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1
Byrne, Thomas. "The HIPC Initiative, HIV/AIDS and Growth: A Tri-Country Case Study of Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda." Thesis, Boston College, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/371.
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Thesis advisor: Harold PetersenBy now, it is no secret to the global community that the many African countries lag far behind the rest of the world in terms of poverty rates, life expectancy, standard of living, per capita income, health, GDP and economic growth. This thesis examines the economic impact of HIV/AIDS on African economies and the potential for debt relief to mitigate some of the negative impacts of HIV/AIDS on African economies
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
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Jex, Erin. "Canadian Foreign Aid and the Christian Right: Stephen Harper, Abortion, and the Global Culture Wars in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2006-2015." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36969.
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This thesis expands upon the concept of the global culture wars in sub-Saharan Africa from a Canadian perspective, focusing on the growing division within Canada between conservative, religious values and liberal, progressive ones (Caplan, 2012). This division led to a political and cultural realignment alongside the increased visibility and leadership of religious and faith communities in Canadian public and political life. Amidst this polarization, Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper was elected Prime Minister in February 2006. Under his leadership, a conservative, pro-family agenda was established. This agenda, which advocates a traditional understanding of family life and structure, in particular refers to a legally married, heterosexual couple with children. It was supported by the evangelical Christian population in Canada, which grew from a united religious community in Canada into a significant constituency of the Conservative Party. Harper’s tenure, coupled with the increased visibility and leadership of faith and religious communities significantly affected domestic and international policies during his tenure as Prime Minister, from 2006 to 2015. This thesis examines the Muskoka Initiative on Maternal, Child, and Newborn Health (Muskoka-MNCH) and shows how this initiative, which fostered anti-abortion rhetoric abroad, was utilized to appease the evangelical community’s anti-abortion position in Canada.
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Cherry, Jacqueline Helen. "The feasibility of the Uitenhage provincial hospital private initiative." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1508.
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The South African Health Care environment is in state of reform. Government strategy and change in legislation have been the catalyst for the development of new business models in South Africa. This report deals with the feasibility of a proposed model which is to be implemented by the Eastern Cape Department of Health at the Provincial Hospital in Uitenhage. The fundamental challenge in South Africa is the shortage of resources to support the health care industry from a public perspective. The point of departure for this research was to understand the complexity of this industry and investigate models that have evolved in South Africa and internationally. The literature research covers funding mechanisms from both a public and private perspective and takes into account the role the government plays in providing equitable health care for all. The literature provided the foundation to develop the model which is to be piloted at the hospital in Uitenhage. In terms of the research objective, a single case study methodology approach was conducted. Triangulation technique was used to gain insight from different perspectives and to test the model for validity. The core of this research focuses on the viability of the proposed model and the integration of this into the government health reform plan. The research revealed that in comparison to the existing PPP models in South Africa, this model is feasible. As a result of the analysis and the development of the proposed model, the research is concluded by offering suggestions for further research.
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Matanyaire, Sandra D. "The AIDS transition: impact of HIV/AIDS on the demographic transition of black/African South Africans by 2021." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The first two official AIDS cases were diagnosed in South Africa in 1982. During the same period of the 1980s, the black/African population was experiencing an accelerated fertility decline, following a period of accelerated mortality decline. Demographers invoked the demographic transition theory to explain the observed mortality and fertility decline. According to the demographic transition theory, mortality and fertility rates would continue declining to low, post transitional levels with increasing modernization. The relatively higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS estimated among black/African South Africans is expected to alter their demographic transition. This research investigated the impact of HIV/AIDS on the demographic transition of black/Africans by 2021.
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Botha, Pieter Clemens. "Guidelines for a strategic export initiative for South African wineries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52871.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sharp decline in the brandy market since 1997, together with a world wide focus towards the production and marketing of quality wines and brand building, as driven by changing market preferences, served as a wake-up call to South African producers to adjust their strategy to accommodate this international trend. Given the stagnant nature of the domestic market for high price wines in South Africa, growth prospects through the investment in marketing and brand building of higher price wines is very limited in South Africa, and South African wine producers wishing to pursue growth is left with no other option but to embark on an overseas marketing initiative. A large amount of cellars wishing to start focusing on the marketing of their wines outside the borders of South Africa don't possess the knowledge and skills to tackle such an initiative. This study project aims to assist the prospective wine exporter in the process of initiating and executing a strategic export initiative. Specific focus is placed on the importance of the optimisation of the total value chain.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die skerp afname in die brandewyn mark sedert 1997, tesame met 'n wêreldwye fokus op die produksie en bemarking van kwaliteit wyne en die bou van handelsmerke, soos gedryf deur veranderde mark voorkeure, het gedien as bewusmaking vir Suid-Afrikaanse produsente om hul strategieë aan te pas om hierdie internasionale tendens te akkommodeer. Gegewe die stagnante karakter van die binnelandse mark vir hoë prys wyne in Suid-Afrika, is groei vooruitsigte deur die belegging in bemarking en die bou van handelsmerke van hoër prys wyne baie beperk in Suid-Afrika, en Suid- Afrikaanse wyn produsente wat groei wil nastreef, word gelaat met geen ander opsie as om 'n oorsese bemarkings inisiatief te onderneem nie. 'n Groot aantal kelders wat wil begin fokus op die bemarking van hul wyne buite die grense van Suid-Afrika beskik nie oor die kennis en vaardighede om so 'n inisiatief aan te pak nie. Hierdie studieprojek streef daarna om die voornemende wynuitvoerder behulpsaam te wees in die proses van inisiëring en uitvoering van 'n strategiese uitvoer inisiatief. Spesifieke fokus word geplaas op die belangrikheid van die optimalisering van die totale waardeketting.
