subtypes dominant in the developing world, where the epidemic is most severe. The vaccine, SAAVI DNA-C, contains an equimolar mixture of two plasmids, pTHr.grttnC and pTHr.gp150CT, which express a polyprotein derived from Gag, reverse transcriptase (RT), Tat and Nef, and a truncated Env, respectively. Genes included in the vaccine were obtained from individuals within 3 months of infection and selection was based on closeness to a South African subtype C consensus sequence. All genes were codon-optimized for increased expression in humans. The genes have been modified for safety, stability and immunogenicity. Tat was inactivated through shuffling of gene fragments, whilst maintaining all potential epitopes; the active site of RT was mutated; 124 aa were removed from the cytoplasmic tail of gp160; and Nef and Gag myristylation sites were inactivated. Following vaccination of BALB/c mice, high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced against multiple epitopes and the vaccine stimulated strong CD8+ gamma interferon responses. In addition, high titres of antibodies to gp120 were induced in guinea pigs. This vaccine is the first component of a prime–boost regimen that is scheduled for clinical trials in humans in the USA and South Africa.
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Bebell, Lisa M., Mark J. Siedner, Nicholas Musinguzi, Yap Boum, Bosco M. Bwana, Winnie Muyindike, Peter W. Hunt, Jeffrey N. Martin, and David R. Bangsberg. "Trends in one-year cumulative incidence of death between 2005 and 2013 among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Uganda." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 8 (September 20, 2016): 800–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416671431.
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Recent ecological data demonstrate improving outcomes for HIV-infected people in sub-Saharan Africa. Recently, Uganda has experienced a resurgence in HIV incidence and prevalence, but trends in HIV-related deaths have not been well described. Data were collected through the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes (UARTO) Study, an observational longitudinal cohort of Ugandan adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 2005 and 2013. We calculated cumulative incidence of death within one year of ART initiation, and fit Poisson models with robust variance estimators to estimate the effect enrollment period on one-year risk of death and loss to follow-up. Of 760 persons in UARTO who started ART, 30 deaths occurred within one year of ART initiation (cumulative incidence 3.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7–5.6%). Risk of death was highest for those starting ART in 2005 (13.0%, 95% CI 6.0–24.0%), decreased in 2006–2007 to 4% (95% CI 2.0–6.0%), and did not change thereafter ( P = 0.61). These results were robust to adjustment for age, sex, CD4 cell count, viral load, asset wealth, baseline depression, and body mass index. Here, we demonstrate that one-year cumulative incidence of death was high just after free ART rollout, decreased the following year, and remained low thereafter. Once established, ART programs in President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief-supported countries can maintain high quality care.
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Rivett, Ulrike, and Jonathan Tapson. "The Cell-Life Project: Converging technologies in the context of HIV/AIDS." Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 2 (November 3, 2009): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v2i0.1166.
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This article presents the development of a technology initiative called Cell-Life which addresses the need for information management in the HIV/AIDS sector. Cell-Life started in 2001 as a research collaboration between staff of the Engineering Faculties at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). Based on the need to support the primary health care sector in providing sustainable treatment options for HIV+ people in under-resourced and rural areas, converging technologies were identified as a possible solution for creating a ‘virtual infrastructure’ between the patient and the medical staff.
In 2003 the Government of South Africa clarified in its operational plan for HIV/AIDS that anti-retroviral treatment (ART) increased life expectancy of people living with AIDS. It also highlighted that provision of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) required the regular assessment of the compliance rate to the treatment plan in order to avoid side effects and multiple resistant strains. For under-resourced primary health care centres in disadvantaged areas, HIV/AIDS treatment, and particularly the requirement to monitor patients regularly, became a near impossible task.
Cell-Life investigated the use of readily available information and communication technologies to support the provision and distribution of medication, continuous patient monitoring, and communication of relevant data. By combining open source software, cellular technologies and a new approach to software design, a variety of solutions were developed that would take cognisance of the context of HIV/AIDS support and treatment across the country.
In 2006 Cell-Life became a not-for-profit organisation and was spun out of the University of Cape Town. The organization currently implements Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems that (as of late 2009) manage the dispensation of ARVs to approximately 70 000 patients, representing one-sixth of South Africans on state- or donor-sponsored ART. This article reflects on the development of Cell-Life as a case study for one of the first socially responsible research projects in the Engineering field at UCT and highlights some of the challenges, enablers and barriers experienced.
