Relevant bibliographies by topics / AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain

Academic literature on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain"

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Wheeler, V. W., and K. W. Radcliffe. "HIV Infection in the Caribbean." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500201.

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The Caribbean is a multi-ethnic region with many different cultural differences. The majority of the population is of African descent, but there are also other ethnic groups present such as Indians, Chinese, Syrians and Europeans. The Caribbean region is influenced by countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France and Holland. The countries of the Caribbean have a serious problem with HIV infection and AIDS. The epidemiology of HIV infection in this region, is different from most other parts of the world in that the mode of spread does not easily fit into any of the three WHO patterns. This review shows that the infection initially started in the homosexual/bisexual community, but since then, it has moved to the heterosexual population and this form of contact is now the main mode of transmission of the virus. The Governments of the Caribbean countries have realized the extent of the problem and have taken measures to try to control the epidemic.
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Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.

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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.
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MEDLOCK, J. M., K. R. SNOW, and S. LEACH. "Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 3 (August 8, 2006): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007047.

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Nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in Europe, and several (West Nile, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. Although there have been no reported human cases in Great Britain (GB), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. This paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in GB, suggesting that in addition to West Nile virus, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses could exist in enzootic cycles, and that certain ecological factors could facilitate transmission to humans. However, the level of transmission is likely to be lower than in endemic foci elsewhere in Europe due to key ecological differences related to spatial and temporal dynamics of putative mosquito vectors and presence of key reservoir hosts. Knowledge of the potential GB-specific disease ecology can aid assessments of risk from mosquito-borne arboviruses.
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Atchison, C. J., C. C. Tam, S. Hajat, W. van Pelt, J. M. Cowden, and B. A. Lopman. "Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 25, 2009): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1755.

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In Europe, rotavirus gastroenteritis peaks in late winter or early spring suggesting a role for weather factors in transmission of the virus. In this study, multivariate regression models adapted for time-series data were used to investigate effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on reported rotavirus infections and the infection-rate parameter, a derived measure of infection transmission that takes into account population immunity, in England, Wales, Scotland and The Netherlands. Delayed effects of weather were investigated by introducing lagged weather terms into the model. Meta-regression was used to pool together country-specific estimates. There was a 13 per cent (95% confidence interval (CI), 11–15%) decrease in reported infections per 1°C increase in temperature above a threshold of 5°C and a 4 per cent (95% CI, 3–5%) decrease in the infection-rate parameter per 1°C increase in temperature across the whole temperature range. The effect of temperature was immediate for the infection-rate parameter but delayed by up to four weeks for reported infections. There was no overall effect of humidity or rainfall. There is a direct and simple relationship between cold weather and rotavirus transmission in Great Britain and The Netherlands. The more complex and delayed temperature effect on disease incidence is likely to be mediated through the effects of weather on transmission.
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HOUSE, T., and M. J. KEELING. "Household structure and infectious disease transmission." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 5 (October 8, 2008): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001416.

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SUMMARYOne of the central tenets of modern infectious disease epidemiology is that an understanding of heterogeneities, both in host demography and transmission, allows control to be efficiently optimized. Due to the strong interactions present, households are one of the most important heterogeneities to consider, both in terms of predicting epidemic severity and as a target for intervention. We consider these effects in the context of pandemic influenza in Great Britain, and find that there is significant local (ward-level) variation in the basic reproductive ratio, with some regions predicted to suffer 50% faster growth rate of infection than the mean. Childhood vaccination was shown to be highly effective at controlling an epidemic, generally outperforming random vaccination and substantially reducing the variation between regions; only nine out of over 10 000 wards did not obey this rule and these can be identified as demographically atypical regions. Since these benefits of childhood vaccination are a product of correlations between household size and number of dependent children in the household, our results are qualitatively robust for a variety of disease scenarios.
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MOON, HARLEY W. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Hypothetical Risk of Emergence as a Zoonotic Foodborne Epidemic." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.10.1106.