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Ackermann, Chris. "The alignment of private sector initiatives for small business promotion with those of regional government." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70660.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main objective of this study is to analyse and evaluate the alignment between the strategies and operational aspects of small business promotion initiatives of regional government with those of the private sector. Small business development had been identified by the post-apartheid government as one of the keys to addressing a number of social problems - growth, employment and (re)distribution of wealth. Despite efforts and investment from both government and the private sector, this sector had never performed as expected and South Africa usually ranks relatively poorly in terms of innovation, according to the published rankings. To provide context, a literature review briefly explores the importance, success and inhibiting factors of small business development in South Africa. From the data, it is : clear that the success of the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise (SMME) sector in South Africa, as in most developing countries, is key to the achievement of socioeconomic goals which are linked directly to the structure and success of the larger economy. The factors inhibiting a more successful development of the SMME sector relate to (a) the influence of socia-political goals on the economic policies, (b) the invisibility of SMME track records because of the development of the informal sector and (c) lacking skills, both among entrepreneurs and regional/local government and agencies. A brief review of the SMME strategies and implementation by national and regional government highlights the major problem areas, being regional interpretation and implementation of what seems to be generally accepted as a fairly well-developed national SMME strategy. This appears to be due mostly to lacking co-ordination and capacity (skills and knowledge) at the regional and local levels of government. The description of the South African Breweries' KickStart programme as an example of private sector SMME development efforts highlights a few aspects that seem to ensure a greater degree of tangible, directly attributable success of SMMEs developing into a sustainable business, albeit in smaller numbers. These aspects relate to a mixture of training and mentoring that assists the entrepreneurs in becoming self-sufficient prior to the awarding of any substantial financial assistance. At a higher level, it is evident that the private sector develops a clear, simple national strategy and ensures regional execution thereof through clear guidelines and the alignment and linking thereof to local group and individual goals and performance measurement. The latter is perhaps the most evident contrast between the government and the private sector in this regard, as it had not been found discussed in relation to how government executes strategy, in any of the literature reviewed. The writer agrees with the general opinion of the private sector from the literature reviewed, in that government should playa less directly involved and interventionist role and recommended that it should focus on facilitation of the process through creating the· right environment. Typically this will take place through reviewing of legislation and administrative requirements that increases the cost and complexity of doing business. Some proposals include the consolidation of SMME development . . efforts under a single Public Private Partnership (PPP); to ensure alignment and to . draw on the energy, focus and skills of the private sector. The study concludes that close co-operation between the public and private sectors is vital for the improvement of SMME development and that government has a number of options to consider for stimulating a greater private sector effort, while at : the same time becoming less interventionist.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoelwit van die studie is om te analiseer en evalueer op watter wyse die strategiee en bedryfsaspekte van die kleinsakeontwikkelingsinisiatiewe van plaaslike regering en die van die privaatsektor by mekaar inskakel. Kleinsakeontwikkeling is reeds in 1994 deur die nuwe regering as een van die sleutels tot die verwesenliking van verskeie sosio-ekonomiese doelwitte geidentifiseer. Die vernaamste hiervan is groei, indiensneming en die (her)verdeling van inkomste. Ten spyte van die insette en finansiele belegging van sowel die regering as die privaatsektor, het hierdie sektor nooit na verwagting gepresteer nie en Suid-Afrika Ie gewoonlik relatief laag op die gepubliseerde ranglyste wat innovasie betref. As agtergrond tot die studie, ondersoek die literatuurstudie kortliks die belangrikheid, sukses en beperkende faktore van kleinsakeontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika. Die data toon duidelik dat die sukses van hierdie sektor, soos in die meeste ontwikkelende lande, 'n sleutelfaktor is in die verwesenliking van sosio-ekonomiese doelwitte, wat weer direk verbind is met die struktuur en sukses van die ekonomie in sy geheel. Die faktore wat 'n meer suksesvolle ontwikkeling van die kleinsakesektor verhoed, is verwant aan (a) die uitwerking wat sosio-politieke doelwitte op ekonomiese beleid het; (b) die feit dat die prestasies van die sektor as gevolg van die ontwikkeling van die informele sektor nie sigbaar is nie; en (c) 'n gebrek aan vaardighede onder entrepreneurs sowel as plaaslike/streeksregering en -agentskappe. 'n Analise van die nasionale en plaaslike regering se kleinsakeontwikkelingstrategiee, -struktuur en -implementering wys die grootste probleemareas uit, naamlik plaaslike regering se interpretasie en implementering van wat op die oog af as 'n redelik goed ontwikkelde nasionale strategie beskou word. Hierdie gaping blyk te wyte te wees aan 'n gebrek aan koordinering en kapasiteit (vaardighede en kennis) op plaaslike regeringsvlak. Die beskrywing van die "KickStart"-program van die SAB, as voorbeeld van privaatsektorinisiatiewe, wys 'n paar faktore uit wat oenskynlik lei tot 'n groter mate van tasbare en direk verwante sukses en onderhoubare groei in klein ondernemings, alhoewel in kleiner getalle. Hierdie faktore hou verband met die vermenging van opleiding en mentorskap wat die entrepreneurs help om selfonderhoudend te wees voordat enige wesenlike finansiele bystand verleen word. Op 'n hoer vlak is dit duidelik dat die privaatsektor tipies 'n duidelike, eenvoudige nasionale strategie ontwikkel en die uitvoering daarvan verseker deur duidelike riglyne en deur dit met plaaslike groeps- en individuele doelwitte en prestasiemeting te verbind. Laasgenoemde is waarskynlik die mees wesenlike kontras tussen die regering en die privaatsektor, aangesien nie enige van die Iitteratuur verwys het na die wyse waarop die regering strategie implementeer nie. Die skrywer stem saam met die algemene opinie van die privaatsektor op grond van die literatuurstudie, naamlik dat die regering 'n minder direkte rol, in kleinsakeontwikkeling behoort te speel, en beveel aan dat die regering op die fasilitering van die proses behoort te fokus deur die skepping van 'n tegemoetkomende besigheidsomgewing, hoofsaaklik deur die hersiening van wetgewing en administratiewe regulasies wat die kompleksiteit en koste van besigheid beinvloed. Van die aanbevelings sluit in die konsolidering van kleinsakeontwikkeling in 'n enkele vennootskap tussen die publieke en privaatsektore, om te verseker dat daar 'n beter gesamentlike poging sal wees en om die energie, fokus en kennis van die privaatsektor beter te benut. Die slotsom is dat samewerking tussen die publieke en privaalsektore krities is vir die suksesvolle ontwikkeling van die kleinsakesektor en dat die regering 'n paar opsies tot sy beskikking het om 'n groter mate van betrokkenheid deur die privaatsektor te stimuleer, terwyl die regering self minder direk betrokke kan wees.
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‘Mokose, ‘Manapo. "The Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for Economic Development in Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32869.
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This study examines the possible impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic development in Africa. Launched in October of 2013, the initiative was established to alleviate trade and investment bottlenecks between the more than 65 countries that are signed on to it as member states. In 2017, it became the centrepiece of China's foreign economic policy and the filter through which all of its commercial ties with external actors would be pursued, framed, or determined. It is expected that when fully operationalized, the initiative will restructure China's ties with other countries. The study analyses the possible repercussions of that restructuring, focusing on its relationship with Africa. Since consolidating their commercial relationship in the early 1990s, China has played a vital role in developing Africa's economy. With the operationalisation of the BRI, its capacity or interest to maintain that role will be modified. Depending on the changes that emerge, and given its deep economic reliance on Beijing, Africa must prepare for both positive and negative implications for its economies. The study examines these implications. It notes, among others, the upgrades Africa stands to gain to its industrial structure and business environment. It also highlights potential losses, including the hit that Africa's revenue earnings might take and the heightened competition that local industries will be exposed to because of the liberalisation that the BRI pursues. Ultimately, the study advises that what outcomes arise – be they positive or negative – will depend on how well or sufficiently the continent positions itself to moderate the negative impact of the BRI on its economies. In the concluding chapter, the study makes recommendations on how Africa might facilitate or magnify projected benefits stemming from the BRI.
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Katz, Itamar. "South Africa youth and HIV/AIDS : evaluating responses." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613810.
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Sulprizio, G. "ICT4D & HIV/AIDS: an exploration of mHealth for HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3850.
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Mushonga, Allan. "A sociological analysis of Southern African AIDS Trust's capacity-development model in responding to HIV and AIDS." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013261.
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The issues of capacity and capacity development in the response to HIV and AIDS is a topic of intense academic interest and is on the agenda of development practitioners, particularly as these issues are linked to community HIV and AIDS competence and sustainability of civil society organisations and community capacity. The capacity development model of the Southern African AIDS Trust is one of the more illuminating examples of capacity development of civil society organisations for the enhancement of community HIV and AIDS competence in southern Africa. The thesis examines the conceptualisation and implementation of the Southern African AIDS Trust's capacity development model in order to identify and understand the multi-dimensional factors that influence the success and sustainability of HIV and AIDS responses. It argues that, even though the conceptualisation, formulation and implementation of the model were appropriate and yielded acceptable benefits to communities in relation to HIV and AIDS, the sustainability of the model depended fundamentally on the availability of requisite resources. The dependence on external resources, the availability of which is in large part beyond the control of the Southern African AIDS Trust and its community-based beneficiaries, undercuts the sustainability of the model and the programmes delivered through it. Community capacities and community-based HIV and AIDS responses are sustainable only to the extent that communities have sufficient resources to build capacities and develop responses, or can leverage and negotiate external inputs. The degeneration of capacity in intermediary organisations (such as Southern African AIDS Trust) that support community competence undermines models that at first sight seem suitable for effective capacity enhancement with regard to HIV and AIDS programmes. In this regard, the thesis also focuses on the organisational crisis within Southern African AIDS Trust and the ramifications this had for community HIV and AIDS competence.
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Mathai, Muthoni. "Sexual decision-making and AIDS in Africa a look at the social vulnerability of women in Sub-Saharian Africa to HIV/AIDS." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2006. http://www.upress.uni-kassel.de/publi/abstract.php?3-89958-226-8.
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Kotze, Sophia Catharina. "Rethinking HIV/AIDS pre-test counselling in South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302006-154411.
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Chant, Lindsay. "The macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494948.
