Journal articles: 'AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia'

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Nakhaee, Fatemeh, Deborah Black, Handan Wand, Ann McDonald, and Matthew Law. "Changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS and estimation of the number of people living with diagnosed HIV/AIDS in Australia, 1981 - 2003." Sexual Health 6, no. 2 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08007.

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Objective: To investigate changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS in Australia. Methods: The results of a linkage between HIV/AIDS diagnoses and the National Death Index (NDI) to the end of 2003 were used to estimate mortality rates following HIV/AIDS. Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated for deaths following HIV, with and without AIDS, in three periods of treatment; before antiretroviral therapy (≤1989), pre- and early-HAART (1990–1996) and HAART (1997–2003). Crude mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 1000 person-years. The total number of people living with HIV/AIDS was estimated. Results: There were 1789 deaths following HIV without AIDS and 6730 deaths after AIDS. For deaths following HIV without AIDS, the SMRs were 2.99, 1.22 and 1.6 during the periods before 1990, 1990–1996 and 1997–2003. For deaths after AIDS the SMRs were 137.84, 28.64 and 4.55 in the periods one to three, respectively. The crude death rate following HIV without AIDS increased from 16.8 before 1986 to 19.6 in 2003. Death rates after AIDS decreased from 958.7 up to 1986 to 60.4 in 2003. The number of new HIV diagnoses increased to 1276 in 1990 then decreased to 780 in 2003, while AIDS diagnoses increased to 950 in 1994 then decreased to 252 in 2003. The total number of people living with HIV was estimated to be 7873 in 1989, and 12828 in 2003. Conclusion: Mortality following AIDS decreased while deaths before AIDS remained low. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has increased.

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McMahon, Catherine M., Bamini Gopinath, Julie Schneider, Jennifer Reath, Louise Hickson, Stephen R. Leeder, Paul Mitchell, and Robert Cowan. "The Need for Improved Detection and Management of Adult-Onset Hearing Loss in Australia." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308509.

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Adult-onset hearing loss is insidious and typically diagnosed and managed several years after onset. Often, this is after the loss having led to multiple negative consequences including effects on employment, depressive symptoms, and increased risk of mortality. In contrast, the use of hearing aids is associated with reduced depression, longer life expectancy, and retention in the workplace. Despite this, several studies indicate high levels of unmet need for hearing health services in older adults and poor use of prescribed hearing aids, often leading to their abandonment. In Australia, the largest component of financial cost of hearing loss (excluding the loss of well-being) is due to lost workplace productivity. Nonetheless, the Australian public health system does not have an effective and sustainable hearing screening strategy to tackle the problem of poor detection of adult-onset hearing loss. Given the increasing prevalence and disease burden of hearing impairment in adults, two key areas are not adequately met in the Australian healthcare system: (1) early identification of persons with chronic hearing impairment; (2) appropriate and targeted referral of these patients to hearing health service providers. This paper reviews the current literature, including population-based data from the Blue Mountains Hearing Study, and suggests different models for early detection of adult-onset hearing loss.

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Edmiston, Natalie, Erin Passmore, David J. Smith, and Kathy Petoumenos. "Multimorbidity among people with HIV in regional New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14070.

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Background Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic health condition in addition to HIV. Higher multimorbidity increases mortality, complexity of care and healthcare costs while decreasing quality of life. The prevalence of and factors associated with multimorbidity among HIV positive patients attending a regional sexual health service are described. Methods: A record review of all HIV positive patients attending the service between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 was conducted. Two medical officers reviewed records for chronic health conditions and to rate multimorbidity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with a higher CIRS score. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine individuals were included in the study; the mean age was 51.8 years and 92.6% were men. One-quarter (25.4%) had ever been diagnosed with AIDS. Multimorbidity was extremely common, with 54.5% of individuals having two or more chronic health conditions in addition to HIV; the most common being a mental health diagnosis, followed by vascular disease. In multivariate analysis, older age, having ever been diagnosed with AIDS and being on an antiretroviral regimen other than two nucleosides and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor were associated with a higher CIRS score. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study looking at associations with multimorbidity in the Australian setting. Care models for HIV positive patients should include assessing and managing multimorbidity, particularly in older people and those that have ever been diagnosed with AIDS.

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Martin, J., and J. Brimacombe. "Chromobacterium Violaceum Septicaemia: The Intensive Care Management of Two Cases." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 20, no. 1 (February 1992): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9202000120.

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The first human infection with Chromobacterium violaceum was recorded in 1927,1 but since men mere have been about 33 cases reported worldwide, including two from Australia.2,3 Chr. violaceum occurs in the tropics and subtropics and is generally considered to be nonpathogenic, but infection can occur in patients who are immunosuppressed4 and it has a high mortality rate.3 This paper presents the intensive care management of two cases of Chr. violaceum infection occurring in Far North Queensland. The patients’ predisposition appears to have been malnourishment and alcohol abuse. The increased use of immunosuppressive drugs and the appearance of diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) make it possible that we will see more of this condition in Australian intensive care units.

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van Hal, S. J., K. Muthiah, G. Matthews, J. Harkness, D. Stark, D. Cooper, and D. Marriott. "Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 11 (November 2007): 1096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.003.

