Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Social aspects – Canada'
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1
Orchard, Treena. "Strategies for Sustainability Among HIV/AIDS-Related NGOS in Canada and India." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.kn11l2l008657371.
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Anthropologists have been involved in the implementation of culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS intervention programs since the advent of the disease. The tradition of applied research in areas like health in "developing" countries and urban "street cultures" (e.g., homeless and low income people, various drug scenes) since the 1950s make it a discipline well-suited to the study of HIV/AIDS, which is often associated with poor and socially marginalized groups. However, the stigma connected to the disease and the lack of political will to initiate structural changes to effectively deal with HIV/AIDS are two key factors prohibiting the establishment of long-term social and policy changes for communities at risk. These conditions have attributed to the growth of HIV/AIDS- related non-government organizations (NGOs), which have been instrumental in dealing with many aspects of the disease. Yet these groups are often faced with the challenge of balancing their clients' needs with program requirements of funding agencies. My involvement with NGOs in a western Canadian city and rural south India exposed some of the tensions these groups experience as they try to meet the demands of clients and funders. Some of these tensions reveal similar problems within NGO environments and others highlight different strategies for sustainability that reflect local constraints as well as strengths. Thus, the comparison of these cases should be of use to a discussion of HIV/AIDS research within applied anthropology and the broader discourse of NGO responses to the epidemic.
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Roger, Kerstin Stieber, Javier Mignone, and Susan Kirkland. "Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Aging: A Thematic Review." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 32, no. 3 (August 13, 2013): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980813000330.
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RÉSUMÉIl manque de recherche spécifique qui décrit les aspects sociaux du vieillissement avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine/syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise (VIH/SIDA) au Canada, malgré une augmentation globale de la population viellissante et l’augmentation du nombre de ceux qui vieillissent avec le VIH/SIDA. Une revue systématique de la littérature été menée en se focalisant sélectivement sur les aspects sociaux aux personnes âgées vivant avec le VIH/SIDA. Les thèmes principaux qui se dégagent dans la littérature sont l’âgisme et la stigmatisation, le sexe, la santé mentale et les soutiens sociales. On présente des recommandations sur la recherche à l’avenir, les modèles théoriques, et le programmatisation.
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Frank, Pauline, and Emma Sasse. "Experiences and Support Needs of Caregivers of Patients with Higher-Risk MDS: Qualitative Insights Via Online Bulletin Board in the US, UK, and Canada." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138670.
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Higher-risk MDS patients and caregivers can face many challenges in the course of the disease and disease management. Patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers can both experience physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and functional issues. Research on the burden of caring for advanced cancer patients suggest that there is insufficient support for caregivers, which might be due to the lack of knowledge about their needs and burdens (Friðriksdóttir et al. 2011; Chambers et al. 2012; Sklenarova et al. 2015). The overall experience of caregivers for MDS patients has not been evaluated to date. Our key research questions are related to: Caregiver role before, during, and after diagnosis; and along the disease journeyImpact on the caregiver's life and well-being; consequently their areas of need for supportImpact of decisions made, including treatments We used the online bulletin board (OBB) as the qualitative research methodology for this research. OBB enables data collection via a web-based platform. This innovative type of online focus group, can generate more meaningful and impactful insights compared to traditional focus groups (Reid et al. 2005). A mix of moderator-led Q&A and participant discussion will provide the caregiver insights as online dialogue. OBB is especially advantageous when participants are located in various geographic locations, time zones, and with differing availabilities (Rolland et al. 2013; Nyumba et al. 2018). This methodology will guide the caregiver discussions, optimize the gathering of caregiver insights, and facilitate interactive activities, including appropriate probes and follow up questions. Since it would be challenging to identify caregivers of higher-risk MDS patients, the research uses convenience sampling with the support of patient organizations. Fifteen participants were targeted for recruitment by patient organizations in their respective countries - Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Foundation in the US, Aplastic Anemia & Myelodysplasia Association of Canada, and MDS UK Support Group - through outreach to their membership. Participants were to be selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with additional screening by the researchers. Inclusion criteria Caregiver of patient diagnosed with high or very high risk MDS as diagnosed per IPSS-R category or high-risk MDS as per IPSS (intermediate-risk patients on hypomethylating agents (HMAs) will be considered only if it is challenging to recruit caregivers of high and higher-risk patients) Aged 18+ Able to communicate in written English Caregiver is able to provide consent to participate in research Exclusion criteria Caregiver of patient diagnosed with low or very low risk MDS as diagnosed per IPSS-R category or low-risk as per IPSS Caregiver of patients currently active in a clinical trial Paid caregiver who is a nurse or aide We present in this abstract an interim report of the research, which is still ongoing. A total of 16 caregivers participated in the OBB with additional recruitment to cover any potential drop outs or withdrawals - 5 from the US, 6 from the UK, and 5 from Canada. There are 14 female and 2 male caregivers whereby 13 are spouses of the patient, 2 are children of the patient, and 1 is a friend of the patient. Full content analysis will be conducted at the completion of the research. However the interim findings already indicate there are unmet patient and caregiver needs in higher-risk MDS. For example, although the caregiver role for more recently diagnosed patients (≤ 1 year) is perceived as minimal effort, their role increases significantly if a stem cell or bone marrow transplant occurs, and/or if there are changes in the patient's health status (e.g. infection, medication change, managing side effects like nausea). The implications of this vary depending on the personal situation of the caregiver - the ability to continue in any employment and financial consequences if not; the demand on their time if they are balancing family and other commitments; and the impact on their own health particularly if they have their own health issues to manage. Most caregivers can manage the physical and functional aspects of care, however, many state that the bigger unmet need for both patient and caregiver is emotional support, which has not typically been part of the standard of care provided to MDS patients. Disclosures Frank: Novartis Pharma AG: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Sasse:Novartis Pharma AG: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.
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Schlebusch, Lourens, and Michael J. Cassidy. "Stress, Social Support and Biopsychosocial Dynamics in HIV-AIDS." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 1 (March 1995): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500104.
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Research trends in psychosocial aspects of HIV-AIDS are reviewed, exploring the role of psychosocial cofactors in disease progression. This is undertaken within a biopsychosocial model and gives cognisance to the role of psychosocial stress, social support, and emotional adjustment. Research data from a study of biopsychosocial interrelationships in a sample of HIV-positive patients show a significant correlation between social support and emotional adjustment and that social support exerts a mediatory, stress-buffering effect in these patients. Some observations are made on aspects of the social conditions of South Africans with HIV-AIDS.
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Selwyn, Peter A. "Tuberculosis and AIDS: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Social Dimensions." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 3-4 (1993): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01252.x.
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In little more than a decade, the AIDS epidemic has exerted a profound effect on morbidity and mortality among young adults and children in many parts of the world. One of the more dramatic aspects of AIDS is that it seems to have arisen almost spontaneously as a new epidemic, spreading rapidly within at-risk populations in a way that is unprecedented for the serious infectious diseases of recent memory. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, had only recently been considered a disease of historical importance but of diminishing relevance to current public health priorities, especially in industrialized countries. Over the past decade, however, and in parallel with the AIDS epidemic, there has been a resurgence of tuberculosis in many of the same populations most affected by HIV infection. This has had important implications for clinical practice, public health, and the development of appropriate health policy. A number of elements have converged to promote the development of HIV-related tuberculosis, including biologic, social, and environmental factors. These will be discussed both to provide a context for understanding the relationship between the two epidemics, and as a basis for suggesting strategies for tuberculosis control in the AIDS era.
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Atta, Kouame. "Reflexion Sur Les Enjeux Epistemologique Et Methodologique De L’approche Anthropologique Sur La Maladie Chronique En Contexte Africain A Travers L’exemple Du VIH/Sida." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 29 (October 31, 2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n29p344.
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Our practical experience of anthropology in the field of HIV/AIDS and many researchers’ commitment in such scientific programs showed that social sciences’ approach of chronic disease in African cultural context includes relevant epistemological and methodological issues. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of these issues while showing the contribution of the anthropological approach to the comprehension of the health phenomena related to the AIDS in the African environment. The approach to this was to review the literature on fieldwork already done on HIV / AIDS in the social sciences. The results of our analysis indicate that medical research on HIV / AIDS in African cultural context has mobilized social sciences mainly anthropology in its various specialties which alongside Biology, Epidemiology and Clinic have led to the development of an inclusive approach of the disease. This interactive approach between social sciences and medical sciences allowed fulfilling the limits of medicine’s quantitative approaches and thus to grasp the AIDS pandemic in these epidemiological, behavioral and representational aspects.
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Umadevi, K. R., E. Blignaut, M. Glick, E. Nasir, V. Yengopal, F. Younai, and P. G. Robinson. "Social Aspects of HIV and Their Relationship to Craniofacial Problems." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511400223.
