Relevant bibliographies by topics / AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia

Academic literature on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia"

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Nakhaee, Fatemeh, Deborah Black, Handan Wand, Ann McDonald, and Matthew Law. "Changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS and estimation of the number of people living with diagnosed HIV/AIDS in Australia, 1981 - 2003." Sexual Health 6, no. 2 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08007.

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Objective: To investigate changes in mortality following HIV and AIDS in Australia. Methods: The results of a linkage between HIV/AIDS diagnoses and the National Death Index (NDI) to the end of 2003 were used to estimate mortality rates following HIV/AIDS. Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated for deaths following HIV, with and without AIDS, in three periods of treatment; before antiretroviral therapy (≤1989), pre- and early-HAART (1990–1996) and HAART (1997–2003). Crude mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 1000 person-years. The total number of people living with HIV/AIDS was estimated. Results: There were 1789 deaths following HIV without AIDS and 6730 deaths after AIDS. For deaths following HIV without AIDS, the SMRs were 2.99, 1.22 and 1.6 during the periods before 1990, 1990–1996 and 1997–2003. For deaths after AIDS the SMRs were 137.84, 28.64 and 4.55 in the periods one to three, respectively. The crude death rate following HIV without AIDS increased from 16.8 before 1986 to 19.6 in 2003. Death rates after AIDS decreased from 958.7 up to 1986 to 60.4 in 2003. The number of new HIV diagnoses increased to 1276 in 1990 then decreased to 780 in 2003, while AIDS diagnoses increased to 950 in 1994 then decreased to 252 in 2003. The total number of people living with HIV was estimated to be 7873 in 1989, and 12828 in 2003. Conclusion: Mortality following AIDS decreased while deaths before AIDS remained low. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has increased.
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McMahon, Catherine M., Bamini Gopinath, Julie Schneider, Jennifer Reath, Louise Hickson, Stephen R. Leeder, Paul Mitchell, and Robert Cowan. "The Need for Improved Detection and Management of Adult-Onset Hearing Loss in Australia." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308509.

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Adult-onset hearing loss is insidious and typically diagnosed and managed several years after onset. Often, this is after the loss having led to multiple negative consequences including effects on employment, depressive symptoms, and increased risk of mortality. In contrast, the use of hearing aids is associated with reduced depression, longer life expectancy, and retention in the workplace. Despite this, several studies indicate high levels of unmet need for hearing health services in older adults and poor use of prescribed hearing aids, often leading to their abandonment. In Australia, the largest component of financial cost of hearing loss (excluding the loss of well-being) is due to lost workplace productivity. Nonetheless, the Australian public health system does not have an effective and sustainable hearing screening strategy to tackle the problem of poor detection of adult-onset hearing loss. Given the increasing prevalence and disease burden of hearing impairment in adults, two key areas are not adequately met in the Australian healthcare system: (1) early identification of persons with chronic hearing impairment; (2) appropriate and targeted referral of these patients to hearing health service providers. This paper reviews the current literature, including population-based data from the Blue Mountains Hearing Study, and suggests different models for early detection of adult-onset hearing loss.
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Edmiston, Natalie, Erin Passmore, David J. Smith, and Kathy Petoumenos. "Multimorbidity among people with HIV in regional New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14070.

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Background Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic health condition in addition to HIV. Higher multimorbidity increases mortality, complexity of care and healthcare costs while decreasing quality of life. The prevalence of and factors associated with multimorbidity among HIV positive patients attending a regional sexual health service are described. Methods: A record review of all HIV positive patients attending the service between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 was conducted. Two medical officers reviewed records for chronic health conditions and to rate multimorbidity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with a higher CIRS score. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine individuals were included in the study; the mean age was 51.8 years and 92.6% were men. One-quarter (25.4%) had ever been diagnosed with AIDS. Multimorbidity was extremely common, with 54.5% of individuals having two or more chronic health conditions in addition to HIV; the most common being a mental health diagnosis, followed by vascular disease. In multivariate analysis, older age, having ever been diagnosed with AIDS and being on an antiretroviral regimen other than two nucleosides and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor were associated with a higher CIRS score. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study looking at associations with multimorbidity in the Australian setting. Care models for HIV positive patients should include assessing and managing multimorbidity, particularly in older people and those that have ever been diagnosed with AIDS.
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Martin, J., and J. Brimacombe. "Chromobacterium Violaceum Septicaemia: The Intensive Care Management of Two Cases." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 20, no. 1 (February 1992): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9202000120.

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The first human infection with Chromobacterium violaceum was recorded in 1927,1 but since men mere have been about 33 cases reported worldwide, including two from Australia.2,3 Chr. violaceum occurs in the tropics and subtropics and is generally considered to be nonpathogenic, but infection can occur in patients who are immunosuppressed4 and it has a high mortality rate.3 This paper presents the intensive care management of two cases of Chr. violaceum infection occurring in Far North Queensland. The patients’ predisposition appears to have been malnourishment and alcohol abuse. The increased use of immunosuppressive drugs and the appearance of diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) make it possible that we will see more of this condition in Australian intensive care units.
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van Hal, S. J., K. Muthiah, G. Matthews, J. Harkness, D. Stark, D. Cooper, and D. Marriott. "Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 11 (November 2007): 1096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.003.