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Almost one in five South Africans of working age is HIV positive. In 2006, approximately 320,000 South Africans died of AIDS. Early research into the economic impact of HIV/AIDS focused on the impact of the disease on the quantity of labour available. More recent work identifies the negative impact of HIV/AIDS on the process of human capital accumulation as likely to damage the long term performance of the economy and threaten decades of investment in human capital in Africa. The macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS is examined in this thesis using a model of human capital accumulation with endogenous HIV/AIDS effects, estimated using a cross entropy approach. Education and labour transition matrices are presented for South Africa for 2000 to 2005.
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Rampersad, Renitha. "Corporate social investment and HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/134.
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Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the
degree of
DOCTOR OF LITERATURE and PHILOSOPHY
In the subject of Communication Science
at the University of Zululand, 2007.This dissertation presents the results of an analysis of corporate social investment and HIV/Aids programmes in South African corporations. The study measures the growing debate over the responsibilities of business and the examination of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) programmes and communication strategies used in HIV/Aids awareness programmes by the top 100 listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The first part of the study reviews theories and literature relevant to defining the understanding and the impact of HIV/Aids on businesses, the idea of corporate social investment/responsibility and the business response to AIDS. Subsequent chapters describe the construction of a survey instrument employed to measure and evaluate the extent of CSI and HIV/Aids in South African corporations and the findings of the survey. Penultimate chapters blend the insights gained from this literature review to interpret the results, obtained through the quantitative research methodology, to describe a set of conclusions and recommendations in the context of applying corporate social investment -and HIV/Aids to the South African business environment.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Smith, Howard G. "HIV/AIDS in South Africa : Towards a New Paradigm." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3465.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-[100]).The HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa is more severe than almost anywhere else in the world and continues to grow. Here, and elsewhere in southern Africa, it is now a generalized epidemic, largely heterosexually spread. This is very different from the more limited epidemic in the United States of America and other developed countries. It was in the USA in the five years after the first cases of AIDS that the understandings and explanations of HIV/AIDS were constructed. HIVIAIDS was defined as a transmittable infection causing a progressive deterioration of the immune system, leaving it vulnerable to opportunistic infections and disease of increasing severity resulting in inevitable death. Virology identified the virus that is the infectious agent and provided explanations of how it had its effect on the host, reproduced and was transmitted. Influenced by the early association of AIDS with homosexuals, the social construction of HIVIAIDS has focused on risk groups and risk behaviours. These are now central components of a dominant paradigm that has informed but also limited research. This paradigm also informs and limits responses to and strategies to prevent the spread of the virus.
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Mirembe, Robina. "AIDS education and gender in Ugandan schools." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340967.
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Oliphant, Mandisa Julenda. "Knowledge of aids in Southern Africa, with special emphasis on South Africa : a critical review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51809.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: AIDS is a killer disease which is spreading like wildfire in all sectors of the population of Southern Africa, in spite of AIDS prevention programmes that are implemented in these communities. Why does this state of affairs exist? Conflicting views exist about the origin of AIDS and about the knowledge of different racial groups with regard to the disease. A number of researchers have argued that knowledge or information dissemination is not a necessary condition for behavioural change, as is evident from historical efforts to combat sexually transmitted disease. However, this thesis shows that knowledge is a variable or component that has frequently been used in almost all studies done on AIDS in Southern Africa. The present author thus searches for the rationale for the phenomenon that knowledge of AIDS does not necessarily result in preventative behavioural change. In this regard the importance of effective communication strategies and cognisance of the nature of target groups are highlighted, because negligence regarding these factors can serve as an impediment to behavioural change. The whole social fabric of the target community and basic individual needs are important elements that should also be major considerations before preventative programmes are implemented.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: VIGS is 'n dodelike siekte wat snel versprei in aile sektore van die bevolking van Suider- Afrika, ten spyte van VIGS-verkomingsprogramme wat in hierdie gemeenskappe qermplementeer word, Waarom gebeur dit? Botsende menings bestaan oor die oorsprong van VIGS en oor die kennis van die verkillende rassegroepe ten opsigte van die siekte. 'n Aantal navorsers is van mening dat kennis of informasieverspreiding nie 'n noodsaaklike vereiste is om gedrag te verander nie, soos blyk uit die geskiedenis van vorige pogings om seksueel oordraagbare siektes te beveg, In hierdie tesis word egter ge'illustreer dat kennis 'n veranderlike of komponent is wat dikwels gebruik is in byna aile vorige studies oor VIGS in Suider-Afrika. Die huidige skrywer ondersoek dus die rasionaal vir die verskynsel dat kennis van VIGS nie noodwendig tot voorkomende gedragsverandering lei nie. In hierdie verband word die belangrikheid van effektiewe kommunikasiestrategiee en kennis van die aard van die teikengroep beklemtoon, aangesien verwaarlosing van hierdie faktore as struikelblok in gedragsverandering kan dien Die totale sosiale struktuur van die teikengemeenskap en basiese individuele behoeftes is belangrike elemente wat ook in ag geneem moet word voordat voorkomingsprogramme ge'implemeteer word,
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Crozier, Marguerite Nicole. "Cross-border tourism planning and development: the case of the Lake Gariep Initiative." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1668.
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The concept of cross-border tourism planning and cooperation is investigated in reference to the Lake !Gariep Initiative. The field of cross-border economic planning and integration is an area of increasing interest in regional development studies. The Lake Gariep Initiative is an initiative to promote cross-border planning and development around nature conservation, water resource management, economic development, poverty alleviation and tourism in the three municipalities that surround the Gariep Dam. The Gariep Dam, which is largest dam in South Africa, is surrounded by three provinces. The region is also economically and politically marginalised as it has a small, dispersed population and a marginal contribution to the broader regional economy. Under these circumstances the coordination of resources between municipalities to develop and promote the region has been identified as a key success factor for the region. The Lake Gariep Initiative although strongly supported locally has over ten years failed to be institutionalised. This study examines the Lake Gariep Initiative in terms of the origins of the concept and the key challenges that have been faced in establishing a cross-border, development entity. Findings are based on an assessment of documents on the formation of the LGI, interviews with stakeholders involved in the process and an assessment of critical success factors in reference to national and international case studies. This study provides a review of the key challenges, benefits and critical success factors for cross-border tourism development in relation to the Lake !Gariep Initiative.
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Beeka, Hershilla A. "Resilience in HIV/AIDS' adolescent headed families." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/922.
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HIV/AIDS has presented humanity with various challenges, one of which is the manner in which it has affected family structure and patterns. Parental illness and eventual death due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic is escalating. One of the major challenges of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa is the increase in the number of orphaned and vulnerable children. As a result new family forms are emerging such as the "skip-generation" family in which children or adolescent siblings head the family. It is anticipated that HIV/AIDS in South Africa will progressively increase the number of such families. During this time of profound family change, the family as an institution has remained remarkably resilient. The present study utilised the Family Resilience Framework and the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation to explore and describe the resilience of HIV/AIDS’ adolescent headed families. A qualitative, exploratory-descriptive research design, which was assessed against Guba’s (1985) model of trustworthiness, was employed and the participants were sampled using non-probability purposive sampling. The Masizakhe Community Project volunteers (an AIDS Community Project in Kwazakhele, Port Elizabeth receiving support from the iThemba AIDS Foundation) assisted in identifying participants according to the predetermined inclusion criteria. The sample consisted of four female, adolescent heads of HIV/AIDS’ affected households, who volunteered at the Masizakhe Community Project and resided in Kwazakhele. The data that was collected via audio-recorded semi structured interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Family resilience factors that emerged included intrafamilial strengths (family cohesion, organisation, hardiness, and adaptability); social support resources (especially from the community project, friends, and community members); family appraisal processes; and problem solving and coping strategies. Extended family support was partial and largely financial. The findings from this study provided insights into the resilience of adolescent-headed families; provided guidance for the development of intervention programmes to assist these families; and affirmed the existing strengths of the families. Furthermore, it has contributed to the research and literature on family resilience and formed the foundation for future research projects.