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Burnley, I. H. "Socio-demographic and spatial aspects of male mortality from HIV-AIDS related diseases in New South Wales, Australia, 1990–1994." Social Science & Medicine 49, no. 6 (September 1999): 751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00132-x.

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Chen, Sharon C. A. "Cryptococcosis in Australasia and the treatment of cryptococcal and other fungal infections with liposomal amphotericin B." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49, suppl_1 (January 1, 2002): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/49.suppl_1.57.

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Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. The mean annual incidence during 1994–1997 was 6.6 cases per million people per year in Australia, and 2.2 cases per million people per year in New Zealand. C. neoformans var. neoformans caused 85% of 312 episodes (98% of episodes in immunocompromised hosts) and C. neoformans var. gattii caused 15% (44% in immunocompetent hosts). The AIDS-specific incidence declined significantly over the 3 years. Mortality from cryptococcosis remains substantial. In trials involving small numbers of AIDS patients, liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) was found to be active against C. neoformans, with mycological response rates of 67–85%; however, maintenance therapy with an oral antifungal agent is required indefinitely. In a randomized study of patients with cryptococcal meningitis, AmBisome (4 mg/kg/day) produced mycological eradication in 73% of patients compared with 38% with conventional amphotericin. AmBisome resulted in significantly earlier sterilization of cerebrospinal fluid than conventional amphotericin (7–14 days versus 21 days) and was less nephrotoxic. The benefit of this reduced toxicity is denied to many patients because of an enormous cost barrier. In a survey of the practices of clinical mycologists in Australia, 11 experts responded to a questionnaire survey regarding the use of available lipid preparations. Their indications for use as initial therapy were mucormycosis (7/10), renal failure (7/10), Fusarium infection (2/10) and aspergillosis (2/10). Cryptococcosis, candidosis and febrile neutropenia were rarely regarded as an indication; failed therapy with conventional amphotericin was an indication to use AmBisome for 8/11 respondents. The majority believed that AmBisome was equivalent to conventional amphotericin, with amphotericin B lipid complex and AmBisome equivalent to each other in terms of efficacy. The main barrier to replacement of conventional amphotericin with lipid preparations was seen as an issue of cost.

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Petoumenos, Kathy, Matthew G. Law, and on behalf of the Australian HIV Observational Database. "Risk factors and causes of death in the Australian HIV Observational Database." Sexual Health 3, no. 2 (2006): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05045.

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Introduction: Mortality rates in HIV-infected people remain high in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). The objective of this paper was to examine causes of deaths in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) and compare risk factors for HIV-related and HIV-unrelated deaths. Methods: Data from AHOD, an observational study of people with HIV attending medical sites between 1999 and 2004, were analysed. Primary and underlying causes of death were ascertained by sites completing a standardised cause of death form. Causes of death were then coded as HIV-related or HIV-unrelated. Risk factors for HIV-related and unrelated deaths were assessed using survival analysis among patients who had a baseline and at least one follow-up CD4 and RNA measure. Results: The AHOD had enrolled 2329 patients between 1999 and 2004. During this time, a total of 105 patients died, with a crude mortality rate of 1.58 per 100 person years. Forty-two (40%) deaths were HIV-related (directly attributable to an AIDS event), 55 (52%) HIV-unrelated (all other causes), and eight had unknown cause of death. Independent risk factors for HIV-related deaths were low CD4 count and receipt of a larger number of antiretroviral treatment combinations. Among HIV-unrelated deaths, low CD4 count and older age were independent risk factors. Conclusions: In AHOD in the HAART era, mortality in people with HIV remains around 10-fold higher than in the general population. In our analyses, HIV-unrelated deaths were associated with more advanced HIV disease in a similar way to HIV-related deaths.

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Tagaya, Yutaka, Masao Matsuoka, and Robert Gallo. "40 years of the human T-cell leukemia virus: past, present, and future." F1000Research 8 (February 28, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17479.1.

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It has been nearly 40 years since human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), the first oncogenic retrovirus in humans and the first demonstrable cause of cancer by an infectious agent, was discovered. Studies indicate that HTLV-1 is arguably one of the most carcinogenic agents to humans. In addition, HTLV-1 causes a diverse array of diseases, including myelopathy and immunodeficiency, which cause morbidity and mortality to many people in the world, including the indigenous population in Australia, a fact that was emphasized only recently. HTLV-1 can be transmitted by infected lymphocytes, from mother to child via breast feeding, by sex, by blood transfusion, and by organ transplant. Therefore, the prevention of HTLV-1 infection is possible but such action has been taken in only a limited part of the world. However, until now it has not been listed by the World Health Organization as a sexually transmitted organism nor, oddly, recognized as an oncogenic virus by the recent list of the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health. Such underestimation of HTLV-1 by health agencies has led to a remarkable lack of funding supporting research and development of treatments and vaccines, causing HTLV-1 to remain a global threat. Nonetheless, there are emerging novel therapeutic and prevention strategies which will help people who have diseases caused by HTLV-1. In this review, we present a brief historic overview of the key events in HTLV-1 research, including its pivotal role in generating ideas of a retrovirus cause of AIDS and in several essential technologies applicable to the discovery of HIV and the unraveling of its genes and their function. This is followed by the status of HTLV-1 research and the preventive and therapeutic developments of today. We also discuss pending issues and remaining challenges to enable the eradication of HTLV-1 in the future.

