Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Treatment – Asia'
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Sanyaolu, Adekunle, Chuku Okorie, Anjali Kumar, Deja LaMoure, Mourad Rabadi, Jennings Hernandez, and George Omiloli. "Current trends of HIV/AIDS in Asia." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 7, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v7i2.38850.
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It is very important to recognize the trends in HIV/AIDS in specific areas such as Asia because it is vital to understanding the effectiveness of current approaches towards diagnosis and treatment. It is also very important to understand the risk factors that greatly predispose people in Asia to contracting HIV/AIDS such as lifestyle, culture, and religion. This review extensively analyzes the current trends of HIV/AIDS in India, China, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. Additionally, cultural diversity carries certain social and religious stigmas associated with the disease. These social stigmas also pose as a significant influence on government involvement with regards to the funding of HIV/AIDS awareness, education, prevention, and the protection of human rights. Lack of education about the methods that help people from the disease and mode of transmission remains a significant hindrance in the prevention of a further rise in epidemiological statistics. Moreover, these factors are attributed to the rising incidence or risk of HIV within several populations amongst these countries. This review also analyzes the clinical presentation, epidemiological statistics, and the financial and socioeconomic impacts of HIV/AIDS in India, China, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. Financial burdens and lack of government infrastructure in the healthcare systems are largely responsible for the rapidly rising prevalence of the disease among these populations, along with the inaccessibility to prevention and treatment methods. Furthermore, the scarcity of available antiretroviral and preventative medications is discussed. Lastly, this review explores various methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention plans that are implemented in modern medicine with respect to HIV/AIDS.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.7(2) 2017: 3-11
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ZAYERI, F., E. TALEBI GHANE, and N. BORUMANDNIA. "Assessing the trend of HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Asia and North Africa: an application of latent growth models." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001351.
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SUMMARYOver the last 30 years, HIV/AIDS has emerged as a major global health challenge. This study evaluates the change of HIV/AIDS mortality rates in Asian and North African countries from 1990 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. HIV/AIDS mortality rates were derived from the GBD database from 1990 to 2010, for 52 countries in Asia and North Africa. First, a Latent Growth Model was employed to assess the change in AIDS mortality rate over time in six different regions of Asia, and also the change in AIDS mortality rate over time for males and females in Asia and North Africa. Finally, Latent Growth Mixture Models (LGMMs) were applied to identify distinct groups in which countries within each group have similar trends over time. Our results showed that increase in mortality rate over time for males is about three times greater than for females. The highest and lowest trend of AIDS mortality rates were observed in South-East Asia and high-income Asia-Pacific regions, respectively. The LGMM allocated most countries in the South and South-East region into two classes with the highest trend of AIDS mortality rates. Although the HIV/AIDS mortality rates are decreasing in some countries and clusters, the general trend in the Asian continent is upwards. Therefore, it is necessary to provide programmes to achieve the goal of access to HIV prevention measures, treatment, care, and support for high-risk groups, especially in countries with a higher trend of AIDS mortality rates.
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Komatsu, Ryuichi, Ross McLeod, Swarup Sarkar, Nalyn Siripong, Indrani Gupta, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Tim Brown, Jacques Jeugmans, Carlos Avila-Figueroa, and Rifat Atun. "Asia can afford universal access for AIDS prevention and treatment." AIDS 24, Suppl 3 (September 2010): S72—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390092.53059.f1.
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Mehta, RS, and B. Singh. "Socio-demographic Profile and Outcomes of the Admitted AIDS Patients in BPKIHS." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 5, no. 2 (May 7, 2010): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3070.
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In world More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, 2.3 million are under 15 yrs , 14000 new infections each day , 1.7 million human infected with HIV/AIDS, 3.1 million deaths from AIDS , Million new HIV cases (13425) per day. In south East Asia 6.3 million PLWHA in 2005 (Source: WHO, UNAIDS). It was retrospective descriptive study design conducted at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) among the admitted AIDS cases using their case notes during the period of 1-9-2003 to 30-8-2006 using developed Performa. It was found that Majority of the subjects (83.4%) were of age group 20-40 years, Male (89.6%), and from Sunsari district (47.9%). Half of the subjects were improved after treatment and then discharged. As the number of AIDS cases are increasing rapidly in eastern Nepal and BPKIHS is a centre for treatment of AIDS cases, it is essential to conduct awareness activates regarding prevention of disease and advocacy about available facilities of BPKIHS. Key words: AIDS; Socio-demographic profile; BPKIHS DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3070 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(2) 10-14
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Wulandari, Ning Arti, and Erni Setiyorini. "The Implementation of Sociodrama and Case Study toward Preventive Attitude of HIV/AIDS Transmission of Indonesian Migrant Workers." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v3i2.art.p175-181.
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Infectious diseases HIV / AIDS is a disease with a high mortality rate. Indonesia ranks first inthe transmission of HIV / AIDS in Southeast Asia. The number of people living with HIV / AIDS in Blitaron January-July 2013 reached 66 people and 26 died. From that numbers, many cases contributed bythe group of Indonesian blue collar workers (migrant workers) (Arif, 2013). The purpose of this studywas to determine the effectiveness of sociodrama and a case study on the knowledge and attitude ofprevention of transmission of HIV / AIDS .The design of the study was quasy Experiment with pretest andposttest control group with the sample of 50 people, who were divided into 25 groups of control andtreatment. The sampling technique was purposive sampling techniques. The treatment group receivedtreatment of sociodrama and case study whereas the control group getting a lecture. Both groups weremeasured on the knowledge and preventive attitude of transmission of HIV / AIDS. The study wasconducted on May-June 2016. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The level of knowledgeand attitude on the treatment and control groups increased. Different test level of knowledge betweenthe treatment and control groups using the Mann Whitney, p = 0.016, which means that there wasdifferences in knowledge in the treatment group and the control, whereas test different attitudes usingT - Test , p = 0.739, which means there was no difference in attitude between the treatment groups andcontrol. The results of this study were expected to be the input for the Department of Labor and thehealth Department of Blitar, Komisi Pemberantasan AIDS (KPA) in Blitar, PJTKI (Perusahaan JasaTenaga Kerja Indonesia).
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Stefanski, Daniel A. "Bangkok: The End of Broken Promises? XV International AIDS Conference, 2004." Sexual Health 1, no. 3 (2004): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04037.
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The global community has gain failed to significantly confront the AIDS crisis. In the context of a worsening HIV pandemic, the conference highlighted the shortfall in funding, the soaring infection rate in Asia, the need to integrate prevention and treatment and the difficulties in coordinating a global response. To overcome AIDS, the global community must put aside ideology and honour its commitments.
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Falster, Kathleen, Jun Yong Choi, Basil Donovan, Chris Duncombe, Brian Mulhall, David Sowden, Jialun Zhou, and Matthew G. Law. "AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related mortality in the Asia-Pacific region in the era of combination antiretroviral treatment." AIDS 23, no. 17 (November 2009): 2323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e328331910c.
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Bongomin, Kwizera, and Denning. "Getting Histoplasmosis on the Map of International Recommendations for Patients with Advanced HIV Disease." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030080.
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Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, caused by H. capsulatum, is a life-threatening illness and is an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. It is neglected, worryingly under-diagnosed, and often misdiagnosed as cancer or tuberculosis with fatal consequences. Globally, over 100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis have been estimated. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that disseminated histoplasmosis is a significant cause of mortality in AIDS patients. Through the rigorous efforts of the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) and partners, in 2019, the Histoplasma antigen test was included on the 2nd Edition of the WHO List of Essential Diagnostics. The drugs used in the treatment of histoplasmosis (amphotericin B and itraconazole) are on the WHO Essential Medicine List. The Manaus Declaration on histoplasmosis in the Americas and the Caribbean, where histoplasmosis kills more people with HIV than tuberculosis, advocates for universal access to rapid testing for histoplasmosis and availability of essential drugs for the treatment of histoplasmosis in every country by 2025. Hyperendemic areas are present in the Americas, Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In conclusion, histoplasmosis remains an important clinical and public health problem. To reduce HIV-associated mortality, disseminated histoplasmosis must be addressed through advocacy, increased awareness, and universal access to essential diagnostics and antifungal agents.
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Amusa, S. B. "Towards Promoting An African Medical System: A critique of government responses to claims of a cure for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, 1986-2007." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.111.