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The oral research community needs an understanding of the social causes, consequences, and costs of disease in relation to oral health. This workshop concluded that HIV infection constitutes a special dental need requiring specific arrangements to facilitate oral care for infected persons. Oral manifestations of HIV infection affect everyday life, but more evidence is needed on the effects of interventions to alleviate these impacts. Other oral health habits add to the burden of HIV/AIDS-associated oral diseases and compete with them for resources. These problems are most acute where the prevalence of HIV is high and resources are scarce. Effective health promotion is therefore important in these areas. Without data on the utility of oral health care in developing countries, practical approaches are guided by societal and multidisciplinary principles. There are also important ethical considerations
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Sargazi, Atefeh, Zahra Sepehri, Prigil Kumar Nadakkavukaran Jim, Negar Aali, Masoomeh Danesh, and Aliyeh Sargazi. "The Global Burden of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Tuberculosis Infected Patients and Related Financial Aspects." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 3, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.25.
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Approximately about 37 million people are infected by this virus with the rate of 1.2 million deaths per year. The mortality rate is high among HIV infected patients in the first 6 months of treatment.1 Immune deficient cases are at the high risk of any opportunistic infection. AIDS has been closely linked with tuberculosis (TB) disease, so almost one third of total mortality is related to this co-infection. In this regard, tuberculosis is used as a diagnostic index for AIDS.2 AIDS is not only associated with high mortality and morbidity, but it affects social life with related stresses and anxieties.3 Considering vast influence of HIV-TB over peoples’ lives, the present study aimed to estimate direct global burden of HIV infection on the patients with TB in a one-year period in 2014.
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Gulyamov, Shodibek, Nigina Sharapova, and Yuriy Krivoruchko. "CLINICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEROIN ADDICTION: MODERN STATE OF ISSUE." Avicenna Bulletin 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25005/2074-0581-2020-22-1-112-119.
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The article provides a brief overview of the literature, which deals with the issues of heroin addiction, its history, prevalence, statistics, clinical characteristics, diagnostics, prevention and countermeasures, as well as programs aimed at social rehabilitation and harm reduction from injecting drug use. Issues such as physiological foundations and features of disease and remission formation, withdrawal, motivational attitudes of drug users, structure users of narcotic substances, the impact of pre-morbid features, socio-demographic, clinical-dynamic, regional and gender aspects of heroin addiction, and also existing approaches to therapeutic and preventive measures are considered in narcology. Medical and social consequences expressed in the form of the spread of hemo-contact infections, such as HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis; risky behavior and its impact on the growth of sexually transmitted infections; reducing and completely losing social status; suicide-aggressive actions have been studied. The analysis of data on the study of the prognostic value of the socio-demographic and clinical-dynamic characteristics of heroin addiction and its effect is provided on the outcome of the disease. Keywords: Drugs, drug addiction, heroin addiction, opioids, addiction treatment
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Graeff, Samara Vilas-Bôas, Renata Palópoli Pícolli, Rui Arantes, Vivianne De Oliveira Landgraf de Castro, and Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha. "Epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous populations." Revista de Saúde Pública 53 (February 7, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053000362.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS: The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.
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Coimbra, Carlos E. A., and Mohammad R. Torabi. "Sexual Behavior and AIDS in Sociocultural Perspective." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 7, no. 3 (October 1986): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4y6t-t3yh-h8jv-e3ea.
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AIDS, its cause, effect, and possible cure, has become a complex sociopsychological issue with ramifications extending far beyond the purely medical sphere. Spreading rapidly, with a higher incidence rate recorded among young people, the disease transcended the biomedical sphere, presenting sociocultural and psychological ramifications that go beyond its physical impact. With a higher incidence rate among male homosexuals, the epidemic raises morally sensitive questions which further confuse an already clouded picture. Current knowledge on the sexual transmission of AIDS and the role of male homosexuality demonstrates the need for more serious research into the various social and cultural aspects of homosexuality itself. To this end, medical anthropology may provide important information to those dealing with educational and preventive programs for the general population, as well as those in high risk groups for acquiring the disease.
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Fox, Daniel M. "From TB to AIDS: Value Conflicts in Reporting Disease." Hastings Center Report 16, no. 6 (December 1986): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562097.
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Booth, Samuel Hallsor. "A Comparison of the Early Responses to AIDS in the UK and the US." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.1558.
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Upon its emergence in the western world in the early 1980s, AIDS marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of communicable disease. In the early stages of the epidemic there was a distinct lack of knowledge about the causation or transmission of the disease, rendering control of the situation a practical impossibility. It was clear that AIDS necessitated a definitive response from several sectors of society. With its apparent associations with then largely marginalised groups of society, namely homosexuals and injecting drug users, virtually no aspects of the response to AIDS were free from the influence of social and political perceptions of the disease and its victims. The US and the UK have strong political and cultural links and in this essay I will compare the responses of these two nations to the AIDS epidemic at a scientific, political and community level and explore the interactions which occurred therein.
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Whelan, Michael, Christina Renda, Karin Hohenadel, Sarah Buchan, and Michelle Murti. "All together now: aggregating multiple records to develop a person-based dataset to integrate and enhance infectious disease surveillance in Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Public Health 111, no. 5 (February 24, 2020): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00295-5.
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Abstract Setting Syndemics occur when two or more health conditions interact to increase morbidity and mortality and are exacerbated by social, economic, environmental, and political factors. Routine provincial surveillance in Ontario assesses and reports on the epidemiology of single infectious diseases separately. Therefore, we aimed to develop a method that allows disease overlaps to be examined routinely as a path to better understanding and addressing syndemics in Ontario. Intervention We extracted data for individuals with a record of chlamydia, gonorrhea, infectious syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS, invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS), or tuberculosis in Ontario’s reportable disease database from 1990 to 2018. We transformed the data into a person-based integrated surveillance dataset retaining individuals (clients) with at least one record between 2006 and 2018. Outcomes The resulting dataset had 659,136 unique disease records among 470,673 unique clients. Of those clients, 23.1% had multiple disease records with 50 being the most for one client. We described the frequency of disease overlaps; for example, 34.7% of clients with a syphilis record had a gonorrhea record. We quantified known overlaps, finding 1274 clients had gonorrhea, infectious syphilis, and HIV/AIDS records, and potentially emerging overlaps, finding 59 clients had HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and iGAS records. Implications Our novel person-based integrated surveillance dataset represents a platform for ongoing in-depth assessment of disease overlaps such as the relative timing of disease records. It enables a more client-focused approach, is a step towards improved characterization of syndemics in Ontario, and could inform other jurisdictions interested in adopting similar approaches.
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Walsh, Kimberley, William Thompson, Joseph Megyesi, Clayton A. Wiley, and Robert Hammond. "HIV-1/AIDS Neuropathology in a Canadian Teaching Centre." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 31, no. 2 (May 2004): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100053889.
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AbstractBackground:The nervous system is a major target of HIV-1 infection and site of many complications of AIDS. Most of our knowledge pertaining to the range and frequency of neuropathology in HIV-1/AIDS is from large centres outside Canada in different social and health care settings. The goal of the present study was to describe HIV-1/AIDS-associated neuropathology before and during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy at a Canadian teaching centre.Methods:The records of the Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre were electronically searched for cases of HIV-1/AIDS that came to postmortem examination since 1985. The clinical records and pathological materials were reviewed.Results:Sixteen autopsies of HIV-1/AIDS were identified. All patients were male. Fourteen contracted HIV-1 through high risk homosexual activity, one through the transfusion of blood products and one through intravenous drug use. Three patients (19%) had pre-mortem evidence of HIV-1 associated dementia. At autopsy, 12 of the 16 cases had neuropathological findings and the most common diagnoses were HIV-1 encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, toxoplasmosis, and primary CNS lymphoma.Conclusions:High risk homosexual activity was a more prominent factor in acquiring AIDS in cases coming to postmortem examination compared with previous reports from most larger urban centres outside Canada where injection drug use and high risk heterosexual activity factored prominently. The incidence of HIV-1 associated dementia was similar to that reported previously. This study confirms the heavy burden and wide spectrum of disease experienced by the nervous system in HIV-1/AIDS.
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Fee, Elizabeth, and Nancy Krieger. "Thinking and Rethinking Aids: Implications for Health Policy." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gh7c-lqe5-ynk5-jym8.