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Burnley, I. H. "Socio-demographic and spatial aspects of male mortality from HIV-AIDS related diseases in New South Wales, Australia, 1990–1994." Social Science & Medicine 49, no. 6 (September 1999): 751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00132-x.

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Chen, Sharon C. A. "Cryptococcosis in Australasia and the treatment of cryptococcal and other fungal infections with liposomal amphotericin B." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49, suppl_1 (January 1, 2002): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/49.suppl_1.57.

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Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. The mean annual incidence during 1994–1997 was 6.6 cases per million people per year in Australia, and 2.2 cases per million people per year in New Zealand. C. neoformans var. neoformans caused 85% of 312 episodes (98% of episodes in immunocompromised hosts) and C. neoformans var. gattii caused 15% (44% in immunocompetent hosts). The AIDS-specific incidence declined significantly over the 3 years. Mortality from cryptococcosis remains substantial. In trials involving small numbers of AIDS patients, liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) was found to be active against C. neoformans, with mycological response rates of 67–85%; however, maintenance therapy with an oral antifungal agent is required indefinitely. In a randomized study of patients with cryptococcal meningitis, AmBisome (4 mg/kg/day) produced mycological eradication in 73% of patients compared with 38% with conventional amphotericin. AmBisome resulted in significantly earlier sterilization of cerebrospinal fluid than conventional amphotericin (7–14 days versus 21 days) and was less nephrotoxic. The benefit of this reduced toxicity is denied to many patients because of an enormous cost barrier. In a survey of the practices of clinical mycologists in Australia, 11 experts responded to a questionnaire survey regarding the use of available lipid preparations. Their indications for use as initial therapy were mucormycosis (7/10), renal failure (7/10), Fusarium infection (2/10) and aspergillosis (2/10). Cryptococcosis, candidosis and febrile neutropenia were rarely regarded as an indication; failed therapy with conventional amphotericin was an indication to use AmBisome for 8/11 respondents. The majority believed that AmBisome was equivalent to conventional amphotericin, with amphotericin B lipid complex and AmBisome equivalent to each other in terms of efficacy. The main barrier to replacement of conventional amphotericin with lipid preparations was seen as an issue of cost.
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Petoumenos, Kathy, Matthew G. Law, and on behalf of the Australian HIV Observational Database. "Risk factors and causes of death in the Australian HIV Observational Database." Sexual Health 3, no. 2 (2006): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05045.

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Introduction: Mortality rates in HIV-infected people remain high in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). The objective of this paper was to examine causes of deaths in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) and compare risk factors for HIV-related and HIV-unrelated deaths. Methods: Data from AHOD, an observational study of people with HIV attending medical sites between 1999 and 2004, were analysed. Primary and underlying causes of death were ascertained by sites completing a standardised cause of death form. Causes of death were then coded as HIV-related or HIV-unrelated. Risk factors for HIV-related and unrelated deaths were assessed using survival analysis among patients who had a baseline and at least one follow-up CD4 and RNA measure. Results: The AHOD had enrolled 2329 patients between 1999 and 2004. During this time, a total of 105 patients died, with a crude mortality rate of 1.58 per 100 person years. Forty-two (40%) deaths were HIV-related (directly attributable to an AIDS event), 55 (52%) HIV-unrelated (all other causes), and eight had unknown cause of death. Independent risk factors for HIV-related deaths were low CD4 count and receipt of a larger number of antiretroviral treatment combinations. Among HIV-unrelated deaths, low CD4 count and older age were independent risk factors. Conclusions: In AHOD in the HAART era, mortality in people with HIV remains around 10-fold higher than in the general population. In our analyses, HIV-unrelated deaths were associated with more advanced HIV disease in a similar way to HIV-related deaths.
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Tagaya, Yutaka, Masao Matsuoka, and Robert Gallo. "40 years of the human T-cell leukemia virus: past, present, and future." F1000Research 8 (February 28, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17479.1.