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been described as the greatest health challenge of our era. Aside from Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), the virus has defied any other form of permanent cure or disease control. The continents of Africa and Asia are the worst-hit areas by the scourge of the pandemic. Yet in Africa, there have been claims of HIV/AIDS being cured by African indigenous medical practitioners. Our paper examines the official responses of the Federal Government of Nigeria to such claims. We will examine the emergence and national responses to the epidemic in Nigeria and assess the government’s contempt for the efforts of indigenous medical practitioners in the quest for a viable cure. We conclude by asserting that until African governments realize, recognize and appropriate indigenous medical achievements into mainstream health strategy and policy, Africa will not only remain at the periphery of global health systems but will also continue to be ravaged by HIV/AIDS.
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Spencer, Kristie A., Jennifer Paul, Katherine A. Brown, Taylor Ellerbrock, and McKay Moore Sohlberg. "Cognitive Rehabilitation for Individuals With Parkinson's Disease: Developing and Piloting an External Aids Treatment Program." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-0078.
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Purpose Cognitive deficits are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can have a detrimental effect on daily activities. To date, most cognitive treatments have had an impairment-based focus with primary outcome measures of formal neuropsychological test scores. Few, if any, studies have focused on functional improvement or patient-centered goals. Method Three individuals with idiopathic PD participated in an 8-week pilot treatment program to train for the use of compensatory external aids to achieve personalized goals. Goal attainment scaling was the primary outcome measure, which was independently judged by multiple raters at baseline, postintervention, and 1 month posttreatment and analyzed via T -score analysis. Descriptive measures, including self-report and spouse-report rating scales of cognitive functioning, were employed. Results All 3 participants improved in the majority of their laboratory and home goals posttreatment, as measured by goal attainment scaling, and maintained gains for the majority of goals 1 month posttreatment. Conclusions This is the 1st known study to implement an external aids treatment program with patient-centered goals for individuals with cognitive deficits from PD. Positive outcomes were likely influenced by 3 factors: (a) a theoretically motivated focus on external aids; (b) a well-documented, systematic approach to instruction; and (c) the personalization of goals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10093493
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Murphy, Eamonn, Ye Yu Shwe, Reeta Bhatia, Taoufik Bakkali, and Ravipa Vannakit. "What will it take to end AIDS in Asia and the Pacific region by 2030?" Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20204.
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The 2016 global commitments towards ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 require the Asia–Pacific region to reach the Fast-Track targets by 2020. Despite early successes, the region is well short of meeting these targets. The overall stalled progress in the HIV response has been further undermined by rising new infections among young key populations and the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines the HIV situation, assesses the gaps, and analyses what it would take the region to end AIDS by 2030. Political will and commitments for ending AIDS must be reaffirmed and reinforced. Focused regional strategic direction that answers the specific regional context and guides countries to respond to their specific needs must be put in place. The region must harness the power of innovative tools and technology in both prevention and treatment. Community activism and meaningful community engagement across the spectrum of HIV response must be ensured. Punitive laws, stigma, and discrimination that deter key populations and people living with HIV from accessing health services must be effectively tackled. The people-centred public health approach must be fully integrated into national universal health coverage while ensuring domestic resources are available for community-led service delivery. The region must utilise its full potential and draw upon lessons that have been learnt to address common challenges of the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics and achieve the goal of ending AIDS by 2030, in fulfillment of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
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Gayle, Helene D., and Gena L. Hill. "Global Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.327-335.2001.
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SUMMARY This review provides information on the epidemiology, economic impact, and intervention strategies for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) at the end of 1999, an estimated 34.3 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. Most of the people living with HIV, 95% of the global total, live in developing countries. Examples of the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Newly Independent States provide insight into the demographics, modes of exposure, treatment and prevention options, and the economic effect of the epidemic on the global community. The epidemic in each region of the world is influenced by the specific risk factors that are associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS and the responses that have evolved to address it. These influences are important in developing HIV/AIDS policies and programs to effectively address the global pandemic.
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Ismail, Yulia, Soetjipto Soetjipto, Eddy Wasito, and Nasronudin Nasronudin. "ANALYSIS OF HIV SUBTYPES AND CLINICAL STAGING OF HIV DISEASE/AIDS IN EAST JAVA." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 3, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v3i2.204.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) known to cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) disease are divided into several subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K) and Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF). Different characteristics of subtype of the virus and its interaction with the host can affect the severity of the disease. This study was to analyze HIV-1 subtypes circulatingin HIV/AIDS patients from the East Java region descriptively and to analyze its relationship with clinical stadiums of HIV/AIDS. Information from this research was expected to complement the data of mocular epidemiology of HIV in Indonesia. This study utilited blood plasma from patients who had been tested to be HIV positive who sected treatment to or were reffered to the Intermediate Care Unit of Infectious Disease (UPIPI) Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya from various area representing the East Java regions. Plasma was separated from blood samples by centrifugation for use in the the molecular biology examination including RNA extraction, nested PCR using specific primer for HIV gp120 env gene region, DNA purifying, DNA sequencing, and homology and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the HIV gp120 env gene, it was found that the most dominant subtypes in East Java were in one group of Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF) that is CRF01_AE, CRF33_01B and CRF34_01B which was also found in Southeast Asia. In the phylogenetic tree, most of HIV samples (30 samples) are in the same branch with CRF01_AE, CRF33_01B and CRF34_01B, except for one sample (HIV40) which is in the same branch with subtype B. HIV subtypes are associated with clinical stadiums (disease severity) since samples from different stages of HIV disease have the same subtype.
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Ekeng, Bassey E., Kevin Edem, Ikechukwu Amamilo, Zachary Panos, David W. Denning, and Rita O. Oladele. "Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070530.
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The classification of histoplasmosis as an AIDS-defining illness has largely attributed its occurrence in people to the presence of HIV/AIDS especially in Africa. Prior to the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many cases of histoplasmosis were documented both in the pediatric and adult population. Our review revealed 1461 reported cases of pediatric histoplasmosis globally in the last eight decades (1939–2021). North America (n = 1231) had the highest number of cases, followed by South America (n = 135), Africa (n = 65), Asia (n = 26) and Europe (n = 4). Histoplasmosis was much more common in the non-HIV pediatric population (n = 1418, 97.1%) compared to the HIV population. The non-HIV factors implicated were, childhood malignancies (n = 207), such as leukemias and lymphomas as well as their treatment, lung diseases (n = 7), environmental exposures and toxins (n = 224), autoimmune diseases (n = 12), organ transplants (n = 12), long-term steroid therapy (n = 3), the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (n = 7) malnutrition (n = 12), histiocytosis (n = 3), hyperimmunoglobulin M and E syndromes (n = 15, 1.2%), pancytopaenias (n = 26), diabetes mellitus (n = 1) and T-cell deficiency (n = 21). Paediatricians should always consider or rule out a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in children presenting with symptoms suggestive of the above clinical conditions.
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Noritomi, Danilo Teixeira, Guilherme Linhares Bub, Idal Beer, Aloísio Souza Felipe da Silva, Roberto de Cleva, and Joaquim José Gama-Rodrigues. "Multiple brain abscesses due to Penicillium spp infection." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 3 (June 2005): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000300010.
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We present a case of central nervous system (CNS) infection by a member of the Penicillium genera in a HIV-negative man in Brazil. The patient was admitted complaining of loss of visual fields and speech disturbances. CT scan revealed multiple brain abscesses. Stereothacic biopsies revealed fungal infection and amphotericin B treatment begun with initial improvement. The patient died few days later as a consequence of massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured esophageal varices. The necropsy and final microbiologic analyses disclosed infection by Penicillium sp. There are thousands of fungal species of the Penicillium genera. Systemic penicilliosis is caused by the P. marneffei and was formerly a rare disease, but now is one of the most common opportunistic infection of AIDS patients in Southeast Asia. The clinical presentation usually involves the respiratory system and the skin, besides general symptoms like fever and weight loss. Penicillium spp infection caused by species other than P. marneffei normally cause only superficial or allergic disease but rare cases of invasive disease do occur. We report the fourth case of Penicillium spp CNS infection.
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Moeng, Letumile R., James Milburn, Joseph N. Jarvis, and David S. Lawrence. "HIV-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: a Review of Novel Short-Course and Oral Therapies." Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases 12, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00239-0.