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In the United States, we see three main phases in the construction of the history of AIDS, with each having very different implications for health and social policy. In the first, AIDS was conceived of as an epidemic disease, a “gay plague,” by analogy to the sudden, devastating epidemics of the past. In the second, it was normalized as a chronic disease, similar in many ways to diseases such as cancer. In the third, the authors propose a new historical model of a slow-moving, long-lasting pandemic, a chronic infectious ailment manifested through myriad specific HIV-related diseases. The new paradigm of AIDS incorporates the positive aspects of both earlier conceptions. It emphasizes, like the plague model, the etiology, transmission, and prevention of disease but rejects its assumption of a time-limited crisis. It takes from the chronic disease model an appropriate time frame and concern with the clinical management of protracted illness but insists on the primacy of prevention. The authors criticize both infectious and chronic disease models for their individualistic conceptions of disease and their narrow strategies for disease prevention. They further argue that the traditional distinction between, and approaches to, infectious and chronic diseases need to be rethought for other diseases as well as for AIDS.
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Khodayari Moez, Elham, Katerina Maximova, Shannon Sim, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan, and Roman Pabayo. "Developing a Socioeconomic Status Index for Chronic Disease Prevention Research in Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137800.
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Capturing socioeconomic inequalities in relation to chronic disease is challenging since socioeconomic status (SES) encompasses many aspects. We constructed a comprehensive individual-level SES index based on a broad set of social and demographic indicators (gender, education, income adequacy, occupational prestige, employment status) and examined its relationship with smoking, a leading chronic disease risk factor. Analyses were based on baseline data from 17,371 participants of Alberta’s Tomorrow Project (ATP), a prospective cohort of adults aged 35–69 years with no prior personal history of cancer. To construct the SES index, we used principal component analysis (PCA) and to illustrate its utility, we examined the association with smoking intensity and smoking history using multiple regression models, adjusted for age and gender. Two components were retained from PCA, which explained 61% of the variation. The SES index was best aligned with educational attainment and occupational prestige, and to a lesser extent, with income adequacy. In the multiple regression analysis, the SES index was negatively associated with smoking intensity (p < 0.001). Study findings highlight the potential of using individual-level SES indices constructed from a broad set of social and demographic indicators in epidemiological research.
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Jayani, Indah, and Fatma Sayekti Ruffaida. "PENGARUH PENDEKATAN MELALUI KONSELING INTERPERSONAL TERHADAP RESPON SOSIAL, EMOSIONAL DAN SPIRITUAL PADA PASIEN HIV/AIDS." Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jc.v8i1.1464.
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Approach to PLWHA by providing interpersonal counseling is the right thing to do to overcome psychological problems including social, emotional and spiritual aspects of PLWHA. This study aims to look at the effect of interpersonal counseling on social, emotional and spiritual responses in HIV/ AIDS patients. This research is a type of non-experimental research with a cross-sectional approach. The sample is post-test people and tested positive for HIV in the Kediri region, which is 32 with purpossive sampling technique. Data on social, emotional and spiritual responses were obtained based on the results of data recapitulation from the instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the study with the non-parametric Wilcoxon test showed there were differences between social responses of HIV/AIDS patients before and after given interpersonal counseling with p value = 0,000, there were differences between the emotional responses of HIV/AIDS patients before being given interpersonal counseling and after being given counseling with p value = 0,000, and there is a difference between spiritual responses in HIV/AIDS patients before being given interpersonal counseling and after being given interpersonal counseling with p value = 0,000. It can be concluded that interpersonal counseling influences social, emotional and spiritual responses of HIV/AIDS patients. It is recommended that the mentoring of HIV/AIDS patients through interpersonal counseling can continue so as to enhance physiological responses that will have an impact on disease prognosis, prevention of opportunistic infections and reduce mortality rates for HIV patients/ AIDS.
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Herawati, Erna, and Yulia Sofiatin. "Socio-cultural aspects of non-communicable disease prevention in three villages in the West Java." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 34, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v34i32021.340-354.
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Community responses to disease, including non-communicable diseases, are influenced by the socio-cultural system. The system shapes community knowledge and belief on diseases, as well as community attitude and practice towards prevention and treatment. Drawing on the case in West Java Province, this study aims at identifying socio-cultural aspects in preventing non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted by using a qualitative design. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and archival study. This study found four socio-cultural aspects related to disease and the prevention and treatment of disease in West Java: 1) knowledge and practice of medicine covered in a local knowledge system about the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, 2) local institutions, involving social institutions ranging from families, mosque neighborhood groups, and recitation groups, 3) social actors involved, such as ustaz, traditional leaders, and youth groups, 4) local health communication, using visual and audiovisual aids. This study concludes that these four aspects must be considered in designing a socio-cultural-based non-communicable disease prevention strategy, to be effective and in accordance with the socio-cultural context in West Java.
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Hayslip, Bert, Heather L. Servaty, Toni Christman, and Elaine Mumy. "Levels of Death Anxiety in Terminally Ill Persons: A Cross Validation and Extension." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 34, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0aw5-pc4l-b6v8-dp6r.
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In order to explore the viability of the distinction between overt and covert levels of death fear, 141 individuals (32 HIV positive who had full-blown AIDS, 39 HIV positive without full-blown AIDS, 70 age-matched controls) were administered measures of conscious and unconscious death anxiety as well as a variety of self-report scales assessing life satisfaction, well-being, regrets about one's life, and hopelessness. While results suggested minimal differences to exist between the above groups for measures of conscious death fear, there were substantive, though in some respects, unanticipated differences across groups in aspects of covert fear tapping concerns about the interruption of goals and achievements, isolation from others, and pain, disease, and suffering. Results also suggested that there were both adjustment-related advantages and disadvantages associated with the appearance of symptoms signaling the appearance of full-blown AIDS. Neither gender nor the duration of time one had been living with the diagnosis of either HIV disease or AIDS influenced death fear.
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RAY, RANJAN, and KOMPAL SINHA. "MEASURING THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL KNOWLEDGE DEPRIVATION OF HIV/AIDS: A NEW APPROACH WITH INDIAN EVIDENCE ON ITS MAGNITUDE AND DETERMINANTS." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 6 (July 15, 2011): 657–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000265.
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SummaryThough HIV/AIDS poses serious risks to economic security, there is very little economics literature quantifying awareness and knowledge of this disease and their principal socioeconomic determinants. This is what the present study attempts to do in the context of India, which faces a significant threat from HIV/AIDS. The study is based on India's National Family Health Surveys covering the period of economic reforms and beyond. The contribution is both methodological and empirical. The study shows that the recent multi-dimensional deprivation approach to poverty can also be used to measure and analyse awareness and lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The use of decomposable multi-dimensional measures helps in identifying regions, socioeconomic groups and aspects of HIV knowledge that should be targeted in policy interventions. The study identifies the importance of safe sex practices as an area that needs to be targeted in future information campaigns. The study also explores the impact of increased female autonomy in health and economic decision-making on their and their partners' knowledge of the disease, along with a host of other economic and demographic determinants.
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Ogunbodede, E. O., M. O. Folayan, and M. A. Adedigba. "Oral health-care workers and HIV infection control practices in Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0049475054620707.
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The first case of HIV infection was reported in Nigeria in1986. Since then, the prevalence has risen from less than 0.1% in 1987 to 5.8% in 2002, and an estimated 3.6 million Nigerians now live with HIV/AIDS. More than 40 oral manifestations of HIV infection have been recorded and between 70% and 90% of persons with HIV infection will have at least one oral manifestation at sometime during the course of their disease. Oral health-care workers (OHCWS) are expected to play active roles in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. In this study, a one-day workshop was organized for 64 oral health workers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, focusing on the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, the oral manifestations, control and prevention of HIV in a dental environment, oral care of the infected patient and the ethical, legal and social aspects of HIV/AIDS. Participants' knowledge and practices of infection control were assessed with an infection control checklist administered pre- and post-workshop. Sixty (90.8%) respondents believed that HIV/AIDS was not yet a problem in Nigeria, and 58 (90.6%) believed that drugs have been developed which can cure HIV infection and AIDS. The men complied more with waste disposal regulations than women ( P=0.010). Twenty-nine of 58 (50.0%) did not discard gloves which were torn, cut or punctured. Seven (12.1%) did not change gloves between patients' treatment. Conscious efforts should be made to train OHCWS on all aspects of HIV/AIDS prevention and care. It must never be assumed that adequate information will be acquired through tangential sources.
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Yuindartanto, Andre, Afif Nurul Hidayati, Diah Mira Indramaya, M. Yulianto Listiawan, Evy Ervianti, and Damayanti Damayanti. "Risk Factors of Syphilis and HIV/AIDS Coinfection." Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin 34, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bikk.v34.2.2022.114-119.