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Hole, Markus Sebastian. "The New Scramble for Africa : The EU’s Raw Materials Initiative - a response to China’s increased presence in Africa." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for historiske studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25378.
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Frood, Sharron. "The experience of AIDS orphans living in a township." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/505.
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One of the challenges facing health care professionals today is the phenomenon of rendering care to children who have been orphaned in the AIDS pandemic. The number of AIDS orphans in South Africa has risen out of all proportion and is causing existing health and social structures to become stretched in providing care to this vulnerable population of children. The objectives of this study are to explore and to describe the lived experience of children living in a township who have become AIDS orphans and to develop broad guidelines for Primary Health Care Nurses (PHCN’s), related professionals and partners involved in the care of AIDS orphans living in a township. The theoretical grounding of this study is found in Kotze’s Theory on Nursing Accompaniment (Kotzé, 1998:3). The proposed research design was based upon a qualitative study using an explorative, descriptive, contextual and phenomenological strategy of inquiry. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews from a purposively selected sample and then analysed using the steps of qualitative data analysis proposed by Tesch (in Creswell, 1994). Guba’s model was used to assess the trustworthiness of the qualitative data. Based upon the findings, guidelines were developed to assist PHCN’s related professionals and partners involved in the care of AIDS orphans living in a township. Through this study the goal of the researcher was to give a voice to AIDS orphans living in a township and to represent accurately their lived experience.
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Myburgh, Rene. "The criminalization of HIV/AIDS : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020754.
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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)1 and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)2 have become a global epidemic. With an average of 35.3 million people infected with the virus worldwide, countries are desperate to curb HIV infections.3 Most HIV positive men, women and children are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.4 In an attempt to fight HIV/AIDS, some countries have opted for an approach of criminalization, where it is a crime to infect or expose another person to the virus.5 Other countries, such as South Africa, have chosen to avoid the criminalization approach, and to focus rather on public health schemes that can assist in the prevention of transmission. The United Nations (UN) has stated that overly broad application of criminal law to HIV raises serious human rights and public health concerns.7 Because of these concerns, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has urged states to limit application of criminal law to HIV-related cases.8 Furthermore, UNAIDS has urged states to rather employ scientifically proven methods to prevent HIV transmission. This treatise will set out the laws adopted by Canada, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa. Out of all five countries, South Africa is the only country that does not criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.10 In setting out the common law, statute law, case law as well as academic considerations, this treatise will attempt to identify trends in the current criminalization of HIV climate. In addition to setting out the law in the five countries, this treatise seeks to show that South Africa is one of the few countries with a developed legal system to shy away from criminalization. This treatise also seeks to establish whether South Africa’s approach is a suitable option for the country, considering it boasts the highest HIV infection rate in the world.
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Kimemia, Peter Njau. "The new initiative of the East African Cooperation : opportunities, challenges and prospects." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004743.
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The landmark inauguration of the East African Cooperation (EAC) on 14 March 1996 brought to the fore some key issues regarding regional economic integration in East Africa, particularly since it signalled the second attempt by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania to form a regional economic bloc. The EAC's predecessor, the East African Community, had collapsed in 1977 in acrimonious circumstances. Prominent among the issues that led to the collapse of the East African Community was the perception of unequal gains from the integration scheme, with Uganda and Tanzania considering that disproportionate benefits were accruing to Kenya at their expense. With the new initiative, the question emerges as to whether the problems that caused the collapse of the Community will not beset the EAC and subject it to a similar fate. In an attempt to address this question, this study considers some of the theoretical issues relating to regional economic integration among countries at different levels of development, and attempts to provide an analysis of the new initiative of the EAC in the light of this theory and the history of the East African Community. The study also critically examines the objectives of the EAC and the integration strategy adopted by the three countries, and offers suggestions on the way forward. Among the arguments made in this thesis are that, contrary to the suggestions of orthodox static analysis, if the dynamic effects of integration are considered, then there may be important gains which may accrue to integrating states in the developing country context. It is also argued that different levels of development among integrating states need not necessarily be an impediment to economic integration. The study finds that, in spite of the enormous challenges facing the EAC, member states may be better off within the integration scheme than if they acted as individual units in a rapidly globalizing international system.
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Andino, Gilberto. "Designing and Evaluating an Educational Initiative Promoting Condom Use Among HIV+ Hispanic Men." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3516.
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In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that between 252,000 and 312,000 Hispanic men and women in the United States were unaware of their risk for transmitting HV/AIDS. Guided by the logic model and Leininger's theory, the purpose of this project was to design a culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS educational program for HIV+ Hispanic males and to evaluate the program content with the staff at a medical center in South Florida, with the goal of implementing the program at that center. The educational program content focused on increasing the knowledge of Hispanic HIV+ men on the effectiveness of proper condom use. In addition to presenting the educational program content, the format for delivering this content was presented to 10 members of the clinic staff. The staff responded to 8 open-ended evaluation questions developed by the student, focusing on identifying gaps in service and education needs for their Hispanic HIV+ men. Responses were summarized and themes identified. Participants indicated that there is a lack of culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS education and that a bilingual HIV/AIDS educational initiative is needed to meet the needs of this vulnerable population. If the clinic staff decide to implement this educational program, the program has the potential to influence nursing practice, reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS, and create social change within the clinic by providing practitioners with culturally sensitive resources about HIV/AIDS and the importance of effective and consistent condom use, thus improving health care delivery to HIV+ Hispanic men.
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Boyer, Micah Naoum. "Perceptions of AIDS and AIDS Education in Rural Benin: A Case Study in the Collines Department." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193248.
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This thesis presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study of attitudes toward AIDS and AIDS education campaigns in the village of Sota in central Benin. Through a language ideology framework, this study reviews the overlap and disparity between AIDS discourse and other systems of meaning in Sota, particularly rumors and religious beliefs. The portrait that emerges from this analysis of the social construction of AIDS by multiple discourses suggests that the impact of AIDS education may be limited only in part because the intended recipients fail to understand the information being provided. More importantly, the context and underlying assumptions of educational presentations about HIV/AIDS are not formulated in ways that are compatible with, or directly meaningful to, lived experience.
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Styrbjörn, Hanna. "Making sense of HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16753.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how women in Cape Town reflect over and deal with HIV/AIDS in their everyday lives and also how they explain the cause and spread of the virus. The thesis is based on two months of fieldwork in Cape Town, South Africa, where I got the opportunity to interview three women about HIV/AIDS and how they related to the disease as well as how people in general relate to it. The women I interviewed were all working with HIV/AIDS as counsellors and educational staff. The women work in Nyanga, Observatory and Wynberg, three very different areas in Cape Town.
Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur kvinnor i Kapstaden reflekterar över och handskas med HIV/AIDS i deras vardagsliv. Jag vill också ta reda på hur de förklarar orsaken till och spridningen av viruset. Uppsatsen är baserad på två månaders fältarbete i Kapstaden, Sydafrika, där jag fick möjligheten att intervjua tre kvinnor om hur de relaterar till sjukdomen och hur människor i stort relaterar till den. Kvinnorna jag intervjuade arbetade som rådgivare och utbildare inom HIV/AIDS. Kvinnorna arbetade i Nyanga, Observatory och Wynberg, tre väldigt olika områden i Kapstaden.
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Mills, Elizabeth Anne. "Embodied precarity : the biopolitics of AIDS biomedicine in South Africa." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48911/.