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It has been nearly 40 years since human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), the first oncogenic retrovirus in humans and the first demonstrable cause of cancer by an infectious agent, was discovered. Studies indicate that HTLV-1 is arguably one of the most carcinogenic agents to humans. In addition, HTLV-1 causes a diverse array of diseases, including myelopathy and immunodeficiency, which cause morbidity and mortality to many people in the world, including the indigenous population in Australia, a fact that was emphasized only recently. HTLV-1 can be transmitted by infected lymphocytes, from mother to child via breast feeding, by sex, by blood transfusion, and by organ transplant. Therefore, the prevention of HTLV-1 infection is possible but such action has been taken in only a limited part of the world. However, until now it has not been listed by the World Health Organization as a sexually transmitted organism nor, oddly, recognized as an oncogenic virus by the recent list of the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health. Such underestimation of HTLV-1 by health agencies has led to a remarkable lack of funding supporting research and development of treatments and vaccines, causing HTLV-1 to remain a global threat. Nonetheless, there are emerging novel therapeutic and prevention strategies which will help people who have diseases caused by HTLV-1. In this review, we present a brief historic overview of the key events in HTLV-1 research, including its pivotal role in generating ideas of a retrovirus cause of AIDS and in several essential technologies applicable to the discovery of HIV and the unraveling of its genes and their function. This is followed by the status of HTLV-1 research and the preventive and therapeutic developments of today. We also discuss pending issues and remaining challenges to enable the eradication of HTLV-1 in the future.
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AL-ROOMI, K. A., A. J. DOBSON, E. HALL, R. F. HELLER, and P. MAGNUS. "DECLINING MORTALITY FROM ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA." American Journal of Epidemiology 129, no. 3 (March 1989): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115161.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia"

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Sendziuk, Paul 1974. "Learning to trust : a history of Australian responses to AIDS." Monash University, School of Historical Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9264.

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Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa Whiteson. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on under-five mortality in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4621_1210840397.

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Although the under-five mortality rate in Malawi has been declining since 1960, it still remains one of the highest in the world. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in deaths among children under the age of five years in Malawi, there is an ongoing need for better knowledge of the proportion of cause-specific under-five mortality in the country. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct contribution of HIV/AIDS to the observed level of under-five mortality in Malawi during the period 2000 to 2004.

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Petoumenos, Kathy Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Treatment experience and HIV disease progression: findings from the Australian HIV observational database." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24937.

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The Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) is a collaboration of hospitals, sexual health clinics and specialist general practices throughout Australia, established in April 1999. Core data variables collected include demographic data, immunological and virological markers, AIDS diagnosis, antiretroviral and prophylactic treatment and cause of death. The first electronic data transfer occurred in September 1999 followed by six monthly data transfers thereafter. All analyses included in this thesis are based on patients recruited to AHOD by March 2004. By March 2004, 2329 patients had been recruited to AHOD from 27 sites throughout Australia. Of these, 352 (15%) patients were recruited from non-metropolitan clinics. The majority of patients were male (94%), and infected with HIV through male homosexual contact (73%). Almost 90% of AHOD patients are antiretroviral treatment experience, and the majority of patients are receiving triple therapy as mandated by standard of care guidelines in Australia. Antiretroviral treatment use has changed in Australia reflecting changes in the availability of new treatment strategies and agents. The crude mortality rate was 1.58 per 100 person years, and of the 105 deaths, more than half died from HIV-unrelated deaths. The prevalence of HBV and HCV in AHOD was 4.8% and 10.9%, respectively. HIV disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) among AHOD patients is consistent with what has been reported in developed countries. Common factors associated with HIV disease progression were low CD4 cell count, high viral load and prior treatment with mono or double therapy at the time of commencing HAART. This was demonstrated in AHOD in terms of long-term CD4 cell response, the rate of changing combination antiretroviral therapy and factors predicting death. HBV and HCV coinfection is also relatively common in AHOD, similar to other developed country cohorts. Coinfection does not appear to be serious impediments to the treatment of HIV infected patients. However, HIV disease outcome following HAART does appear to be adversely affected by HIV/HCV coinfection but not in terms of HIV/HBV coinfection. Patients attending non-metropolitan sites were found to be similar to those attending metropolitan sites in terms of both immunological response and survival.
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McCarthy, Marilyn Rae. "Speaking the unspeakable : the themes, issues and concerns of seven HIV/AIDS educators in South Australia /." full text, 1993. https://www.library.health.sa.gov.au/Portals/0/speaking-the-unspeakable-the-themes-1993.pdf.

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Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of South Australia, 1993.
"Report of a thesis submitted for a masters in Education, Human Resource Studies August 1993"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 178-188).
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Matanyaire, Sandra D. "The AIDS transition: impact of HIV/AIDS on the demographic transition of black/African South Africans by 2021." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The first two official AIDS cases were diagnosed in South Africa in 1982. During the same period of the 1980s, the black/African population was experiencing an accelerated fertility decline, following a period of accelerated mortality decline. Demographers invoked the demographic transition theory to explain the observed mortality and fertility decline. According to the demographic transition theory, mortality and fertility rates would continue declining to low, post transitional levels with increasing modernization. The relatively higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS estimated among black/African South Africans is expected to alter their demographic transition. This research investigated the impact of HIV/AIDS on the demographic transition of black/Africans by 2021.
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Wang, Xiao-Yu. "Spatial analysis of long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane, Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16627/.