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle, recognized in Great Britain in 1986. Cases in other countries have been attributed to imports from Great Britain. The disease has not occurred in the U.S. BSE is one of a group of diseases (other examples are scrapie of sheep and Creutzfeld-Jacob disease of humans) referred to as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Under some circumstances prion diseases can be transmitted by injection or by feeding infected (abnormal prion protein-containing) tissue to susceptible hosts. BSE was disseminated by feeding meat and bone meal containing BSE agent which was not completely inactivated by rendering. BSE is hypothesized to have emerged from scrapie via recycling of rendered by-products in cattle. There is also evidence of spontaneous feed-borne transmission of BSE to wild ruminants in zoological parks and to domestic cats. It has been hypothesized that foodborne transmission of BSE to humans has occurred or could occur. This hypothesis can neither be definitively refuted nor supported. However, it seems unlikely. In spite of hundreds of years of human exposure to scrapie, there is no evidence of transmission of scrapie to humans. Even if BSE is ultimately found to be somehow transmissible to humans, the risk of foodborne transmission appears to be low for several reasons: (i) The oral route is several orders of magnitude less sensitive than the parenteral route for transmission of prion diseases; (ii) the BSE agent is only detectable in brain, spinal cord, and intestine of infected cattle, tissues infrequently used for human food; and (iii) Great Britain (where the disease occurs) destroys and bans the use of all tissues from BSE-infected cattle as well as the brains, spinal cords, and intestinal tracts from clinically normal cattle.
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Banyard, Ashley C., Fabian Z. X. Lean, Caroline Robinson, Fiona Howie, Glen Tyler, Craig Nisbet, James Seekings, et al. "Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Great Skuas: A Species of Conservation Concern in Great Britain." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020212.

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The UK and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza across the 2020/21 and 2021/22 autumn/winter seasons. Understanding both the epidemiology and transmission of these viruses in different species is critical to aid mitigating measures where outbreaks cause extensive mortalities in both land- and waterfowl. Infection of different species can result in mild or asymptomatic outcomes, or acute infections that result in high morbidity and mortality levels. Definition of disease outcome in different species is of great importance to understanding the role different species play in the maintenance and transmission of these pathogens. Further, the infection of species that have conservation value is also important to recognise and characterise to understand the impact on what might be limited wild populations. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been detected in great skuas (Stercorarius skua) across different colonies on islands off the shore of Scotland, Great Britain during summer 2021. A large number of great skuas were observed as developing severe clinical disease and dying during the epizootic and mortalities were estimated to be high where monitored. Of eight skuas submitted for post-mortem examination, seven were confirmed as being infected with this virus using a range of diagnostic assays. Here we overview the outbreak event that occurred in this species, listed as species of conservation concern in Great Britain and outline the importance of this finding with respect to virus transmission and maintenance.
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Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Matthew J. Silk, Richard J. Delahay, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (February 2019): 180719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180719.

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Network analyses can assist in predicting the course of epidemics. Time-directed paths or ‘contact chains' provide a measure of host-connectedness across specified timeframes, and so represent potential pathways for spread of infections with different epidemiological characteristics. We analysed networks and contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain using Cattle Tracing System data from 2001 to 2015. We focused on the potential for between-farm transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infection with potential for hidden spread through the network. Networks were characterized by scale-free type properties, where individual farms were found to be influential ‘hubs' in the network. We found a markedly bimodal distribution of farms with either small or very large ingoing and outgoing contact chains (ICCs and OCCs). As a result of their cattle purchases within 12-month periods, 47% of British farms were connected by ICCs to more than 1000 other farms and 16% were connected to more than 10 000 other farms. As a result of their cattle sales within 12-month periods, 66% of farms had OCCs that reached more than 1000 other farms and 15% reached more than 10 000 other farms. Over 19 000 farms had both ICCs and OCCs reaching more than 10 000 farms for two or more years. While farms with more contacts in their ICCs or OCCs might play an important role in disease spread, farms with extensive ICCs and OCCs might be particularly important by being at higher risk of both acquiring and disseminating infections.
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9

Nicolet, K. J., M. O. Hoogenboom, N. M. Gardiner, M. S. Pratchett, and B. L. Willis. "The corallivorous invertebrate Drupella aids in transmission of brown band disease on the Great Barrier Reef." Coral Reefs 32, no. 2 (January 20, 2013): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1010-8.

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10

MORLEY, P. D., and JULIUS CHANG. "CRITICAL BEHAVIOR IN CELLULAR AUTOMATA ANIMAL DISEASE TRANSMISSION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 15, no. 01 (January 2004): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183104005589.