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Gray, Glenda E., Kenneth H. Mayer, Marnie L. Elizaga, Linda-Gail Bekker, Mary Allen, Lynn Morris, David Montefiori, et al. "Subtype C gp140 Vaccine Boosts Immune Responses Primed by the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative DNA-C2 and MVA-C HIV Vaccines after More than a 2-Year Gap." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 6 (April 20, 2016): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00717-15.
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ABSTRACTA phase I safety and immunogenicity study investigated South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI) HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) DNA vaccine encoding Gag-RT-Tat-Nef and gp150, boosted with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing matched antigens. Following the finding of partial protective efficacy in the RV144 HIV vaccine efficacy trial, a protein boost with HIV-1 subtype C V2-deleted gp140 with MF59 was added to the regimen. A total of 48 participants (12 U.S. participants and 36 Republic of South Africa [RSA] participants) were randomized to receive 3 intramuscular (i.m.) doses of SAAVI DNA-C2 of 4 mg (months 0, 1, and 2) and 2 i.m. doses of SAAVI MVA-C of 1.45 × 109PFU (months 4 and 5) (n= 40) or of a placebo (n= 8). Approximately 2 years after vaccination, 27 participants were rerandomized to receive gp140/MF59 at 100 μg or placebo, as 2 i.m. injections, 3 months apart. The vaccine regimen was safe and well tolerated. After the DNA-MVA regimen, CD4+T-cell and CD8+T-cell responses occurred in 74% and 32% of the participants, respectively. The protein boost increased CD4+T-cell responses to 87% of the subjects. All participants developed tier 1 HIV-1C neutralizing antibody responses as well as durable Env binding antibodies that recognized linear V3 and C5 peptides. The HIV-1 subtype C DNA-MVA vaccine regimen showed promising cellular immunogenicity. Boosting with gp140/MF59 enhanced levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as CD4+T-cell responses to HIV-1 envelope. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00574600 and NCT01423825.)
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Galowitz, Paula. "The Opportunities and Challenges of an Interdisciplinary Clinic." International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 18 (July 8, 2014): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v18i0.5.
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<p>Law school clinics in many countries increasingly provide the major opportunities that law students have to engage in interdisciplinary collaborations with other professionals. The collaboration may be with a wide range of professionals, such as: doctors and medical students; social workers and social work students; business school students; engineering faculty and students including biomedical engineering students; nursing students; and experts in public health, education, mental health or palliative care. It can occur in diverse contexts or targeted to specific populations, such as children, the elderly, victims of domestic violence or low-income business owners.</p><p>Some examples of these interdisciplinary clinics illustrate their variety. Clinical legal education initiatives in South Africa, Thailand and Ukraine promoted public health through programs that partnered with the Law and Health Initiative of the Open Society Institute’s Public Health Programs. In South Africa, palliative care was integrated with legal services; law students worked with staff at a hospice association to conduct workshops on wills, debts and family law for hospice caregivers. In Ukraine a Medical Law Clinic was started to advise and represent clients; in Thailand a law clinic wrote an HIV/AIDS Community Legal Education Manual, collaborated with organizations working on health and human rights issues to discuss harm reduction and incarceration, and implemented community education programs in prisons, detention centers and community centers. At Palacky University in the Czech Republic a new Patient’s Rights Legal Clinic, which prepares students to give legal advice, is taught by lecturers of the medical faculty and lawyers from a human rights non-profit. A clinic in the United States provides business planning and legal advice to small businesses; law and business students collaborate to assist with community economic development. Another United States clinic combines students in law, business, medicine, social work, biomedical engineering, and arts and sciences in a collaboration focused on intellectual property and business formation, with an emphasis on biodiversity and agricultural-biotechnology innovations.</p>
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Couper, I. "The rocky road to rural health." South African Family Practice 45, no. 5 (May 30, 2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v45i5.1946.
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Rural health is featuring more prominently on the national agenda in recent times. This article offers a personal review of some aspects of rural health care in South Africa, particularly, in terms of human resources, and proposes a way forward. There have been some important advances in rural health care, such as the implementation of the district health system, the community service and Cuban doctor programmes, the rise of RuDASA and academic initiatives in rural health. Difficulties in the way of improved rural health care include the AIDS burden, the moratorium on the registration of foreign doctors, negative attitudes to non-South African doctors, loss of nursing staff and lack of a coherent approach to human resources in health care. It is proposed that a coordinated rural health strategy is needed, which may include private-public partnerships clarification of the role the doctor in primary care and a team approach to solving the problems.