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Air pollution is ranked by the World Health Organisation as one of the top ten contributors to the global burden of disease and injury. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to air pollution is associated with cardiorespiratory diseases. However, most of the previous studies have looked at this issue using air pollution data from a single monitoring site or average values from a few monitoring sites in a city. There is increasing concern that the relationships between air pollution and mortality may vary with geographical area, particularly for a big city. This thesis consisted of three interlinked studies that aimed to examine the spatial variation in the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane, Australia. The first study evaluated the long-term air pollution trends in Brisbane, Australia. Air pollution data used in this study were provided by the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (QEPA). The data comprised the daily average concentrations of particulate matter less then 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2004 in two monitoring sites (i.e. Eagle farm and Rocklea), and in other available monitoring sites between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2004. Computerised data files of daily mortality between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2004 in Brisbane city were provided by the Office of Economic and Statistical Research of the Queensland Treasury. Population data and the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) data in 2001 were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for each statistical local area (SLA) of the Brisbane city. The long-term air pollution (the daily maximum 1-hour average or daily 24-hour average concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM10) trends were evaluated using a polynomial regression model in two monitoring sites (Eagle Farm and Rocklea) in Brisbane, Australia, between 1980 and 2003. The study found that there were significant up-and-down features for air pollution concentrations in both monitoring sites in Brisbane. Rocklea recorded a substantially higher number of days with concentrations above the relevant daily maximum 1-hour or 24-hour standards than that in Eagle Farm. Additionally, there was a significant spatial variation in air pollution concentrations between these areas. Therefore, the results indicated a need to examine the spatial variation in the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane. The second study examined the spatial variation of SO2 concentrations and cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane between 1999 and 2001. Air pollutant concentrations were estimated using geographical information systems (GIS) techniques at a SLA level. Spatial distribution analysis and a multivariable logistic regression model were employed to investigate the impact of gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory mortality after adjusting for potential confounding effects of age, sex, calendar year and SEIFA. The results of this study indicate that for every 1 ppb increase in annual average SO2 concentration, there was an estimated increase of 4.4 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.4 - 7.6 %) and 4.8 % (95 % CI: 2.0 - 7.7 %) in cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory mortality, respectively. We estimated that the excess number of cardiorespiratory deaths attributable to SO2 was 312 (3.4% of total cardiorespiratory deaths) in Brisbane during the study period. Our results suggest that long-term exposure to SO2, even at low levels, is a significant hazard to population health. The final study examined the association of long-term exposure to gaseous air pollution (including NO2, O3 and SO2) with cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane, Australia, 1996 - 2004. The pollutant concentrations were estimated using GIS techniques at a SLA level. Logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of NO2, O3 and SO2 on cardiorespiratory mortality after adjusting for potential confounding effects of age, sex, calendar year and SEIFA. The study found that there was an estimated 3.1% (95% CI: 0.4 - 5.8%) and 0.5% (95% CI: -0.03 - 1.3 %) increase in cardiorespiratory mortality for 1 ppb increment in annual average concentration of SO2 and O3, respectively. However there was no significant relationship between NO2 and cardiorespiratory mortality observed in the multiple gaseous pollutants model. The results also indicated that long-term exposure to gaseous air pollutants in Brisbane, even at the levels lower than most cities in the world (especially SO2), were associated with cardiorespiratory mortality. Therefore, spatial patterns of gaseous air pollutants and their impact on health outcomes need to be assessed for an evaluation of long-term effects of air pollution on population health in metropolitan areas. This study examined the relationship between air pollution and health outcomes. GIS and relevant mapping technologies were used to display the spatial patterns of air pollution and cardiorespiratory mortality at a SLA level. The results of this study show that long-term exposure to gaseous air pollution was associated with cardiorespiratory mortality in Brisbane and this association appeared to vary with geographic area. These findings may have important public health implications in the control and prevention of air pollution-related health effects, since now many countries and governments have paid more attention to control wide spread air pollution and to protect our environment and human health.
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Mannan, Haider Rashid. "Development and use of a Monte Carlo-Markov cycle tree model for coronary heart disease incidence-mortality and health service usage with explicit recognition of coronary artery revascularization procedures (CARPs)." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0101.