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AL-ROOMI, K. A., A. J. DOBSON, E. HALL, R. F. HELLER, and P. MAGNUS. "DECLINING MORTALITY FROM ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA." American Journal of Epidemiology 129, no. 3 (March 1989): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115161.

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Gold, Julian, Yueming Li, and John M. Kaldor. "Premature mortality in Australia 1983‐1992, the first decade of the AIDS epidemic." Medical Journal of Australia 161, no. 11 (December 1994): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb126910.x.

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Dore, Gregory J., Yeuming Li, John M. Kaldor, and Aileen J. Plant. "Trends in infectious disease mortality in Australia, 1979‐1994." Medical Journal of Australia 168, no. 12 (June 1998): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141445.x.

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Crockett, Alan J., Josephine M. Cranston, John R. Moss, and John H. Alpers. "Trends in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 161, no. 10 (November 1994): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb127638.x.

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Simpkins, Daniel, Nicholas Wood, Jane Jelfs, Peter B. McIntyre, Robert Menzies, Glenda Lawrence, and Robert Booy. "MODERN TRENDS IN MORTALITY FROM MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28, no. 12 (December 2009): 1119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e3181accde8.

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LESERMAN, J., J. M. PETITTO, H. GU, B. N. GAYNES, J. BARROSO, R. N. GOLDEN, D. O. PERKINS, J. D. FOLDS, and D. L. EVANS. "Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 6 (August 2002): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005949.

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Background. The primary aim of this study is to examine prospectively the association of stressful life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol and lymphocyte subsets with changes in multiple measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression.Methods. Ninety-six HIV-infected gay men without symptoms or anti-retroviral medication use at baseline were studied every 6 months for up to 9 years. Disease progression was defined in three ways using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifications (e.g. AIDS, clinical AIDS condition and mortality). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used, adjusting for control variables (e.g. race, age, baseline, CD4 T cells and viral load, number of anti-retroviral medications).Results. Higher cumulative average stressful life events and lower cumulative average social support predicted faster progression to both the CDC AIDS classification and a clinical AIDS condition. Higher anger scores and CD8 T cells were associated with faster progression to AIDS, and depressive symptoms were associated with faster development of an AIDS clinical condition. Higher levels of serum cortisol predicted all three measures of disease progression.Conclusions. These results suggest that stressful life events, dysphoric mood and limited social support are associated with more rapid clinical progression in HIV infection, with serum cortisol also exerting an independent effect on disease progression.

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Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Alberto Novaes Ramos, Carlos Henrique Alencar, and Jorg Heukelbach. "Mortality Related to Chagas Disease and HIV/AIDS Coinfection in Brazil." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/534649.

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Chagas disease in patients with HIV infection represents a potentially serious event with high case fatality rates. This study describes epidemiological and clinical aspects of deaths related to Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS coinfection in Brazil, 1999–2007. We performed a descriptive study based on mortality data from the nationwide Mortality Information System. Of a total of about 9 million deaths, Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS were mentioned in the same death certificate in 74 cases. AIDS was an underlying cause in 77.0% (57) and Chagas disease in 17.6% (13). Males (51.4%), white skin color (50%), age group 40–49 years (29.7%), and residents in the Southeast region (75.7%) were most common. Mean age at death was significantly lower in the coinfected (47.1 years [SD ± 14.6]), as compared to Chagas disease deaths (64.1 years [SD ± 14.7],P<0.001). Considering the lack of data on morbidity related to Chagas disease and AIDS coinfection, the use of mortality data may be an appropriate sentinel approach to monitor the occurrence of this association. Due to the epidemiological transition in Brazil, chronic Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS coinfection will be further complicated and require the development of evidence-based preventive control measures.

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Leeder, Stephen R., and Andrew Wilson. "Current mortality, morbidity and disability from cardiovascular disease in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 146, no. 4 (February 1987): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120191.x.

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Hardes, G. R., A. J. Dobson, D. M. Lloyd, and S. R. Leeder. "Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Trends and Related Factors in Australia." Cardiology 72, no. 1-2 (1985): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000173837.

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WILSON, ANDREW, and VICTOR SISKIND. "Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Australia: Is Mortality Starting to Increase among Young Men?" International Journal of Epidemiology 24, no. 4 (1995): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.4.678.

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Kerr, M. G. "AIDS and the Actuary." Journal of the Staple Inn Actuarial Society 33, no. 1 (1993): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2049929900010576.

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Throughout this century we have become accustomed to regular improvement in mortality rates at most ages. For life office actuaries this trend could be regarded as a potential source of profit for assurance business, but as a possible source of loss for annuities. However, since the movements in mortality were gradual then mortality rates at any given time could be estimated with a fair degree of confidence.In this relatively stable environment, there was little concern over the first report of a death caused by complete and unaccountable failure of the immune system in the United States of America in 1981. When the number of such deaths began to grow and to migrate to Europe than actuaries had to take notice. Here was a disease (called AIDS) which was causing deaths at an alarmingly increasing rate and which medical science seemed powerless to counter. Concern grew about the effect which a major increase in mortality rates caused by AIDS would have on the financial health of life offices.

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Fife, Daniel, Giles L. Crane, and Eliahu Bishburg. "Cumulative AIDS Incidence and Altered Mortality from Mycobacterial Disease: New Jersey." American Review of Respiratory Disease 143, no. 4_pt_1 (April 1991): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/143.4_pt_1.717.

