Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) Laos Epidemiology'
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1
Tajima, Kazuo, and Kenji Soda. "Infectious Disease Epidemiology of AIDS/HIV in Japan." Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 3sup (1996): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.3sup_67.
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FISHER, STACY D., and STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ. "Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Involvement in HIV Disease and AIDS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 946, no. 1 (November 2001): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03900.x.
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Nampanya, S., S. Khounsy, R. Abila, and P. A. Windsor. "Implementing large Foot and Mouth Disease vaccination programmes for smallholder farmers: lessons from Lao PDR." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 16 (August 23, 2018): 2086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002443.
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AbstractThis study assessed smallholder finances and their attitudes towards the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccination programme, when 1 620 000 vaccine doses were provided for strategic administration in large ruminants in FMD ‘high-risk’ areas in Laos between 2012 and 2016. Farmers (n = 168) in the provinces of Xayyabouli (XYL), Xiengkhoung (XK) and Huaphan (HP), were interviewed. Over 91% of the farmers responded that their livestock were vaccinated for FMD, with over 86% ranking FMD vaccination as a good or very good intervention. No FMD cases were reported from the vaccinated provinces after May 2013. Examination of the total income per household in XYL, XK and HP indicated earnings of US$5060(±650), US$4260(±294) and US$1691(±676), respectively (P = 0.001), with 23%, 28% and 68% of the total incomes from annual sales of large ruminant, respectively. Of the farmers in XYL, XK and HP, 83%, 93% and 70% (P = 0.009) said their annual income increased compared with 2012, and 47%, 64% and 41%, respectively (P = 0.005), indicated this increase was from additional large ruminant sales. The study indicated that this large FMD vaccination programme was well regarded by participating farmers and may have provided satisfactory suppression of the disease in Laos, despite not achieving the preferred vaccination coverage. Continuation of the vaccination programme in FMD high-risk areas is suggested as desirable.
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Greenhalgh, Scott, Rebecca Schmidt, and Troy Day. "Fighting the Public Health Burden of AIDS With the Human Pegivirus." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (May 30, 2019): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz139.
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Abstract Highly active antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). From its current global rollout, HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality has been greatly reduced, yet there exists substantial interest in the development of new therapies to further mitigate the HIV/AIDS health burden and to inhibit any fallout from the development of antiretroviral drug resistance. One potential intervention is the human pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is not known to cause disease, and most remarkably it is shown to delay the progression of HIV to AIDS. However, the health benefit of increasing HPgV prevalence in the community of HIV-infected men remains unknown at the public health level. We evaluated the utility of HPgV biovaccination for mitigating the HIV/AIDS health burden using mathematical models. Importantly, our work considers the potential concern that HPgV will, itself, evolve to become disease-causing by permitting mutant disease-causing HPgV strains to potentially arise during treatment. Our findings show that HPgV biovaccination rates of 12.5%–50% annually could prevent 4.2–23.6 AIDS incidences and 3.3–18.8 AIDS deaths, and could save 2.9–18.6 disability-adjusted life years per 1,000 people. Together, these findings indicate that HPgV biovaccination could be an effective therapy for reducing HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, and thus warrants further exploration.
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Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 3 (June 1989): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030077.
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Cryptococcosis is not a commonly diagnosed disease. Records of its occurrence in Britain are virtually non-existent before 1945. when the Mycological Reference Laboratory (MRL) of the Public Health Laboratory Service was first established
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Duesberg, P. H. "AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency virus and with infectious disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 4 (February 15, 1991): 1575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.4.1575.
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Fontana, D., F. Porpiglia, I. Morra, L. Boario, P. Destefanis, and G. Cristaldi. "Tuberculosis epidemiology." Urologia Journal 65, no. 1 (February 1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039806500140.
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A gradual return of tuberculosis has been noted in industrialised countries since the late eighties. The real world-wide trend of the disease is, however, still widely underrated, as shown by the discrepancy between the number of cases reported to the WHO and those estimated by the same on the basis of the annual risk of tuberculotic infections (ARTI). According to these calculations, it is forecast that by the year 2000 approx. 13,000,000 persons world-wide will have the disease. Also in Italy the disease has been on the increase since the late eighties and in 1995 the incidence rate estimated by the WHO was 18/100,000. In the last decade, however, the increase has been different for the various forms: 13% and 35% for pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis respectively. The causes contributing to this increase in western countries may be attributed to the decline in control programmes, migration from areas of high incidence and the spread of AIDS.
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Chittarath, Khonesavanh, Chung Huy Nguyen, Wendy C. Bailey, Si-Jun Zheng, Diane Mostert, Altus Viljoen, Anthony Fredrick Tazuba, et al. "Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of the Banana Fusarium Wilt Fungus in Laos and Vietnam." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8010046.
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Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), poses a major threat to global banana production. The tropical race 4 (TR4) variant of Foc is a highly virulent form with a large host range, and severely affects Cavendish bananas. Foc TR4 was recently observed within the Greater Mekong Subregion, after Chinese private companies expanded Cavendish production to the region. In this study, extensive surveys conducted across Laos and Vietnam show that Foc TR4 is still mainly constricted to the northern regions of these countries and is limited to Cavendish cultivation settings. In Laos, Foc TR4 is associated with large-scale Cavendish plantations owned by or involved with Chinese companies through which infected planting material could have been imported. In Vietnam, mostly small-holder Cavendish farmers and backyard gardens were affected by Foc TR4. In Vietnam, no direct link is found with Chinese growers, and it is expected the pathogen mainly spreads through local and regional movement of infected planting materials. Foc TR4 was not recorded on banana cultivars other than Cavendish. The extensively cultivated ‘Pisang Awak’ cultivar was solely infected by VCGs belonging to Foc race 1 and 2, with a high occurrence of VCG 0123 across Laos, and of VCG 0124/5 in Vietnam. Substantial diversity of Foc VCGs was recorded (VCGs 0123, 0124/5, 01218 and 01221) from northern to southern regions in both countries, suggesting that Fusarium wilt is well established in the region. Interviews with farmers indicated that the local knowledge of Fusarium wilt epidemiology and options for disease management was limited. Clear communication efforts on disease epidemiology and management with emphasis on biosecurity practices need to be improved in order to prevent further spread of Foc TR4 to mixed variety smallholder settings.