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[Truncated abstract] The main objective of this study was to develop and validate a demographic/epidemiologic Markov model for population modelling/forecasting of CARPs as well as CHD deaths and incidence in Western Australia using population, linked hospital morbidity and mortality data for WA over the period 1980 to 2000. A key feature of the model was the ability to count events as individuals moved from one state to another and an important aspect of model development and implementation was the method for estimation of model transition probabilities from available population data. The model was validated through comparison of model predictions with actual event numbers and through demonstration of its use in producing forecasts under standard extrapolation methods for transition probabilities as well as improving the forecasts by taking into account various possible changes to the management of CHD via surgical treatment changes. The final major objective was to demonstrate the use of model for performing sensitivity analysis of some scenarios. In particular, to explore the possible impact on future numbers of CARPs due to improvements in surgical procedures, particularly the introduction of drug eluting stents, and to explore the possible impact of change in trend of CHD incidence as might be caused by the obesity epidemic. ... When the effectiveness of PCI due to introduction of DES was increased by reducing Pr(CABG given PCI) and Pr(a repeat PCI), there was a small decline in the requirements for PCIs and the effect seemed to have a lag. Finally, in addition to these changes when other changes were incorporated which captured that a PCI was used more than a CABG due to a change in health policy after the introduction of DES, there was a small increase in the requirements for PCIs with a lag in the effect. Four incidence scenarios were developed for assessing the effect of change in secular trends of CHD incidence as might be caused by the obesity epidemic in such a way that they gradually represented an increasing effect of obesity epidemic (assuming that other risk factors changed favourably) on CHD incidence. The strategy adopted for developing the scenarios was that based on past trends the most dominant component of CHD incidence was first gradually altered and finally the remaining components were altered. iv The results showed that if the most dominant component of CHD incidence, eg, Pr(CHD - no history of CHD) levelled off and the trends in all other transition probabilities continued into future, then the projected numbers of CABGs and PCIs for 2001-2005 were insensitive to these changes. Even increasing this probability by as much as 20 percent did not alter the results much. These results implied that the short-term effect on projected numbers of CARPs caused by an increase in the most dominant component of CHD incidence, possibly due to an ?obesity epidemic, is small. In the final incidence scenario, two of the remaining CHD incidence components-Pr(CABG - no history of CHD) and Pr(CHD death - no CHD and no history of CHD) were projected to level off over 2001-2005 because these probabilities were declining over the baseline period of 1998-2000. The projected numbers of CABGs were more sensitive (compared to the previous scenarios) to these changes but PCIs were not.
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Gray, Sally Suzette Clelland School of Art History &amp Theory UNSW. "There's always more: the art of David McDiarmid." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Art History and Theory, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32495.

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This thesis argues that the work of the artist David McDiarmid is to be read as an enactment of late twentieth century gay male and queer politics. It will analyse how both the idea and the cultural specificity of ???America??? impacted on the work of this Australian artist resident in New York from 1979 to 1987. The thesis examines how African American music, The Beats, notions of ???hip??? and ???cool???, street art and graffiti, the underground dance club Paradise Garage, street cruising and gay male urban culture influenced the sensibility and the materiality of the artist???s work. McDiarmid???s cultural practice of dress and adornment, it is proposed, forms an essential part of his creative oeuvre and of the ???queer worldmaking??? which is the driver of his creative achievements. The thesis proposes that McDiarmid was a Proto-queer artist before the politics of queer emerged in the 1980s and that his work, including his own life-as-art practices of dress and adornment, enact a mobile rather than fixed gay male identity.
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Nakhaee, Fatemeh Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Modelling survival following HIV and AIDS in Australia." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40661.

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To obtain more complete mortality data following HIV and AIDS diagnosis in Australia, HIV/AIDS diagnoses between 1980 and 2003 were linked to the National Death Index. Based on 6900 known deaths, and 1455 known non-deaths, sensitivity and specificity of the linkage was estimated to be 82% and 92% respectively. Mortality rates were compared by calendar period, pre-ART (<1990), pre- and early-HAART (1990-1996) and late-HAART (1997-2003). Mortality following AIDS decreased from 590.2/1000 person years pre-ART to 77.4 during the late-HAART period. Mortality following HIV diagnosis prior to AIDS increased from 9.7 to 20.2/1000 person years. The total number living with diagnosed HIV infection in Australia was estimated to have increased from 7873 at the end of 1989 to 12828 in 2003. Risk factors for survival following HIV and AIDS diagnosis were assessed using Cox regression. Age >40 years and certain HIV exposure results were associated with poorer survival following HIV. Predictors of poorer survival following AIDS were age >40 years, females exposed to HIV through receipt of blood, CD4 count <20 and certain AIDS illnesses. Parametric models of survival following HIV and AIDS diagnosis were assessed using likelihood based criteria. Goodness of fit was assessed by comparing observed with model predicted numbers of deaths. Weibull models were found to fit best to both survival following HIV and AIDS. Parametric survival models were used to project deaths after HIV and AIDS across three scenarios of HAART usage. Deaths following HIV were projected to remain low, but to increase from 223 in 2005 to 288, 292 and 282 in 2010 if the HAART usage remains stable at 2005 levels, increases to 70% of all people with diagnosed HIV by 2010 and decreases to 39% of all people with diagnosed HIV respectively. Deaths after AIDS diagnosis were projected to increase unless if HAART usage increases to 100% of AIDS diagnoses by 2010.
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Helderman, Carolena. "HIV/AIDS positive stories : research report." 2002. http://www.hivaids.webcentral.com.au.

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"As a partial requirement for Master of Arts (Animation & Interactive Media) by Research Project 25th March 2002, studied at Centre for Animation and Interactive Media, School of Creative Media, Faculty of Art, Design and Communication" Typescript (photocopy) Bibliography: leaves 66-67. Internet access at: http://www.hivaids.webcentral.com.au/
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Books on the topic "AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia"

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Yardley, Ainslie. Unfolding: The story of the Australian and New Zealand AIDS Quilt Projects. Ringwood, Vic., Australia: McPhee Gribble, 1994.

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Waters, Anne-Marie. Mortality from cardiovascular disease in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institue of Health and Welfare, 1995.