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Prins, Maria, Ildefonso Hernández Aguado, Raymond P. Brettle, J. Roy Robertson, Barbara Broers, Nicolas Carré, David J. Goldberg, Robert Zangerle, Roel A. Coutinho, and Anneke van den Hoek. "Pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes associated with HIV disease progression." AIDS 11, no. 14 (November 1997): 1747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199714000-00012.

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M Scott, Gillian, Jenna M Iwasenko, Zubair M Waliuzzaman, David H Miles, and William D Rawlinson. "Correlation between cytomegalovirus disease and antiviral resistance." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 1 (2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05014.

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Disease resulting from human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections leads to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, and neonates.

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Prado-Calleros, Héctor M., Bertha B. Castillo-Ventura, Irma Jiménez-Escobar, Juan P. Ramírez-Hinojosa, Antonio López-Gómez, Miguel García-de-la-Cruz, and Mijal Dayan-Nurko. "Noma and Noma-like disease in HIV/AIDS patients, a comorbid interaction: A systematic review." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 02 (February 28, 2018): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9716.

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Introduction: Noma is an opportunistic polymicrobial infection that cause necrosis of the mouth and face, with high morbidity and mortality, predominantly affecting malnourished children and persons with debilitating diseases. Cases of noma-like disease in adults, although rare, have been increasingly reported in HIV/AIDS patients particularly in developing countries but also in more developed countries. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature to assess the occurrence and clinical impact of noma and noma-like disease in HIV/AIDS patients was performed on PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar using the keywords "HIV"[ All Fields] AND "Noma"[All Fields] in December 2016 (years includead for the search: 1985 to 2016). Results: Twenty-four published studies were identified that document the occurrence of noma or noma-like disease in a total of 133 HIV/AIDS children and adult patients in the last 22 years. Although HIV infection is not the principal risk factor for noma, in some regions may play a substantial role in its pathogenesis. The mortality rate for noma-like disease in HIV/AIDS patients was 54.3%, compared to the 15% mortality rate of treated noma patients without HIV/AIDS. Most of the cases have never been on antiretroviral therapy, and their HIV infection was discovered because of the noma-like disease. Conclusions: The syndemic interaction between HIV/AIDS and noma-like disease adversely impacts the severity of the disease and the mortality rate. Noma-like disease, although not yet considered a specific or frequent disease associated with HIV infection, should be considered as an opportunistic infection for AIDS.

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Laing, R. B. S., R. P. Brettle, and C. L. S. Leen. "Effect of CMV serology and CMV disease on AIDS morbidity and mortality." Infection 25, no. 4 (July 1997): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01713158.

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Ezzy, D., R. De Visser, and M. Bartos. "Poverty, disease progression and employment among people living with HIV/AIDS in Australia." AIDS Care 11, no. 4 (August 1999): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540129947785.

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DOBSON, A. J., R. W. GIBBERD, S. R. LEEDER, and D. L. O'CONNELL. "OCCUPATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY AND RISK FACTORS IN AUSTRALIA." American Journal of Epidemiology 122, no. 2 (August 1985): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114100.

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Moazen, Babak, Andreas Deckert, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Priscilla N. Owusu, Parinaz Mehdipour, Mostafa Shokoohi, Atefeh Noori, et al. "National and sub-national HIV/AIDS-related mortality in Iran, 1990–2015: a population-based modeling study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 14 (November 19, 2019): 1362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419869520.

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Surveillance of HIV/AIDS mortality is crucial to evaluate a country’s response to the disease. With a modified estimation approach, this study aimed to provide more accurate estimates on deaths due to HIV/AIDS in Iran from 1990 to 2015 at national and sub-national levels. Using a comprehensive data set, death registration incompleteness and misclassification were addressed by demographical and statistical methods. Trends of mortality due to HIV/AIDS at national and sub-national levels were estimated by applying a set of models. A total of 474 men (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 175–1332) and 256 women (95% UI: 36–1871) died due to HIV/AIDS in 2015 in Iran. Peaked in 1995, HIV/AIDS-related mortality has steadily declined among both genders. Mortality rates were remarkably higher among men than women during the period studied. At the sub-national level, the highest and the lowest annual percent change were found at 10.97 and −1.36% for women, and 4.04 and −3.47% for men, respectively. The findings of our study (731 deaths) were remarkably lower than the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (4000) but higher than Global Burden of Disease (339) estimates in 2015. The overall decrease in mortality due to HIV/AIDS may be attributed to the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases; however, the role of the national and international organizations to fight HIV/AIDS should not be overlooked. To decrease HIV/AIDS mortality and to achieve international goals, evidence-based action is required. To fast-track targets, the priority must be to prevent infection, promote early diagnosis, provide access to treatment, and to ensure treatment adherence among patients.

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Portilla-Tamarit, Julia, Sergio Reus, Irene Portilla, María José Fuster Ruiz-de-Apodaca, and Joaquín Portilla. "Impact of Advanced HIV Disease on Quality of Life and Mortality in the Era of Combined Antiretroviral Treatment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040716.