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Background: Syphilis infection and HIV are major health problems worldwide. Both of these diseases can be transmitted through sexual contact, so often a person suffers from both diseases at the same time. Purpose: To describe the risk factors of syphilis and HIV/AIDS coinfection in the Infectious Disease Intermediate Treatment Unit (UPIPI) inpatient and outpatient ward of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in 2019. Methods: The study design used in this study is a retrospective descriptive study aimed at evaluating sexual and non-sexual factors that cause syphilis and HIV coinfection. The research population was patients in the inpatient and outpatient rooms of UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the January-December 2019 period. The sampling technique was sourced from secondary data, namely medical record data from the inpatient and outpatient rooms of UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period January-December 2019. The data in this study were obtained from medical records and patient biodata. Result: Based on the calculation results, it is known that age group (P=0.022>0.05), and gender (P=0.024>0.05) had no effect on the risk of syphilis and HIV coinfection, while marital status (P=0.048<0.05), sexual orientation (P=0.048<0.05), transmission model (P=0.044<0.05), and type of work (P=0.046<0.05fected the risk of syphilis and HIV coinfection. Conclusion: People with HIV/AIDS are expected to be active in participating in programs that are needed by patients, such as antiretroviral (ARV) therapy assistance programs and counseling that will prolong the quality of life in various aspects of life, both physical, psychological and social aspects.
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Hanning, Rhona M., Ruth Diaz, and Paula M. Brauer. "Key Process And Organization Indicators: In the Dietetic Management of Dyslipidemia in Canada." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 63, no. 1 (March 2002): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/63.1.2002.10.
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Diet interventions for dyslipidemia can produce clinically relevant changes in lipoprotein levels. To determine whether current nutrition counselling practices are consistent with such interventions, we studied aspects of Canadian dietitians’ practice. Respondents to a self-administered mail survey (n=350) described practice for three groups of clients: those without and those with cardiovascular disease counselled through ambulatory care, and those with cardiovascular disease who were hospitalized. The process-of-care factors assessed were time spent in initial and follow-up sessions, diet, anthropometry, blood lipids, physical activity, and social and genetic factors. Organization factors assessed included availability of medical history and laboratory data, and perceived support for counselling services. Initial individual interview times averaged one hour, with 49% to 57% of respondents offering scheduled follow-up services versus passive or no followup services. Overall, counselling practices were consistent with efficacious interventions, but there was wide variation. This was particularly evident in ambulatory care, where higher percentages of clients received follow-up care when respondents reported multidisciplinary group practice; better access to the medical history, and more frequent assessment of measured body weight, client social support, and laboratory data during follow-up care (all p<0.01). Health care effectiveness may be improved through changes in the process and organization of services.
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Quadagno, David, Dianne F. Harrison, Isaac W. Eberstein, David F. Sly, Marriane Yoshioka, and Hosanna Soler. "The Development and Implementation of a Cognitive-Based Intervention Aimed at Culturally Diverse Women at Risk for HIV/AIDS." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 16, no. 3 (October 1996): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gbd5-g9t9-30ay-3ngb.
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The development and implementation of a culturally and gender sensitive, cognitive behavioral-intervention program aimed at preventing high-risk sexual and drug-use behaviors among culturally diverse women at risk for HIV/AIDS is described. The intervention stressed education, cultural/social barriers to change, and assertiveness/negotiation skill building. Methodological problems and their solutions are presented. The article stresses ways to recruit poor at-risk women, how to reduce attrition using incentives such as providing transportation, having food and child care at the intervention sessions, financial rewards, and a tracking system that includes many friends and family members of the participant. Preliminary findings indicated that the intervention was successful in promoting knowledge about HIV/AIDS. At the end of the six-week intervention protocol, the intervention group compared to the control group showed significant improvements in HIV/AIDS knowledge items dealing with clinical aspects of the disease, transmission knowledge, and partner risk knowledge. Knowledge, along with motivation to reduce risk and negotiation skills are essential in changing behaviors that put one at risk.
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Macheke, Cecil, and Catherine Campbell. "Perceptions of HIV/AIDS on a Johannesburg Gold Mine." South African Journal of Psychology 28, no. 3 (September 1998): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639802800304.
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Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 mine workers on a Johannesburg gold mine, focusing on workers' perceptions of health, HIV/AIDS and sexuality. The paper seeks to highlight a range of factors which might predispose mine workers to high-risk sexual behaviour, despite the fact that they had all attended HIV-education programmes. These factors are presented within a framework that views the process of sexual decision making as a debating process - in which competing facts and beliefs are weighed up against one another - within the context of a range of normative and social parameters. Firstly, attention is given to a number of pre-existing perceptions and doubts which may blunt the force of the facts that HIV educational messages seek to impart to this particular group of people. These include a lack of perceived urgency regarding the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), a commitment to ‘flesh-to-flesh’ sex, a dislike of condoms, and faith in the ability of traditional healers to cure a range of STD's and possibly also HIV/AIDS. Secondly, attention is given to the normative context of sexuality, and in particular the way in which norms of masculinity predispose people to high-risk sexual behaviour. Finally, the paper focuses on some aspects of social and occupational life on the mines as the context within which sexual relationships are conducted. These include the phenomenon of single sex hostels, an acceptance of high levels of disease and accidents as the norm, and the use of alcohol. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges these findngs pose for a peer education programme which is shortly to be implemented in the mining context.
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Yuniza, Mailinda Eka, and Aicha Grade Rebecca. "Red Tape Phenomenon of Social Securities Distribution During Covid-19: A Socio–Legal Analysis." IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v4i2.58137.
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To distribute social aids during a time of a pandemic, red tapes or unnecessary bureaucratic layers needs to be eliminated because the situations demand flexibility. In fact, during the Covid-19 the Indonesian government struggled to hand the staple needs help due to various problems with the existing social aid system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social and legal factors that create a red tape that hindered the implementations of distributions. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques of literature and statutory analysis. The result of this study shows that there is an interplay factor between administrative law on social policies and the bureau pathology(Bureaucratic disease) that infects the bureaucratic system of the Ministry of Social Affairs especially in the aspects of managerial, human resources, and tendencies to conduct unlawful actions aspects. The format of the law has proven to be ineffective to be used in a pandemic setting. Furthermore, there are tendencies of upholding the tight legal mechanism to share the responsibilities in between bottom-up government units which had created ineffective within the systems in times of a pandemic. Nevertheless, it shows that the law has already matured in governing the bureaucratic nature in the Ministry of Social Affairs.
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Romauli, Suryati, and Sri Wahyuni. "Family Experiences in Treating Children with HIV/AIDS Through ARV Therapy in Jayapura City." Jurnal MID-Z (Midwivery Zigot) Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56013/jurnalmidz.v5i1.1329.
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HIV / AIDS is a chronic disease, can not be cured completely and the incidence rate is always there in every year, so it can have broad impact on all aspects of life especially physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Thus can affect the quality of life of patients themselves. HIV/AIDS infected more than 90% of children in 2020, acquired from their mothers. In accordance, special protection from families is crucial. Antiretroviral is the best therapy in PLWHA children’s treatment, and family support is needed to succeed. The objective of this study is to explore in detail family experiences in nurturing HIV/AIDS children with ARV therapy in Jayapura City. Methods: This research is qualitative research with a phenomenology approach. The selection of participants was obtained by purposive sampling, and 8 participants were selected to be interviewed using voice recorder and file notes. Data were analyzed using nine stages of Colaizzi. Results: There are five themes, namely: the initial obstacles faced by the family of ODHA children; Family efforts to care for children living with HIV/AIDS; Constraints in child care; Form of health care workers; Fulfilling physical, psychological, and laboratory needs. Conclusion: Participants lacking in knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. Consequently, it became the major obstacle faced by families of ODHA children, this affecting delayed child's HIV status, but in terms of child care, there is a lot of support for children
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Romauli, Suryati, and Sri Wahyuni. "Family Experiences in Treating Children with HIV/AIDS Through ARV Therapy in Jayapura City." Jurnal MID-Z (Midwivery Zigot) Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56013/jurnalmidz.v5i1.1329.
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HIV / AIDS is a chronic disease, can not be cured completely and the incidence rate is always there in every year, so it can have broad impact on all aspects of life especially physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Thus can affect the quality of life of patients themselves. HIV/AIDS infected more than 90% of children in 2020, acquired from their mothers. In accordance, special protection from families is crucial. Antiretroviral is the best therapy in PLWHA children’s treatment, and family support is needed to succeed. The objective of this study is to explore in detail family experiences in nurturing HIV/AIDS children with ARV therapy in Jayapura City. Methods: This research is qualitative research with a phenomenology approach. The selection of participants was obtained by purposive sampling, and 8 participants were selected to be interviewed using voice recorder and file notes. Data were analyzed using nine stages of Colaizzi. Results: There are five themes, namely: the initial obstacles faced by the family of ODHA children; Family efforts to care for children living with HIV/AIDS; Constraints in child care; Form of health care workers; Fulfilling physical, psychological, and laboratory needs. Conclusion: Participants lacking in knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. Consequently, it became the major obstacle faced by families of ODHA children, this affecting delayed child's HIV status, but in terms of child care, there is a lot of support for children
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Kalra, Shikha. "Adolescent HIV/AIDS: Knowledge is a must." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/11.2/57-60.