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Abstract Purpose of review HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis remains a significant public health problem in parts of Africa and Asia and a major cause of AIDS-related mortality, accounting for 15% of all AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Cryptococcal meningitis is uniformly fatal if untreated, and access to antifungal therapy in regions with the highest burden is often limited. Outcomes with fluconazole monotherapy are poor, and induction treatment with amphotericin B and high-dose fluconazole for 2 weeks is associated with significant drug-related toxicities and prolonged hospital admissions. This review focuses on the potential of novel short-course and oral combination therapies for cryptococcal meningitis. Recent findings Recent clinical trials have shown that shorter courses of amphotericin, if paired with oral flucytosine, rather than fluconazole, can achieve non-inferior mortality outcomes. In addition, an oral combination of fluconazole and flucytosine is a potential alternative. Liposomal amphotericin B may further simplify treatment; it is associated with fewer drug-related toxicities, and a recent phase II randomised controlled trial demonstrated that a single, high dose of liposomal amphotericin is non-inferior to 14 standard daily doses at clearing Cryptococcus from cerebrospinal fluid. This has been taken forward to an ongoing phase III, clinical endpoint study. Summary The incidence and mortality associated with cryptococcal meningitis is still unacceptably high. There is evidence supporting the use of short-course amphotericin B and oral combination antifungal treatment regimens for cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Ongoing research into short-course, high-dose treatment with liposomal amphotericin may also help reduce the impact of this devastating disease.
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Cassell, Michael M., Timothy H. Holtz, Mitchell I. Wolfe, Michael Hahn, and Dimitri Prybylski. "'Getting to zero' in Asia and the Pacific through more strategic use of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13116.
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Encouraged by experimental trials demonstrating the efficacy of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in preventing HIV infection, countries across the Asia-Pacific region have committed to the achievement of ambitious targets tantamount to ending AIDS. The available data suggest that some countries still can make progress through targeted condom promotion and the expansion of harm-reduction interventions, but that none may realise its vision of ‘zero new HIV infections’ without more strategic use of ARVs as part of a combination of HIV prevention efforts targeting key populations. Low rates of HIV testing among men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers and other key populations evidence low treatment coverage where treatment could have the greatest impact on curbing local epidemics. Studies have demonstrated the promise of adding ARV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis to the existing HIV prevention toolkit, but achieving population-level impact will require service-delivery approaches that overcome traditional prevention, care and treatment program distinctions. Priorities include: (1) innovative strategies to reach, test, treat and retain in services the individuals most likely to acquire or transmit HIV; (2) task shifting and enhanced partnerships between the public sector and civil society; (3) improved ‘cascade’ data systems to assess and promote service uptake and retention; and (4) policy and financing reform to enhance HIV testing and treatment access among key populations.
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Bhatia, Neha S., Jiin Ying Lim, Carine Bonnard, Jyn-Ling Kuan, Maggie Brett, Heming Wei, Breana Cham, et al. "Singapore Undiagnosed Disease Program: Genomic Analysis aids Diagnosis and Clinical Management." Archives of Disease in Childhood 106, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319180.
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ObjectiveUse next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to improve our diagnostic yield in patients with suspected genetic disorders in the Asian setting.DesignA diagnostic study conducted between 2014 and 2019 (and ongoing) under the Singapore Undiagnosed Disease Program. Date of last analysis was 1 July 2019.SettingInpatient and outpatient genetics service at two large academic centres in Singapore.PatientsInclusion criteria: patients suspected of genetic disorders, based on abnormal antenatal ultrasound, multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delay. Exclusion criteria: patients with known genetic disorders, either after clinical assessment or investigations (such as karyotype or chromosomal microarray).InterventionsUse of NGS technology—whole exome sequencing (WES) or whole genome sequencing (WGS).Main outcome measures(1) Diagnostic yield by sequencing type, (2) diagnostic yield by phenotypical categories, (3) reduction in time to diagnosis and (4) change in clinical outcomes and management.ResultsWe demonstrate a 37.8% diagnostic yield for WES (n=172) and a 33.3% yield for WGS (n=24). The yield was higher when sequencing was conducted on trios (40.2%), as well as for certain phenotypes (neuromuscular, 54%, and skeletal dysplasia, 50%). In addition to aiding genetic counselling in 100% of the families, a positive result led to a change in treatment in 27% of patients.ConclusionGenomic sequencing is an effective method for diagnosing rare disease or previous ‘undiagnosed’ disease. The clinical utility of WES/WGS is seen in the shortened time to diagnosis and the discovery of novel variants. Additionally, reaching a diagnosis significantly impacts families and leads to alteration in management of these patients.
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Mukhopadhyay, C., S. Krishna, Vandana KE, K. Saravu, and R. Balasubramaniam. "Tuberculosis or Melioidosis? - Look Twice in Southwestern Coastal India." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 9, no. 2 (April 23, 2013): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7973.
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Melioidosis is known endemic in many Southeast Asian countries, especially Thailand, and in Northern Australia. The disease was long considered under-recognized in India but has now gained the status of emerging infectious disease here. Increasing isolation of the causitive agent B. pseudomallei is encountered in the recent years from this part of western coastal India. We report one such case of pulmonary melioidosis in an elderly patient misdiagnosed as tuberculosis ending fatally. Prompt microbiological diagnosis prevents the unnecessary Anti-TB treatment or prophylaxis. This was also our first of isolation of B. pseudomallei from endotracheal aspirate. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 15-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7973
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Dethier, Divya, Natasha Rybak, Priya Hirway, Mariya Bachmaha, Jennifer Carroll, Andriy Sorokolit, Timothy Flanigan, and Maryana Sluzhynska. "The changing face of women living with HIV in western Ukraine." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417724708.
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Ukraine has the second largest HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe/Central Asia. This study characterizes the demographics of HIV-infected women in the Lviv region of western Ukraine, patterns in their clinical presentation, and factors associated with delays in seeking care. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 622 HIV-infected women who registered for HIV treatment at the Lviv AIDS Center between 2008 and 2013. A total of 81.6% of women were infected through heterosexual transmission and the remaining 18.4% through intravenous drug use. Slightly less than half (45.4%) was between 26 and 35 years old. Slightly more than half (56.7%) listed their residence in a city, 22.6% in villages. One-third (30.0%) of all women presented with AIDS, and 37.7% presented with symptomatic conditions. Women diagnosed with HIV during antenatal care experienced a median delay of 34 days between diagnosis and registration, compared to 87.5 days for nonpregnant women tested in the context of intravenous drug use. Overall, HIV-infected women in western Ukraine experience time delays in care, and often present with advanced HIV disease and secondary complications. Linkage to care in a timely manner is a high priority and substantial challenge for women, particularly for intravenous drug users who may face stigma and other additional barriers.
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Utami, Sri, Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri, Luh Putu Lila Wulandari, I. wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra, Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, Louise Causer, and Bradley Mathers. "Mortality among people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in Bali, Indonesia: incidence and predictors." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 12 (February 15, 2017): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417692942.
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Indonesia has the third highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and the greatest increase in proportion of AIDS-related mortality in the Asia Pacific region between 2005 and 2013. Longitudinal mortality data among PLWH in Indonesia are limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from medical records of antiretroviral treatment (ART) recipients attending Badung General Hospital (BGH) and Bali Medica Clinic (BMC) between 2006 and 2014. We explored incidence of mortality by Kaplan–Meier analysis and identified predictors using a Cox proportional hazard model. In total, 575 patients were included in the analysis; the majority were male. The overall mortality rate was 10% per year. Multivariate analysis suggested that being male (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–5.59), having a lower education (aHR: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.31–3.61), having heterosexual (aHR: 7.40; 95% CI: 2.61–21.00) or injecting drug use (aHR: 13.20; 95% CI: 3.17–55.00) as the likely transmission risk category, starting treatment with low CD4 cell counts (aHR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.16–8.69), and not having a treatment supervisor (aHR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44–6.65) were independent predictors of mortality. The mortality was high, particularly in the first three months after initiating ART. These findings highlight the need to encourage HIV testing and early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Applying aspects of BMCs targeted HIV services model in more generalised services such as BGH may be beneficial. Providing adherence support as part of ART services is key to promoting adherence to ART.