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Currently, AIDS or severe immunodeficiency remains as a challenge for people with HIV (PWHIV) and healthcare providers. Our purpose was to analyze the impact of advanced HIV disease (AHD) on mortality, life expectancy and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We reviewed cohort studies and meta-analyses conducted in middle- and high-income countries. To analyze HRQoL, we selected studies that reported overall health and/or physical/mental health scores on a validated HRQoL instrument. AIDS diagnosis supposes a higher risk of mortality during the first six months, remaining higher for 48 months. It has been reported that cancer and cardiovascular disease persist as frequent causes of mortality in PWHIV, especially those with previous or current AHD. PWHIV who initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with CD4 < 200 cells/µL have significantly lower estimated life expectancy than those with higher counts. AHD is associated with lower HRQoL, and a worse physical health or mental health status. AIDS and non-AIDS defining events are significant predictors of a lower HRQoL, especially physical health status. AHD survivors are in risk of mortality and serious comorbidities, needing special clinical attention and preventive programs for associated comorbidities. Their specific needs should be reflected in HIV guidelines.

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ZAYERI, F., E. TALEBI GHANE, and N. BORUMANDNIA. "Assessing the trend of HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Asia and North Africa: an application of latent growth models." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001351.

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SUMMARYOver the last 30 years, HIV/AIDS has emerged as a major global health challenge. This study evaluates the change of HIV/AIDS mortality rates in Asian and North African countries from 1990 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. HIV/AIDS mortality rates were derived from the GBD database from 1990 to 2010, for 52 countries in Asia and North Africa. First, a Latent Growth Model was employed to assess the change in AIDS mortality rate over time in six different regions of Asia, and also the change in AIDS mortality rate over time for males and females in Asia and North Africa. Finally, Latent Growth Mixture Models (LGMMs) were applied to identify distinct groups in which countries within each group have similar trends over time. Our results showed that increase in mortality rate over time for males is about three times greater than for females. The highest and lowest trend of AIDS mortality rates were observed in South-East Asia and high-income Asia-Pacific regions, respectively. The LGMM allocated most countries in the South and South-East region into two classes with the highest trend of AIDS mortality rates. Although the HIV/AIDS mortality rates are decreasing in some countries and clusters, the general trend in the Asian continent is upwards. Therefore, it is necessary to provide programmes to achieve the goal of access to HIV prevention measures, treatment, care, and support for high-risk groups, especially in countries with a higher trend of AIDS mortality rates.

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Hessol, Nancy A., Sandra K. Schwarcz, Ling Chin Hsu, Martha Shumway, and Edward L. Machtinger. "Gender differences in causes of death among persons with HIV/AIDS in San Francisco, California, 1996–2013." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417720370.

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The objective was to examine gender differences in causes of death using the San Francisco HIV/AIDS and death registries. Data from San Francisco residents diagnosed with HIV/AIDS who died from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. Age, race/ethnicity, year, and gender-adjusted standardized mortality ratios and Poisson 95% confidence intervals were calculated for underlying causes of death. Among the 6268 deaths, deaths attributed to drug use, mental disorders due to substance use, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease, and septicemia were more likely among women than among men. Compared to the California population, women had elevated standardized mortality ratios for drug overdose (25.37), mental disorders due to substance abuse (27.21), cerebrovascular disease (2.83), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.37), heart disease (2.37), and liver disease (5.54), and these were higher than the standardized mortality ratios for the men in our study. Men, but not women, had elevated standardized mortality ratios for suicide (2.70), undetermined intent (3.88), renal disease (2.29), and non-AIDS cancer (1.68) compared to population rates. Continued efforts to reduce HIV-related illnesses and an increased emphasis on diagnosing and treating preventable causes of death, including substance use, heart disease, and mental health disorders, are needed as part of comprehensive HIV care.

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Sargazi, Atefeh, Zahra Sepehri, Prigil Kumar Nadakkavukaran Jim, Negar Aali, Masoomeh Danesh, and Aliyeh Sargazi. "The Global Burden of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Tuberculosis Infected Patients and Related Financial Aspects." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 3, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.25.

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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Approximately about 37 million people are infected by this virus with the rate of 1.2 million deaths per year. The mortality rate is high among HIV infected patients in the first 6 months of treatment.1 Immune deficient cases are at the high risk of any opportunistic infection. AIDS has been closely linked with tuberculosis (TB) disease, so almost one third of total mortality is related to this co-infection. In this regard, tuberculosis is used as a diagnostic index for AIDS.2 AIDS is not only associated with high mortality and morbidity, but it affects social life with related stresses and anxieties.3 Considering vast influence of HIV-TB over peoples’ lives, the present study aimed to estimate direct global burden of HIV infection on the patients with TB in a one-year period in 2014.

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Shaheen, Abdel AM, Ranjani Somayaji, Robert Myers, and Christopher H. Mody. "Epidemiology and trends of cryptococcosis in the United States from 2000 to 2007: A population-based study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 5 (October 3, 2017): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417732649.