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HIV/AIDS is a major threat to India. The number of people living with the disease is approaching 5 million. Global research shows that HIV/AIDS has direct links with health, social, psychological as well as economic problems by minimizing life expectancy, increasing burden on health care system, losing status in society and increasing inequality. India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, with 2.1 million people living with HIV. HIV/AIDS is a new phenomenon in the society. Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS abound worldwide. Female adolescents face even greater risk for STD transmission than their male peers and older adult women. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the gain in knowledge of adolescent girls after exposure to educational programme on selected four aspects of HIV/AIDS i.e. knowledge about adolescent years, information related to reproductive organs and physical changes, information related to HIV/AIDS, preventive measures for HIV/ AIDS (Individual and social responsibilities towards the person infected with HIV). The total sample for present study was consisted of 60 randomly selected adolescent girls belonging to nuclear families and low income group and studying in 10th, 11th, and 12th standards (15 to 18 years of age) of two randomly selected Government Senior secondary Girls Schools of Bikaner city, Rajasthan. The research design used for the present study was one group pre-test-post-test action research. The programme was planned on the basis of the results of pre test. Then, the results of post-test were obtained through the same duly pre-tested questionnaire cum interview schedule which was used during pre test. Frequency, percentage values and paired t-test was applied to see the significant difference between pre test and post-test scores of knowledge. The total sample had highest gain in knowledge (50.75%) in aspect 3 (Information related to HIV/AIDS). The subject had highly significant gain in knowledge at 1% and 5% level of significance. The adolescent girls of class 10th had the highest gain in knowledge i.e. 47.9 % among the group. The major findings revealed the positive and definite impact of educational programme in improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS and to avoid discriminatory treatment to AIDS patient in employment providing services and other benefits.
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Pascau, María Jesús, Laura Pruneda, Ilaria de Barbieri, Matilde Correia, Belén López, Erika Guijarro, Gonzalo Sofío, Esteban Frauca Remacha, and Paloma Jara Vega. "Social Resources for Transplanted Children and Families in European Union Hospitals of ERN TransplantChild." Children 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090723.
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Social well-being is an intrinsic part of the current concept of health. In the context of chronic disease, there are many challenges we face in order to provide social well-being to patients and their families, even more if we talk about rare diseases. TransplantChild, a European Reference Network (ERN) in paediatric transplantation, works to improve the quality of life of transplanted children. It is not possible to improve the quality of life if the human and material resources are not available. With this study, we want to identify the economic aids, facilities, services, and financed products that are offered to families in different European centres. We also want to find out who provides these resources and the accessibility to them. We designed an ad hoc survey using the EU Survey software tool. The survey was sent to representatives of the 26 ERN members. In this article we present the results obtained in relation to two of the aspects analysed: long-term financial assistance and drugs, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Some resources are equally available in all participating centres but there are significant differences in others, such as education aids or parapharmacy product financing. A local analysis of these differences is necessary to find feasible solutions for equal opportunities for all transplanted children in Europe. The experience of centres that already provide certain solutions successfully may facilitate the implementation of these solutions in other hospitals.
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Harvey, Eric, Maria El Bizri, Geoffrey C. Nguyen, Deborah A. Marshall, Raza Mirza, and Maida J. Sewitch. "Health Care Perspectives of Adult Patients with Lower Educational Attainment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Qualitative Study." Journal of Patient Experience 9 (January 2022): 237437352210925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23743735221092557.
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Patients with lower educational attainment are underrepresented in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research. To increase our understanding of the health care perspectives of patients with less than a university degree, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 23 outpatients at the McGill University Health Centre IBD Centre (Montreal, Canada). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Perspectives focused on communication with health care professionals, access to care, symptoms and treatment, and outside support. Access to an IBD specialist was the most important aspect of care. Good care, kind and receptive staff, and a lengthy delay to diagnosis were frequently reported experiences. IBD specialists, nurses, and family and friends were most helpful in managing disease. Physical and emotional symptoms, reduced social engagement, and medications were difficult aspects of living with IBD. An ideal IBD clinic would provide access to traditional and non-traditional services and assist with obtaining support to help patients engage in social activities, increase affordability of care, and maintain employment. Study findings may be helpful in designing equitable models of health care delivery.
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Koesbardiati, Toetik, Sri Endah Kinasih, and Siti Mas’udah. "INTEGRATING THE ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN PREVENTING THE HIV/AIDS TRANSMISSION IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 6, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v6i5.4792.
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HIV/AIDS prevention is very important and absolutely necessary. HIV transmission is now entering a fairly alarming level, in which people with HIV/AIDS in certain subpopulations are emerging. Special steps and resources are thus needed to cope with the condition. There are some phenomena potentially encourage HIV transmissions, such as the increasingly common free sex, homosexuality, the use of unsafe and unsterile syringes in narcotics consumption, commercial sex workers and various high-risk sexual activities. One of the crucial concerns that arises when sending prostitutes back to their hometowns without any coordinated and holistic mechanism is that the prostitutes may cause the spreading of HIV/AIDS in their hometowns. The research objective is to provide the material (input) how the prostitutes themselves may cause the spreading of HIV/AIDS. The research employed descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the implementation and the role division in the closure have been highly coordinated and holistic. The leading sector in the role division is the Social Welfare epartment of the Government in Surabaya. In terms of health aspects for the former prostitutes sent back to their hometowns, there has been no policies related to medical screening designed to identify the disease early. Screening is very important for early diagnosis during the post-closure phase. The screening mechanism is that the Provincial Health Department has to optimize the monitoring, coordination, cooperation, agreements and partnerships with stakeholders such as the Local Health Department and the National/Provincial/Distric AIDS Commission, NGOs that are concerned with the problems of HIV-AIDS, international organizations, professional organizations, community leaders, religious leaders and universities.
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YU, JOON-HO, SARA GOERING, and STEPHANIE M. FULLERTON. "Race-Based Medicine and Justice as Recognition: Exploring the Phenomenon of BiDil." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090099.
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In the United States, health disparities have been framed by categories of race. Racial health disparities have been documented for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and numerous other diseases and measures of health status. Although such disparities can be read as symptoms of disparities in healthcare access, pervasive social and economic inequities, and discrimination, some have suggested that the disparities might be due, at least in part, to biological differences based on race. Or, to be more precise, if race itself has no determined biological meaning, race may nonetheless be a proxy that collects a group of individuals who share certain physiological or genotypic features that affect health.
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Paicheler, Geneviève. "General population and HIV prevention: from risk to action." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 15, suppl 2 (1999): S93—S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1999000600010.
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Since knowledge about AIDS transmission now appears to be very good, many observers are surprised that more people do not practice behavior, like safer sex, designed to minimize risk of contracting the disease. Still, previous studies have not shown that there is a direct link between knowledge and behavior. New models, based on people's concrete experiences, are therefore needed. The goal of this qualitative research, based on 61 in-depth interviews conducted in France, is to describe how people understand the threat of AIDS and how they face the risk of transmission in their sex lives. In order to understand preventive actions, we must study how information is interpreted and how knowledge is integrated, so that people perceive general or personal risk. We must also specify the way in which people distinguish between aspects of risk perception and vulnerability; feelings of personal control, constructed on the basis of social experiences; characteristics of situations; and finally, the dynamics of action. The proposed risk management model accounts for these diverse factors in elucidating the great diversity of actions reported. This dynamic, non-linear model is designed to capture both the impact of perceptive and cognitive elements on action and vice versa.
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Nascimento, Milena Kaline Dos Santos, and Beatriz Akemi Takeiti. "Direitos da pessoa com HIV/AIDS e a terapia ocupacional /Rights of persons with VIH/SIDA and occupational therapy." Revista Interinstitucional Brasileira de Terapia Ocupacional - REVISBRATO 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47222/2526-3544.rbto13934.