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Zhou, J., N. I. Paton, and R. Ditangco. "AIDS-defining illness diagnosed within 90 days after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy among patients from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207781147283.
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Using data from TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD), this paper aims to assess the rate of, and factors associated with the diagnosis of new AIDS-defining illness (ADI) within 90 days after antiretroviral treatment. Patients starting three or more antiretroviral combinations and having subsequent follow-up were included. New ADI cases were checked for evidence of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS). Among the 1185 patients included, 75 (6.3%) were diagnosed with a new ADI within 90 days, giving a rate of 26.8/100 person-years, compared with a further 3.6% cumulative incidence of new ADI between 90 days to one year (4.2/100 person-years). Of the 75 patients, 21 were judged as definitive or presumptive IRS, giving a rate of 7.3/100 person-years. Patients with new ADI generally had lower CD4 counts before treatment started (median, 43 cells/μL). Lower CD4 count, lower body mass index and starting treatment in the same year as the first HIV-positive test done were associated with developing a new ADI. The higher rate of new ADI within 90 days may be partly explained by IRS occurring shortly after treatment. Although it is difficult to identify IRS from observational data, it appears that in TAHOD setting IRS was relatively uncommon.
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Newland, Jamee, Dwi Lestari, Mashoeroel Noor Poedjanadi, and Angela Kelly-Hanku. "Co-locating art and health: engaging civil society to create an enabling environment to respond to HIV in Indonesia." Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20125.
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Background This paper will report on the successful co-location of a community-based arts and sexual health project that aimed to engage, educate and create testing, treatment and care pathways at a co-located mobile sexual health clinic and community-controlled art gallery in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Mixed methods were used to evaluate the project, including a visitor (n = 1181) and artist (n = 85) log book, a convenience audience survey (n = 231), and qualitative semi-structured interviews (n = 13) with artists and audience to explore the effect of arts-based activities on access to sexual health information and services, and stigma and discrimination. Results: In total, 85 artists curated five separate exhibitions that were attended by 1181 people, of which 62% were aged ≤24 years. Gallery attendance improved awareness and participatory and interactive engagement with sexual health information through a medium described as interesting, fun, cool, and unique. The co-located clinic facilitated informal pathways to sexual health services, including HIV/AIDS testing, treatment, and care. Importantly, the project created shared understandings and empathy that challenged stereotypes and myths, reducing stigmatising beliefs and practices. Conclusions: Arts-based programs are transformative and can be effectively implemented, replicated and scaled up in low-resource settings to create awareness and initiate for HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care. Art-based health programs engages people in their communities, mobilises civil society, builds enabling environments to reduce stigma and discrimination and improves access to testing and prevention; essential features needed to end AIDS in Indonesia (and the Southeast Asia region) while improving the lives of those most vulnerable to infection.
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Klus, Jonathan, Vo Trieu Ly, Cliburn Chan, and Thuy Le. "Prognosis and treatment effects of HIV-associated talaromycosis in a real-world patient cohort." Medical Mycology 59, no. 4 (February 27, 2021): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myab005.
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Abstract Talaromycosis is a leading cause of AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and death in Southeast Asia. We have recently shown in the Itraconazole versus Amphotericin for Talaromycosis (IVAP) trial that induction therapy with amphotericin B reduced mortality over 24 weeks, but not during the first 2 weeks. Antifungal treatment effects in real-world settings have not been rigorously evaluated. Using data obtained from patient records at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from 2004 to 2009, we first developed a prognostic model using Bayesian logistic regression to identify predictors of death. Second, we developed a causal model using propensity score matching to assess the treatment effects of amphotericin B and itraconazole. Our prognostic model identified intravenous drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01), higher respiratory rate (OR = 1.12), higher absolute lymphocyte count (OR = 1.62), a concurrent respiratory infection (OR = 1.67) or central nervous system infection (OR = 2.66) as independent predictors of death. Fever (OR = 0.56) was a protective factor. Our prognostic model exhibits good in-sample performance and out-of-sample validation, with a discrimination power of 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. Our causal model showed no significant difference in treatment outcomes between amphotericin B and itraconazole over the first 2 weeks (95% credible interval: 0.62, 2.50). Our prognostic model provides a simple tool based on routinely collected clinical data to predict individual patient outcome. Our causal model shows similar results to the IVAP trial at 2 weeks, demonstrating an agreement between real-world data and clinical trial data.
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Castillo, Jorge, and Liron Pantanowitz. "HIV-Associated NK/T-Cell Lymphomas: A Review of 93 Cases." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3457.3457.
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Abstract Introduction: NK/T-cell lymphomas (NKTCL) are being reported with increased frequency in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. However, there has been no comprehensive review of these emerging HIV-associated lymphomas. We present, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive review of the epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features, therapeutic options, and outcome in HIV-associated NKTCL. Methods: A total of 93 cases of NKTCL in HIV-infected individuals were identified in a literature review using PubMed and cited articles from 1996 until March 2007. Data regarding epidemiology (country), demographics (age, gender), clinical features (presentation, tumor location), HIV status (CD4, AIDS-defining illness, coinfections), lymphoma (WHO/EORTC subtype, immunophenotype, Ann Arbor stage), treatment, and outcome were extracted. Results: Cases were reported worldwide (USA, Europe, South America, Asia), with a 15x increased incidence compared to the general population. Patients were of median age 38 years (range 1–63) at presentation, exhibited a 4:1 male predominance, and had a median CD4 count of 184 cells/mm3. Up to 54% had a prior AIDS-defining illness. The most common clinical findings were lymphadenopathy, B symptoms, erythroderma and pruritus. All subtypes were noted including Peripheral T-cell (n=36), Cutaneous T-cell including Mycosis fungoides (n=25), Anaplastic Large Cell (n=13), Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (n=8), NK cell (n=4), and other lymphomas (2 AILD, 2 Enteropathy-associated, 1 PEL, 1 Intravascular). Most expressed CD45RO and CD3 antigens, CD4>CD8, CD30 in a subset (n=23), and EBV was detected in 20 cases (mainly extranodal PTCL, cutaneous ALCL, and NK cells). Most (74%) were extranodal (50% involving skin) and 26% nodal. Staging (60 patients) overall showed stage I (27%), II (3%), III (17%), and IV (53%).There was no standard therapeutic approach, with 46% given one modality, 17% multimodal treatment, and 12% were untreated in reported cases. HAART was rarely used. Death occurred in 55% of patients and median overall survival (83 patients) was 1.1 years from the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: NKTCL afflicted HIV-infected persons are likely to be young males with AIDS who have a CD4 count under 200 cells/mm3 at presentation. They are also prone to present with extranodal disease, skin involvement, and at an advanced stage. Although a standard treatment approach is still required, the prognosis of HIV-associated NKTCL remains poor. The role of HAART needs to be further explored.
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Judson, Franklyn N. "Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis B virus: Epidemiological Considerations and Implications for Control with Vaccine." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, suppl a (1991): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/836192.
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Prior to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, more than 50% of the new hepatitis B virus infections in the United States and Canada were sexually transmitted, approximately one-quarter by heterosexual men and women and one-third by homosexual men. The percentage of hepatitis B virus infections attributable to heterosexual transmission in developing and developed countries of Asia is unknown, but is probably proportionate to the percentage of the population which escapes perinatal and early childhood infection. In homosexual men of developed countries, fear of AIDS has led to dramatic reductions in high risk sexual behaviour and hence in the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Specific interventions designed to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (eg. testing for infection status and counselling, choosing partners carefully, avoiding prostitutes, use of condoms, and diagnostic and treatment services for other sexually transmitted diseases) should further reduce hepatitis B virus sexual transmission in men and women. Eventually, however, hepatitis B virus vaccination programs will need to be considered for all countries. They should take into account regional epidemiology, vaccination cost-benefit, and program goals such as prevention of perinatal infection, sexually transmitted acute hepatitis, and/or cirrhosis and hepatic cancer, as well as containment versus eradication of the virus. If eradication is the goal, the only valid strategy is universal vaccination of infants or young adolescents - or both.
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O'Donovan, James, Misha Verkerk, Niall Winters, Shelly Chadha, and Mahmood F. Bhutta. "The role of community health workers in addressing the global burden of ear disease and hearing loss: a systematic scoping review of the literature." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (March 2019): e001141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001141.