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Cryptococcal disease, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but limited data exist on its incidence and impact. A study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2007 to examine the epidemiology and impact of cryptococcal disease in the United States was undertaken. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Version code was used to identify hospital discharges with diagnosis of Cryptococcus (117.5). Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of cryptococcal admissions. The impact of AIDS, age, and sex on hospitalization rates, mortality, and costs was assessed. The results showed that a total of 10,077 hospitalizations for cryptococcosis occurred corresponding to a weighted estimate of 49,010 cases. The median age was 43 years (interquartile range 34–54), and 26% were female. Approximately 64% of cases occurred in persons with AIDS. Although rates declined overall, age-adjusted rates were significantly higher in males with AIDS than in uninfected persons (p < 0.001). The mortality rate decreased but was greater in HIV-uninfected versus infected cohorts (12% versus 10%, p < 0.001). Conversely, hospital costs were greater in persons with AIDS ($40,671 versus $40,096, p=0.02). Although cryptococcal disease rates are decreasing over time, the associated mortality and costs remain concerning.

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Masarei, J. R. L., and R. W. Parsons. "Factors related to coronary heart disease prevalence and mortality in busselton, Western Australia." Pathology 22 (1990): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3025(16)36349-8.

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Ladogana, A., M. Puopolo, E. A. Croes, H. Budka, C. Jarius, S. Collins, G. M. Klug, et al. "Mortality from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related disorders in Europe, Australia, and Canada." Neurology 64, no. 9 (May 9, 2005): 1586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000160117.56690.b2.

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Nichols, Melanie, and Steven Allender. "PW243 Recent trends in age- and sex-specific heart disease mortality in Australia." Global Heart 9, no. 1 (March 2014): e307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2014.03.2338.

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Young, Christabel M. "Migration and Mortality: The Experience of Birthplace Groups in Australia." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (September 1987): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100305.

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Wide diversity exists in the mortality experience of different birthplace groups in Australia, and this also occurs with respect to their cause of death profiles. Most migrant groups experience lower mortality in Australia than in their country of origin, and most experience lower mortality than the Australian-born population. In the latter case the main expectations are the Scots, Irish, Poles, South Pacific Islanders, Scandinavian men and North American women. Exceptionally high levels of survival occur among Greeks and Italians in Australia. The lower risk of mortality from heart disease is a principal reason for the deficit between observed and expected deaths of most migrant groups in Australia.

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Duffalo, Melody L. "Fungal Opportunistic Infections in HIV Disease." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (February 2006): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190005284095.

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Fungal pathogens can lead to many of the complications seen in advanced HIV disease and are commonly identified in HIV-infected populations with decreased immune function. Common fungal organisms affecting individuals with AIDS include Cryptococcus neoformans, various Candida species, and Histoplasma capsulatum. While infection with these organisms can be fatal, appropriate identification and management of the condition can result in reduced mortality and the opportunity for effectivemanagement of HIV disease with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This article describes the clinical presentation and treatment of 3 fungal infections common in the immunocompromised individual with AIDS. Current antifungal therapy for themanagement of these infections is discussed. In addition, the role of newer antifungal agents in the setting of these conditions is reviewed.

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Giles, Michelle L., Marin C. Zapata, Stephen T. Wright, Kathy Petoumenos, Miriam Grotowski, Jennifer Broom, Matthew G. Law, and Catherine C. O'Connor. "How do outcomes compare between women and men living with HIV in Australia? An observational study." Sexual Health 13, no. 2 (2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15124.

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Background Gender differences vary across geographical settings and are poorly reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographics and clinical characteristics of participants from the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD), and to explore any differences between females and males in the rate of new clinical outcomes, as well as initial immunological and virological response to antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Time to a new clinical end-point, all-cause mortality and/or AIDS illness was analysed using standard survival methods. Univariate and covariate adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the time to plasma viral load suppression in all patients that initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) and time to switching from a first-line ART to a second-line ART regimen. Results: There was no significant difference between females and males for the hazard of all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio: 0.98 (0.51, 1.55), P = 0.67], new AIDS illness [adjusted hazard ratio: 0.75 (0.38, 1.48), P = 0.41] or a composite end-point [adjusted hazard ratio: 0.74 (0.45, 1.21), P = 0.23]. Incident rates of all-cause mortality were similar between females and males; 1.14 (0.61, 1.95) vs 1.28 (1.12, 1.45) per 100 person years. Virological response to ART was similar for females and males when measured as time to viral suppression and/or time to virological failure. Conclusion: This study supports current Australian HIV clinical care as providing equivalent standards of care for male and female HIV-positive patients. Future studies should compare ART-associated toxicity differences between ART-associated toxicity differences between men and women living with HIV in Australia.

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Poorolajal, J., E. Hooshmand, H. Mahjub, N. Esmailnasab, and E. Jenabi. "Survival rate of AIDS disease and mortality in HIV-infected patients: a meta-analysis." Public Health 139 (October 2016): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.004.

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Downs, Angela M., Siem H. Heisterkamp, Lucilla Ravà, Hans Houweling, Johannes C. Jager, and Françoise F. Hamers. "Back-calculation by birth cohort, incorporating age-specific disease progression, pre-AIDS mortality and change in European AIDS case definition." AIDS 14, no. 14 (September 2000): 2179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200009290-00015.

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Whittington, Richard, Paul Hick, Olivia Evans, Ana Rubio, Navneet Dhand, and Ika Paul-Pont. "Pacific oyster mortality syndrome: a marine herpesvirus active in Australia." Microbiology Australia 37, no. 3 (2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma16043.