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Após trinta anos de descoberta da AIDS no mundo, as pessoas infectadas ainda sofrem dos estigmas e preconceitos, não tendo seus direitos garantidos integralmente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como a literatura tem tratado as questões dos direitos de pessoas com HIV/AIDS e de que forma a terapia ocupacional tem contribuído com a temática. Optou-se por realizar uma pesquisa de base exploratório-descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se como método a revisão da literatura. A busca pelos artigos completos se deu nas bases de dados da SCIELO, PUBMED e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) com recorte nos períodos de 2006 a 2016. Como resultado, identificamos um número significativo de artigos que tratam sobre a doença, dando ênfase para os aspectos sócio históricos e epidemiológicos de ocorrência. Em relação aos direitos, notou-se um menor número de publicações cuja noção conceitual esteve atrelada ao direito à saúde, desconsiderando a garantia de outros direitos, tão importantes e necessários às pessoas com HIV/AIDS. Ao compreender que os direitos à saúde desta população não se dissociam dos demais direitos que devem ser garantidos, torna-se necessário aos profissionais, dentre os quais, terapeutas ocupacionais, colocar em debate e ampliar o diálogo sobre as ocupações destes sujeitos entendendo esta ocupação como direito a participação social nas diversas esferas da vida social. AbstractAfter thirty years of AIDS discovery around the world, infected people still suffer from stigma and prejudice, and their rights are not fully guaranteed. This study aims to analyze how the literature has dealt with issues of the rights of people with HIV/AIDS and how occupational therapy has contributed to the issue. It was decided to carry out an exploratory-descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, using as a method the literature review. The search for the complete articles was carried out in the SCIELO, PUBMED and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) databases with a cut from 2006 to 2016. As a result, we identified a significant number of articles that deal with the disease, emphasizing the sociohistorical and epidemiological aspects of occurrence. With regard to rights, there was a smaller number of publications whose conceptual notion was tied to the right to health, disregarding the guarantee of other rights, so important and necessary to people with HIV/AIDS. By understanding that the health rights of this population do not dissociate from the other rights that must be guaranteed, it is necessary for professionals, including occupational therapists, to debate and expand the dialogue about the occupations of these subjects, understanding this occupation as social participation in the various spheres of social life. Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; VHI; Occupational therapy; Rights; Social Stigma.
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Pépin, Mia, Linda Kwakkenbos, Marie-Eve Carrier, Sandra Peláez, Ghassan El-Baalbaki, Vanessa L. Malcarne, and Brett D. Thombs. "Reasons for attending support groups and organizational preferences: A replication study using the North American Scleroderma Support Group Survey." Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders 4, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397198319849806.
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Peer-facilitated support groups are an important source for receiving disease-related information and support for people with systemic sclerosis (or scleroderma). A recent survey explored reasons for attending systemic sclerosis support groups in Europe and Australia and used exploratory factor analysis to group reasons for attendance into three main themes: (1) interpersonal and social support, (2) disease treatment and symptom management strategies, and (3) other aspects of living with systemic sclerosis. The objective of the present study was to replicate this study in a sample of patients from North America using confirmatory factor analysis. A 30-item survey was used to assess reasons for attendance and organizational preferences among systemic sclerosis patients in Canada and the United States. In total, 171 members completed the survey. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the three-factor model showed good fit to the data (χ2(399) = 646.0, p < 0.001, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.97, comparative fit index = 0.97, root mean square error approximation = 0.06). On average, respondents rated 22 (73%) of 30 items as “important” or “very important” reasons for attending support groups. Among organizational preferences, respondents emphasized the importance of the ability to share feelings and concerns, as well as educational aspects. Findings of our study suggest that reasons for attending support groups are similar for patients from Europe, Australia, and North America and that support groups should facilitate social support as well as disease education. These results inform the development of training programs for current and future systemic sclerosis support group leaders across the globe.
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Post, Stephen G. "Dementia in Our Midst: The Moral Community." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 2 (1995): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005818.
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This article focuses on the elderly patient with a progressive and irreversible dementia, most often of the Alzheimer type. However dementia, the decline in mental function from a previous state, can occur in all ages. For example, if Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the dementia of the elderly, increasingly AIDS is the dementia of many who are relatively young. I will not present the major ethical issues relating to dementia care following the progression of disease from the mild to the severe stages, for I have done this elsewhere. Among the issues included are: presymptomatic testing, both psychological and genetic; responsible diag- nostic disclosure and use of support groups; restrictions on driving and other activities; preemptive assisted suicide; advance directives for research and treatment; quality of life in relation to the use of life-extending technologies; and euthanasia.
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Carsita, Wenny Nugrahati, and Mirah Asmi Kusmiran. "Kualitas Hidup ODHA Di Kecamatan Bongas." Jurnal Keperawatan Profesional 7, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/jkp.v7i2.603.
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HIV / AIDS is a chronic disease that can affect all aspects of a person's life. Bongas is a sub-district with the highest number of cases compared to other sub-districts in Indramayu Regency. HIV / AIDS is reported to not only cause symptoms and complications but also has a negative impact on quality of life. Quality of life will affect the health condition of people living with HIV, especially in treatment programs. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of life of PLWHA in Bongas. This study used a quantitative research with descriptive approach. The sample amounted to 165 respondents with taking consecutive sampling technique. The results of the study were 118 (71.5%) respondents had a good quality of life in physical domain, 84 (50.9%) respondents had a good quality of life in psychological domain, 124 (75.2%) respondents had a good quality of life in social domain, 93 (56.4%) had a good quality of life in the independence domain, 86 (52.1%) respondents had a good quality of life in the environmental domain, and 86 (52.1%) respondents had a good quality of life in the spiritual domain. The conclusion of this study is that PLWHA in Bongas have a good quality of life. Keywords: Quality of Life, PLWHA
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Arno, Peter S., Christopher J. L. Murray, Karen A. Bonuck, and Philip Alcabes. "The Economic Impact of Tuberculosis in Hospitals in New York City: A Preliminary Analysis." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 3-4 (1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01256.x.
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There is a nationwide resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the country’s urban centers; New York City stands at the forefront of this resurgence. The root causes are increased homelessness, drug addiction and poverty, all symbols of deteriorating social and economic conditions in the city. The inadequate level of public health resources devoted to TB has also contributed to its spread. Still, even with these factors, it is questionable whether the escalating number of TB cases in this country would have occurred without the reservoir of immunosuppressed persons, who are less resistant to the disease, created by the AIDS epidemic. The fear and urgency of this public health crisis, which has been emerging since the beginning of the last decade, are fueled by the rise of TB strains resistant to the first-line drugs and by the disease’s contagiousness.
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Fullilove, Mindy Thompson, Rebecca Young, Paula G. Panzer, and Philip Muskin. "Psychosocial Issues in the Management of Patients with Tuberculosis." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 3-4 (1993): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01257.x.
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The resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States is due, in part, to the dismantling of large-scale treatment systems that were a critical part of the disease control effort for the better part of the twentieth century. As the number of cases grows, clinicians, politicians, public health officials and community advocates have grappled with the difficult problem of building systems to care for infected people that are consonant with current knowledge and beliefs about quality care. As an example, the United Hospital Fund’s 1992 report, The Tuberculosis Revival: Individual and Societal Obligations in a Time of AIDS, discussed policies to guarantee adequate treatment that protects patients’ civil rights, needs for special facilities for care of TB patients, and the special problems faced by infected prisoners. This thoughtful report highlighted many areas of social policy that require further examination.
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Korolenko, A. V., and A. N. Gordievskaya. "Awareness of the Vologda oblast population about hiv infection: the experience of sociological research." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 12, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-4-116-126.
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The purpose of the article is the analysis of the awareness of the Vologda Oblast population about the ways of spreading HIV infection, its manifestations, methods of prevention and treatment, as well as attitudes towards HIV-positive people.The study materials was the next stage of monitoring reproductive potential of the Vologda Oblast population conducted by FSBIS VolRC RAS in 2019.The results of the survey showed that the awareness of the Vologda Oblast population on the problem of HIV infection is differentiated depending on its specific aspects. Residents of the region are most aware of the impact of HIV on the human body and its diagnosis, and the possibility of drug support for the life of patients. However, the population is less aware of the relationship between HIV and AIDS, the ways and biological environments of transmission, and the possibility of having a healthy child with an HIV-positive mother. Women, people aged 20 years and older, and residents from Vologda demonstrated the highest awareness of the main issues of HIV incidence (the nature of the disease, its impact on the body, ways and means of transmission). Men and young people aged 15–19 are less knowledgeable about all aspects, which makes it possible to classify these categories of the population as a «risk group» (i.e. potentially susceptible to HIV infection). In addition, among the residents of the region, social stigmatization of carriers of this disease is widespread, which is expressed in an unjustified fear of contracting HIV infection by household means (sharing dishes, treatment, visiting schools, kindergartens, buying food, etc.).Conclusion. The problem of insufficient awareness of certain aspects of the disease and discrimination against HIV-positive people can be solved by expanding programs aimed at raising awareness of the region’s population on this issue.
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Grignaschi, S., L. Cavagna, M. Kim, N. R, J. B. Lilleker, P. Sen, V. Agarwal, et al. "POS0899 HIGH FATIGUE SCORES IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES: A MULTIGROUP COMPARATIVE STUDY FROM THE COVAD E-SURVEY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 748.1–748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.3537.