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Ichinose, Lester Y. "Chimpanzees in AIDS Research." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (September 1995): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300509.
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Although the chimpanzee displays an immunological response to an HIV-1 challenge, it is a deficient animal model in AIDS research since it never develops the progressive symptoms of the disease. The continued use of the chimpanzee is also precluded because of its endangered status in the wild, the high cost per animal, and its failure to exhibit a CD4 decline (apoptosis) while infected. However, it is likely that the chimpanzee model will continue to be used in investigations relating to the epidemiology and mucosal transmission of the human AIDS virus.
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CHOPRA, R. D., and M. S. DWORKIN. "Descriptive epidemiology of enteric disease in Chennai, India." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 5 (July 17, 2012): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001409.
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SUMMARYThere are very few data on the prevalence of coccidian enteric parasites among low-income adults hospitalized in Chennai, India. Stool samples from 200 patients were screened for selected parasites, enteric bacterial pathogens, and other protozoa over a 3-month period. The study identified 42 (21%) Cryptosporidium, 36 (18%) V. cholerae, 17 (9%) Salmonellla, 12 (6%) Isospora, six (3%) helminths, five (3%) Shigella, one (1%) Cyclospora, one (1%) other protozoan, and 0% V. parahaemolyticus cases. Co-infection was present in 21 patients. Cryptosporidium was detected in 17 (81%) of co-infected patients. Our findings highlighted the relatively high proportion of patients in this population with Cryptosporidium and Isospora and suggest that further study be undertaken to determine the utility of broader use of diagnostic testing for coccidian parasites in India. Detection may be beneficial because isosporiasis is treatable and both Isospora and Cryptosporidium are important pathogens in AIDS patients.
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Petrulionienė, Agnė, Daiva Radzišauskienė, Arvydas Ambrozaitis, Saulius Čaplinskas, Algimantas Paulauskas, and Algirdas Venalis. "Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in a Highly Endemic European Zone." Medicina 56, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030115.
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Background and objective: Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis (LB), is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia. The risk of infection depends on the geographical area, ecological factors, and human behavior. Clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis have a wide range, but the most frequent clinical symptom, which is also a diagnostic symptom, is a skin rash called erythema migrans (EM). The disease is very common worldwide. In Lithuania, the disease frequency is 99.9 cases per 100,000 population (Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, Lithuania, 2017). The main aim of this study was to obtain the baseline characteristics of the disease regarding the infected Lithuanian population. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS about all Lyme disease (A69.2) diagnosed patients over a three-year period (from 2014 to 2016) in Lithuania. Results: In 2014–2016, 7424 (crude incidence rate 85.4) cases with LB were diagnosed in Lithuania. Most of them (4633 (62.4%)) were identified in women. Older people were more likely to suffer from LB. Urban residents were 2.6 times more often affected that those living in villages. Tick bites were primarily observed in high season months, from May to September (90%), with the highest peak in July. There was a higher number of observed tick bites (p = 0.003) in the urban residents. Erythema migrans occurred in 75.6% LB cases, while other symptoms did not exceed a quarter of all LB cases. There were 7353 (99.6%) cases where LB was confirmed via clinical symptoms and/or laboratory tests. Also, 1720 (23.2%) patients were tested for LB immunoglobulins. Conclusions: This study found a high incidence of Lyme disease in Lithuania. We elucidated the baseline characteristics regarding the infected Lithuanian population which may ease medical clinicians’ work on new Lyme diagnoses.
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Goubau, Patrick, Ignace Surmont, and Peter Piot. "Le Sida en Afrique." Afrika Focus 3, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1987): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0030304002.
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Aids in Africa AIDS (Acquired Immunization Deficiency Syndrome), first described in 1981 in the United States, is at present ascertained on every continent. Since its description, our knowledge about AIDS has advanced with giant steps, with regard to its causal agent, clinical image, biological effects and epidemiology. Although it is everywhere the same disease, its epidemiology and impact on society vary from one continent to another depending on the human, social and economic conditions of the countries which are affected. The first African cases were noticed in 1983. Since then the presence of AIDS has been confirmed in numerous sub-Saharan African countries. Our goal is to present here some characteristic features of the AIDS-epidemic in Africa and to offer some points of reflection for future action.
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Martín, Vicente, Patricia García de Olalla, Angels Orcau, and Joan A. Caylà. "Factors Associated With Tuberculosis as an AIDS-Defining Disease in an Immigration Setting." Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100072.
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Becker, SL. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection. Approaching the second decade." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-1-3.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can be transmitted through sexual activity, blood products, and perinatal exposure. The virus is composed of core, transmembrane, and envelope proteins. Cells of the immune system are the primary target of HIV, and destruction of the immune response is characteristic of end-stage disease. Although male homosexuals continue to represent the largest population of persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transmission among intravenous drug users accounts for the rapidly growing incidence of pediatric and heterosexual AIDS patients. Control of the epidemic among intravenous drug users is the major challenge in the US today.