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IntroductionCommunity health workers (CHWs) have the potential to improve access to ear and hearing services for people across low-income or middle-income countries, remote, underserved, or resource-poor areas of the world. We performed a systematic scoping review to identify evidence on how CHWs are currently deployed in the prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of ear disease and hearing loss; methods to train and support CHWs in this context; and cost-effectiveness of CHWs.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of the literature from September 1978 to 18 March 2018 from 11 major databases and the grey literature.ResultsWe identified 38 original studies that met the inclusion criteria, taking place across South Asia (n=13), Oceania (n=7), North America (n=7), South America (n=6) and Africa (n=5). 23 studies showed CHWs can increase community participation in screening. They can conduct screening using whispered voice tests, noisemakers for neonatal screening, automated audiological tests and otoscopy. Eight studies focused specifically on the evaluation of programmes to train CHWs, and three provided a general programme description. Three studies documented a role of CHWs in the treatment of ear disease or hearing loss, such as performing ear washouts, instillation of topical antibiotics or fitting of hearing aids. Only one study provided an indepth cost-utility analysis regarding the use of CHWs to conduct hearing screening, and no studies commented on the role of CHWs in the prevention of hearing loss.ConclusionCHWs have been employed in diverse ways to address the global burden of ear disease and hearing loss. Future research needs to explore the role of CHWs in preventative strategies, identify optimum methods to train and support CHWs, and explore their cost-effectiveness.
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Andrew Kiboneka. "The evolving burden of asthma and contemporary advances in management: Implications for clinical practice in Southern Africa." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.3.0315.
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Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden especially in the developing countries. The annual prevalence of severe asthma episodes is estimated from 1% to 21% for adults and over 20% for children aged 6–7 years. The prevalence of asthma varies widely around the world, ranging from 0.2% to 21.0% in adults and from 2.8% to 37.6% in 6- to 7-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) reports a significant increase in the global prevalence of asthmatic episodes among children. t was estimated that more than 339 million people had Asthma globally in 2016. It is a common disease among children. The common disease asthma is probably not a single disease, but rather a complex of multiple, separate syndromes that overlap. Most asthma-related deaths occur in low- and lower-middle income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there were 417,918 deaths due to asthma at the global level and 24.8 million DALYS attributable to Asthma in in 2016. The WHO has estimated that the economic costs associated with asthma have exceeded those of TB and HIV/AIDS combined, and the Global Initiative for Asthma Program forecasted the number of asthma patients to grow globally to greater than 400 million by the year 2025. Since its first description by Hippocrates, asthma remains a treatable yet incurable disease. It is now clear that asthma is a complex syndrome with variable severity, natural history and response to treatment In Namibia a prevalence of Asthma of 11.2 % has been reported in adult populations. The increase in asthmatic episodes, morbidity and mortality among populations in Africa, Latin America and parts of Asia is a rising public health concern. The development of novel asthma phenotyping & endo typing plus better classification of patients using machine learning and big data have markedly improved asthma treatment outcomes in both children and Adults. Several research groups have developed cluster analyses of phenotypes in severe asthma. These clusters support the importance of disease heterogeneity in asthma and suggest differences in pathophysiologic mechanisms that define these clusters. Precision medicine is "an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person.
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van Griensven, Frits, Jan Willem de Lind van Wijngaarden, Patrick Castillo Eustaquio, Stephen Wignall, Iskandar Azwa, Vanessa Veronese, Laurent Ferradini, Nittaya Phanuphak, and Stephen Mills. "The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men and transgender women in the ASEAN region: implications for HIV policy and service programming." Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20134.
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Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Western urban areas have seen substantive decreases in new diagnoses of HIV infection. This paper explores whether such declines are present among MSM and transgender women (TGW) in Southeast Asia and discusses implications for HIV policies and programming. A scoping review was conducted of scientific publications and selected documents regarding the spread of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in major urban centres of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Continued high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM are found in integrated behavioural and biological surveillance (IBBS) and research studies. HIV prevalence among MSM under IBBS decreased only in Bangkok from 28.6% in 2014 to 10.3% in 2018, whereas it was increasing in Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. HIV/AIDS case reports regarding new HIV infection diagnoses among MSM have started to decrease in Singapore since 2011 and have been plateauing in Metropolitan Manila since 2017. Where data were available, it was found that HIV prevalence among TGW was high and if IBBS was conducted, it was increasing. HIV prevalence among TGW under IBBS in Jakarta had risen to 34.0% (2015) and 14.0% (2019) in Phnom Penh. These findings suggest that most ASEAN member states have so far failed to effectively implement and scale-up scientifically proven biomedical HIV prevention measures and counter stigma and discrimination that impedes access to appropriate HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM and TGW.
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Moore-Pardo, Shylah M., Johonna Asquith, Sadaf Aslam, Cynthia Mayer, John Greene, and Sally Alrabaa. "1354. Nocardia bejingensis: A Novel Isolate Affecting Immunocompromised Patients in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1218.
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Abstract Background Nocardia species can cause localized or disseminated disease in humans. Infection results from direct inoculation or inhalation. In recent years, several new species have been identified via molecular methods. Further speciation is crucial as each organism has its own spectrum of disease and unique antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Immunosuppression, alcoholism, and certain lung diseases are well-established risk factors for nocardiosis. In fact, cases have incremented in association with increasing population of immunocompromised hosts as well as improved methods for detection and identification. Thus, Nocardia species may be considered opportunistic pathogens. Nocardia bejingensis was first isolated in 2001 by Wang et al from sewage soil in China. The first human infections were reported in Asia. Subsequently, cases were reported in Europe and a few cases have been described in the United States but it has been infrequently cited in the literature. Thus, not much is known about its spectrum of disease. Methods The primary objective of this study was to determine the risk factors and clinical manifestations of Nocardia bejingensis infection via retrospective chart review of 6 cases identified in Tampa General Hospital and Moffitt Cancer Center within a 5-year period. We aimed to evaluate the treatment used and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Results All patients were immunocompromised (1/3 HIV/AIDS, 1/3 hematologic malignancy, 1/3 solid-organ transplant). Most were male (67%) and mean age of 48. The majority had lung involvement (67%). Thecal sac infection and femur osteomyelitis (OM) were atypical manifestations. Localized disease predominated. Combination therapy was preferred. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), Ceftriaxone, and carbapenems were mostly used. All isolates were susceptible to TMP-SMX. See Table 1. Conclusion This case series depicts clinical features, risk factors, and epidemiology of Nocardia bejingensis infections. Our observations suggest that it is a novel pathogen in the United States, affecting mainly immunocompromised hosts. Early detection, appropriate antibiotics, and surgery were keys in successful management. However, further studies are needed to further elucidate its pathogenesis. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Mansoor, Malahat, and Hammad Raza. "IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 06 (June 10, 2016): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.06.1606.
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Around 65% of pregnant women in South Asia suffer from IDA & in Indiansub-continent alone, the rate of developing IDA during pregnancy is 88%. Moreover anemicpregnant patients are more likely to give birth to low birth weight babies which itself is anotherfactor adding to socio-economic burden on the whole family. The food has not been fortified forIron, Zinc & Vitamin D & hence the prevention of anemia has not yet been achieved Objectives:To study Awareness of women about food fortification & prevention of IDA Vs cost for treatinganemia. Period: August 2015-Dec 2015. Study Design: Observational Study. Settings: At BhattiInternational Hospital, Kasur Results: Among the selected anemic women, almost half (55%)had mild anemia, while rest had moderate to severe anemia indicting that the prevalence is verycommon. The treatment offered was oral &/or IV Iron with blood transfusions. The cost of iv Irontherapy & blood transfusions estimates in thousands with added risks of Transfusion Reactions,allergic reactions& transmission of blood-borne diseases like HCV,HBV,HIV(AIDS)&others. Theawareness level was found to be poor among these women .Only 8/60 i.e 13% had someidea about iron deficiency anemia & almost none knew about food fortifications. The insightabout their own disease of IDA was also 35% (21/60) indicating that most of the women incommunity live with IDA without any understanding of a preventable condition. Conclusion:The cost & time spend to treat IDA can be minimizes creating awareness about food fortification& supplementation.
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Osakwe, Nonso, Diane Johnson, Natalie Klein, and Dalia Abdel Azim. "A Rare Case of HHV-8 Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Stable HIV Patient." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2019 (April 28, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3297463.
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Background. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition associated with viral infections including HIV. Cases have been reported mainly in advanced HIV/AIDS. This is a rare case that reports HLH associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) associated multicentric Castleman disease in a stable HIV patient. Case Presentation. A 70-year-old Asian male patient with history of stable HIV on medications with CD 4 cell count above 200 presented with cough and fever and was initially treated for pneumonia as an outpatient. Persisting symptoms prompted presentation to the hospital. The patient was found to have anemia which persisted despite repeated transfusion of packed red cells. A bone marrow biopsy to investigate anemia revealed hemophagocytosis. A CT scan revealed multiple enlarged lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly. An excisional lymph node biopsy revealed HHV-8 associated multicentric Castleman disease. The patient deteriorated despite initiation of treatment. Conclusion. HLH can occur at any stage of HIV, rapid diagnosis to identify possible underlying reactive infectious etiology and prompt initiation of treatment is crucial to survival.
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Winichakoon, Poramed, and Siripong Tongjai. "The Emerging of CRF01_AE: A Clinical Story and Future HIV/AIDS Situation in Thailand." Current HIV Research 18, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200129160723.
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The HIV epidemic in Thailand in the 1980’s compromised the country’s socio-economic development. The epidemic first became evident in the community of men with male sexual partners (MSM), and subsequently spread to intravenous drug users (IVDU), female commercial sex workers (CSW) and their male clients, and, ultimately, to their partners and children. The HIV epidemic has devastated the country’s working-age population. The extensive negative impact and social stigma associated with the disease do not only have an impact on the victims of HIV but also on their descendants and relatives. An epicenter of the HIV epidemic has been in the northern provinces of Thailand. An HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE, a complex chimeric virus composed of both A and E subtypes, is prevalent in Northern Thailand. The virus has quickly become a predominant viral strain circulating in Thailand, other neighboring Southeast Asian countries, and China as well as some other countries throughout the world. The epidemiology, evolution, and biology of CRF01_AE offer a unique model for further scientific investigations which would advance the knowledge of and curative strategies against HIV. In addition, Thailand has developed suitable national guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in order to control the epidemic. Effective antiretroviral drugs are, therefore, able to be made available to those who live with HIV. The national surveillance system has also been effective. The great efforts and resources which Thailand has dedicated to the fight against the epidemic have eventually paid off. In 2010, a plan was proposed to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission and Thailand has become the first country to be effective in this objective. Thailand therefore has become recognized as being the global leader in HIV prevention and treatment. The experience which Thailand has gained from the past and the current research and management strategies of the HIV epidemic has prepared the country for emerging strains of HIV-1 in the future.
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Indita, Hermi, Endang Retnowati, and Erwin Astha Triyono. "KORELASI ANTARA KADAR INTERFERON-γ PLASMA DENGAN JUMLAH VIRAL LOAD DI PENDERITA HIV." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 18, no. 2 (March 17, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v18i2.1004.
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The incidence of HIV is increasing in Indonesia and Asia as well, Indonesia is considered as the most rapid. One of the diagnostic toolsfor diagnosing HIV is by viral load. Lymphocyte T-CD8+ secreted IFN-γ will inhibit replication of HIV virus through the induction of antiviralprotein and the host immune response, which kills infected cells. An examination of plasma IFN-γ and viral load will be more convincingfor the treatment and/or to know the progressiveness of HIV & AIDS. The aim of this study is to know the correlation between plasma IFN-γand viral load in HIV patients. Forty two samples from HIV patients were collected at the Intermediate Care and Infectious Disease Unit ofDr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya from April to June 2011. The concentration of plasma IFN-γ was measured by ELISA (eBioscience) methodand the amount of viral load was measured using PCR Cobas Amplicor (Roche Diagnostics). The level of plasma IFN-γ in this study wasfound 11.4 pg/mL up to 576 pg/mL and the level of viral load was 589 copies/mL up to 510.000 copies/mL. The statistical analysis showedno significant correlation (p>0.05) between plasma IFN-γ level and viral load in HIV patients, and no correlation was found between IFN-γplasma and viral load in HIV patients.
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Kannigadu, Christina, and David D. N'Da. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Development of Curcumin, its Combinations and Formulations and Curcumin-like Compounds as Anti-infective Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 27 (September 8, 2021): 5463–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210111102916.
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Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Such diseases mostly develop in tropical and sub-tropical climates and represent major health challenges. The pathogens of these diseases are able to multiply in human hosts, warranting their continual survival. Prevention of these diseases is becoming extremely difficult due to the absence of effective vaccines and their treatment, less effective due to the emergence of resistance by their causative pathogens to existing drugs. Several currently available drugs employ oxidative stress, resulting from the generation of reactive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS), as the mechanism for exerting their pharmacological actions. RONS inhibit endogenous antioxidant enzymes, which ultimately eradicate the microbiota. Curcumin, a redox-active natural product, for centuries, has been used in Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. It is known for possessing multiple biological and pharmacological activities. Curcumin has been investigated extensively over the years for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiparasitic, antiviral and antibacterial activities, and no toxicity is associated with the compound. Despite its potency and good safety profile, curcumin is still in clinical trials for the treatment of diseases, such as tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Crohn’s disease, colorectal cancer, and multiple myeloma, among many others, as it is yet to be qualified as a therapeutic agent. This review summarizes events over the last decade, especially regarding the discovery of curcumin, an update of its synthesis, its pathogen specific mechanisms of action, and the pharmacological effects of its derivatives, combinations and formulations as potential antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases.
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Kruse, Clemens, Jose Betancourt, Stephanie Ortiz, Susana Melissa Valdes Luna, Inderdeep Kaur Bamrah, and Narce Segovia. "Barriers to the Use of Mobile Health in Improving Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): e13263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13263.
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Background The use of mobile health (mHealth) technologies to improve population-level health outcomes around the world has surged in the last decade. Research supports the use of mHealth apps to improve health outcomes such as maternal and infant mortality, treatment adherence, immunization rates, and prevention of communicable diseases. However, developing countries face significant barriers to successfully implement, sustain, and expand mHealth initiatives to improve the health of vulnerable populations. Objective We aimed to identify and synthesize barriers to the use of mHealth technologies such as text messaging (short message service [SMS]), calls, and apps to change and, where possible, improve the health behaviors and health outcomes of populations in developing countries. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Deriving search criteria from the review’s primary objective, we searched PubMed and CINAHL using an exhaustive terms search (eg, mHealth, text messaging, and developing countries, with their respective Medical Subject Headings) limited by publication date, English language, and full text. At least two authors thoroughly reviewed each article’s abstract to verify the articles were germane to our objective. We then applied filters and conducted consensus meetings to confirm that the articles met the study criteria. Results Review of 2224 studies resulted in a final group of 30 articles for analysis. mHealth initiatives were used extensively worldwide for applications such as maternal health, prenatal care, infant care, HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment adherence, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and health education. Studies were conducted in several developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. From each article, we recorded the specific health outcome that was improved, mHealth technology used, and barriers to the successful implementation of the intervention in a developing country. The most prominent health outcomes improved with mHealth were infectious diseases and maternal health, accounting for a combined 20/30 (67%) of the total studies in the analysis. The most frequent mHealth technology used was SMS, accounting for 18/30 (60%) of the studies. We identified 73 individual barriers and grouped them into 14 main categories. The top 3 barrier categories were infrastructure, lack of equipment, and technology gap, which together accounted for 28 individual barriers. Conclusions This systematic review shed light on the most prominent health outcomes that can be improved using mHealth technology interventions in developing countries. The barriers identified will provide leaders of future intervention projects a solid foundation for their design, thus increasing the chances for long-term success. We suggest that, to overcome the top three barriers, project leaders who wish to implement mHealth interventions must establish partnerships with local governments and nongovernmental organizations to secure funding, leadership, and the required infrastructure.
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Demir, Tülin, Dilara Yıldıran, and Selçuk Kılıç. "Yeni HIV Tanı Algoritmasına Geçiş Sürecinde Ulusal HIV-AIDS Referans Merkezi’nin Deneyimi: Line-İmmunoassay Test ve Bio-Rad Geenius™ HIV-1/2 Antikor Ayırt Edici Hızlı Doğrulama Testleri Karşılaştırmalı Analizi." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 55, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.20028.
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Shortly after the first detection of human immundeficiency virus (HIV) infection in USA in 1981, the number of cases have increased gradually from all around the world. Turkey’s high capacity for tourism and the unique geographic location extending between Europe and Asia, provides convenience for the passage of individuals across the countries and sexually transmitted infections including HIV, as well. According to the official data of the Ministry of Health; there are 25809 HIV positive and 1958 AIDS cases as of November 30, 2020, after the epidemic started in 1985 in Turkey. Despite the decrease in the number of newly detected HIV cases as a result of serious measures taken for the transmission of infection worldwide, the increase in the number of cases still continues in our country. Shortening the reporting period and starting treatment as soon as possible in the diagnosis of infection is critical for the control of the epidemic. For this purpose, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a new test algorithm in 2010, which suggested the use of the Geenius™ HIV ½ supplemental assay test instead of western blot tests, which have been used for many years to verify HIV screening test positivity. In this study, we aimed to report the experience of the National HIV-Acquiner Immundeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Viral Hepatitis Reference Laboratories of Turkey in the first year of transition to the new HIV algorithm and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Geenius™ HIV ½ and line immunassay (LIA) s. A total of 2090 anti-HIV positive patient sera sent to National HIV-AIDS and Viral Hepatitis Reference Laboratories of Turkey, Ankara for HIV confirmation were included in the study. All samples were retested with a fourth-generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (VIDAS® HIV-1/2 Duo Ultra assay, BioMerieux, France) followed by the confirmatory tests; Geenius™ HIV 1/2 confirmatory assay (BioRad, Redmond, WA) and Line-immunoassay (INNO-LIA HIV ½ Score, Fujirebio, Belgium). Indeterminate/negative test results or discrepancies between the confirmatory tests were resolved with HIV-1 RNA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (artus HI Virus-1 RT-PCR, Qiagen, Germany) test and in-house HIV-2 RNA and proviral DNA PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, and the agreement of the each assay were compared. Cohen’s Kappa analysis was used for the evaluation of the agreement between the tests. According to the new algorithm which recommended Geenius™ test besides HIV-1 RNA test, 1707 (81.7%) HIV-1 positive samples were identified. Of these samples; 95.9% and 95.02% were identified as HIV-1 positive by GeeniusTM and INNO-LIA, respectively. However, 2.5% of the positive samples were negative with Geenius™ and 3.5% with INNO-LIA. One and a half percentage (1.5%) of these samples were detected with Geenius™ and 1.4% with INNO-LIA as indeterminant. When all the positive samples determined with ELISA were evaluated; it was detected that,1.3% were indeterminate by Geenius™ test and 2.4% by the INNO-LIA test. When the INNO-LIA test was regarded as the gold standard method; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the Geenius™ test were as follows; 99.7%, 96.1%, 98.9%, and 99.1%. The agreement between INNO-LIA and Geenius™ tests was found to be 98.95% (κ= 0.969; very good). When the Geenius™ and HIV-1 PCR tests were evaluated together for the confirmation; the sensitivities of Geenius™ and INNO-LIA tests were 99.8% and 98.3%, specificities were 89.8% and 85.3%, respectively. Slight positive bands were detected in the gp36 or gp140 bands, the HIV-2 specific envelope proteins, were detected in seven samples, However, the positivity disappeared after the dilution of the samples and it was accepted as false positivite reaction due to the absence of HIV-2 RNA and proviral DNA in these samples. In conclusion; we concluded that Geenius™ and INNO-LIA tests have a perfect agreement in HIV diagnosis and due to the rapid and reliable results provided for the HIV test protocol, Geenius™ test can be used safely as an alternative to the immunoblot tests. HIV-1 RNA testing must be performed in all HIV confirmation centers in order to detect acute HIV cases in the fast and early period which are the main reason for the updates in HIV diagnosis.
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Chandak, Rakhi, Manoj Chandak, Pranali Thakare, Ramhari Sathawane, Swapnil Mohod, Runal Bansod, Pranada Deshmukh, and Zareesh Akhtar. "Trending Breakthroughs in the Advances of Detection of Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions - A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2021): 2122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/433.
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Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignant tumour, and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to its capacity to spread and invade. Oral cancer occurs at a different rate in different areas of the world, ranging from 2 to 10 per 100,000 people each year. Oral cancer is prevalent in South Asian nations such as Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In India, the frequency is 7-17 per 100,000 people each year, with 75,000 - 80,000 new cases per year. Identifying oral cancer in its early stages has a significant impact on survival rates when compared to detecting it later. Despite this, almost half of all diagnosed patients die within five years. A variety of well-established cancer screening programmes have been demonstrated to lower the patient morbidity and mortality dramatically. Regular check-ups, which include a thorough inspection of the whole mouth, are critical for detecting malignant and pre-cancerous problems early on. Unfortunately, early detection of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions has proved difficult due to the lesions' asymptomatic nature, doctors' casual approach to benign lesions, and the fact that 50 % of patients had regional or distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers that leads to defacement and death. Despite recent advancements in therapeutic modalities, the prognosis has not improved. Patient’s mortality rates are positively associated with the point of presentation, with 60 % of people diagnosed with late-stage illness. Early diagnosis is important for oral cancer patient’s survival rate, as it decreases morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, the bulk of oral cancer patients are diagnosed late in the disease's progression, with a mediocre 5 - year survival rate of 50 %. As a result, careful treatment of oral cancer necessitates early diagnosis and intervention. Surgical biopsy is the gold standard for medical purposes, but it requires clinical assistance. Other screening methods that are simple to use, non-invasive, and expensive are the norms for any test to be accepted as a histopathology choice. The older cancer diagnosis modalities took longer, had more inter-observer bias, and were less descriptive. A standard oral examination with digital palpation is used in traditional techniques of screening for oral possibly malignant illnesses and oral cancers. Conventional inspection has been shown to be a poor discriminator of oral mucosal lesions. A variety of visual aids have been developed to help clinicians spot anomalies in the oral mucosa and in recent years, scientific and clinical developments have aided in the early detection and treatment of this disease. This review reflects on some of the older diagnostic modalities and screening methods for oral cancer diagnosis, as well as some of the recent more sophisticated techniques. KEY WORDS Diagnostic Aids, Oral Cancer, Premalignant Lesions
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Dankwa-Mullan, Irene, M. Christopher Roebuck, Joseph Tkacz, Oluwadamilola Motunrayo Fayanju, Yi Ren, Gretchen Purcell Jackson, and Yull Edwin Arriaga. "Disparities in receipt of and time to adjuvant therapy after lumpectomy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.534.
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534 Background: Adjuvant treatment after breast conserving surgery (BCS) has been shown to improve outcomes, but the degree of uptake varies considerably. We sought to examine factors associated with post-BCS receipt of and time to treatment (TTT) for adjuvant radiation therapy (ART), cytotoxic chemotherapy (ACT) and endocrine therapy (AET) among women with breast cancer. Methods: IBM MarketScan claims data were used to select women diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer from 01/01/2012 to 03/31/2018, who received primary BCS without any neoadjuvant therapy, and who had continuous insurance eligibility 60 days post-BCS. Logistic and quantile regressions were used to identify factors associated with receipt of adjuvant therapy (ART, ACT, AET) and median TTT in days for ART (rTTT), ACT (cTTT), and AET (eTTT), respectively, after adjustment for covariates including age, year, region, insurance plan type, comorbidities, and a vector of ZIP3-level measures (e.g., community race/ethnicity-density, education level) from the 2019 Area Health Resource Files. Results: 36,270 patients were identified: 11,996 (33%) received ART only, 4,837 (13%) received ACT only, 3,458 (10 %) received AET only, 5,752 (16%) received both ART and AET, and 9,909 (27%) received no adjuvant therapy within 6 months of BCS. (318) 1% of patients received combinations of either ART, AET or ACT. Relative to having no adjuvant therapy, patients > 80 years were significantly less likely to receive ART only (relative risk ratio [RRR] 0.65), ACT only (RRR 0.05), or combination ART/AET (RRR 0.66) but more likely to receive AET alone (RRR 3.61) (all p < .001). Patients from communities with high proportions of Black (RRR 0.14), Asian (RRR 0.13), or Hispanic (RRR 0.45) residents were significantly less likely to receive combination ART and AET (all p < .001). Having HIV/AIDS (+11 days; p = .01) and residing in highly concentrated Black (+8.5 days; p = .01) and Asian (+12.2 days; p = .04) communities were associated with longer rTTT. Longer cTTT was associated with having comorbidities of cerebrovascular disease (+6.0 days; p < .001), moderate to severe liver disease (+12.3 days; p < .001) and residing in high-density Asian communities (+18.0 days; p < .001). Shorter eTTT (-11.4 days; p = .06) and cTTT (-14.8 days; p < .001) was observed in patients with comorbidities of dementia. Conclusions: Results from this cohort of privately insured patients demonstrate disparities in receipt of post-BCS adjuvant radiation and systemic therapy along multiple demographic dimensions and expose opportunities to promote timely receipt of care.
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Kinney, Evlin L., Jean-Jacques Monsuez, Michel Kitzis, and Daniel Vittecoq. "Treatment of AIDS-Associated Heart Disease." Angiology 40, no. 11 (November 1989): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331978904001106.
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Volberding, Paul. "Treatment of malignant disease in AIDS patients." AIDS 2 (1988): S169–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-198800001-00025.
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Navarro, Willis H., and Lawrence D. Kaplan. "AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disease." Blood 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-11-4278.
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Abstract Not long after the recognition of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, it was evident that individuals infected with HIV developed lymphoma at a greater rate than the population at large. Approximately two thirds of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) cases are categorized as diffuse large B-cell type, with Burkitt lymphomas comprising 25% and other histologies a much smaller proportion. Typically, these individuals have presented with advanced extranodal disease and CD4+ lymphocyte counts of less than 200/mm3. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated a better outcome with chemotherapy for ARL since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment, termed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). For patients with relapses, solid evidence points to the safety and utility of hematopoietic-cell transplantation as a salvage modality. Coinfection with other viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus have led to the genesis of previously rare or unrecognized lymphoma subtypes such as plasmablastic and primary effusion lymphomas. The immunosuppressive impact of treatment for patients with ARL receiving chemotherapy with HAART appears transient and opportunistic infections have become less problematic than prior to HAART. Significant progress has been made in the understanding and management of ARL but outcomes still remain inferior compared to those achieved in HIV- individuals.
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Otilingam, Poorni, and Margaret Gatz. "Perceptions of Dementia among Asian Indian Americans." Aging 6, no. 2 (2008): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus6.2_45-65_otilingametal.
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We surveyed a convenience sample of 255 Asian Indian Americans (AIAs) aged 18-81 years assessing perceptions of dementia etiology, help-seeking, and treatment, and knowledge of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In response to a vignette describing the early stages of AD, participants indicated a substantial willingness to seek help. Most participants knew that memory loss was the key symptom of dementia, yet most knowledge items were correctly answered by fewer than half of the sample. Participants who had more knowledge of AD were more likely than those with less knowledge of AD to state that they would seek help for an elderly relative showing symptoms of dementia. Relative to other psychosocial factors, loneliness was highly rated as an etiological factor and keeping mentally active was highly rated as a treatment. This study is the first to document dementia beliefs among AIAs, illustrating the need for culturally-tailored dementia education and care for the AIA population.
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Mönkemüller, Klaus E., and C. Mel Wilcox. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Colonic Disease in AIDS." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(18)30238-1.
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Lawrence, Janet S. St, and Michael R. Kauth. "AIDS phobia: Disease patterns and possibilities of treatment." Clinical Psychology Review 10, no. 5 (January 1990): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(90)90101-f.
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Goh, Khean Lee, Myung Gyu Choi, William Ping I. Hsu, Hoon Jai Chun, Varocha Mahachai, Udom Kachintorn, Somchai Leelakusolvong, et al. "Unmet treatment needs of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia Pacific Survey." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 29, no. 12 (November 18, 2014): 1969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12655.
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Aye, Kyi-Phyu, Sabai Phyu, Thet-Su Mon, and Thwe-Zin Soe. "#21: Pattern and Outcome of Opportunistic Infections in Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients in Specialist Hospital Waibargi, Myanmar." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa170.059.
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Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) constitutes a major global public health concern. There are an estimated 237,000 people living with HIV in Myanmar with prevalence of 0.57%, the fourth highest in South East Asia region. Specialist Hospital Waibargi (SHW) is one of the 3 main hospitals in Myanmar for HIV care and support with a cohort of nearly 2000 patients. This study was performed in SHW to evaluate the pattern and hospital outcome of various opportunistic infections (OI) in HIV-infected patients which are the principal cause of morbidity and mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective records review study involving 370 HIV-infected patients hospitalized from October 2018 to September 2019 (1-year period). Disseminated tuberculosis (TB) was defined by concurrent involvement in at least two noncontiguous organs or miliary TB in a chest radiograph. Suggested Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was defined by the presence of prolonged fever not responding to anti-TB treatment and presence of generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia in patients with CD4 <50 cells/mm3. Invasive fungal infection was defined by the presence of diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph and/or generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia with a response to antifungal therapy. Frequencies of individual OI were expressed as percentages. Results Among 370 patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated in 150 patients during admission, 153 patients were already on ART (first-line/second-line/third-line/ default and restart patients), 67 were about to be initiated at a follow-up visit and 9 were defaulters. The mean age was 38.2 ± 11 years, 224 male and 146 female patients were admitted (ratio 1.5:1). Mean CD4 is 111 cells/mm3 (range 4–627 cells/mm3). In total, 322 patients (87%) had CD4 <350 cells/mm3. A total of 823 OI occurred in 370 patients. One hundred and twenty-nine patients had ≥ 2 OI. Among 823 episodes, pulmonary TB accounted 32.8% (270 patients) with 13% confirmed cases including 12 multi-drug-resistant cases. Extrapulmonary TB was 22% including 48 TB meningitis cases. Disseminated TB was found in 15.3%. The rest were sepsis (19.6%), acute gastroenteritis (4%), cryptococcal meningitis/cryptococcaemia (3%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) (3.2%), skin fungal infection (4%), invasive fungal infection (4%), esophageal candidiasis (2.3%), Cytomegalovirus retinitis (0.6%), suggested MAC (1.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (0.7%), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0.8%), encephalitis (0.7%), Herpes zoster infection (0.6%). Eighty-six hospitalized patients died with a mortality rate of 23.2% mostly due to disseminated TB or fungal infection, PCP, sepsis, cryptococcal meningitis, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The mean duration of hospitalization was 14 ± 11 days. Sixteen children (age 12–22 years) with CD4 <350 cells/mm3 were included, half were infected congenitally and mortality was 50% mostly due to disseminated TB and sepsis. Conclusion Even in the test and treat era of ART, most HIV-infected patients in the study were late presenters with advanced disease. It highlights the importance of increasing testing awareness in the community and eliminating mother to child transmission. TB was the commonest OI among HIV-infected patients and early TB diagnosis, anti-TB treatment, good adherence, and latent TB prophylaxis are the major tools to improve HIV/TB-related morbidity and mortality.
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Ismail, R. "Sexually transmitted disease (STD) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in South East Asia." Clinics in Dermatology 17, no. 2 (March 4, 1999): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00005-x.
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Richey, Lisa Ann. "Mobilizing for Global AIDS Treatment." Nordicom Review 33, Special-Issue (December 1, 2012): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0023.
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Abstract Global communication about HIV/AIDS requires the creation of new communities that can bridge distances and distinctions of nationality, language, class, race, gendered-identities and other forms of local identification on a disease that is associated with the realm usually understood as private (sexuality). Global AIDS, characterized as ‘the disease of our time’, is responsible for spawning an entire industry devoted to the prevention, detection, treatment, and potential cure of HIV/AIDS. In terms of scale, this industry works primarily cross-nationally, with donors from the North funding programs for AIDS prevention and care in the South. Anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), typically produced as generics by manufacturers in India or South Africa and purchased by aid funding, are central to global AIDS programs. Yet, mobilizing for global AIDS treatment embodies the logic of marketing, in which Africans with AIDS are sold as lives to be saved. This article will draw from international relations theory, sociology and anthropology to offer an interdisciplinary perspective on mobilizing communication globally.
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Land, Helen, and Priti Prabhughate. "Sex Work in Asia: Update on Issues, Treatment, and Prevention of HIV/AIDS." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 11, no. 2 (April 2012): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2012.679157.
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