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This thesis centres on the lives of women who live in Khayelitsha and who receive AIDS biomedicines through South Africa's public health system. It is tiered across five ethnographic chapters to elucidate a single overarching argument: biopolitical precarity is networked into the permeable body. This argument is based on ethnographic research and seeks to challenge the discursive construction of distance that divorces women's lives and bodies from the governance of AIDS biomedicines as life-giving technologies. The multi-sited ethnography underpinning this thesis was configured to follow the networked threads that weave women's embodied precarity into the governance of technologies and the technologies of governance. To this end, fieldwork was conducted in South Africa from October 2010 – July 2011 in order to understand the embodied and political dimensions of access to AIDS biomedicine. Thereafter, fieldwork was conducted in Brazil from August 2011 – September 2011 to explore the networked connections spanning activist organisations, government coalitions and economic blocs to move out from the intimate spaces of women's lives and bodies to locate them in the regional and global spaces of biomedical developments and health policy dynamics. This thesis argues that although it is crucial to anchor technologies in people's lives, it is also analytically and politically necessary to link people's lives - and the technologies that sustain them - back into the global assemblage that is networked around the governance of medicine. Therefore, I locate biomedical technologies in social and political contexts of lives of the people with whom I worked in Khayelitsha, and I argue further that their lives also need to be understood as part of a complex network of actors (spanning international organisations, regional coalitions and national governments) and actants (HIV and ARVs) that assemble in dynamic configurations and that are woven into and through the body.
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Banati, Prerna. "Scaling the epidemic : contextualised responses to AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613865.
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Visagie, Linette (Linette Louise). "The macro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53135.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa faces one of the world's most severe HIV/AIDS epidemics. Whereas the disease was initially only regarded as a serious health crisis, it is now clear that the epidemic will also have economic repercussions. The objective of this study is to project the extent of the macro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa over the next 10 to 15 years. The study commences with a discussion of the key characteristics of HIV/AIDS and the current status of the epidemic in South Africa. The demographic inputs used are based on projections produced by the HIV/AIDS model of Metropolitan Life (the Doyle model). The methodology and key assumptions behind the Doyle model are described briefly, after which the demographic projections are presented and discussed. The paper contains a summary of previous approaches to modelling the economic impact of HIV/AIDS, as well as a presentation and discussion of their simulation results. In reviewing the available literature on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS, it becomes apparent that researchers have not yet reached consensus on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa - estimates of the impact on GDP growth range anywhere between a reduction of 0.3 and 2.0 percentage points over the next 10 to 15 years. The approach that is used in modelling the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in this study comprises the following: Firstly, a no-AIDS forecast of the South African economy is generated using the annual macro-econometric forecasting model of the Bureau for Economic Research. Secondly, the channels through which the epidemic would likely impact on the economy are identified and modelled. These include slower growth in the population and the labour force; higher employee benefit contributions by employers and employees; indirect costs to the private and public sectors (e.g. lower productivity and higher recruitment and training costs); and higher health and welfare expenditure by the government, as well as an increase in tax rates. The economic effects of each impact channel are analysed independently, after which the different impact channels are combined in the model for the aggregated AIDS inclusive simulation. The results are presented in the form of comparisons between "no-AIDS" and "AIDS" projections for key economic variables for the period 2001 to 2015. The paper also contains results from a macro-economic sensitivity analysis, in which seven of the key assumptions are altered in order to test the sensitivity of the model to these changes. Simulation results indicate that the epidemic will have a negative impact on economic growth in South Africa - real GDP growth could fall from a projected average of 3.7% over the period 2002-2015 without HIV/AIDS to between 3.4% and 3.1 % per year with HIV/AIDS. In contrast, real per capita GDP growth is projected to be 0.7 to 1.0 percentage points higher compared to a no-AIDS scenario, as the adverse impact of the epidemic on the population will outweigh the negative impact on real GDP.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika staar een van die wêreld se ernstigste MIV/VIGS epidemies in die gesig. Aanvanklik is die siekte slegs as 'n erge gesondheidskrisis beskou, maar vandag is dit duidelik dat die epidemie ook ekonomiese gevolge sal hê. Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om die omvang van die makro-ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS oor die volgende 10 tot 15 jaar in Suid-Afrika te beraam. Die proefskrif begin met 'n bespreking van die belangrikste eienskappe van MIV/VIGS en die huidige stand van die epidemie in Suid-Afrika. Die demografiese insette wat gebruik word, is gebaseer op projeksies van Metropolitan se MIV/VIGS model (die Doyle model). Die metodiek en die sleutel aannames van die Doyle model word kortliks bespreek, waarna die demografiese projeksies aangebied en bespreek word. Die studie bevat 'n opsomming van benaderings wat van te vore gebruik is om die ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS te modelleer, asook 'n voorlegging en 'n bespreking van hul resultate. 'n Oorsig van beskikbare literatuur oor die ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS bring aan die lig dat daar in werkilikheid nog geen konsensus oor die omvang van die impak op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie bereik is nie. Beramings van die impak op BBP groei oor die volgende 10 tot 15 jaar wissel van 'n vermindering met 0.3 tot 2.0 persentasie punte. Die benadering wat in hierdie studie gevolg word om die ekonomiese impak van HIV/VIGS te modelleer behels die volgende: Eerstens word 'n vooruitskatting van die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomie sonder MIV/VIGS gegenereer met die hulp van die makroekonometriese vooruitskattings model van die Buro vir Ekonomiese Ondersoek. Die tweede stap behels die identifisering en die modellering van die verskillende kanale waardeur die epidemie moontlik die ekonomie kan affekteer. Dit sluit onder andere die volgende in: stadiger groei in die populasie en die arbeidsmag; hoër bydraes deur werkgewers en werknemers aan werknemer-bystandfondse; indirekte onkostes vir die privaat en openbare sektore (bv. laer produktiviteit en hoër werwings- en opleidings koste); 'n toename in staatsbesteding op gesondheids en welsyns dienste; asook 'n styging in belastingkoerse. Die ekonomiese implikasies van elkeen van die kanale word individueelontleed, waarna die verskillende kanale saamgevoeg word vir die oorkoepelende simulasie. Die resultate word aangebied in die vorm van vergelykings tussen "geen-VIGS" en "VIGS" projeksies vir sleutel ekonomiese veranderlikes oor die periode 2001-2015. Die proefskrif bevat ook 'n voorlegging van die resultate van 'n makro-ekonomiese sensitiviteits ontleding, waarin sewe van die sleutel aannames verander is met die doelom die gevoeligheid van die model vir hierdie veranderinge te bepaal. Die resultate toon dat die epidemie 'n negatiewe uitwerking op ekonomiese groei in Suid-Afrika sal hê - die gemiddelde groeikoers in die reële BBP oor die periode 2001-2015 mag daal van 'n geprojekteerde 3.7% sonder MIV/VIGS tot tussen 3.4% en 3.1 % met MIV/VIGS. In teenstelling toon die resultate dat die gemiddelde groeikoers in per capita reële BBP tussen 0.7 en 1.0 persentasie punte hoër mag wees vergeleke met die "geen-VIGS" scenario. Die toename in per capita BBP groei kan toegeskryf word aan die skerp daling in die groei van die populasie as gevolg van MIV/VIGS.
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Nýdrle, Tomáš. "Economic Analysis of HIV/AIDS Pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17467.
Full textAbstract:
HIV/AIDS is a real threat for Sub-Saharan Countries. It increased adult mortality substantially. HIV/AIDS pandemic causes the death of the most productive part of affected population. Human capital passing on to future generations is limited. Low economic performance and income inequality induce higher HIV vulnerability. Contra wise HIV/AIDS has significant negative effect on the welfare of affected population. The sources of pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa are not only social and cultural. Health and nutrition situation play considerable role. Holistic approach based on education, fidelity, abstinence and improvement of economic situation and moderate condom use (as the last way of prevention) seems to be an effective way of pandemic elimination.
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Du, Bruyn Rudrik. "HIV/Aids reporting in annual financial statements in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25315.