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Genotypes of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) known as microvariants cause the disease Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS). Since its appearance in NSW in 2010, OsHV-1 microvariant has prevented the farming of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the affected estuaries near Sydney, following the initial massive outbreaks1,2. The arrival of the disease in southeast Tasmania in January 2016 has put the entire $53M industry in Australia in jeopardy3. The virus is a member of the Family Malacoherpesviridae4, which includes several invertebrate herpesviruses. The OsHV-1 genome consists of 207 439 base pairs, with organisation similar to that of mammalian herpesviruses. However, OsHV-1 contains two invertible unique regions (UL, 167.8 kbp; US, 3.4 kbp) each flanked by inverted repeats (TRL/IRL, 7.6 kbp; TRS/IRS, 9.8 kbp), with an additional unique sequence (X, 1.5 kbp) between IRL and IRS4. Unlike many herpesviruses which are host specific, OsHV-1 strains have been transmitted between marine bivalve species5 and the virus is transmitted indirectly. The virus may have relatively prolonged survival in the environment, has extremely high infection and case fatality rates, and latency is unproven. Along with pilchard herpesvirus6–8 and abalone ganglioneuritis virus9,10, it is part of a dawning reality that marine herpesviruses are among the most virulent of pathogens. Finding solutions for industry requires more than laboratory-based research.

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Chondur, Ramakrishna, Shu Qin Li, Steven Guthridge, and Paul Lawton. "Does relative remoteness affect chronic disease outcomes? Geographic variation in chronic disease mortality in Australia, 2002-2006." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 38, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12126.

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Spudich, Serena, and Payal Patel. "Global Health Neurology: HIV/AIDS." Seminars in Neurology 38, no. 02 (April 2018): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1649334.

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AbstractWith the advent of combination antiretroviral therapies, the mortality rate from HIV has declined, while the prevalence of long-term HIV-related neurologic complications continues to rise. Thirty-six million individuals are living with HIV around the world, many of whom reside in resource-limited settings. The majority of studies have focused on individuals residing in the developed world, while the impact of HIV disproportionately affects people living in developing countries. This review focuses on recent domestic and international studies regarding neurologic complications related to HIV, including opportunistic infections, peripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, in light of the growing population affected by these conditions.

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Greenhalgh, Scott, Rebecca Schmidt, and Troy Day. "Fighting the Public Health Burden of AIDS With the Human Pegivirus." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (May 30, 2019): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz139.

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Abstract Highly active antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). From its current global rollout, HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality has been greatly reduced, yet there exists substantial interest in the development of new therapies to further mitigate the HIV/AIDS health burden and to inhibit any fallout from the development of antiretroviral drug resistance. One potential intervention is the human pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is not known to cause disease, and most remarkably it is shown to delay the progression of HIV to AIDS. However, the health benefit of increasing HPgV prevalence in the community of HIV-infected men remains unknown at the public health level. We evaluated the utility of HPgV biovaccination for mitigating the HIV/AIDS health burden using mathematical models. Importantly, our work considers the potential concern that HPgV will, itself, evolve to become disease-causing by permitting mutant disease-causing HPgV strains to potentially arise during treatment. Our findings show that HPgV biovaccination rates of 12.5%–50% annually could prevent 4.2–23.6 AIDS incidences and 3.3–18.8 AIDS deaths, and could save 2.9–18.6 disability-adjusted life years per 1,000 people. Together, these findings indicate that HPgV biovaccination could be an effective therapy for reducing HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, and thus warrants further exploration.

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Wang, Mengyan, Guanjing Lang, Ying Chen, Caiqin Hu, Yongzheng Guo, Ran Tao, Xiaotian Dong, and Biao Zhu. "A Pilot Study of Echinocandin Combination with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Clindamycin for the Treatment of AIDS Patients with Pneumocystis Pneumonia." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8105075.

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Background and Objectives. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients that continues to result in a high mortality rate. To develop a better treatment strategy and improve PCP prognosis, a cohort study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of echinocandin treatment for AIDS patients with PCP (AIDS-PCP). Methods. The AIDS-PCP patients were analyzed in our retrospective cohort study that were hospitalized in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University during 2013–2018. The antifungal effects of echinocandins were evaluated in two subgroups that were classified by oxygenation as a proxy for the disease state: PaO2/FiO2>200 mmHg and PaO2/FiO2≤200 mmHg. Intergroup comparisons and survival curves were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the two AIDS-PCP treatment regimens. Results. During the follow-up, 182 AIDS-PCP patients were diagnosed and analyzed in the study. After excluding 55 patients with other superinfections and five patients that were treated with HAART, the remaining 122 patients were enrolled in the study. The group treated with echinocandins combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and clindamycin exhibited a lower mortality rate (9.62%, 5/52) than did the group with TMP-SMZ and clindamycin treatment (20%, 14/70). For AIDS-PCP patients in the PaO2/FiO2>200 mmHg subgroup, treatment with echinocandins combined with TMP-SMZ and clindamycin significantly reduced their mortality rate (4.44% (2/45) vs. 18.18% (10/55), P=0.035). Conclusion. The results of this study indicate that treatment with echinocandins in combination with the standard TMP-SMZ and clindamycin regimen can improve the prognosis and reduce the mortality rate in patients with mild to moderate AIDS-PCP disease.

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Rukhadze, Nino, Ole Kirk, Nikoloz Chkhartishvili, Natalia Bolokadze, Lali Sharvadze, Pati Gabunia, Jens Lundgren, and Tengiz Tsertsvadze. "Causes and outcomes of hospitalizations among people living with HIV in Georgia’s referral institution, 2012–2017." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 7 (February 20, 2021): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420984701.