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Barnett, Elizabeth. AIDS mortality in North Carolina, 1988-92. Raleigh, N.C: State Center for Health and Environmental Statistics, 1995.

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Barnett, Elizabeth. AIDS mortality in North Carolina, 1988-92. Raleigh, N.C: State Center for Health and Environmental Statistics, 1995.

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Dr, Gold Julian, ed. AIDS and Australia: What everyone should know. Sydney: Bat Books, 1985.

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Cowell, Michael J. AIDS, HIV mortality, and life insurance. Itasca, Ill. (500 Park Blvd., Itasca 60143): Society of Actuaries, 1987.

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Godfried J. P. van Griensven. The use of mortality statistics as a proxy indicator for the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the Thai Population. Bangkok: Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1998.

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A, Johnson Judith. AIDS and other diseases: Federal spending and morbidity and mortality statistics. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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A, Johnson Judith. AIDS and other diseases: Federal spending and morbidity and mortality statistics. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Bongaarts, John. Geographic variation in the HIV epidemic and the mortality impact of AIDS in Africa. New York: Population Council, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia"

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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup, and S. B. Thacker. "Temporal Trends in Disease Emergence and Re-emergence: World Regions, 1850–2006." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.003.0019.

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In Chapters 4–8, we have examined a series of processes that, often working in combination, have served to precipitate the emergence and re-emergence of infectious and parasitic disease agents in the human population. In this chapter, we conclude our survey with an analysis of temporal trends in disease emergence and re-emergence since 1850. The discussion is informed by long-term shifts in the underlying causes of mortality encapsulated in Omran’s model of epidemiological transition (Section 1.4.1), paying particular attention to the manner in which sample infectious and parasitic diseases have waxed and waned at a variety of geographical scales from the global to the local over the last ∼150 years. Our choice of examples strikes a balance between coverage of geographical regions and epidemiological environments, and coverage of important diseases that we have not so far examined in detail. Our consideration is structured by geographical scale: (1) At the global level, we discuss three major human diseases that have undergone phases of rapid global expansion since 1850—plague, cholera, and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2). (2) At the regional level, we examine twentieth-century trends in general infectious disease mortality in the advanced economies of Europe, North America, and the South Pacific, 1901–75, before looking at time sequences for sample emerging (Ebola–Marburg) and cyclically re-emerging (meningococcal) diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (Section 9.3). (3) At the national level, we use Hall’s (1993) data to establish the main trends in morbidity due to infectious diseases in Australia, 1917–91 (Section 9.4). (4) At the local level, we extend our examination of long-term disease trends in London, described for the pre-1850 period in Section 2.4, into the late twentieth century (Section 9.5). The chapter is concluded in Section 9.6. In this section, we examine long-term trends in three major human infectious diseases that have undergone phases of global expansion in the last 150 years: plague (Section 9.2.1); cholera (Section 9.2.2); and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2.3).
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Danforth, Kristen, Reuben Granich, Danielle Wiedeman, Sanjiv Baxi, and Nancy Padian. "Global Mortality and Morbidity of HIV/AIDS." In Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6): Major Infectious Diseases, 29–44. The World Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0524-0_ch2.

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Doyle, Shane. "Disease and Mortality, 1860–1924." In Before HIV. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much more than in Ankole. The colonial takeover quickly reduced the incidence of war-related deaths, but only in the 1920s did the colonial state begin to exert a degree of control over crisis mortality. Early hospital data and vital registration records indicate that child survival had improved significantly by the early 1920s, due to a rise in birthweight, investment in sanitation, and the cumulative impact of mass inoculation campaigns against major epidemic diseases. By the mid-1920s medical data on cause of death revealed the emerging dominance of endemic diseases, a pattern that would survive, with some variation, until the emergence of AIDS.
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Mosha, Fausta. "Gender Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease Progression and Treatment Outcomes." In AIDS Updates - Recent Advances and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92898.

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Several interventions have been implemented for control and prevention of HIV, including provision of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). A major concern is how this investment can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality due to HIV given the existence of various factors that contribute to treatment failure. The purpose of this chapter is to elaborate the role of gender on HIV Disease progression and treatment outcomes. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, immunological, treatment information as well as blood from HIV infected patients were collected. Epidemiological analyses, using standard phylogenetic and statistical tests were done. A follow-up of patients who were initiated on ART for 1 year enabled description of the gender differences in HIV disease progression and treatment outcome. After 1 year of follow up on ART, more females survived, and more females had undetectable viral load compared to males. However, women lost their initial immunological advantage as they presented with lower immunological recovery after 1 year of therapy. Socio-demographic factors do have an impact on disease progression during ART in HIV-1 infected patients. We recommend that more cohorts of patients be continuously followed up to understand the differences on ART outcome between males and females.
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Cohen, Mary Ann, and Harold W. Goforth. "Strategies for Primary and Secondary Prevention of HIV Transmission." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0009.