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Grillová, Linda, Matthew T. Robinson, Anisone Chanthongthip, Antony T. Vincent, Cecilia Nieves, Jan Oppelt, Jean-François Mariet, et al. "Genetic diversity of Leptospira isolates in Lao PDR and genome analysis of an outbreak strain." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): e0010076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010076.
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Background Although Southeast Asia is one of the most leptospirosis afflicted regions, little is known about the diversity and molecular epidemiology of the causative agents of this widespread and emerging zoonotic disease. Methodology/Principal findings We used whole genome sequencing to examine genetic variation in 75 Leptospira strains isolated from patients in the Lao PDR (Laos) between 2006 and 2017. Eleven serogroups from 4 Leptospira species and 43 cgMLST-defined clonal groups (CGs) were identified. The most prevalent CG was CG272 (n = 18, 26.8%), composed of L. interrogans serogroup Autumnalis isolates. This genotype was recovered throughout the 12-year period and was associated with deaths, and with a large outbreak in neighbouring Thailand. Genome analysis reveals that the CG272 strains form a highly clonal group of strains that have, for yet unknown reasons, recently spread in Laos and Thailand. Additionally, accessory genes clearly discriminate CG272 strains from the other Leptospira strains. Conclusions/Significance The present study reveals a high diversity of Leptospira genotypes in Laos, thus extending our current knowledge of the pan- and core-genomes of these life-threatening pathogens. Our results demonstrate that the CG272 strains belong to a unique clonal group, which probably evolved through clonal expansion following niche adaptation. Additional epidemiological studies are required to better evaluate the spread of this genotype in Southeast Asia. To further investigate the key factors driving the virulence and spread of these pathogens, more intense genomic surveillance is needed, combining detailed clinical and epidemiological data.
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Franceschi, Silvia, and Marco Geddes. "Epidemiology of Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma, with Special Reference to Mediterranean Population." Tumori Journal 81, no. 5 (September 1995): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100502.
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An excess of classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in individuals of southern European ancestry has long been suspected and recently quantified in terms of age-standardized rates. In Italy and most notably in southern Italy for the period 1976-84, prior to the AIDS epidemic, KS incidence rates were two-to-three-fold higher than in the United States and Sweden and many ten-fold higher than in England and Wales and Australia. A high frequency of classic KS has also been documented in Israel and, in low-risk countries, in individuals born in southern Europe and the Middle East. Many infections have been suspected to play a role in the etiology of KS, including cytomegalovirus, malaria and, most recently, a new virus of the herpes family, identified in AIDS-associated and classic KS. The present review deals with epidemiologic data concerning KS in the Mediterranean and stresses the opportunity to combine the study of KS in AIDS as well as non-AIDS patients in order to shed light on this no longer rare disease.
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Lamptey, Peter, and Rebecca Dirks. "Building on the AIDS Response to Tackle Noncommunicable Disease." Global Heart 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2012.01.010.
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Smallman-Raynor, M. R., and A. D. Cliff. "Civil war and the spread of AIDS in Central Africa." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880004869x.
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SUMMARYUsing ordinary least squares regression techniques this paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the classic association of war and disease substantially accounts for the presently observed geographical distribution of reported clinical AIDS cases in Uganda. Both the spread of HIV 1 infection in the 1980s, and the subsequent development of AIDS to its 1990 spatial pattern, are shown to be significantly and positively correlated with ethnic patterns of recruitment into the Ugandan National Liberation Army (UNLA) after the overthrow of Idi Amin some 10 years earlier in 1979. This correlation reflects the estimated mean incubation period of 8–10 years for HIV 1 and underlines the need for cognizance of historical factors which may have influenced current patterns of AIDS seen in Central Africa. The findings may have important implications for AIDS forecasting and control in African countries which have recently experienced war. The results are compared with parallel analyses of other HIV hypotheses advanced to account for the reported geographical distribution of AIDS in Uganda.
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Garibaldi, Richard A. "Transmission of Hepatitis B and AIDS." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (February 1986): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006567x.
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Hepatitis B virus and HTLV-III are quite dissimilar in virology, organ tropism and clinical consequences. However, they are remarkably similar in epidemiology, modes of transmission, affected risk groups, and potentials for nosocomial infection. Presently, the two diseases pose much different problems for hospital epidemiologists. Over the past 10 years, the risks of nosocomial hepatitis B have dropped off sharply. In fact, hepatitis B is now theoretically a totally preventable disease. On the other hand, the epidemic of HTLV-III infection in high-risk groups continues unabated. The fear of acquiring infection has precipitated panic reactions among some groups of health care workers and the lay public.
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Shaheen, Abdel AM, Ranjani Somayaji, Robert Myers, and Christopher H. Mody. "Epidemiology and trends of cryptococcosis in the United States from 2000 to 2007: A population-based study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 5 (October 3, 2017): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417732649.
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Cryptococcal disease, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but limited data exist on its incidence and impact. A study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2007 to examine the epidemiology and impact of cryptococcal disease in the United States was undertaken. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Version code was used to identify hospital discharges with diagnosis of Cryptococcus (117.5). Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of cryptococcal admissions. The impact of AIDS, age, and sex on hospitalization rates, mortality, and costs was assessed. The results showed that a total of 10,077 hospitalizations for cryptococcosis occurred corresponding to a weighted estimate of 49,010 cases. The median age was 43 years (interquartile range 34–54), and 26% were female. Approximately 64% of cases occurred in persons with AIDS. Although rates declined overall, age-adjusted rates were significantly higher in males with AIDS than in uninfected persons (p < 0.001). The mortality rate decreased but was greater in HIV-uninfected versus infected cohorts (12% versus 10%, p < 0.001). Conversely, hospital costs were greater in persons with AIDS ($40,671 versus $40,096, p=0.02). Although cryptococcal disease rates are decreasing over time, the associated mortality and costs remain concerning.