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HIV/Aids is one of the largest risks facing Africa today. The disease has spread at a rapid rate throughout the continent and South Africa in particular. To date it remains an epidemic without any cure. It is systematically destroying the economic progress made over centuries. HIV/Aids is most prevalent in the economically active groups in South African society and could ultimately change the demographic, social and economic landscape in South Africa. Business is taking up the challenge and response strategies are being developed and implemented to contain and mitigate the risks posed by the disease. Stakeholders have a direct interest in being kept informed on both the risks and the responses to the disease. As such, information pertaining to HIV/Aids should be disclosed in the annual report of a company, and such information should be useful, relevant, reliable and comparable. HIV/Aids disclosure is currently voluntary and adheres to the characteristics of social accounting. Social accounting aims to inform beyond the traditional financial aspects and is increasing as stakeholders demand more information from reporting entities for decision-making purposes. In South Africa, a number of developments have increased the prominence of voluntary HIV/Aids disclosure in annual reports. These include the Second King Report on Corporate Governance, the Global Reporting Initiative’s proposals for HIV/Aids disclosure in South Africa and a joint disclosure project between the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the JSE Securities Exchange. This study investigates current practices related to HIV/Aids disclosure in an attempt to develop a framework for future disclosure practices through thematic content analysis. The study covered a six-year period from 1998 to 2003. The annual reports of all listed South African companies on the JSE Securities Exchange were investigated for that period. The study found that there was an increase in disclosure related to HIV/Aids over the period under review, but that by the end of 2003, still fewer than half of all JSE-listed companies disclosed HIV/Aids information. An upward trend in disclosure was identified, and it is expected that the number of reporting entities will continue to increase. The information disclosed varied considerably between the disclosing entities. This dilutes the usefulness and comparability of HIV/Aids information for stakeholders. Valuable information was obtained as to preferential themes and data related to HIV/Aids that are disclosed voluntarily in annual reports. The study concludes with a recommended framework based on the literature review and the results of the empirical study. The framework proposes minimum disclosure content focusing on two main risks, namely the risk to employees and the South African community and the associated responses by the company. The framework also proposes the disclosure of current and future costs and losses related to HIV/Aids, where such information exists. The proposed framework aims to find a balance between the normative and the descriptive in HIV/Aids disclosure, and proposes that fewer issues be disclosed, thereby focusing on specific issues that will enable consistency and comparability in HIV/Aids disclosure practices.Dissertation (MCom (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Accounting
unrestricted
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Kessy, Regina. "Decoding the donor gaze : documentary, aid and AIDS in Africa." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2014. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23747/.
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The discourse of ‘the white man’s burden’ that originated in the nineteenth century with missionaries and colonialism still underpins much of the development ideology towards Africa today. The overwhelming assumption that rich Western countries can and should address ‘underdevelopment’ through aid only stigmatizes African reality, framing it to mirror the worldview of the international donors who fund most non-profit interventionist documentaries. In the ‘parachute filmmaking’ style that results, facilitated by financial resources and reflecting the self-serving intentions of the donors, the non-profit filmmaker functions simply as an agent of meaning rather than authentic author of the text. Challenged by limited production schedules and lacking in cultural understanding most donor-sponsored films fall back on an ethnocentric one-size-fits-all template of an ‘inferior other’ who needs to be ‘helped’. This study sets out to challenge the ‘donor gaze’ in documentary films which ‘speak about’ Africa, arguing instead for a more inclusive style of filmmaking that gives voice to its subjects by ‘speaking with’ them. The special focus is on black African women whose images are used to signify helplessness, vulnerability and ignorance, particularly in donor-funded documentaries addressing HIV/AIDS. Through case studies of four films this study asks: 1. How do documentary films reinforce the donor gaze? (how is the film speaking and why?) 2. Can the donor gaze be challenged? (should intentionality always override subjectivity of the filmed subjects?) Film studies approach the gaze psychoanalytically (e.g. Mulvey 1975) but this study focuses on the conscious gaze of filmmakers because they reinforce or challenge ‘the pictures in our heads.’ Sight is an architect of meaning. Gaze orders reality but the documentary gaze can re-order it. The study argues that in Africa, the ‘donor gaze’ constructs meaning by ‘speaking about’ reality and calls instead for a new approach for documentary to ‘speak with’ reality.
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Mamad, Farida Aligy Ussen. "Forced sterilization of women living the HIV/AIDS in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12645.
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Examines the actual reasons for sterilization of women living with HIV/AIDS and examines the reproductive rights of women living with HIV/ AIDS in light of existing legislation. Gives an overview of how the problem has been dealt with in other jurisdictions. Also discusses the human rights instruments and mechanisms addressing such violation of women's rights.A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Odile Lim Tung, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius.
LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Parkhurst, Justin Oliver. "HIV prevention policy in sub-Saharan Africa : the Ugandan experience." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270134.
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Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa Whiteson. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on under-five mortality in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4621_1210840397.
Full textAbstract:
Although the under-five mortality rate in Malawi has been declining since 1960, it still remains one of the highest in the world. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in deaths among children under the age of five years in Malawi, there is an ongoing need for better knowledge of the proportion of cause-specific under-five mortality in the country. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct contribution of HIV/AIDS to the observed level of under-five mortality in Malawi during the period 2000 to 2004.
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Mathai, Muthoni. "Sexual decision-making and AIDS in Africa a look at the social vulnerability of women in Sub-Saharian Africa to HIV/AIDS : a Kenyan example /." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0002-2269.
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Ludick, Christopher Vernon. "Assessing the micro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer as well as evaluating their policy on HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49857.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV infection has increased sharply in SA over the past decade, from almost zero to a level where between 4-6 million citizens are estimated to be HIV positive (i.e. around Il percent of the total population). Given the considerable lag and link between the HIV and AIDS epidemic, the mortality consequences of this exponential increase in HIV infection over the 1990s are more or less matter-of-fact over the coming decade; even drastic interventions can do little to avoid this reality, albeit possibly impactingfurther beyond. The health care industry, and more specifically the pharmaceutical industry, is the only industry that can have a direct impact on the outcome of the epidemic in terms of provision of antiretroviral drugs. More importantly, the decision by multinational companies to provide voluntary licensing to local SA pharmaceutical manufacturers for the manufacturing of generic ARVs has gone a long way into achieving the World Health Organisations' objective of providing an ARV cocktail for less than $1,00 per day. The mam aim of the study is to establish and study the micro-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer and to evaluate their HIV/AIDS Policy with the framework of the mV/AIDS & SID Strategie Plan for South Africa 2000-2005. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to obtain data from various key informants, manufacturers and market survey companies. The analysis of quantitative data was done using Excel software and a descriptive analysis method was used to interpret the data. The key findings from the study are that Aspen Pharmacare will experience a 20,8 % HIV prevalence rate in 2005, which will progressively increase to a 25,6 % level in 2015. This prevalence level will be severely experienced in the skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled employment of the company during the 2010 period and will start to stabilise in the latter part of 2015. The AIDS prevalence in the company will increase from a 2,0 % level in 2005 to a 4,4 % level in 2015. This increase is largely due to the increase in the prevalence rates in the semi-skilled and unskilled employees. At a senior management level the forecasted number of employees that will have clinical AIDS after 2010 is between 6 and 8. This clearly indicates that mv/AIDS prevalence at this level is independent of race and is lifestyle dependent. If the company were to have the full responsibility for the provision of benefits, based on the current expected employee benefit structures, the direct cost to company would add 10 % to salary and wages by 2005 and around 20 % by 2010. Indirect costs to company, such as recruitment and training, increased labour turnover, lost skills and intellectual property, etc. are estimated to be 2,5 % by 2005 and 5 % by 2010. With the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, especially amongst the unemployed, companies will have to carry the costs of their mv/AIDS patients for longer and register then with Aid for AIDS when it becomes too costly. More importantly employers will have to investigate the cost implication of assisting employee dependents, as this will have a direct impact on the morale of the employees. Aspen Pharmacares' mv/AIDS Policy goes beyond the requirements of the mv/AIDS Strategic Plan for SA in terms of the legal and social requirements. The company also has a Corporate Social Investment division that assists many NGOs, clinics, hospitals and communities. Based on the intellectual property, the pharmaceutical competencies and the continuous dialogue that exists between the pharmaceutical industry and the department of health, the researcher concludes, that pharmaceutical companies have an advantage over nonpharmaceutical companies in dealing with the mv/AIDS issues. The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations that companies can adopt to ensure that their mv/AIDS policy can form a significant component of their skills retention strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV infeksie het skerp gestyg in SA oor die laaste dekade, vanaf amper geen tot 'n vlak waar tussen 4-6 miljoen inwoners beraam word om MIV positiefte wees (minstens 11% van die totale bevolking). Gegee die aansienlike vertraging en skakel tussen die MIV en VIGS epidemie, word die eksponensiële toename in die sterfte syfer as gevolg van MIV infeksies gedurende die jare negentig as vanselfsprekend aanvaar in die komende dekade. Selfs ingrypende veranderinge kan min doen om hierdie katastrofe te keer. Die gesondheidsorg industrie, en meer spesifiek die farmaseutiese industrie is die enigste industrie wat 'n direkte slag kan slaan om die uitkoms van die epidemie te beinvloed, in terme van voorsiening van antiretrovirale medisyne. Die besluit van die multinasionale maatskappye om vrywillige lisensiëring aan plaaslike farmaseutiese maatskappye te bied, vir die vervaardiging van generiese antiretrovirale medisyne, is een stap vorentoe om by die doelwit van die Wereld Gesondheidsorg Organisasie se doelwit van die voorsiening van 'n daaglikse toediening van antiretrovirale medisyne van minder as $1.00 per dag. Die primêre doelwit van hierdie projek is om te bepaal wat die mikro-ekonomiese effek van MIV/VIGS op 'n Suid Afriakaanse farmaseutiese vervaardiger is en hul MIV/VIGS beleid te evalueer binne die raamwerk van die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir SA 2000-2005. Beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes is gebruik om data te verkry vanaf verskeie bronne, vervaardigers en marknavorsings maatskappye. Die kwantitatiewe inligting was geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van "Excel" sagteware en 'n beskrywende analitiese metode was gebruik om die data te interpreteer. Die hoof bevindinge van die studie is dat Aspen Pharmacare 'n MIV infeksie vlak van 20.8 % in 2005 sal ondervind, wat progressief sal toeneem tot 25,6 % in 2015. Hierdie infeksie vlak sal in die geskoolde, semi-geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeid die ergste voorkom gedurende die 2010 periode en sal dan stabiliseer in die latere gedeelte van 2015. Die VIGS infeksie vlak in die maatskappy sal toeneem vanaf 2,0 % in 2005 tot 'n 4,4 % in 2015. Hierdie toename kan toegeskryf word aan die toename in die infeksie vlakke van die semi-geskoolde and ongeskoolde arbeid. Op die senior bestuurs vlak word beraam dat tussen 6 en 8 werknemers VIGS onder lede sal hê na 2010. Hierdie beraming toon duidelik aan dat MIV/VIGS op hierdie vlak onafhankilik van kleurgroup is en direk leefstyl verwant is. Gebaseer op die huidige verwagte werknemer voordele struktuur, en die feit dat die maatskappy volle verantwoordelikheid sou aanvaar vir die voorsiening van voordele, word beraam dat die direkte koste as gevolg van MIV/VIGS 'n toename van 10 % in 2005 en 20 % in 2010 by salarisse en lone sal voeg. 'n Toename van 2,5 % in 2005 en 5 % in 2010 word beraam vir indirekte koste (werwing van personeel, opleiding, ens.)as gevolg van MIV/VIGS. Met die hoë MIV/VIGS infeksievlakke, veral onder werkloses, sal maatskappye die kostes vebonde aan hul MIV/VIGS werknemers vir langer moet verduur en dan later sulke werknemers registreer by "Aid for AIDS" indien dit onbekostigbaar word. Belangriker is die feit dat werknemers die koste implikasie bepaal in die verband, omdat dit 'n direkte invloed sal hê op werknemer selfvertroue. Aspen Pharmacare se MIV/VIGS beleid bied meer as die wettige en sosiale vereistes soos uiteengesit in die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir SA 2000-2005. Die maatskappy het ook 'n Korporatiewe Maatskaplike Beleggings afdeling wat 'n bydra lewer by NGOs, klinieke,hospitale en gemeenskappe. Gebaseer op die intelligensie eiendom, die farmaseutiese bekwaamheid en die aanhoudende gesprekvoering wat bestaan tussen die farmaseutiese bedryf en die department van gesondheid, oortuig die navorser dat farmaseutiese maatskappye 'n voordeel het bo nie-farmaseutiese maatskappye in die hantering van die MIV/VIGS strydvraag. Hierdie studie sluit af met aanbevelings wat maatskappye kan toepas om te verseker dat hul MIV/VIGS beleid 'n betekenisvolle komponent van hul bekwaanheids retensie strategie is.
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Floerke, Anna Elizabeth. "Crisis and opportunity casuistry, kairos and AIDS in the new South Africa /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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Blecher, Mark S. "Awareness of AIDS among STD clinic attenders in the Cape Peninsula." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25544.
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This descriptive study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices about AIDS among Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD} clinic attenders in the Cape Peninsula. A questionnaire containing open and closed questions in the appropriate language (English, Afrikaans or Xhosa) was administered by trained clinic staff to 306 patients in 9 of the 29 STD Clinics in the region. The study was requested by the local authorities to initiate and improve AIDS education programmes within the STD clinics. 306 patients were interviewed in 9 clinics. The median age of attenders was 25 years. The median period of residence in the peninsula was 7 years. Knowledge of AIDS is reasonably good when tested by true/false questions but much worse when tested by open questions. Knowledge bears little relationship to practice. There is inadequate awareness of the asymptomatic carrier state, the incurability of AIDS and ways to prevent AIDS. Sexual practice is high risk. Condom use is extremely low especially in the African areas where only 9,6% used a condom in the past year. Prostitution is perceived to be a common occurrence in attenders' communities. There is a low perception of risk to self. The most important beliefs militating against condom use are that they are unacceptable to partners and peer group. More information about AIDS was requested by 90% of patients and a strong preference was expressed for programmes to be conducted in the patient's home language. This study supports the urgent need for an AIDS education and counselling programmes for patients with STD's in the region. Recommendations include the need to address the emotions, attitudes and beliefs that affect behaviour as well as to convey knowledge. Condom acceptability poses a major problem that will need to be addressed. Patients with STDs represent an extremely important core group for HIV transmission to others in the community and need specific attention and resources.
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Luo, Chewe Angela. "Mother to child transmission of HIV : maternal and child characteristics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367181.