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Using cellular automata model, we simulate the British Government Policy (BGP) in the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain. When clinical symptoms of the disease appeared in a farm, there is mandatory slaughter (culling) of all livestock in an infected premise (IP). Those farms in the neighboring of an IP (contiguous premise, CP), are also culled, aka nearest neighbor interaction. Farms where the disease may be prevalent from animal, human, vehicle or airborne transmission (dangerous contact, DC), are additionally culled, aka next-to-nearest neighbor interactions and lightning factor. The resulting mathematical model possesses a phase transition, whereupon if the physical disease transmission kernel exceeds a critical value, catastrophic loss of animals ensues. The nonlocal disease transport probability can be as low as 0.01% per day and the disease can still be in the high mortality phase. We show that the fundamental equation for sustainable disease transport is the criticality equation for neutron fission cascade. Finally, we calculate that the percentage of culled animals that are actually healthy is ≈30%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain"

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Bessell, Paul R. "Spatial epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Great Britain." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4831.

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During 2007 the UK experienced outbreaks of three notifiable exotic livestock diseases; Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and bluetongue. Large epidemics of any of these diseases would have a serious impact on animal welfare, farming, food production and the economy. In light of this, understanding holdings which are most likely to acquire and spread infection and being able to identify areas at higher risk of an epidemic is valuable when preparing for and managing an epidemic. This thesis uses a spatial epidemiological framework and the detailed disease and demographic data from the 2001 Great Britain (GB) FMD epidemic to develop static models of the risk of FMD susceptibility and transmission. These models are used to develop maps of FMD risk. These methods are then applied to the outbreak of FMD in 2007. The inputs for this analysis comprised a set of data relating to the farms diagnosed with FMD and farms culled as part of the disease control measures. The cleaning of these data is described and data which were estimated relating to dates of infection and putative sources of infection are evaluated. The distribution of farm holdings and animals is taken from the June 2000 GB agricultural census, off-fields of farms in the agricultural census are recorded in other datasets and these have been identified and linked to census holdings. A model of holding level susceptibility is developed using both farm level variables and measures of animal numbers in the locality of the holding as well as the distance to the nearest farm infected before the ban on animal movements (seeds). The overall fit of the model was very good with an area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.91. A further model was developed to describe the risk of FMD transmission. However, due to incompleteness of transmission data, this was a model of the risk of finding a subsequent Infected Premises (IP) within 3km of an IP. Risk factors were a combination of holding level variables and locality measures as well as data relevant to the infection, such as infectious period and the species initially infected. The area under the ROC curve for this model was 0.71, which is regarded as an acceptable fit. Geographical barriers to FMD transmission were investigated using a case-control methodology, linear barriers comprising rivers and railways had a significant protective effect with respect to disease transmission (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% CIs = 0.30,0.96, p=0.038). Modelled values for the transmission and susceptibility models were transformed to a raster surface in ESRI ArcMap for both the disease as it was seeded in the 2001 epidemic and a non-specific background risk surface independent of the distribution of seeds. A risk map generated for the outbreak of FMD in Surrey in August 2007 suggested that there was little risk of a large outbreak in Surrey. Potential disease introductions through livestock movements from Surrey into Scotland were identified and these suggested that if the disease were introduced into Scotland there was great danger of substantial local spread. These methods described in this thesis have been used to map risk of FMD and subsequently applied to inform the risk presented by a different outbreak of FMD. The study underlines the value of detailed data both disease and demographic, for epidemic management. Similar methods could and should be applied to other infectious diseases threats of livestock such as HPAI and bluetongue.
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Books on the topic "AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain"

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C, MacArthur, and Simons K. J, eds. Sexual behaviour and AIDS in Britain. London: HMSO, 1993.

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Great Britain. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. AIDS and drug misuse: Report. London: H.M.S.O., 1988.

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South East Thames Regional Health Authority. Aids (Control) Act 1987: Services related toHIV disease : report for the year April 1990 to March 1991. [Bexhill-on-Sea]: SETRHA, 1991.

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Steffen, Monika. The fight against AIDS: An international public policy comparison between four European countries : France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy. Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1996.

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A new look at Thai AIDS: Perspectives from the margin. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.

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Great Britain. Dept. of Health. and Great Britain Welsh Office, eds. Short-term prediction of HIV infection and AIDS in England and Wales: Report of a Working Group, Department of Health, the Welsh Office. London: H.M.S.O., 1988.

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Jörg, Neuheiser, and Wolff Stefan 1969-, eds. Peace at last?: The impact of the Good Friday agreement on Northern Ireland. New York: Berghahn Books, 2002.

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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew. Atlas of AIDS. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Health Committee. New developments in sexual health and HIV/AIDS policy. London: Stationery Office, 2005.

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Great Britain. Department for International Development. Responding to HIV/AIDS: Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Reports on the topic "AIDS (Disease) Transmission Great Britain"

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Seamans, Thomas, and Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.
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