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Peters, Jean. "AIDS in the Twenty-first Century. Disease and Globilization." Annals of Human Biology 30, no. 4 (January 2003): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0301446031000115344.
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Levy, LA. "History and epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 85, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-85-7-346.
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first noticed in the US in 1981 and continue to spread today. Initially a disease associated completely with homosexual males, it is increasing in incidence and prevalence among heterosexual males and females, particularly, but not limited to, injection drug users. This disease is much more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics. Podiatric physicians are at risk of acquiring the disease as a result of their frequent use of injections and surgical intervention, particularly involving bone. In addition, the foot is a potential portal of entry for HIV infection because of contamination by blood on the feet of podiatric surgeons and their assistants during surgery.
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Yousuf, Abdilahi, Siti Roshaidai Mohd Arifin, Ramli Musa, and Muhammad Lokman Md. Isa. "Depression and HIV Disease Progression: A Mini-Review." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010153.
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Background: Depression is the most common mental disorder and a leading cause of disability, which commonly presents unexplained psychological and physical symptoms. Depression and HIV/AIDS are commonly comorbid. This review provides an insight into the effect of depression on disease progression among people living with HIV. Methods: A search for relevant articles was conducted using a database like MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed English journals published between 2015 and 2019 were included in the review. Results: A total of eight studies conducted in different settings were included in the review. This review has found that psychosocial, neurohormonal and virologic factors associated with depression affect HIV disease progression. Yet, the chronicity of depression, absence of the hormones that have a buffer effect on depression and lack of examination if depression is a predictor, or an outcome of disease progression, were some of the gaps that require further investigation. Conclusion: Considerably, more research is needed to better understand the effect of mental disorder, especially depression, on HIV disease progression to AIDS and future interventions should, therefore, concentrate on the integration of mental health screening in HIV clinical setup.
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Boshoff, Chris, and Robin A. Weiss. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1408 (April 29, 2001): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0778.
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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurs in Europe and the Mediterranean countries (classic KS) and Africa (endemic KS), immunosuppressed patients (iatrogenic or post–transplant KS) and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially among those who acquired human immunodeficiency virus sexually (AIDS–KS). KS–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV–8) is unusual among herpesviruses in having a restricted geographical distribution. Like KS, which it induces in immunosuppressed or elderly people, the virus is prevalent in Africa, in Mediterranean countries, among Jews and Arabs and certain Amerindians. Distinct KSHV genotypes occur in different parts of the world, but have not been identified as having a differential pathogenesis. KSHV is aetiologically linked to three distinct neoplasms: (i) KS, (ii) primary effusion lymphoma, and (iii) plasmablastic multicentric Castleman's disease. The histogenesis, clonality and pathology of the tumours are described, together with the epidemiology and possible modes of transmission of the virus.
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BLAXHULT, A., Z. FOX, R. COLEBUNDERS, P. FRANCIOLI, Z. BEN-ISHAI, G. FÄTKENHEUER, J. M. PARKIN, et al. "Regional and temporal changes in AIDS in Europe before HAART." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007719.
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In a prospective observational study 4485 patients from 46 clinical centres in 17 European countries were followed between April 1994 and November 1996. Information on AIDS-defining events (ADEs) were collected together with basic demographic data, treatment history and laboratory results. The centres were divided into four geographical regions (north, central, south-west and south-east) so that it was possible to identify any existing regional differences in ADEs. The regional differences that we observed included a higher risk of all forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (Tb) and wasting disease in the south-west and an increased risk of infections with the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the north. In Cox multivariable analyses, where north was used as the reference group, we observed hazard ratios of 6·87, 7·77, 2·29 and 0·16 (P<0·05 in all cases) for pulmonary Tb, extrapulmonary Tb, wasting disease and MAC respectively in the south-west. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was less commonly diagnosed in the central region (RH=0·51, 95% CI 0·32–0·79, P=0·003) and most common in the south-east (RH=1·04, 95% CI 0·71–1·51, P=0·85). Comparisons with a similar ‘AIDS in Europe’ study that concentrated on the early phase of the epidemic reveal that most of the regional differences that were observed in the 1980s still persist in the mid-1990s.
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Eisenberg, Leon. "There's no Quick Fix for AIDS." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109062631.
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The epidemiology of AIDS reflects interactions among biological, psychological and social factors. The immune response to the infectious agent is relatively ineffectual; the course of the disease it produces is chronic. The long interval between HIV infection and the appearance of clinical disease maximizes “silent” transmission. The infection is transmitted behaviourally; that is, primarily via specific sexual acts and contaminated paraphernalia employed by IV drug users. The virus entered human populations in an era when such behaviours had become very much more prevalent in response to social change. The public health response to the epidemic was seriously compromised by the stigma attached to the persons victimized by the disease; thus, the mobilization of adequate resources was markedly delayed. Irrational fears of contamination led to proposals for mandatory population-wide screening, in utter disregard of the high false to true positive ratio in screening tests when prevalence is low. Welcome as a vaccine to prevent HIV infection would be, it is not likely to be available, if it can be produced at all, before the end of the century. Control of the epidemic demands that stigma be vigorously combated and that all groups of the population be educated about ways to minimize the likelihood of becoming infected and of transmitting the virus.
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Benson, Constance A. "Disease Due to the Mycobacterium avium Complex in Patients with AIDS: Epidemiology and Clinical Syndrome." Clinical Infectious Diseases 18, Supplement_3 (April 1, 1994): S218—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.supplement_3.s218.