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We assessed trends in causes and outcomes of hospitalization among people living with HIV (PLWH) admitted to the Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center (IDACIRC) in Tbilisi, Georgia. Retrospective analysis included adult PLWH admitted to IDACIRC for at least 24 h. Internationally validated categorization was used to split AIDS admissions into mild, moderate, and severe AIDS. A total of 2085 hospitalizations among 1123 PLWH were registered over 2012–2017 with 65.1% (731/1123) of patients presenting with CD4 count <200. Of 2085 hospitalizations, 931 (44.7%) were due to AIDS-defining illnesses. In 2012, AIDS conditions accounted for 50.3% of admissions compared to 41.6% in 2017 ( p = 0.16). Overall, 167 hospitalizations (8.0%) resulted in lethal outcome. AIDS admissions had higher mortality than non-AIDS admissions (11.5% vs 5.2%, p < 0.0001). Among 167 deceased patients, 137 (82.0%) had CD4 count <200 at admission. In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with mortality included severe AIDS versus non-AIDS admission (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.10–7.15), CD4 cell counts <50 (OR 4.34, 95% CI: 2.52–7.47), and 50–100 (OR 2.37, 95% CI: 1.27–4.42) versus >200. Active AIDS disease remains a significant cause of hospitalization and fatal outcome in Georgia. Earlier diagnosis of HIV is critical for decreasing AIDS hospitalizations and mortality.

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Velis, Evelio, and Graham P. Shaw. "The AIDS epidemic in south Florida: black non-Hispanics in our communities remain increasingly vulnerable." F1000Research 2 (November 6, 2013): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-236.v1.

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We compared demographic variables of individuals in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA, with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) during two time periods (1993 - 1995 and 2009 - 2011). Incidence and mortality-related data were explored in this observational study. Tests of significance were performed to identify differences or associations between selected groups. A correlation analysis was conducted to identify relationships between AIDS diagnosis and socioeconomic indicators. We observed a reduction in the number of new AIDS cases reported and AIDS-related mortality. Nonetheless, AIDS is still disproportionately affecting the black non-Hispanic population. Black non-Hispanic women remain particularly vulnerable to the disease. A positive correlation between AIDS diagnosis and poverty rate and the lack of health insurance, and a negative correlation between AIDS diagnosis and education level were identified. Though the actual number of AIDS cases is declining in this region, it continues to disproportionately affect the poorer, less well educated communities. Despite the availability of improved medication, people in these communities remain particularly vulnerable.

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De La Mata, Nicole L., Philip Masson, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Patrick J. Kelly, and Angela C. Webster. "Death From Stroke in End-Stage Kidney Disease." Stroke 50, no. 2 (February 2019): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.118.023644.

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Background and Purpose— People with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at greater risk of stroke. We aimed to compare stroke mortality between the ESKD population and the general population. Methods— We included all patients with incident ESKD in Australia, 1980 to 2013, and New Zealand, 1988 to 2012. The primary cause of death was ascertained using data linkage with national death registers. We produced standardized mortality ratios for stroke deaths, by age, sex, and calendar year. Results— We included 60 823 patients with ESKD, where 941 stroke deaths occurred during 381 874 person-years. Patients with ESKD had >3× the stroke deaths compared with the general population (standardized mortality ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 3.2–3.6), markedly higher in younger people and women. The greatest excess was in intracerebral hemorrhages (standardized mortality ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 4.5–5.9). Excess stroke deaths in patients with ESKD decreased over time, although were still double in 2013 (2013 standardized mortality ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5–2.9). Conclusions— People with ESKD experience much greater stroke mortality with the greatest difference for women and younger people. However, mortality has improved over time.

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SILVA, Jane DA, Victoria RAMOS, Helena Caetano Gonçalves DA SILVA, and Jefferson TRAEBERT. "MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO AIDS: A STUDY OF BURDEN OF DISEASE AT A MUNICIPAL LEVEL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 5 (October 2015): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000500006.

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Introduction: The purpose of measuring the burden of disease involves aggregating morbidity and mortality components into a single indicator, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), to measure how much and how people live and suffer the impact of a disease. Objective: To estimate the global burden of disease due to AIDS in a municipality of southern Brazil. Methods: An ecological study was conducted in 2009 to examine the incidence and AIDS-related deaths among the population residing in the city of Tubarao, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Data from the Mortality Information System in the National Health System was used to calculate the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality. The calculation was based on the difference between a standardized life expectancy and age at death, with a discount rate of 3% per year. Data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases were used to calculate the years lived with disability (YLD). The DALY was estimated by the sum of YLL and YLD. Indicator rates were estimated per 100,000 inhabitants, distributed by age and gender. Results: A total of 131 records were examined, and a 572.5 DALYs were estimated, which generated a rate of 593.1 DALYs/100,000 inhabitants. The rate among men amounted to 780.7 DALYs/100,000, whereas among women the rate was 417.1 DALYs/100,000. The most affected age groups were 30-44 years for men and 60-69 years for women. Conclusion: The burden of disease due to AIDS in the city of Tubarao was relatively high when considering the global trend. The mortality component accounted for more than 90% of the burden of disease.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia'

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