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Since HIV disease was first recognized three decades ago, numerous efforts have been made to prevent its continued transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 56,000 Americans become infected each year—one person every 9 1/2 minutes—and that more than one million people in this country are now living with HIV (CDC, 2008, 2009;Hall et al., 2008). The CDC estimates that roughly 1 in 5 people infected with HIV in the United States is unaware of his or her infection and may be unknowingly transmitting the virus to others (CDC, 2008). Over the past 15 years, many behavioral HIV risk reduction interventions have been developed, with prevention efforts targeting mostly HIV-negative individuals and focusing almost exclusively on HIV testing and counseling. More recently, comprehensive HIV prevention has involved both primary and secondary prevention activities to decrease the number of new HIV infections and associated complications, respectively (Marks et al., 2006; O’Leary and Wolitski, 2009). Psychiatric factors both complicate and perpetuate the HIV pandemic as a result of unsafe sexual practices and substance use disorders. In this chapter, we describe some of the psychiatric and psychodynamic factors that lead to HIV transmission and present novel strategies to assist clinicians and health-care policymakers in prevention efforts. Primary prevention is defined as any activity that reduces the burden of morbidity or mortality from disease; it is to be distinguished from secondary prevention, in which activities are designed to prevent the complications of already existing disease. In the case of HIV, primary prevention efforts focus on strategies designed to prevent the transmission of HIV—keeping seronegative people seronegative. In the HIV pandemic, however, many prevention strategies share characteristics of both primary and secondary efforts, so the distinction is somewhat artificial. Multiple prevention strategies have been devised, and these center around HIV counseling, substance abuse programs, and HIV prevention and intervention programs for children. Counseling healthy pregnant women, uninfected children, adolescents, adults, and older persons about HIV risk reduction and providing information about sexual health are important components to primary prevention strategies, but few physicians and other clinicians actually do this unless it is a part of a program specifically designed to prevent HIV transmission.
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Dognin, Joanna S., and Peter A. Selwyn. "HIV Infection and AIDS-Associated Neoplasms." In Psycho-Oncology, edited by Mark Lazenby, 226–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190097653.003.0032.

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Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), people living with HIV have aged and shown a growing vulnerability to a variety of comorbidities, including cancer. While the availability of HAART has led to a sharp decrease in the rates of non-AIDS-defining malignancies (non-ADMs), HIV-infected people exhibit increased risks for a range of non-AIDS-defining cancers, both at younger ages and in more aggressive forms than non-HIV-infected persons. The uncertainty of living with both HIV and cancer places significant stressors on the patient and their family and social unit. This chapter describes the prevalence of cancer in the HIV-infected population and presents behavioral risk factors for developing cancer. It discusses three patient vignettes to illustrate how the additional burden of cancer interfaces with psychological and systemic resources required for living with HIV. As HIV extends into its fifth decade, medical practices treating HIV require additional cancer education, prevention, and intervention initiatives to better serve this vulnerable population. Finally, given the tremendous mortality still exacted by HIV disease and malignancies, HIV team models must also incorporate and integrate palliative care and end-of-life care expertise into the comprehensive care of patients living with and dying from HIV.
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Soffer, Jocelyn, and Mary Ann Cohen. "Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0012.

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Persons living with HIV and AIDS face a complex array of stresses and challenges, as discussed throughout this book, which may overwhelm psychological functioning. This leads to considerable distress and suffering (Cohen et al., 2002), manifests in a multitude of psychiatric symptoms, and increases nonadherence to risk reduction and medical care. The aim of psychotherapeutic care for persons with HIV is to mitigate such distress through a combination of psychosocial interventions. Goals of such therapies may include enhancing adaptive coping strategies, facilitating adjustment to living with HIV, increasing social supports, and improving a patient’s sense of purpose, self-esteem, and overall well-being. Goals may also include improving adherence to risk reduction and medical care, as well as preventing HIV transmission. Psychological distress in persons with HIV infection is associated with decreased quality of life, disease progression, and mortality (Leserman, 2008). Considering the biopsychosocial model, emotional distress in HIV can be viewed as resulting from a combination of medical, psychological, and social factors related to the illness (see Table 8.1). In some studies, improved social support and active coping styles in response to illness and stress have correlated with improved immunological parameters. Studies have also linked depressed mood and stressful life events to worsened immunological status, including decreased CD4 cell counts. Nonetheless, randomized controlled data demonstrating the ability of behavioral and social interventions to improve immune status remain conflicted; further evidence-based research is needed. While improving immunological status is a potential benefit of psychosocial treatment for people with HIV infection, it is relieving the suffering inherent to psychiatric illness and improving patients’ quality of life that remain the primary goals. A variety of psychosocial interventions are available to persons with HIV, from individual to group-based formats. Such treatments span a spectrum of psychotherapeutic approaches, including supportive, psychodynamic, interpersonal, and cognitive-behavioral. This chapter will consider the benefits of such psychosocial interventions by summarizing the current state of research and findings for each of these treatment approaches, addressing both individual and group settings.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, I: Civil Populations." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0013.