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Taylor, D. L., D. Taylor-Robinson, D. J. Jeffries, and A. S. Tyms. "Characterization of cytomegalovirus isolates from patients with AIDS by DNA restriction analysis." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 3 (December 1988): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880002937x.
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SUMMARYThirty-seven isolates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) were obtained from a group of 20 promiscuous homosexual men, either suffering from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the time of CMV isolation, or who developed AIDS subsequently. The isolates of CMV were characterized by the method of DNA restriction analysis. All epidemiologically unrelated strains of CMV exhibited different fragment migration patterns and no one strain appeared to be associated with AIDS or any particular disease pattern in these patients.Sequential isolates of CMV were obtained from nine patients in the study group either from different sites at the same time or from the same site on different dates. In the case of seven of the men, viruses with minor differences in restriction profile were obtained, possiblyrepresenting sub-populations of an endogenous strain of CMV. In two of the patients, reinfection with different strains was apparent. We conclude that reinfections with CMV in AIDS patients can occur, but the isolation of strains exhibiting major differences in genome structure seen by restriction enzyme analysis was uncommon.
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Levy, LA. "Epidemiology of onychomycosis in special-risk populations." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-12-546.
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A person's susceptibility to onychomycosis and the course of the disease once the nails are infected are functions of the interaction of the fungal agent, the host, and environmental factors. The disease is reported to have an overall prevalence of 2% to 13%, but the prevalence is much higher in certain populations, such as older people and those with immunosuppressive conditions. Although onychomycosis may be merely a nuisance and an embarrassment for healthy individuals, some morbidity is seen with all population groups, but especially high-risk patients: diabetics, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and patients with other types of immunosuppression (eg, transplant recipients and patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy). Whether the increased prevalence of onychomycosis in the elderly (up to 30% by age 60) is related to changes in immune function is not known.
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Najafi, Zeinab, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand, and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi. "Epidemiology of HIV in Iran." Current HIV Research 18, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200605152317.
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: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.
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Petoumenos, Kathy, and Signe W. Worm. "HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention." Sexual Health 8, no. 4 (2011): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11020.
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In the developed world, HIV infection is now well managed with very effective and less toxic antiretroviral treatment. HIV-positive patients therefore are living longer, but are now faced by challenges associated with aging. Several non-AIDS associated morbidities are increased in this population, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is suggested that CVD occurs earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed to contribute to this. First, the traditional CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in this population. High rates of smoking, dyslipidaemia and a family history of CVD have been reported. This population is also aging, with estimates of more than 25% of HIV-positive patients in the developed world being over the age of 50. Antiretroviral treatment, both through its effect on lipids and through other, sometimes less well understood, mechanisms, has been linked to increased CVD risk. HIV infection, especially untreated, is a further contributing factor to increased CVD risk in HIV-positive patients. As the HIV-positive population continues to age, the risk of CVD will continue to increase. Guidelines for the management and prevention of CVD risk have been developed, and are largely modelled on those used in the general population. However, the data currently suggest that these interventions, such as the use of lipid-lowering medications and smoking cessation programs, remain quite low. A better understanding the mechanisms of CVD risk in this aging population and further efforts in improving uptake of prevention strategies will remain an important research area.
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Jarrin, Inmaculada, Ronald Geskus, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Maria Prins, Santiago Perez-Hoyos, Roberto Muga, Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado, Laurence Meyer, Kholoud Porter, and Julia del Amo. "Gender Differences in HIV Progression to AIDS and Death in Industrialized Countries: Slower Disease Progression Following HIV Seroconversion in Women." American Journal of Epidemiology 168, no. 5 (July 28, 2008): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn179.
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Dunn, Robert, Roopam Jariwal, Frederick Venter, Shikha Mishra, Janpreet Bhandohal, Everado Cobos, and Arash Heidari. "HHV-8-Associated Multicentric Castleman Disease, a Diagnostic Challenge in a Patient With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Fever." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 232470962210975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096221097526.
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Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at an increased susceptibility to pathogens and associated malignancies which can present with a unique constellation of symptoms. In this article, we describe a case of Castleman disease in a patient with AIDS, nonadherent with antiretroviral therapy (ART), who presented with fevers, constant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. After an extensive work up, a lymph node biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Patients presenting with AIDS and fever have broad differential diagnoses; therefore, reaching a diagnosis as rare as Castleman disease can be challenging. HHV-8 has a propensity to CD20 positive B cells, which allows rituximab to be an effect treatment.
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Fusco, Francesco Maria, Nadia Sangiovanni, Silvia Mascolo, Maria Aurora Carleo, Massimo Sardo, Rosaria Viglietti, Giovanni Parrella, et al. "Evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Campania region, 2011–2018: Is HIV/AIDS population in Campania different?" SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212211139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221113938.
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Objectives: Data on HIV/AIDS cases in Italy are collected using a standardised form. Regional epidemiology may vary. We described the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed persons with HIV in the ‘Cotugno’ hospital in Naples during 2011–2018 and compared them with national data to identify similarities and differences. Methods: Data source for the Campania region is the data collection forms sent to the national surveillance system. The data source for the national data is from the periodic annual bulletins on HIV/AIDS published by the National Institute of Health. Results: In all, 1149 persons with HIV were diagnosed in ‘Cotugno’ (69.7% of those diagnosed in Campania). Persons with HIV in Campania showed many similarities with the Italian population: men were in the majority in both groups (about 75%), foreign origin was about 30%, heterosexuals were the most represented risk group, followed by men who have sex with men and injecting drug use in both samples. Some notable differences are also present. Among the risk factors for HIV acquisition, injecting drug use is significantly more common in Campania. Among the reasons for testing, significant differences are evident for almost all reasons, with screening activities (testing for concurrent diseases, for diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases, screening in hospital during maternity care and screening in drug-addition services or prisons) being more common at the national level. The Campania population has a more severe disease pattern, with a significantly higher proportion of patients diagnosed with less than 200 CD4 cells/µL and AIDS. For each variable, we compared trends in the Campania region and in Italy using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Almost all trends show a weak correlation. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of injecting drug use is still consistent, and requires specific campaigns. The reasons for testing are different: screening activities work less in Campania than in Italy. This untimely approach contributes to a more severe clinical picture in Campania.