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BackgroundIdiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a rare, multisystem, heterogeneous diseases, and contribute to high psychological burden. The patients’ perception of physical health, deteriorating independence and social and environmental relationships may not always be a direct function of disease activity. To face with these aspects, several worldwide specialized organization have recommended the use of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) both in clinical trials and observational studies to highlight patient’s perception of the disease (1). Unfortunately, data on fatigue scores in IIM is limited.ObjectivesWe compared fatigue VAS scores in patients with IIM, autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and healthy controls (HCs) and triangulated them with PROMIS physical function in a large international cohort made up of answers from the e-survey regarding the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study.MethodsData of 16327 respondents was extracted from the COVAD database on August 31th 2021. VAS fatigue scores were compared between AID, HC and IIM using univariate followed by multivariate analysis after adjusting for baseline differences. We further performed a propensity score matched analysis on 1827 subjects after adjusting for age, gender and ethnicity. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables, and Bonferroni’s correction was applied for the post hoc analyses considering IIMs as a reference group.ResultsWe analyzed answers from 6988 patients, with a mean age of 43.8 years (SD 16.2). The overall percentage of female was 72% and the population ethnicity was mainly composed of White (55.1%), followed by Asian (24.6%), and Hispanic (13.8%). The overall fatigue VAS was 3.6 mm (SD 2.7). IIMs VAS was 4.8 mm (SD 2.6), AIDs 4.5 mm (SD 2.6), and HC 2.8 mm (SD 2.6) (P <0,001). VAS fatigue scores of IIMs were comparable with AIDs (P 0.084), albeit significantly higher than the HCs (P <0,001). Notably, fatigue VAS was lower in IIMs than AIDs in two distinct subsets: inactive disease as defined by the patient’s perception and the “excellent” general health condition group, where IIMs had worse scores (P <0,05). Interestingly, fatigue VAS was comparable in active disease defined by physician assessment, patient perception, based on general functional status, or when defined by steroid dose being prescribed. Notably, after propensity matched analysis of patients adjusting for gender, age and ethnicity (1.827 answers, i.e. 609 subjects per group, P =1) the differences disappeared and IIMs and AIDs had comparable fatigue levels across all levels of disease activity, although the fatigue discrepancies with HCs were substantially confirmed.After application of a multivariate linear regression analysis we found that lower fatigue VAS scores were related to HC (P <0,001), male gender (P <0,001), Asian and Hispanic ethnicities (P <0,001 and 0,003).ConclusionOur study confirms that there is a higher prevalence of fatigue in all the AIDs patients, with comparable VAS scores between IIMs and other AIDs. We can also read our data commenting that females and/or Caucasians patients suffer a higher impact of this manifestation of chronic autoimmune diseases upon their lives. This is why these subjects, to our judgement, should be carefully evaluated during outpatients visits and to whom we should spend some extra time to discuss health related issues and how to improve them.References[1]Regardt, M. et al. OMERACT 2018 Modified Patient-reported Outcome Domain Core Set in the Life Impact Area for Adult Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. J. Rheumatol.46, 1351–1354 (2019).Figure 1.distribution of Fatigue VAS scores in the three population evaluated. IIM idiopathic inflammatory myositis; AID autoimmune diseases; HC healthy controls; * P < 0,05.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Beesley, R., S. Angevare, J. Wilson, and W. Costello. "POS1570-PARE A PATIENT-LED SURVEY INTO THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF TELEMEDICINE APPOINTMENTS FOR ASSESSING CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WITH RHEUMATIC CONDITIONS: COMPARING EUROPEAN AND CANADIAN COHORTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.59.
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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, some provision of healthcare shifted to remote, technology-assisted appointments (telemedicine). Whilst parents/carers of children and young people with rheumatic conditions have reported benefits of telemedicine, concerns remain.ObjectivesThis patient and parent-led project sought to understand the views of parents/carers about telemedicine, identifying the benefits and limitations of remote technology-assisted appointments, and comparing views between Canadian and European cohorts.MethodsAn online survey was developed, translated into multiple languages and shared via social media and patient organisations, targeted at parents of children and young people with rheumatic, autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. Fieldwork took place in April 2021 in Europe and May 2021 in Canada. Consent was provided during enrollment.ResultsA total of 290 responses were received (133 Europe; 157 Canada). Of these, 73% were female, median age 12.Over half of respondents (53%) in Europe reported travelling over an hour to in-person appointments with their paediatric rheumatologist, compared to a significantly higher proportion of respondents in Canada (87%). Consequently, in-person appointments represent a greater time burden amongst Canadian caregivers, though both groups report appointments taking over three hours in total (51% Europe, 69% Canada).Prior to COVID-19, most had never had a telemedicine appointment (92% Europe, 95% Canada). Since March 2020, the majority (71% Europe, 82% Canada) had at least one telemedicine appointment.Table 1.Shows the scores (1 worst, 5 best) given by parents about their telemedicine experience. Overall, most aspects scored positively (p<.05). However, parents felt telemedicine was not as good as in-person appointments.EuropeCanadaPEasy to schedule3.50 (3.18, 3.82) *4.33 (4.14, 4.52) *† † † † † † † † † † †On time3.22 (2.89, 3.55)4.07 (3.85, 4.28) *Enough time with doctor3.51 (3.19, 3.83) *4.24 (4.02, 4.45) *As good as in-person visit2.21 (1.96, 2.46) **2.66 (2.42, 2.90) **Easier to see doctor2.84 (2.55, 3.13)3.51 (3.25, 3.77) *Easy to sign-in3.52 (3.22, 3.82) *4.25 (4.06, 4.43) *Quality of video3.23 (2.93, 3.53)3.87 (3.66, 4.07) *Quality of sound3.54 (3.26, 3.81) *3.94 (3.75, 4.14) *Able to speak freely3.61 (3.34, 3.88) *4.05 (3.85, 4.24) *Able to understand doctor3.61 (3.32, 3.90) *4.09 (3.90, 4.28) *Quality of care provided3.43 (3.12, 3.73) *3.78 (3.56, 4.00) *Overall telemedicine experience3.23 (2.91, 3.55)3.78 (3.57, 3.99) *Table 1. Mean scores for a range of aspects of telemedicine (1-worst; 5-best). * Positive score (p<.05) ** Negative score (p<.05) † Difference between Canadian and European cohorts is statistically significant (p<.05), chi-square.When asked about aspects of telemedicine, a greater proportion of respondents from Canada answered favourably compared to those from Europe with the majority reporting telemedicine appointments had saved them time, enabled them to have an appointment and that it made the appointment safer. However, most felt that their consultant could not properly assess their child (72% Europe, 78% Canada, P<.05).Overall respondents said they would prefer the next appointment to be in-person (82% Europe, 62% Canada, p<.05), although 31% from Canada were amenable to a combination of in-person and telemedicine-based care.ConclusionThere are advantages to telemedicine, notably saving time and making appointments accessible. Families from Canada tended to view telemedicine more favourably than those from Europe, although the majority from both cohorts reported concerns about the ability to assess their child. There may be value in providing training to parents to enhance the accuracy of home-based assessments, particularly when the disease is stable. However, parents continue to report the value of in-person appointments.Disclosure of InterestsRichard Beesley: None declared, Saskya Angevare Grant/research support from: Novartis and Sobi grant for translation of KAISZ website. None relevant to this study., Jennifer Wilson Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Amgen and Sobi for Virtual Patient Education Programs. None relevant to this study., Wendy Costello: None declared
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Olisova, O. Yu, N. G. Kochergin, and Elena A. Smirnova. "INNOVATIONS TO TOPICAL THERAPY OF ROSACEA." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 20, no. 5 (December 15, 2017): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9588-2017-20-5-270-274.
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The main pathogenetic aspects of rosacea, various classifications of dermatosis and the modern clinical classification are presented. The symptoms that differentiate rosacea from other dermatoses are described. Contradictory of modern scientific concepts of different researchers, approaches to etiology, pathogenesis and treatment has been noted. The social significance of rosacea, the importance and possibility of eliminating the symptoms of the disease at early stages, the achievement and prolongation of remission are shown. The main triggers for the manifestation of rosacea, which should be taken into account to achieve the maximum effect in the treatment of the disease, are indicated. The domestic and foreign clinical recommendations on the treatment of the disease are considered in view of the appearance of new external drugs. The results of several studies in the USA and Canada on the efficacy of 1% ivermectin cream and 0.5% brimonidine tartrate gel compared to placebo are shown. The first domestic positive experience of self-study with 1% ivermectin cream (Solantra®) and 0.5% brimonidine tartrate gel (Mirvazo Derm®) is presented. The high efficacy and very good tolerability of this drugs, as well as the absence of any side effects in patients with moderate to severe rosacea are shown.