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In this chapter, we examine the time trends that have occurred in the causes of morbidity and mortality in civil populations over the last century and a half. Particular attention is paid to the period since 1900 when international comparative data become readily available. We begin with two case studies—of Australia, and England and Wales—to establish the main trends affecting the advanced economies over this period. Next, using data collected by Alderson (1981), we extend our analysis to 31 countries to give global coverage. We look first at the statistical evidence of change. It is shown that mortality and morbidity from all causes have declined. Since 1850, it is the infectious diseases which have witnessed the most spectacular falls in their contribution to total mortality and morbidity. Within the general decline, however, sharp upturns in both mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases occur during times of war. In the second half of the chapter, we examine some of the factors which lie behind the declines. Notwithstanding the general falls, in recent years there has been a revolution of interest in infectious diseases arising from a sharp resurgence of both old and new diseases. The former include drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis and the latter HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The disease setting is also evolving with environmental change and increased human interaction. And so the chapter is concluded with an assessment of the potential significance of infectious diseases in the present century in times of peace and war. In Australia, notifiable diseases data are collected by states and territories under their public health legislation; collection has taken place on a regular basis since 1917. The legislation has required medical practitioners and some other classes of people to notify health authorities of the number of cases recorded of certain communicable and other diseases. The resulting data were published in the Medical Journal of Australia from 1917 to 1922, Health, 1924 to 1939, and in the Commonwealth Year Book since 1945. Additionally, the Commonwealth Department of Health and its successors have published an annual compilation of notifiable diseases data in the Department’s Annual Report.
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Dzudie, Anastase, and Friedrich Thienemann. "Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management." In ESC CardioMed, 1200–1204. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0301.

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Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating, progressive disease associated with increasingly debilitating symptoms and a poor prognosis due to narrowing of the pulmonary vasculature and consequential right heart failure. The epidemiological profile of pulmonary hypertension across the world is largely unknown. However, recent reports suggest that the incidence in developing countries is higher than in high-income countries due to a higher prevalence of antecedent risk factors and contributory diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis. HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic affecting approximately 37 million people. When HIV infection is diagnosed early and combination antiretroviral therapy is initiated in time, most patients experience acceptable immune recovery and can reach normal life expectancy. With the decline of HIV-related morbidity and mortality and increased life expectancy, non-HIV-related conditions and HIV-associated cardiovascular disease such as pulmonary hypertension continue to rise in this cohort. This chapter describes the burden, pathogenesis, and impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension.
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De Blij, Harm. "The Rough Topography of Human Health." In The Power of Place. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367706.003.0008.

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If we made a map of the world showing locales with prevailing good public health as mountains and areas with poor health as valleys, the resulting global topography would look rough indeed. The unequal distribution of health and well-being across the world is matched by inequities of health within individual countries, even inside regions and provinces. Whatever the index, from nutrition to life expectancy, from infectious disease to infant mortality, the geography of health displays regional variations that add a crucial criterion to the composite power of place. If it is obvious that the medical world is not flat, the question is whether the landscape of human health is flattening out. Certainly health is a matter of natural environment, cultural tradition, genetic predisposition, and other factors, but power has a lot to do with it as well. In general, the poorest and weakest on the planet are also the sickest. The fact that, in the twenty-first century, 300 million people suffer from malaria and more than one million (mostly children) die every year has as much to do with figure 1.1 as it does with tropical environments and adapting vectors. The rich and medically capable countries of the core never sustained a coordinated campaign to defeat (or at least contain) malaria, a disease of the periphery of much lower priority than maladies of the mid-latitudes. Medical research in the United States and elsewhere did produce treatments for victims of the deadly HIV/AIDS pandemic that has taken more than 25 million lives over the past three decades, most of them in Subsaharan Africa, but those costly remedies are reaching far too few sufferers outside the global core. The obvious link between persistent poverty and endemic disease, so evident from virtually any medical-geographic map of the global periphery, was one of the key factors that spurred all 191 members of the United Nations in 2002 to sign the UN Millennium Declaration, among whose eight Development Goals are the reduction of child mortality, the eradication of extreme poverty and associated hunger, and the defeat of major diseases, including malaria and HIV/AIDS.
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Conference papers on the topic "AIDS (Disease) – Mortality – Australia"

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Wallis, Katharine, Susan Wells, Katrina Poppe, Vanessa Selak, and Ngaire Kerse. "57 In older people, the association between diabetes medication group and hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: prospective primary care-based cohort study 2010–2016." In Preventing Overdiagnosis Abstracts, December 2019, Sydney, Australia. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-pod.70.

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Sodhi, Nita, Nick deKlerk, Peter Franklin, Fraser Brims, Susan Peters, Nola Olsen, and Bill Musk. "0402 Does lung cancer incidence and mortality differ with the type of asbestos fibre? : evidence from western australia." In Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.330.

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Kelleher, Cecily C., Gabrielle Kelly, Ricardo Segurado, Jonathan Briody, Alexander M. Sellers, and Janet McCalman. "P74 A lifecourse perspective on historical demographic patterns of circulatory system disease and all-cause mortality in twentieth century Australia." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-ssmabstracts.162.

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