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Maroun, Daniel. "Forty years of HIV/AIDS narratives: what’s next?" Contemporary French Civilization: Volume 46, Issue 2 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2021.10.
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This essay proposes to look across HIV/AIDS narratives in order to trace a larger relationship between the onset, development, and perceived disappearance of both HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS literature - what I dub its literary epidemiology. I aim to trace and compare both the literary transmission and depiction of HIV/AIDS in the major novels of this genre by authors like Hélène Laygues, Michel Simonin, Hervé Guibert, Erik Rémès, Guillaume Dustan, Tristan Garcia, and Camille Genton. Such a study affords a better understanding of the concepts of life, death, and what the future holds for a literature centered on a disease. This approach offers readers a novel perspective on the literary past and future of French HIV/AIDS literature.
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Lai, Yun-Ju, Yu-Yen Chen, Hsin-Hui Huang, Ming-Chung Ko, Chu-Chieh Chen, and Yung-Feng Yen. "Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide HIV/AIDS patient cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 16 (August 30, 2018): 2066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002339.
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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) in Taiwan. PLWHA were identified from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control HIV Surveillance System between 2000 and 2014. To examine the effect of active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CVD incidence, incidence densities and standardised incidence rates (SIRs) of CVD were calculated after stratifying PLWHA by HAART. Of 26 272 PLWHA (mean age, 32.3 years) identified, 73.4% received HAART. Compared with general population, SIRs (95% confidence interval) were higher for incident coronary artery disease (1.11 (1.04–1.19)), percutaneous coronary intervention (1.32 (1.18–1.47)), coronary artery bypass surgery (1.47 (1.29–1.66)), sudden cardiac death (3.01 (2.39–3.73)), heart failure (1.50 (1.31–1.70)) and chronic kidney disease (1.95 (1.81–2.10)), but was lower for incident atrial fibrillation (0.53 (0.37–0.73)). Considering the effect of HAART on incident CVD, the SIRs for all-cause, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke were higher in PLWHA who did not receive HAART, but were lower in PLWHA who received HAART. PLWHA had higher risks of incident coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, sudden cardiac death, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. HAART reduces risks of incident CVD in PLWHA.
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Brereton, Caroline, Alexander Bravo, and Whitney Hovenic. "Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Symptom of AIDS." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 232470962110682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096211068271.
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The development of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in an otherwise healthy and young individual should prompt physicians to investigate for an underlying cause of immunosuppression. The following case presents an individual who underwent Mohs surgery of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Four months following Mohs surgery, the patient presented with lymphadenopathy and new skin nodules. Metastatic disease or infection were included in the differential diagnosis. An immunosuppression work-up was completed and the patient was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Treatment with antiretroviral therapy was initiated 1 month prior to treatment of the metastatic disease with an immunomodulator, cemimplimab-rwlc. This contribution highlights the importance of determining the immunological status of a patient who presents with metastatic disease following a complete tumor clearance.
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Sepkowitz, K. A., J. Raffalli, L. Riley, T. E. Kiehn, and D. Armstrong. "Tuberculosis in the AIDS era." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.2.180.
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A resurgence of tuberculosis has occurred in recent years in the United States and abroad. Deteriorating public health services, increasing numbers of immigrants from countries of endemicity, and coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have contributed to the rise in the number of cases diagnosed in the United States. Outbreaks of resistant tuberculosis, which responds poorly to therapy, have occurred in hospitals and other settings, affecting patients and health care workers. This review covers the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. In addition, public health and hospital infection control strategies are detailed. Newer approaches to epidemiologic investigation, including use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, are discussed. Detailed consideration of the interaction between HIV infection and tuberculosis is given. We also review the latest techniques in laboratory evaluation, including the radiometric culture system, DNA probes, and PCR. Current recommendations for therapy of tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, are given. Finally, the special problem of prophylaxis of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is considered.
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TYRER, F., A. S. WALKER, J. GILLETT, and K. PORTER. "The relationship between HIV seroconversion illness, HIV test interval and time to AIDS in a seroconverter cohort." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 3 (December 2003): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001377.
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Seroconversion illness is known to be associated with more rapid HIV disease progression. However, symptoms are often subjective and prone to recall bias. We describe symptoms reported as seroconversion illness and examine the relationship between illness, HIV test interval (time between antibody-negative and anibody-positive test dates) and the effect of both on time to AIDS from seroconversion. We used a Cox model, adjusting for age, sex, exposure group and year of estimated seroconversion. Of 1820 individuals, information on seroconversion illness was available for 1244 of whom 423 (34%) reported symptomatic seroconversion. Persons with a short test interval ([les ]2 months) were significantly more likely to report an illness than people with a longer interval (OR 6·76, 95% CI 4·75–9·62). Time to AIDS was significantly faster (P=0·01) in those with a short test interval. The HIV test interval is a useful replacement for information on seroconversion illness in studies of HIV disease progression.
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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.
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Abstract To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/μm or CD4 percentage of <14 but not clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count of ≥200 cells/μL at the beginning of the survival analysis, the risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [CI], 114 to 188) greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4 count was <200 cells/μL, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to 71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203) greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection, and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease, prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex. Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients.
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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.301_301_308.
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To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/μm or CD4 percentage of <14 but not clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count of ≥200 cells/μL at the beginning of the survival analysis, the risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [CI], 114 to 188) greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4 count was <200 cells/μL, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to 71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203) greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection, and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease, prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex. Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients.
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Floyd, Katherine, Mario Raviglione, and Philippe Glaziou. "Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 03 (June 2018): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651492.
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AbstractTuberculosis (TB) was the underlying cause of 1.3 million deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative people in 2016, exceeding the global number of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths. In addition, TB was a contributing cause of 374,000 HIV deaths. Despite the success of chemotherapy over the past seven decades, TB is the top infectious killer globally. In 2016, 10.4 million new cases arose, a number that has remained stable since the beginning of the 21th century, frustrating public health experts tasked to design and implement interventions to reduce the burden of TB disease worldwide. Ambitious targets for reductions in the epidemiological burden of TB have been set within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the End TB Strategy. Achieving these targets is the focus of national and international efforts, and demonstrating whether or not they are achieved is of major importance to guide future and sustainable investments. This article reviews epidemiological facts about TB, trends in the magnitude of the burden of TB and factors contributing to it, and the effectiveness of the public health response.
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Wittmann, Mark Matthias, Annemarei Wittmann, and Dietmar H. Wittmann. "AIDS, Emergency Operations, and Infection Control." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700004768.
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AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may turn out to be the largest lethal epidemic of infection ever. The estimated global number of HIV-infected adults in 1993 was 13 million, with projections of up to 40 million by the year 2000. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and AIDS are relevant to surgeons with respect to the surgical management of AIDS patients in general, the treatment of the increasingly long list of surgical complications specific to AIDS patients in particular, and the risks of patient-to-surgeon and surgeon-to-patient HIV transmission. Because of migration of individuals and populations throughout the world, even surgeons practicing in relatively unaffected regions should be familiar with the potential surgical implications of AIDS. Ethical considerations arise, as well. Are surgeons obliged to operate on HIV-positive or AIDS patients? Some surgeons adhere strictly to the Hippocratic Oath, whereas others reserve the right to be selective on whom they operate, except in emergencies. Other common ethical considerations in the AIDS patient are similar to those arising in the terminal cancer case: whether to operate or not; whether to provide advanced support such as total parenteral nutrition or hemodialysis. Answers are not simple and require close collaboration between the surgeon, the AIDS specialist, and involved members of other specialties. Emergency operations become necessary to treat AIDS independent disease such as acute cholecystitis and appendicitis or AIDS-related life-threatening conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, perforation, or ischemia complicating Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and cytomegalovirus or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Delays and errors in diagnosis are frequent. Poor nutritional state with weight loss, low serum albumin, and leukocyte count prevails in most patients requiring emergency operations and account for a high mortality. By applying solid judgment and selecting management appropriately, the surgeon has the ability to prolong life and to improve the quality of life for these unfortunate patients, and to do so with extremely minimal risk to himself and his team.
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van Nes, A. "Epidemiology: Mathematical modelling of pseudorabies virus (Syn. Aujeszky's disease virus) outbreaks aids eradication programmes: A review." Veterinary Quarterly 23, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2001.9695070.
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Atta, Kouame. "Reflexion Sur Les Enjeux Epistemologique Et Methodologique De L’approche Anthropologique Sur La Maladie Chronique En Contexte Africain A Travers L’exemple Du VIH/Sida." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 29 (October 31, 2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n29p344.
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Our practical experience of anthropology in the field of HIV/AIDS and many researchers’ commitment in such scientific programs showed that social sciences’ approach of chronic disease in African cultural context includes relevant epistemological and methodological issues. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of these issues while showing the contribution of the anthropological approach to the comprehension of the health phenomena related to the AIDS in the African environment. The approach to this was to review the literature on fieldwork already done on HIV / AIDS in the social sciences. The results of our analysis indicate that medical research on HIV / AIDS in African cultural context has mobilized social sciences mainly anthropology in its various specialties which alongside Biology, Epidemiology and Clinic have led to the development of an inclusive approach of the disease. This interactive approach between social sciences and medical sciences allowed fulfilling the limits of medicine’s quantitative approaches and thus to grasp the AIDS pandemic in these epidemiological, behavioral and representational aspects.
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Folayan, M. O. "The Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Associated with Malnutrition." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (2004): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-3-28.
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Abstract Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingitivitis (ANUG) is a distinct and specific disease. This disease entity has been described as far back as the days of Hippocrates and is known by many synonyms. With the advent of antibiotics and with improved nutritional status, the incidence has decreased and even become extinct in developed countries. However, with the increasing incidence of severe immunodeficiency states such as seen in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) the lesion has once more, become a well recognized and often encountered clinical entity in developed countries. In developing countries, however, the condition is still a commonly diagnosed clinical lesion because of the persistently poor nutritional status. Because of the current campaign for increased focus on global health issues, ANUG, a lesion of significant interest for the developing countries where malnutrition is high and for developing countries because of the AIDS, a global pandemic has resurfaced as a topic for discussions and study. This literature review will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of ANUG associated with malnutrition. Citation Folayan MO . The Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Associated with Malnutrition. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:028-041.
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Adamu, Patience I., Pelumi Emmanuel Oguntunde, Hilary I. Okagbue, and Olasunmbo O. Agboola. "On the Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis of HIV/AIDS Patients in the Insurgency Affected States of Nigeria." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.229.
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BACKGROUND: The effect of insurgencies on a nation regarding the economy, education, health and infrastructure cannot be overemphasised.AIM: This research is therefore focused on analysing the incidence of HIV/AIDS disease in states affected by the activities of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data collected refer to the period from 2004 to 2017, reporting information on 16,102 patients and including the age, gender, year of diagnosing and status of the patients. Descriptive, Chi-square test of independence and Correlation analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.RESULTS: It was discovered that the majority of those living with HIV/AIDS in these Boko Haram ravaged areas are females between the age group of 30 years to 39 years. Reported cases of HIV/AIDS started increasing significantly from age 20, and the highest number of reported cases of HIV/AIDS was recorded in the year 2017.CONCLUSION: The status of the patient was found to be dependent on both the gender and age of the patients’ treatment, though the strength of the linear relationship between status and age is not significantly different from zero.
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Bjorklund, Geir, Roman Lysiuk, Monica Butnariu, Larysa Lenchyk, Vineet Sharma, Rohit Sharma, and Natalia Martins. "LOW PREVALENCE OF COVID-19 IN LAOS AND CAMBODIA: DOES DIET PLAY A ROLE?" Acta Medica Leopoliensia 28, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2022): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/aml2022.1-2.161.
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The study aims to review the involvement of different dietary habits in Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese populations in reducing COVID19 impact.
Materials and Methods. The methods of collection, systematization, analysis and generalization of information data have been used. The analysis of literature in scientific databases and analytical platforms by the listed keywords has been performed; all relevant references in the found sources have also been reviewed.
Results and Discussion. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by a highly pathogenic human coronavirus known as SARS-CoV2. Current epidemiology reported that more than 500 million cases of COVID-19 occurred in more than 180 countries worldwide. When the upper respiratory tract gets infected by low pathogenetic HCoVs, it typically triggers a mild respiratory disease. In contrast, when the lower airways get infected by highly pathogenic HCoVs, such as SARS-CoV2, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur and even fatal pneumonia. Such a situation causes the need for an urgent search of effective treatment measures. A very low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Laos and Cambodia, as well as low mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Vietnam and Laos, are extremely interesting, especially because of their early exposure to the virus, continuing ties to China, relative poverty, and high population density. The use of several spices and aromatic herbs as natural treatments for several illnesses, including viral infections, has been reported since a long time ago. The research reviewed three integral elements of Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese diets, such as special culinary spices and herbs, coconut oil, and palm oil-rich for saturated fatty acids as well as fermented shrimp paste. Environmental and population genetic causes may be forwarded but moreover local dietary habits may have even a role in this evidence. Therefore, all these items highlight the possibility of a significant contribution of local cuisine and diet into the impact on appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune-resistant mechanisms of the human population.
Conclusions. The review on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos inhabitants' diet helped to suggest the dietary factors having the contributing potential of reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.
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Brody, Stuart, and John J. Potterat. "Assessing the role of anal intercourse in the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322025704.
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Public health authorities have long believed that the preponderance of AIDS cases in Africa are attributable to 'heterosexual transmission'; most people silently assume this rubric to indicate penile–vaginal intercourse only. Recent epidemiologic analyses suggest that the majority of HIV cases in sub-Saharan Africa may be due to non-sterile health care practices. The present paper reviews the anthropological, proctologic, and infectious disease literature, and argues that both homosexuality and heterosexual anal intercourse are more prevalent in Africa than has traditionally been believed. The authors hypothesize that perhaps the majority of HIV transmission not accounted for by iatrogenic exposure could be accounted for by unsuspected and unreported penile–anal intercourse. Given the authors' findings, properly conducted studies to measure this HIV transmission vector, while controlling for iatrogenic exposure confound, are clearly warranted in Africa and in countries with similar epidemiologic characteristics.
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Fry, Alicia M., Chi Chi N. Udeagu, Montse Soriano-Gabarro, Scott Fridkin, Diana Musinski, Leslie LaClaire, John Elliott, et al. "Persistence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant, Multidrug-ResistantStreptococcus pneumoniaein a Long-Term–Care Facility Efforts to Reduce Intrafacility Transmission." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 26, no. 3 (March 2005): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502533.
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AbstractObjective:We describe an effort to reduce transmission of a multidrug-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae(MDRSP) in a long-term-care facility (LTCF).Design:Longitudinal cross-sectional study.Setting:An LTCF in New York City with ongoing disease due to an MDRSP strain among residents with AIDS since a 1995 outbreak. The MDRSP outbreak strain was susceptible to vancomycin but not to other antimicrobials tested, including fluoroquinolones.Participants:Residents and staff members of the LTCF during 1999 through 2001.Intervention:Implementing standard infection control measures, and developing and implementing "enhanced standard" infection control measures, modified respiratory droplet prevention measures to reduce inter-resident transmission.Results:Before the intervention, nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was detected in residents with AIDS and residents with tracheostomies who were not dependent on mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was 7.8% among residents who had AIDS and 14.6% among residents with tracheostomies. After training sessions on standard and enhanced standard infection control measures, the staff appeared to have good knowledge and practice of the infection control measures. After the intervention, new transmission among residents with tracheostomies was prevented; however, these residents were prone to persistent tracheal carriage and needed ongoing enhanced standard infection control measures. Ongoing transmission among residents with AIDS, a socially active group, was documented, although fewer cases of disease due to the outbreak strain occurred.Conclusions:Infection control contributed to less transmission of MDRSP in the LTCF. Additional strategies are needed to reduce transmission and carriage among certain resident populations.