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A prospective study at the University Teaching Hospital of 306 women with their infants, who were enrolled at delivery, was conducted in 1997. The primary aim was to define the magnitude and effects of maternal human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection on obstetric problems and infant outcome. Women were mainly over 19 years (87.3%), literate (73.7%) and married (91.4%), with no formal income (75.7%). 48.2% and 46.7% had antenatal or post-partum anaemia (PPA) and of these 1.8% and 6.2% were severely anaemic. Low post-partum (PP) serum retinol «0.7f.lmoI/L) and CD4 counts «400 cells/mm3 ) occurred in 12.8% and 16.2% of the women. The commonest obstetric problems were previous child death (32.4%), malaria treatment during pregnancy (32.6%), previous abortion (16.4%) and hypertension (13.7%). Post-partum, 30.1% of the women were HIV infected, 14.9% rapid plasma reagin (RPR) positive and 4.5% hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. Factors independently associated with HIV infection were: alcohol intake during pregnancy (RR 5.67); ante-partum haemorrhage (RR 5.85); PP HBsAg positivity (RR 27.45); low PP CD4 cell count (RR 10.63) and PPA (RR 3.99). Primigravidae had a lower risk ofHIV infection (RR OJ). For PPA independent risk factors were: caesarean section (RR 9.95); HIV infection (RR 2.81) and low PP mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (RR 8.33); mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (RR 2.39) and serum retinol (RR 3.03). Alcohol intake during pregnancy (RR 0.22) and low PP maternal weight (RR 0.10) were associated with reduced risk ofPPA. The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW; weight <2.5kg), pre-term delivery «37 weeks gestation) and intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR; weight < lOth centile for gestational age) were 18.9%, 23.8% and 25.9%. These showed no association with maternal HIV infection although the mean birth weight was significantly lower in children born of HIV infected mothers (P=0.006). In HN non-infected women, antenatal anaemia was independently associated with increased risk pre-term delivery (RR 5.l2) and low birth weight (RR 5.08). Low PP serum retinol increased the risk of IUGR (RR 3.10). In HN infected women, lack of paternal income was associated with pre-term delivery (RR 11.7), IUGR with LBW (RR 3.59) and antibiotic treatment in pregnancy with IUGR (RR 5.85). The cumulative rate of HN mother to child transmission (MTCT) at 1 year of age was 31 %, with 10.3%, 1O.l% and 9.l% of infants DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive at birth, 1 month and 4 to 12 months respectively. On multivariate analysis, PP maternal viral load (>50,OOOcopies Iml) was the only risk factor associated with early infant HN acquisition (birth and 1 month) (P = 0.005) and cumulative infections at one year (P=O.OOI). At a year of age, HIV infected children were severely undernourished (weight for age median Z-score -3.46) and stunted (height for age median Z-score -4.44). Stunting was the main form of malnutrition in uninfected infants regardless of maternal HN status. Reported morbidity in infancy was unaffected by HN status. The infant mortality rate was 136 per 1000 live births, 85 per 1000 in HN uninfected children of uninfected mothers, 272 per 1000 in infants of infected mothers and 424 per 1000 in infected infants. After correcting for confounders, maternal HN infection (HR 0.28) and primigravidae (HR 0.20) were significant risk factors for infant survival. The population attributable risk percentage of infant mortality was 41.3% for maternal HN infection and 24.9% when the infant was HN infected as well.
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Cunliffe, Nigel Andrew. "Viral gastroenteritis in children with and without HIV infection in Blantyre, Malawi." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343714.
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Schaller, Isabelle. "The Impacts of HIV/AIDS on Political Systems How HIV/AIDS Affects the Consolidating Democracies of Southern Africa /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00641464001/$FILE/00641464001.pdf.
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Chinyama, Ephraim. "Living with HIV/AIDS in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005964.
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This study examines the lifestyle decisions of people who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape. The study was motivated by the ever growing number of people who are now living with HIV/AIDS. Therefore the researcher intended to examine their decisions regarding sexual choices, reproductive health, diet, physical fitness and their coping strategies. The study found that there is very low uptake of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT). Most people only get tested if they are compelled by other factors, like illness and pregnancy. It also found that HIV positive people continue to engage in risky sexual behaviour regardless of their positive status. In addition it also found that HIV positive status does not affect sexual activity and social support from family and friends is a very important factor that is helping the respondents to cope with HIV diagnosis.
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Connelly, Mark. "Rumours of war : de-constructing media discourses of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007844.
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This paper explores discourses of HIV/AIDS evident in a South African daily newspaper from 1985 to 2000, and discusses the implications of these in terms of the way in which HIV/AIDS is constructed in society. In this paper I utilize a Foucauldian analysis of the relationship between power and knowledge. The discursive framework of the war against HIV/AIDS is used to show how different groups of subjects are positioned in relations of power. Within this the power of western science and medicine is influential and supports and informs other discourses of HIV/AIDS. I argue that the discursive framework constructing HIV/AIDS as a war does far more than provide a useful vehicle within which HIV/AIDS can be understood as it supports certain institutions and groups of people above others. The paper concludes by identifying the silenced voices of women and dissidents, and calling for greater reflection concerning the critical analysis of current issues surrounding HIV/AIDS.
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Rohleder, Poul Andrew. "HIV/AIDS and disability : an exploration of organizations' responses to HIV/AIDS as it affects people with disabilities." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/897.
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Mitchell, Gillian Valerie. "An evaluation of the impact of a ten hour HIV/AIDS prevention programme on male adolescents' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23667.
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Foster, Susan Dwight. "The socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Monze District, Zambia." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1997. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682244/.
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Zambia has one of the highest HIV seroprevalence rates in the world, estimated in 1995 at 17%. Rural Monze district in the Southern province, the site of the study, has high rates of HIV, estimated at 10-12% in 1991. During the study, the district was affected not only by AIDS but also by the 1991-92 drought and by a bovine epidemic of East Coast Fever. This study documents the impact of HIV and AIDS on the health services and on the district economy, and draws some long term implications for the national economy. At the district hospital, approximately 44% of inpatients and 30% of outpatients were HIV seropositive as were 18% of rural health centre patients. Tuberculosis, other respiratory infections, and diarrhoea accounted for the majority of days in hospital. The HIV epidemic was found to be affecting the hospital staff as well, with mortality at Monze and neighbouring Choma hospitals rising from 2 per 1,000 nurse years in 1980 to 27 in 1991 - a 13-fold increase. Measures to increase supply, reduce losses, and make better use of existing staff are proposed. The household survey found that while patients were better off overall than the district population, there was no appreciable difference in wealth between patients with HIV infection and those without. HIV-positive patients were younger than HIV-negative patients, and had fewer children. The loss of a member with HIV would cause a rise in the average household's dependency ratio of 16-17%. Production was affected by HIV disease, with an average of 94 days' loss of labour (patients plus carers) in the final year of life. Implications for policy include the need to decentralize care of patients with HIV disease to health centres, and to protect and make better use of the health human resources. The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural production, with approximately 1 in 3 district households having a member with AIDS, combined with external factors such as removal of subsidies, changes in marketing processes under structural adjustment, and long term drought, makes it increasingly difficult to eke out a living from farming. Combined with the lure of apparent employment opportunities in urban areas created by deaths due to AIDS, these factors may contribute to increased urbanization, making it difficult for Zambia to replace declining copper revenues with increased yields from agricultural production.
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Reed, Joel Christian. "Hiv/aids workplace interventions in south africa and the united states." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001117.
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Low-Beer, Daniel. "The diffusion of AIDS in East Africa : from emergence to decline?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624697.
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Nothnagel, Ignatius. "Conceptual metaphors in media discourses on AIDS denialism in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1653.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.According to Nattrass (2007:138), the denial and questioning of the science of HIV/AIDS at government level by, amongst others, Thabo Mbeki (former State President) and Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (former Minister of Health) resulted in an estimated 343 000 preventable AIDS deaths in South Africa by 2007. Such governmental discourse of AIDS denialism has been the target of criticism in the media and by activist groups such as the Treatment Action Campaign. This study investigates the nature of this criticism, specifically considering the critical use of metaphor in visual texts such as the political cartoons of Jonathan Shapiro, who works under the pen name of “Zapiro”. The purpose is to determine whether the nature of the criticism in visual newspaper texts differs from that of corresponding verbal newspaper texts, possibly providing means of criticism not available to the verbal mode alone. A corpus of texts published between August 1999 and December 2007 that topicalise HIV/AIDS was investigated. This includes 119 cartoons by Zapiro, and 91 verbal articles in the weekly newspaper Mail & Guardian. The main theoretical approach used in the analyses is Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1981), and its extension to poetic metaphor, developed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). Because of the socio-political nature of the problem of HIV/AIDS, the study also draws on Critical Discourse Analysis, including complementary concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics. The study reveals that visual and verbal texts make use of similar sets of conventional conceptual metaphors at similar frequencies, which confirms the predictions of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study further reveals that the cartoons enrich these metaphors through four specific mechanisms of poetic metaphor, which the verbal articles do not. This indicates a significant difference between the two types of texts. Furthermore, it is found that the use of such poetic metaphors directly contributes to the critical power of the political cartoons. The study indicates that multi-modality in cartoons, which triggers single metaphoric mappings, adds a dimension to the critical function of the text that is absent in the verbal equivalent. The finding that the visual texts enable a form of cognition that is not available to verbal texts, poses one of the most significant avenues for future research. Thus, cartoons apparently achieve a type of criticism that is not found, and may not be possible, in the verbal texts alone. This makes the political cartoon a text type with an important and unique ability to articulate political criticism.