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Chikovore, Jeremiah, Madhukar Pai, Katherine Chisholm Horton, Amrita Daftary, Moses Kelly Kumwenda, Graham Hart, and Elizabeth Lucy Corbett. "Missing men with tuberculosis: the need to address structural influences and implement targeted and multidimensional interventions." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 5 (May 2020): e002255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002255.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is treatable but is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, with men over-represented in some key aspects of the disease burden. Men’s TB epidemiological scenario occurs within a wider public health and historical context, including their prior sidelining in health discussions. Differences are however noticeable in how some Western countries and high TB and HIV burden low and middle-income countries (LMIC) including in Africa have approached the subject(s) of men and health. The former have a comparatively long history of scholarship, and lately are implementing actions targeting men’s health and wellness, both increasingly addressing multilevel social and structural determinants. In contrast, in the latter men have received attention primarily for their sexual practices and role in HIV and AIDS and gender-based violence; moreover, interventions, guided by the public health approach, have stressed short-term, measurable and medical goals. Debates and the limited available empirical literature on men’s engagement with TB-related healthcare are nevertheless indicating need for a shift, within TB work with men in high burden LMICs towards, structural and multicomponent interventions.
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Munodawafa, Davison, Handsome Onya, Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo, Oliver Mweemba, Peter Phori, and Aminata Grace Kobie. "Achieving SDGs and addressing health emergencies in Africa: strengthening health promotion." Global Health Promotion 28, no. 4 (December 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17579759211064296.
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In 1986, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened the first Global Conference on Health Promotion held in Ottawa, Canada. This conference yielded the Ottawa Charter which defined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. A series of conferences followed and in 2005, WHO convened the Sixth Global Conference in Bangkok, Thailand, which yielded the Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion. This Charter for the first time expanded the role of health promotion to include addressing social determinants of health. Ministers of Health from 47 countries of the WHO Regional Office for Africa in 2012 endorsed the Health Promotion: Strategy for the African Region. This Strategy highlighted eight priority interventions required to address health risk factors and their determinants. In 2011, the Rio Political Declaration on Addressing Social Determinants of Health was adopted by Health Ministers and civil society groups to address inequalities and inequities within and between populations. The main action areas were good governance to tackle the root causes of health inequities; promoting participation and ownership; community leadership for action on social determinants; global action on social determinants to align priorities and stakeholders; and monitoring progress on implementation of policies and strategies. Health promotion has been prominent as part of disease outbreak response, including for Ebola and COVID-19. It has been an integral part of improving maternal and child health mortality and morbidity as well as TB, HIV/AIDS and malaria; and lately reducing the impact of noncommunicable diseases, namely diabetes, high blood pressure and cancer. While challenges continue in strengthening health promotion, there have been concerted efforts to place health promotion on the development agenda in countries through Health in All Policies (HiAP), capacity strengthening, monitoring and evaluation, and innovative financing policy options using dedicated tax from tobacco and alcohol, and road use.
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Merskey, Harold. "History of Pain Research and Management in Canada." Pain Research and Management 3, no. 3 (1998): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/270647.
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Scattered accounts of the treatment of pain by aboriginal Canadians are found in the journals of the early explorers and missionaries. French and English settlers brought with them the remedies of their home countries. The growth of medicine through the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in Europe, was mirrored in the practice and treatment methods of Canadians and Americans. In the 19th century, while Americans learned about causalgia and the pain of wounds, Canadian insurrections were much less devastating than the United States Civil War. By the end of that century, a Canadian professor working in the United States, Sir William Osler, was responsible for a standard textbook of medicine with a variety of treatments for painful illnesses. Yet pain did not figure in the index of that book. The modern period in pain research and management can probably be dated to the 20 years before the founding of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Pride of place belongs toThe management of painby John Bonica, published in Philadelphia in 1953 and based upon his work in Tacoma and Seattle. Ideas about pain were evolving in Canada in the 1950s with Donald Hebb, Professor of Psychology at McGill University in Montreal, corresponding with the leading American neurophysiologist, George H Bishop. Hebb's pupil Ronald Melzack engaged in studies of early experiences in relation to pain and, joining with Patrick Wall at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published the 1965 paper in Science that revolutionized thinking. Partly because of this early start with prominent figures and partly because of its social system in the organization of medicine, Canada became a centre for a number of aspects of pain research and management, ranging from pain clinics in Halifax, Kingston and Saskatoon - which were among the earliest to advance treatment of pain - to studying the effects of implanted electrodes for neurosurgery. Work in Toronto by Moldofsky and Smythe was probably responsible for turning ideas about fibromyalgia from the quaint concept of 'psychogenic rheumatism' into the more fruitful avenue of empirical exploration of brain function, muscle tender points and clinical definition of disease. Tasker and others in Toronto made important advances in the neurophysiology of nociception by the thalamus and cingulate regions. Their work continues while a variety of basic and clinical studies are advancing knowledge of fundamental mechanisms, including work by Henry and by Sawynok on purines; by Salter and by Coderre on spinal cord mechanisms and plasticity; by Katz on postoperative pain; by several workers on children's pain; and by Bushnell and others in Montreal on cerebral imaging. Such contributions reflect work done in a country that would not want to claim that its efforts are unique, but would hope to be seen as maintaining some of the best standards in the developed world.
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Althagafi, Alwalaa, Chris Ekong, Brian W. Wheelock, Richard Moulton, Peter Gorman, Kesh Reddy, Sean Christie, Ian Fleetwood, and Sean Barry. "Canadian neurosurgeons’ views on medical assistance in dying (MAID): a cross-sectional survey of Canadian Neurosurgical Society (CNSS) members." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105160.
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BackgroundThe Supreme Court of Canada removed the prohibition on physicians assisting in patients dying on 6 February 2015. Bill C-14, legalising medical assistance in dying (MAID) in Canada, was subsequently passed by the House of Commons and the Senate on 17 June 2016. As this remains a divisive issue for physicians, the Canadian Neurosurgical Society (CNSS) has recently published a position statement on MAID.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to understand the views and perceptions among CNSS members regarding MAID to inform its position statement on the issue. Data was collected from May to June 2016.ResultsOf the 300 active membes of the CNSS who recevied the survey, 89 respondents completed the survey, 71% of whom were attending neurosurgeons and 29% were neurosurgery residents. Most respondents,74.2%, supported the right of physicians to participate in MAID with 7.8% opposing. 37% had current patients in their practice fitting the criteria for MAID. 23.6% had been asked by patients to assist with MAID, but only 11% would consider personally providing it. 84% of neurosurgeons surveyed supported the physicians’ right to conscientious objection to MAID while 21% thought attending surgeons should be removed from the inquiry and decision-making process. 43.8% agreed that the requirment to refer a patient to a MAID service should be mandatory. Glioblastoma multiforme (65%), quadriplegia/quadriparesis secondary to spinal tumour/trauma (54%) and Parkinson’s disease (24%) were the most common suggested potential indications for MAID among the neurosurgical population.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that most neurosurgeons in Canada are generally supportive of MAID in select patients. However, they also strongly support the physicians’ right to conscientious objection.
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Murray, Emma J., Peter J. Dodd, Ben Marais, Helen Ayles, Kwame Shanaube, Albertus Schaap, Richard G. White, and Virginia Bond. "Sociological variety and the transmission efficiency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a secondary analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from 15 communities in Zambia." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e047136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047136.
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ObjectivesSelected Zambian communities formed part of a cluster randomised trial: the Zambia and South Africa TB and AIDS Reduction study (ZAMSTAR). There was wide variability in the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis (TB) disease across these communities. We sought to clarify whether specific communities could have been more/less vulnerable to M. tuberculosis transmission as a result of sociological variety relevant to transmission efficiency.DesignWe conducted a mixed methods secondary analysis using existing data sets. First, we analysed qualitative data to categorise and synthesise patterns of socio-spatial engagement across communities. Second, we compared emergent sociological variables with a measure of transmission efficiency: the ratio of the annual risk of infection to TB prevalence.SettingZAMSTAR communities in urban and peri-urban Zambia, spanning five provinces.ParticipantsFifteen communities, each served by a health facility offering TB treatment to a population of at least 25 000. TB notification rates were at least 400 per 100 000 per annum and HIV seroprevalence was estimated to be high.ResultsCrowding, movement, livelihoods and participation in recreational activity differed across communities. Based on 12 socio-spatial indicators, communities were qualitatively classified as more/less spatially crowded and as more/less socially ‘open’ to contact with others, with implications for the presumptive risk of M. tuberculosis transmission. For example, watching video shows in poorly ventilated structures posed a presumptive risk in more socially open communities, while outdoor farming and/or fishing were particularly widespread in communities with lower transmission measures.ConclusionsA dual dynamic of ‘social permeability’ and crowding appeared relevant to disparities in M. tuberculosis transmission efficiency. To reduce transmission, certain socio-spatial aspects could be adjusted (eg, increasing ventilation on transport), while more structural aspects are less malleable (eg, reliance on public transport). We recommend integrating community level typologies with genome sequencing techniques to further explore the significance of ‘social permeability’.Trial registration numberISRCTN36729271.