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Jamieson, Lise, Leigh F. Johnson, Katleho Matsimela, Linda Alinafe Sande, Marc d'Elbée, Mohammed Majam, Cheryl Johnson, et al. "The cost effectiveness and optimal configuration of HIV self-test distribution in South Africa: a model analysis." BMJ Global Health 6, Suppl 4 (July 2021): e005598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005598.
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BackgroundHIV self-testing (HIVST) has been shown to be acceptable, feasible and effective in increasing HIV testing uptake. Novel testing strategies are critical to achieving the UNAIDS target of 95% HIV-positive diagnosis by 2025 in South Africa and globally.MethodsWe modelled the impact of six HIVST kit distribution modalities (community fixed-point, taxi ranks, workplace, partners of primary healthcare (PHC) antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients), partners of pregnant women, primary PHC distribution) in South Africa over 20 years (2020–2039), using data collected alongside the Self-Testing AfRica Initiative. We modelled two annual distribution scenarios: (A) 1 million HIVST kits (current) or (B) up to 6.7 million kits. Incremental economic costs (2019 US$) were estimated from the provider perspective; assumptions on uptake and screening positivity were based on surveys of a subset of kit recipients and modelled using the Thembisa model. Cost-effectiveness of each distribution modality compared with the status-quo distribution configuration was estimated as cost per life year saved (estimated from life years lost due to AIDS) and optimised using a fractional factorial design.ResultsThe largest impact resulted from secondary HIVST distribution to partners of ART patients at PHC (life years saved (LYS): 119 000 (scenario A); 393 000 (scenario B)). However, it was one of the least cost-effective modalities (A: $1394/LYS; B: $4162/LYS). Workplace distribution was cost-saving ($52–$76 million) and predicted to have a moderate epidemic impact (A: 40 000 LYS; B: 156 000 LYS). An optimised scale-up to 6.7 million tests would result in an almost threefold increase in LYS compared with a scale-up of status-quo distribution (216 000 vs 75 000 LYS).ConclusionOptimisation-informed distribution has the potential to vastly improve the impact of HIVST. Using this approach, HIVST can play a key role in improving the long-term health impact of investment in HIVST.
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Sanjobo, Nawa, Matilda Lukwesa, Charity Kaziya, Cornwell Tepa, and Bernard Puta. "Evolution of HIV and AIDS Programmes in an African Institution of Higher Learning: The Case of the Copperbelt University in Zambia." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010024.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Universities present the foundation for socio-economic and political development. Without structures and processes to fight HIV, there is no prospect of enhancing treatment, prevention, care and support services. Copperbelt University HIV and AIDS response was initiated in 2003 with the aim of building capacity of students and employees in HIV and AIDS. Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the CBU HIV response has evolved over time and provide a timeline of important milestones in the development process. Method: Peer educators and counsellors conduct sensitization campaigns through one on one discussion, workshops, and drama performances, distribution of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials. Results: HIV Programme has been set up with players from policy, programme and community levels. Strategic processes, collaborations, funding, medical insurance schemes, prevention, treatment, care and support services, training of peer educators and counsellors have been established. Conclusion: Copperbelt University HIV initiative has demonstrated potential to reduce new infections in the university, and is currently expanding her programme to encompass wellness and also spearhead the integration of HIV in the university curriculum.
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Dunfee, Thomas W. "Do Firms with Unique Competencies for Rescuing Victims of Human Catastrophes Have Special Obligations? Corporate Responsibility and the Aids Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa." Business Ethics Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200616222.
Full textAbstract:
Firms possessing a unique competency to rescue the victims of a human catastrophe have a minimum moral obligation to devote substantial resources toward best efforts to aid the victims. The minimum amount that firms should devote to rescue is the largest sum of their most recent year’s investment in social initiatives, their five-year trend, their industry’s average, or the national average. Financial exigency may justify a lower level of investment. Alternative social investments may be continued if they have an equally compelling rationale. These duties apply to the global pharmaceutical companies in the context of the AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa.