Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain'
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Wheeler, V. W., and K. W. Radcliffe. "HIV Infection in the Caribbean." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500201.
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The Caribbean is a multi-ethnic region with many different cultural differences. The majority of the population is of African descent, but there are also other ethnic groups present such as Indians, Chinese, Syrians and Europeans. The Caribbean region is influenced by countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France and Holland. The countries of the Caribbean have a serious problem with HIV infection and AIDS. The epidemiology of HIV infection in this region, is different from most other parts of the world in that the mode of spread does not easily fit into any of the three WHO patterns. This review shows that the infection initially started in the homosexual/bisexual community, but since then, it has moved to the heterosexual population and this form of contact is now the main mode of transmission of the virus. The Governments of the Caribbean countries have realized the extent of the problem and have taken measures to try to control the epidemic.
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Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.
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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.
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MEDLOCK, J. M., K. R. SNOW, and S. LEACH. "Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 3 (August 8, 2006): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007047.
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Nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in Europe, and several (West Nile, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. Although there have been no reported human cases in Great Britain (GB), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. This paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in GB, suggesting that in addition to West Nile virus, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses could exist in enzootic cycles, and that certain ecological factors could facilitate transmission to humans. However, the level of transmission is likely to be lower than in endemic foci elsewhere in Europe due to key ecological differences related to spatial and temporal dynamics of putative mosquito vectors and presence of key reservoir hosts. Knowledge of the potential GB-specific disease ecology can aid assessments of risk from mosquito-borne arboviruses.
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Atchison, C. J., C. C. Tam, S. Hajat, W. van Pelt, J. M. Cowden, and B. A. Lopman. "Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 25, 2009): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1755.
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In Europe, rotavirus gastroenteritis peaks in late winter or early spring suggesting a role for weather factors in transmission of the virus. In this study, multivariate regression models adapted for time-series data were used to investigate effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on reported rotavirus infections and the infection-rate parameter, a derived measure of infection transmission that takes into account population immunity, in England, Wales, Scotland and The Netherlands. Delayed effects of weather were investigated by introducing lagged weather terms into the model. Meta-regression was used to pool together country-specific estimates. There was a 13 per cent (95% confidence interval (CI), 11–15%) decrease in reported infections per 1°C increase in temperature above a threshold of 5°C and a 4 per cent (95% CI, 3–5%) decrease in the infection-rate parameter per 1°C increase in temperature across the whole temperature range. The effect of temperature was immediate for the infection-rate parameter but delayed by up to four weeks for reported infections. There was no overall effect of humidity or rainfall. There is a direct and simple relationship between cold weather and rotavirus transmission in Great Britain and The Netherlands. The more complex and delayed temperature effect on disease incidence is likely to be mediated through the effects of weather on transmission.
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HOUSE, T., and M. J. KEELING. "Household structure and infectious disease transmission." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 5 (October 8, 2008): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001416.
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SUMMARYOne of the central tenets of modern infectious disease epidemiology is that an understanding of heterogeneities, both in host demography and transmission, allows control to be efficiently optimized. Due to the strong interactions present, households are one of the most important heterogeneities to consider, both in terms of predicting epidemic severity and as a target for intervention. We consider these effects in the context of pandemic influenza in Great Britain, and find that there is significant local (ward-level) variation in the basic reproductive ratio, with some regions predicted to suffer 50% faster growth rate of infection than the mean. Childhood vaccination was shown to be highly effective at controlling an epidemic, generally outperforming random vaccination and substantially reducing the variation between regions; only nine out of over 10 000 wards did not obey this rule and these can be identified as demographically atypical regions. Since these benefits of childhood vaccination are a product of correlations between household size and number of dependent children in the household, our results are qualitatively robust for a variety of disease scenarios.
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MOON, HARLEY W. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Hypothetical Risk of Emergence as a Zoonotic Foodborne Epidemic." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.10.1106.
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle, recognized in Great Britain in 1986. Cases in other countries have been attributed to imports from Great Britain. The disease has not occurred in the U.S. BSE is one of a group of diseases (other examples are scrapie of sheep and Creutzfeld-Jacob disease of humans) referred to as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Under some circumstances prion diseases can be transmitted by injection or by feeding infected (abnormal prion protein-containing) tissue to susceptible hosts. BSE was disseminated by feeding meat and bone meal containing BSE agent which was not completely inactivated by rendering. BSE is hypothesized to have emerged from scrapie via recycling of rendered by-products in cattle. There is also evidence of spontaneous feed-borne transmission of BSE to wild ruminants in zoological parks and to domestic cats. It has been hypothesized that foodborne transmission of BSE to humans has occurred or could occur. This hypothesis can neither be definitively refuted nor supported. However, it seems unlikely. In spite of hundreds of years of human exposure to scrapie, there is no evidence of transmission of scrapie to humans. Even if BSE is ultimately found to be somehow transmissible to humans, the risk of foodborne transmission appears to be low for several reasons: (i) The oral route is several orders of magnitude less sensitive than the parenteral route for transmission of prion diseases; (ii) the BSE agent is only detectable in brain, spinal cord, and intestine of infected cattle, tissues infrequently used for human food; and (iii) Great Britain (where the disease occurs) destroys and bans the use of all tissues from BSE-infected cattle as well as the brains, spinal cords, and intestinal tracts from clinically normal cattle.
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Banyard, Ashley C., Fabian Z. X. Lean, Caroline Robinson, Fiona Howie, Glen Tyler, Craig Nisbet, James Seekings, et al. "Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Great Skuas: A Species of Conservation Concern in Great Britain." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020212.
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The UK and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza across the 2020/21 and 2021/22 autumn/winter seasons. Understanding both the epidemiology and transmission of these viruses in different species is critical to aid mitigating measures where outbreaks cause extensive mortalities in both land- and waterfowl. Infection of different species can result in mild or asymptomatic outcomes, or acute infections that result in high morbidity and mortality levels. Definition of disease outcome in different species is of great importance to understanding the role different species play in the maintenance and transmission of these pathogens. Further, the infection of species that have conservation value is also important to recognise and characterise to understand the impact on what might be limited wild populations. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been detected in great skuas (Stercorarius skua) across different colonies on islands off the shore of Scotland, Great Britain during summer 2021. A large number of great skuas were observed as developing severe clinical disease and dying during the epizootic and mortalities were estimated to be high where monitored. Of eight skuas submitted for post-mortem examination, seven were confirmed as being infected with this virus using a range of diagnostic assays. Here we overview the outbreak event that occurred in this species, listed as species of conservation concern in Great Britain and outline the importance of this finding with respect to virus transmission and maintenance.
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Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Matthew J. Silk, Richard J. Delahay, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (February 2019): 180719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180719.
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Network analyses can assist in predicting the course of epidemics. Time-directed paths or ‘contact chains' provide a measure of host-connectedness across specified timeframes, and so represent potential pathways for spread of infections with different epidemiological characteristics. We analysed networks and contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain using Cattle Tracing System data from 2001 to 2015. We focused on the potential for between-farm transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infection with potential for hidden spread through the network. Networks were characterized by scale-free type properties, where individual farms were found to be influential ‘hubs' in the network. We found a markedly bimodal distribution of farms with either small or very large ingoing and outgoing contact chains (ICCs and OCCs). As a result of their cattle purchases within 12-month periods, 47% of British farms were connected by ICCs to more than 1000 other farms and 16% were connected to more than 10 000 other farms. As a result of their cattle sales within 12-month periods, 66% of farms had OCCs that reached more than 1000 other farms and 15% reached more than 10 000 other farms. Over 19 000 farms had both ICCs and OCCs reaching more than 10 000 farms for two or more years. While farms with more contacts in their ICCs or OCCs might play an important role in disease spread, farms with extensive ICCs and OCCs might be particularly important by being at higher risk of both acquiring and disseminating infections.
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Nicolet, K. J., M. O. Hoogenboom, N. M. Gardiner, M. S. Pratchett, and B. L. Willis. "The corallivorous invertebrate Drupella aids in transmission of brown band disease on the Great Barrier Reef." Coral Reefs 32, no. 2 (January 20, 2013): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1010-8.
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MORLEY, P. D., and JULIUS CHANG. "CRITICAL BEHAVIOR IN CELLULAR AUTOMATA ANIMAL DISEASE TRANSMISSION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 15, no. 01 (January 2004): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183104005589.
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Using cellular automata model, we simulate the British Government Policy (BGP) in the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain. When clinical symptoms of the disease appeared in a farm, there is mandatory slaughter (culling) of all livestock in an infected premise (IP). Those farms in the neighboring of an IP (contiguous premise, CP), are also culled, aka nearest neighbor interaction. Farms where the disease may be prevalent from animal, human, vehicle or airborne transmission (dangerous contact, DC), are additionally culled, aka next-to-nearest neighbor interactions and lightning factor. The resulting mathematical model possesses a phase transition, whereupon if the physical disease transmission kernel exceeds a critical value, catastrophic loss of animals ensues. The nonlocal disease transport probability can be as low as 0.01% per day and the disease can still be in the high mortality phase. We show that the fundamental equation for sustainable disease transport is the criticality equation for neutron fission cascade. Finally, we calculate that the percentage of culled animals that are actually healthy is ≈30%.
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Danon, Leon, Thomas A. House, Jonathan M. Read, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: collective properties and disease transmission." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 76 (June 20, 2012): 2826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0357.
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A fundamental challenge of modern infectious disease epidemiology is to quantify the networks of social and physical contacts through which transmission can occur. Understanding the collective properties of these interactions is critical for both accurate prediction of the spread of infection and determining optimal control measures. However, even the basic properties of such networks are poorly quantified, forcing predictions to be made based on strong assumptions concerning network structure. Here, we report on the results of a large-scale survey of social encounters mainly conducted in Great Britain. First, we characterize the distribution of contacts, which possesses a lognormal body and a power-law tail with an exponent of −2.45; we provide a plausible mechanistic model that captures this form. Analysis of the high level of local clustering of contacts reveals additional structure within the network, implying that social contacts are degree assortative. Finally, we describe the epidemiological implications of this local network structure: these contradict the usual predictions from networks with heavy-tailed degree distributions and contain public-health messages about control. Our findings help us to determine the types of realistic network structure that should be assumed in future population level studies of infection transmission, leading to better interpretations of epidemiological data and more appropriate policy decisions.
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Bessell, Paul R., Darren J. Shaw, Nicholas J. Savill, and Mark E. J. Woolhouse. "Estimating risk factors for farm-level transmission of disease: Foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain." Epidemics 2, no. 3 (September 2010): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2010.06.002.
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WEBB, C. R. "Investigating the potential spread of infectious diseases of sheep via agricultural shows in Great Britain." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 1 (June 30, 2005): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880500467x.
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SUMMARYThe rate at which infectious diseases spread through farm animal populations depends both on individual disease characteristics and the opportunity for transmission via close contact. Data on the relationships affecting the contact structure of farm animal populations are, therefore, required to improve mathematical models for the spatial spread of farm animal diseases. This paper presents data on the contact network for agricultural shows in Great Britain, whereby a link between two shows occurs if they share common competitors in the sheep class. Using the network, the potential for disease spread through agricultural shows is investigated varying both the initial show infected and the infectious period of the disease. The analysis reveals a highly connected network such that diseases introduced early in the show season could present a risk to sheep at the majority of subsequent shows. This data emphasizes the importance of maintaining rigorous showground and farm-level bio-security.
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Chis Ster, Irina, Peter J. Dodd, and Neil M. Ferguson. "Within-farm transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease as revealed by the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain." Epidemics 4, no. 3 (August 2012): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2012.07.002.
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Green, Darren M., Victor J. del Rio Vilas, Colin P. D. Birch, Jethro Johnson, Istvan Z. Kiss, Noel D. McCarthy, and Rowland R. Kao. "Demographic risk factors for classical and atypical scrapie in Great Britain." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 3486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83225-0.
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Following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the European Union has introduced policies for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie, from large ruminants. However, recent European Union surveillance has identified a novel prion disease, ‘atypical’ scrapie, substantially different from classical scrapie. It is unknown whether atypical scrapie is naturally transmissible or zoonotic, like BSE. Furthermore, cases have occurred in scrapie-resistant genotypes that are targets for selection in legislated selective breeding programmes. Here, the first epidemiological study of British cases of atypical scrapie is described, focusing on the demographics and trading patterns of farms and using databases of recorded livestock movements. Triplet comparisons found that farms with atypical scrapie stock more sheep than those of the general, non-affected population. They also move larger numbers of animals than control farms, but similar numbers to farms reporting classical scrapie. Whilst there is weak evidence of association through sheep trading of farms reporting classical scrapie, atypical scrapie shows no such evidence, being well-distributed across regions of Great Britain and through the sheep-trading network. Thus, although cases are few in number so far, our study suggests that, should natural transmission of atypical scrapie be occurring at all, it is doing so slowly.
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Kiss, Istvan Z., Darren M. Green, and Rowland R. Kao. "The network of sheep movements within Great Britain: network properties and their implications for infectious disease spread." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 10 (April 28, 2006): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0129.
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During the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in the UK, initial dissemination of the disease to widespread geographical regions was attributed to livestock movement, especially of sheep. In response, recording schemes to provide accurate data describing the movement of large livestock in Great Britain (GB) were introduced. Using these data, we reconstruct directed contact networks within the sheep industry and identify key epidemiological properties of these networks. There is clear seasonality in sheep movements, with a peak of intense activity in August and September and an associated high risk of a large epidemic. The high correlation between the in and out degree of nodes favours disease transmission. However, the contact networks were largely dissasortative: highly connected nodes mostly connect to nodes with few contacts, effectively slowing the spread of disease. This is a result of bipartite-like network properties, with most links occurring between highly active markets and less active farms. When comparing sheep movement networks (SMNs) to randomly generated networks with the same number of nodes and node degrees, despite structural differences (such as disassortativity and higher frequency of even path lengths in the SMNs), the characteristic path lengths within the SMNs are close to values computed from the corresponding random networks, showing that SMNs have ‘small-world’-like properties. Using the network properties, we show that targeted biosecurity or surveillance at highly connected nodes would be highly effective in preventing a large and widespread epidemic.
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Adams, Audrey, and Franklin D. Lowy. "Infection Control and the Hospitalized AIDS Patient." Infection Control 6, no. 5 (May 1985): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700061427.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has created new and difficult challenges for infection control services. Limited information on the pathogenesis and means of transmission coupled with the reported high mortality rates of this disease, have heightened public fears about the potential risks resulting from exposure to AIDS. Hospitalization of these patients, with the attendant responsibilities for their care by hospital personnel, has served to focus and amplify these public concerns in a relatively small and inter-related community. The result, in some hospitals, has been an increase in incidents which interfere with the proper care of AIDS patients. While a great deal has been written about the appropriate precautions recommended for the care of these patients, little attention has been focused on the practical problems encountered within the institution of these policies and within the education of the concerned and relatively uninformed hospital community. The success of such a program is essential to assure the proper care of these patients. The purpose of the present report is to summarize the experience at our institution and to outline the approach adopted by the Infection Control Unit to deal with these problems.
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Safitri, Sella Dwi, and Shohebatuz Sofiyah. "Components of Herbal Plants That Inhibit HIV in Public Health Welfare Efforts: Literature Review." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jamaps-0101.424.
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The highest number of HIV/AIDS sufferers is of childbearing age. Stigma, discrimination, and lack of knowledge about HIV and AIDS are the biggest problems in Indonesia in an effort to reduce the prevalence of PLWHA. Most people still do not know about the causes and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Predisposition is a factor that causes a mother or baby with HIV/AIDS to have a great chance of contributing to maternal and infant mortality, which greatly determines the health status of a country's population. The number of people living with HIV is increasing in 50 countries, including Indonesia, with more than 1.8 million people newly infected with this deadly virus in 2017. Around 180,000 children (0-14 years) are infected with the HIV virus and 110,000 children die from related diseases with AIDS. The purpose of this study is to provide services that can improve health, especially for mothers and children infected with the HIV virus and improve the welfare of the community from HIV/Aids disease by being able to accept their condition, be sincere, and be able to maintain relationships with the community. By using the literature review method collected through national and international journals and research articles. The result of this literature review is to obtain the latest innovations in HIV/AIDS prevention by giving herbal medicines that can play an active role in suppressing the levels of the HIV virus in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in pregnant women and their babies, through the health services provided by medical personnel and government infrastructure, is expected to reduce the rate of HIV transmission to the mother and fetus.
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Donnelly, C. A., N. M. Ferguson, A. C. Ghani, M. E. J. Woolhouse, C. J. Watt, and R. M. Anderson. "The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain. I. Epidemiological processes, demography of cattle and approaches to control by culling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1355 (July 29, 1997): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0062.
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This paper explores the key epidemiological processes and demographic factors that determined the pattern of transmission of the aetiological agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle herds in Great Britain (GB). The analyses presented utilize data from published and unpublished experimental studies and from the GB central database of confirmed BSE cases. We review the experimental and epidemiological evidence that has both confirmed indirect horizontal transmission via the consumption of infectious material as the major transmission route and provided information on the duration and variability of the dose–dependent incubation period of BSE in cattle. The epidemiological and genetic data pertaining to the possible existence of maternal transmission and/or genetically variable susceptibility to infection is discussed. The demography of British cattle is characterized and the impacts of key demographic features on the observed epidemic profile are discussed. In the main BSE case database, analyses reveal that BSE cases cluster significantly at both the holding and county scale. Furthermore, analysis of longitudinal patterns reveal substantial temporal within–holding correlation. Such clustering of cases suggests a highly heterogeneous infection process. The paper ends with a discussion of how analyses of spatio–temporal clustering inform the design of targeted culling programmes aimed at reducing future disease incidence. We show how the retrospective implementation of culling policies on the BSE case database allows the qualitative evaluation of policy performance, but that model predictions of future trends in case incidence are required to estimate the precise impact of any current or future programme.
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Caldwell, John C., and Pat Caldwell. "Toward an Epidemiological Model of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa." Social Science History 20, no. 4 (1996): 559–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017570.
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The outbreak of AIDS around the world in the last 15 or 20 years is usually referred to as the “AIDS epidemic,” or occasionally “pandemic” (Grmek 1990). These terms have no great analytic value. The major medical dictionaries and epidemiological textbooks define an epidemic merely as an outbreak of a disease marked by a greater number of cases than usual (see Fox et al. 1970: 246–49; Mausner and Bahn 1974: 22, 272–77;Stedman’s Medical Dictionary1977: 470; Kelsey et al. 1986: 212; Walton et al. 1986: 351; Harvard 1987: 247). This condition is contrasted with the endemic form of a disease at “its habitual level, or what previous experience would lead one to anticipate.” The termpandemicis used to describe an epidemic widespread in the world and usually characterized by a large number of cases, for example, the fourteenth-century plague epidemic (or Black Death) and the influenza epidemic during the latter part of World War I. Some authorities stress the fact that epidemics are also characterized by a declining phase. This is true by definition, of course, for otherwise the disease could be described as shifting to a new and higher endemic level. But it is also of interest that most of these unusual outbreaks of disease are eventually limited by such mechanisms as a decrease in susceptibles as persons become immune or die; as interventions, either medical or behavioral, eliminate the source or interrupt transmission; or as the pathogen mutates and becomes less virulent.
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Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay, Matthew J. Silk, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 191806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191806.
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Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.
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Sandqvist, Josefin, Johanna Wahlberg, Elly Muhumuza, and Rune Andersson. "HIV Awareness and Risk Behavior among Pregnant Women in Mateete, Uganda (2010)." ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (November 30, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/709784.
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Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate current knowledge, risk behavior, and attitudes among pregnant women in Mateete, Uganda. Methods. We collected 100 questionnaires and performed 20 interviews among women who attended antenatal care. Findings. All the women had heard about HIV/AIDS, and 92% were aware of mother-to-child transmission. The women overestimated the risk of achieving the virus since 45% believed in transmission by mosquitoes and 44% by kissing. Many pointed out that married women as a group were infected more often because of unfaithful partners who refused to use condoms during sex. Conclusion. The women were well aware of the routes of HIV transmission. Schools and governmental campaigns have played an important role in educating people about the disease but there is still a great need to reach out to people in rural areas with both health care and correct information.
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Alberts, E., RIB Francki, and RG Dietzgen. "An epidemic of celery mosaic virus in South Australian celery." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 5 (1989): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9891027.
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A virus isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L.) around Adelaide was identified as celery mosaic virus (CeMV) by its host range, symptom expression, particle morphology, and cytopathic effects. The virus was shown to be serologically related to CeMV in Great Britain, New Zcaland and the United States, and to a virus described as celery yellow mosaic virus in Brazil. Disease incidence was most prominent in the cultivar Tendercrisp, but the virus was also isolated from other cultivars, including Summit, Green Giant and Baulderstone. Incidence of the disease reached 70% in some crops and many of the infected plants were unfit for marketing. It is suggested that control of the disease may be achieved by introducing a celery-free period to break the cycle of virus transmission between successive crops.
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SUMNER, T., L. BURGIN, J. GLOSTER, and S. GUBBINS. "Comparison of pre-emptive and reactive strategies to control an incursion of bluetongue virus serotype 1 to Great Britain by vaccination." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 1 (April 4, 2012): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000532.
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SUMMARYBluetongue (BT) is a disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which is spread between its hosts by Culicoides midges. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect susceptible animals against BTV and was used reactively to control the recent northern European outbreak. To assess the consequences of using vaccination pre-emptively we used a stochastic, spatially explicit model to compare reactive and pre-emptive vaccination strategies against an incursion of BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) into Great Britain. Both pre-emptive and reactive vaccination significantly reduced the number of affected farms and limited host morbidity and mortality. In addition, vaccinating prior to the introduction of disease reduced the probability of an outbreak occurring. Of the strategies simulated, widespread reactive vaccination resulted in the lowest levels of morbidity. The predicted effects of vaccination were found to be sensitive to vaccine efficacy but not to the choice of transmission kernel.
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Paicheler, Geneviève. "General population and HIV prevention: from risk to action." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 15, suppl 2 (1999): S93—S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1999000600010.
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Since knowledge about AIDS transmission now appears to be very good, many observers are surprised that more people do not practice behavior, like safer sex, designed to minimize risk of contracting the disease. Still, previous studies have not shown that there is a direct link between knowledge and behavior. New models, based on people's concrete experiences, are therefore needed. The goal of this qualitative research, based on 61 in-depth interviews conducted in France, is to describe how people understand the threat of AIDS and how they face the risk of transmission in their sex lives. In order to understand preventive actions, we must study how information is interpreted and how knowledge is integrated, so that people perceive general or personal risk. We must also specify the way in which people distinguish between aspects of risk perception and vulnerability; feelings of personal control, constructed on the basis of social experiences; characteristics of situations; and finally, the dynamics of action. The proposed risk management model accounts for these diverse factors in elucidating the great diversity of actions reported. This dynamic, non-linear model is designed to capture both the impact of perceptive and cognitive elements on action and vice versa.
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Green, D. M., I. Z. Kiss, and R. R. Kao. "Modelling the initial spread of foot-and-mouth disease through animal movements." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1602 (August 2006): 2729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3648.
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Livestock movements in Great Britain (GB) are well recorded and are a unique record of the network of connections among livestock-holding locations. These connections can be critical for disease spread, as in the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the UK. Here, the movement data are used to construct an individual-farm-based model of the initial spread of FMD in GB and determine the susceptibility of the GB livestock industry to future outbreaks under the current legislative requirements. Transmission through movements is modelled, with additional local spread unrelated to the known movements. Simulations show that movements can result in a large nationwide epidemic, but only if cattle are heavily involved, or the epidemic occurs in late summer or early autumn. Inclusion of random local spread can considerably increase epidemic size, but has only a small impact on the spatial extent of the disease. There is a geographical bias in the epidemic size reached, with larger epidemics originating in Scotland and the north of England than elsewhere.
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Lo Iacono, Giovanni, Charlotte A. Robin, J. Richard Newton, Simon Gubbins, and James L. N. Wood. "Where are the horses? With the sheep or cows? Uncertain host location, vector-feeding preferences and the risk of African horse sickness transmission in Great Britain." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 83 (June 6, 2013): 20130194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0194.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the influence of non-susceptible hosts on vector-borne disease transmission is an important epidemiological problem. However, investigation of its impact can be complicated by uncertainty in the location of the hosts. Estimating the risk of transmission of African horse sickness (AHS) in Great Britain (GB), a virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, provides an insightful example because: (i) the patterns of risk are expected to be influenced by the presence of non-susceptible vertebrate hosts (cattle and sheep) and (ii) incomplete information on the spatial distribution of horses is available because the GB National Equine Database records owner, rather than horse, locations. Here, we combine land-use data with available horse owner distributions and, using a Bayesian approach, infer a realistic distribution for the location of horses. We estimate the risk of an outbreak of AHS in GB, using the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), and demonstrate that mapping owner addresses as a proxy for horse location significantly underestimates the risk. We clarify the role of non-susceptible vertebrate hosts by showing that the risk of disease in the presence of many hosts (susceptible and non-susceptible) can be ultimately reduced to two fundamental factors: first, the abundance of vectors and how this depends on host density, and, second, the differential feeding preference of vectors among animal species.
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Owen, Livia. "Bifurkasi Pada Model Penyebaran Penyakit MERS-CoV di Dua Wilayah dengan Populasi Konstan." Jambura Journal of Mathematics 4, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v4i2.14190.
Full textAbstract:
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is caused by a novel coronavirus and it can be a human-to-human transmission disease. World Health Organization (WHO) reported the disease outbreak first happened in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and the last case is reported in 2019. In 2018, MERS-CoV outbreaks were reported in the Republic of Korea, United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Saudi Arabia, Uni Arab Emirates, Oman, and Malaysia. Cases that are identified outside the Middle East are usually caused by traveling people who were infected in the Middle East and then traveled back to their country. The previous research had constructed a mathematical model for the transmission of MERS-CoV in two areas by separating the human population into susceptible and infectious groups. It focused on the basic reproductive number and sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we simplify the model with the assumption that the total population of each area is constant. Using Lagrange Multiplier Method, we find some co-dimension one and co-dimension two bifurcations i.e.fold bifurcation and cusp bifurcation, respectively. We get the domain of parameters where three, two and one non-trivial equilibrium point occurs. We also find a transcritical bifurcation point such that the disease-free equilibrium point is stable on some parameter domains.
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Rosati, Dora P., Matthew H. Woolhouse, Benjamin M. Bolker, and David J. D. Earn. "Modelling song popularity as a contagious process." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2253 (September 2021): 20210457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0457.
Full textAbstract:
Popular songs are often said to be ‘contagious’, ‘infectious’ or ‘viral’. We find that download count time series for many popular songs resemble infectious disease epidemic curves. This paper suggests infectious disease transmission models could help clarify mechanisms that contribute to the ‘spread’ of song preferences and how these mechanisms underlie song popularity. We analysed data from MixRadio, comprising song downloads through Nokia cell phones in Great Britain from 2007 to 2014. We compared the ability of the standard susceptible–infectious–recovered (SIR) epidemic model and a phenomenological (spline) model to fit download time series of popular songs. We fitted these same models to simulated epidemic time series generated by the SIR model. Song downloads are captured better by the SIR model, to the same extent that actual SIR simulations are fitted better by the SIR model than by splines. This suggests that the social processes underlying song popularity are similar to those that drive infectious disease transmission. We draw conclusions about song popularity within specific genres based on estimated SIR parameters. In particular, we argue that faster spread of preferences for Electronica songs may reflect stronger connectivity of the ‘susceptible community’, compared with the larger and broader community that listens to more common genres.
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Lawson, Becki, Robert A. Robinson, Mike P. Toms, Kate Risely, Susan MacDonald, and Andrew A. Cunningham. "Health hazards to wild birds and risk factors associated with anthropogenic food provisioning." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0091.
Full textAbstract:
Provision of supplementary food for wild birds at garden feeding stations is a common, large-scale and year-round practice in multiple countries including Great Britain (GB). While these additional dietary resources can benefit wildlife, there is a concomitant risk of disease transmission, particularly when birds repeatedly congregate in the same place at high densities and through interactions of species that would not normally associate in close proximity. Citizen science schemes recording garden birds are popular and can integrate disease surveillance with population monitoring, offering a unique opportunity to explore inter-relationships between supplementary feeding, disease epidemiology and population dynamics. Here, we present findings from a national surveillance programme in GB and note the dynamism of endemic and emerging diseases over a 25-year period, focusing on protozoal (finch trichomonosis), viral (Paridae pox) and bacterial (passerine salmonellosis) diseases with contrasting modes of transmission. We also examine the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination of food residues in bird feeders, which present both a direct and indirect (though immunosuppression) risk to wild bird health. Our results inform evidence-based mitigation strategies to minimize anthropogenically mediated health hazards, while maintaining the benefits of providing supplementary food for wild birds. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
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Althaus, Christian L., Katherine M. E. Turner, Boris V. Schmid, Janneke C. M. Heijne, Mirjam Kretzschmar, and Nicola Low. "Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis through sexual partnerships: a comparison between three individual-based models and empirical data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 66 (June 8, 2011): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0131.
Full textAbstract:
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in many developed countries. The highest prevalence rates are found among young adults who have frequent partner change rates. Three published individual-based models have incorporated a detailed description of age-specific sexual behaviour in order to quantify the transmission of C. trachomatis in the population and to assess the impact of screening interventions. Owing to varying assumptions about sexual partnership formation and dissolution and the great uncertainty about critical parameters, such models show conflicting results about the impact of preventive interventions. Here, we perform a detailed evaluation of these models by comparing the partnership formation and dissolution dynamics with data from Natsal 2000, a population-based probability sample survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles in Britain. The data also allow us to describe the dispersion of C. trachomatis infections as a function of sexual behaviour, using the Gini coefficient. We suggest that the Gini coefficient is a useful measure for calibrating infectious disease models that include risk structure and highlight the need to estimate this measure for other STIs.
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Green, Darren M., Istvan Z. Kiss, Andrew P. Mitchell, and Rowland R. Kao. "Estimates for local and movement-based transmission of bovine tuberculosis in British cattle." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1638 (February 12, 2008): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1601.
Full textAbstract:
Both badgers and livestock movements have been implicated in contributing to the ongoing epidemic of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in British cattle. However, the relative contributions of these and other causes are not well quantified. We used cattle movement data to construct an individual (premises)-based model of BTB spread within Great Britain, accounting for spread due to recorded cattle movements and other causes. Outbreak data for 2004 were best explained by a model attributing 16% of herd infections directly to cattle movements, and a further 9% unexplained, potentially including spread from unrecorded movements. The best-fit model assumed low levels of cattle-to-cattle transmission. The remaining 75% of infection was attributed to local effects within specific high-risk areas. Annual and biennial testing is mandatory for herds deemed at high risk of infection, as is pre-movement testing from such herds. The herds identified as high risk in 2004 by our model are in broad agreement with those officially designated as such at that time. However, border areas at the edges of high-risk regions are different, suggesting possible areas that should be targeted to prevent further geographical spread of disease. With these areas expanding rapidly over the last decade, their close surveillance is important to both identify infected herds quickly, and limit their further growth.
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Jackson, Robert. "Scabies by Kenneth Mellanby." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 8, no. 2 (March 2004): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540400800201.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Epidemics of scabies are often associated with wars or other times of social upheaval. This was particularly evident during the Second World War when it was estimated that there were one to two million patients with scabies in Great Britain. Objective: This article reviews the work of the zoologist Kenneth Mellanby of England and evaluates his contribution to our knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in the Second World War. Conclusion: Using humans, Mellanby studied the transmission and treatment of this disease. Among his contributions were knowledge of how many mites the average patient had, and where they were located. He clearly noted and described that the scabies rash was not limited to the location of the mites on the body; he attributed the rash in areas with no mites to “a true sensitization.” He found that “fomites were not the major method of transmissions.”
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Anderson, Warwick. "The model crisis, or how to have critical promiscuity in the time of Covid-19." Social Studies of Science 51, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312721996053.
Full textAbstract:
During the past forty years, statistical modelling and simulation have come to frame perceptions of epidemic disease and to determine public health interventions that might limit or suppress the transmission of the causative agent. The influence of such formulaic disease modelling has pervaded public health policy and practice during the Covid-19 pandemic. The critical vocabulary of epidemiology, and now popular debate, thus includes R0, the basic reproduction number of the virus, ‘flattening the curve’, and epidemic ‘waves’. How did this happen? What are the consequences of framing and foreseeing the pandemic in these modes? Focusing on historical and contemporary disease responses, primarily in Britain, I explore the emergence of statistical modelling as a ‘crisis technology’, a reductive mechanism for making rapid decisions or judgments under uncertain biological constraint. I consider how Covid-19 might be configured or assembled otherwise, constituted as a more heterogeneous object of knowledge, a different and more encompassing moment of truth – not simply as a measured telos directing us to a new normal. Drawing on earlier critical engagements with the AIDS pandemic, inquiries into how to have ‘theory’ and ‘promiscuity’ in a crisis, I seek to open up a space for greater ecological, sociological, and cultural complexity in the biopolitics of modelling, thereby attempting to validate a role for critique in the Covid-19 crisis.
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Paudyal, Sushil, Swoyam Prakash Shrestha, and Narsingh Mahato. "Zoonotic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i2.7959.
Full textAbstract:
Cryptosporidiosis is a common protozoal cause of diarrhea in humans and animals in Nepal, acquired by ingestion of oocysts that were excreted in the feces of infected individuals. Contaminated water represents the major source of Cryptosporidium infections for humans and can be transmitted from person-to-person, from animal-to-person, animal-to-animal, by ingestion of contaminated water and food or by contact with contaminated surfaces. Being highly resistant to environmental and chemical processes and representing the only group of pathogen surviving chlorination, it has no effective chemotherapy identified for the treatment which makes cryptosporidiosis a debilitating and persistent disease with high potential of transmission among immune-compromised ones like children and AIDS patients. Ghimire et. al.,(2010) and Feng et. al., (2012) have mentioned potential transmission of the oocyst among humans and animals in Nepal through common niche like river water, tap water sources and also from wild animals through the interaction on buffer zones. Studies have shown prevalence rate of 16 % in Children (Dhakal et. al., 2004), 11% in HIV infected patients (Basnet et. al., 2010); 14% in Calves, 19% in buffaloes and 12.5% in swamp deer in Nepal (Feng et. al., 2012). The persistent shedding of oocysts by reservoir hosts like calves, kids, poultry and wild animals like deer and monkeys possess great threat to the transmission to general public. The epidemiological studies of cryptosporidium and the knowledge of the pattern of the disease outbreak can guide therapy and effective preventive measures against this disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i2.7959 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(2): 21-26
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon hederae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (July 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400925.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon hederae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Hedera helix. DISEASE: Associated with dead stems, but pathogenicity is probably weak. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Great Britain, The Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Probably water-borne conidia and ascospores.
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Sivanesan, A. "Drechslera nobleae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 89 (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400890.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera nobleae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium and certain interspecific hybrids of Lolium. DISEASE: Leaf spots, yellowing and die-back of rye grass. Also seed-borne. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
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Zare, R. "Lecanicillium longisporum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 157 (July 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401566.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Lecanicillium longisporum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Insect-pathogenic. HOSTS: Icerya purchasi (Coccidae), citrus aphids, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Aphididae) (HALL, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Peru. ASIA: Sri Lanka. EUROPE: Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Soil- and air-borne.
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Schubert, K. "Fusicladium convolvularum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 152 (August 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401513.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Fusicladium convolvularum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of Calystegia and Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae), including Calystegia sepium, C. soldanella and Convolvulus arvensis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne conidia.
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon vaginae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400930.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon vaginae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man. DISEASE: Human corneal infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread. In CMI records there are medical reports of eye infections from Bangladesh and Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne and infection by contamination of eye with muddy water or plant material.
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Ingham, J. "Ramularia winteri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 87 (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400865.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia winteri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Ononis repens, O. spinosa, Restharrow. DISEASE: On living and fading leaves of Ononis spp. not forming definite spots. Sporulation is known to occur in August. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Germany, Great Britain). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
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Sivanesan, A. "Mycosphaerella pyri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 99 (August 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400989.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella pyri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pyrus spp. DISEASE: White spot or leaf fleck of pear. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. Asia: China, India, Iran, Nepal, Taiwan. Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, USSR, Yugoslavia; North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: By windborne ascospores and conidia.
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Zare, R. "Lecanicillium dimorphum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 157 (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401564.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Lecanicillium dimorphum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Occurs mainly on the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (CHEN et al., 1985). It is not a serious fungal pathogen. HOSTS: Agaricus bisporus and Puccinia coronata; leaf litter of Acer saccharum; also isolated from soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA. ASIA: China, Iran, Israel. EUROPE: Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil- and air-borne.
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Minter, D. W. "Lophodermium hedericola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 148 (July 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401475.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermium hedericola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Lophodermium hedericola is not known to cause any disease of its associated plant. The pale and brittle character of colonized parts of the leaf are typical for members of the Rhytismataceae. HOSTS: Hedera helix (dead fallen leaf), H. nepalensis (leaf), Hedera sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Pakistan. EUROPE: Great Britain, Ireland. TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
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Brayford, D. "Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 112 (July 1, 1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401118.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cucumis melo (Muskmelon, Cantaloupe). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: IMI Distribution Map 496. Africa: Morocco, Zimbabwe. Asia: India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, USSR. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Netherlands, Turkey. America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne and may be tramsmitted by seed.
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Wilson, S. "Ramularia pratensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 86 (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400853.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia pratensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Rumex acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. acetosella, R. hydrolapathum, R. longifolius, R. obtusifolius, R. thyrsiflorus. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Rumex spp. Round or oval lesions, from (1-) 2 (-3) mm diam., with a distinct purple-brown border and buff centre. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Channel Islands, Eire, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind-dispersal by air-borne spores.
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400928.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acacia, Alfalfa, Apium, Camellia, Ceanothus, Fragaria, Gerbera, Grevillea, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Malus, Phaseolus, Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudopanax, Rubus, Saintpaulia, Solanum, Viola, Vitis, nematodes, soil. DISEASE: Root rots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Tanzania; Asia: India, Iran; Australasia: Australia, New Zealand; Europe: Cyprus, France, Italy, Great Britain, .Norway, Poland: North America: Canada, USA (California, Utah). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne; slimy spores are probably spread by water.
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon lichenicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400926.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon lichenicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide range of woody and herbaceous plants, especially in the tropics, also Candelaria concolor(lichen), soil, human eyes. DISEASE: Post-harvest fruit-rotting of tropical plants. Corneal infection of humans. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Nigeria; Asia: Bangladesh, India, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam; Australasia: Australia; Europe: Great Britain, Italy; South America: Columbia, Peru, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By water, transportation of infected plants and soil. It has also been isolated from seeds.
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon didymum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (July 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400923.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon didymum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range including Asparagus, Chamaecyparis, Dianthus, Fragaria, Fraxinus, Gossipium, Juniperus, Lycopersicon, Malus, Musa, Phaseolus, Pinus, Piper, Rhizophora, Rhododendron, Rubus, Saintpaulia, Solanum, Theabroma, Trifolium, Viola, seeds, soil. DISEASE: Root rots, seedling blights. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Ghana; Asia: India, Malaysia, Pakistan; Australasia: Australia, New Zealand; Europe: France, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada, Dominica, USA (Florida), West Indies. TRANSMISSION: Soil borne; slimy spores are probably spread by water.
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Bogomolova, E. V. "Phaeococcomyces exophialae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 156 (July 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401555.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Phaeococcomyces exophialae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Human phaeohyphomycosis (mycoses), subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and corneal ulcers; black yeast cells can be found in host tissues. Rock-inhabiting strains of the fungus also cause destruction of archaeological and museum marble, and colour change in marble. HOSTS: Alnus glutinosa, Homo sapiens. Plant material (e.g., straw). Marble and calcareous rock. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Mali. SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador, Uruguay. EUROPE: Great Britain, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: In cases of human disease, traumatic inoculation or presumably by air-borne dissemination of conidia.