Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) in women Services for Australia'
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Tabrizi, Sepehr N., Barbara A. Paterson, Christopher K. Fairley, Francis J. Bowden, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Comparison of tampon and urine as self-administered methods of specimen collection in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis in women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922386.
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1 Department of Microbiology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, 2 Menzies School of Health Research, Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, 3 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria and 4 AIDS/STD Unit, Centre for Disease Control, Territory Health Services, Darwin, Australia Summary: Self-administered sampling techniques for the detection of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are particularly useful due to their ease of collection and better patient compliance. Urine specimens, and recently tampons, have been described as methods of specimen collection for the detection of some STDs in women. In this study, 660 women had both first-void urine (FVU) and tampon specimens analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis . Overall 6.5%, 10.1% and 17.9% of urine samples were positive whereas 7%, 21.2% and 22% of tampon specimens were positive for C. trachomatis , N. gonorrhoeae and T. vaginalis respectively. Tampon-collected specimens tested by PCR were more sensitive than urine specimens for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and T. vaginalis ( P 0.001) and equally sensitive for the detection of C. trachomatis ( P =0.45). <
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Teresa Dawson, Maria, Paul Grech, Brendan Hyland, Fiona Judd, John Lloyd, Anne M. Mijch, Jennifer Hoy, and Alan C Street. "A Qualitative Approach to the Mental Health Care Needs of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 3 (2002): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02041.
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This article reports on the findings of the qualitative stage of a larger project on the mental care needs of people with HIV/AIDS and mental illness (Tender T1176 Department of Human Services, Mental Health Branch, Victoria - Research on the Mental Health Care Needs of People with HIV/AIDS and Mental Illness). The purpose of the larger research was to evaluate the needs and treatment requirements of persons with HIV/AIDS, who also suffer from mental health problems, with a view to developing proposals for improving existing service delivery in Victoria, Australia. The qualitative stage was designed to complement and elucidate data obtained through the quantitative stages of the project. Thirty in-depth open-ended interviews were carried out with service providers including HIV physicians, general practitioners, psychiatrists, clinical and managerial staff of Area Mental Health Services, Contact Tracers and forensic mental health services staff, as well as representatives of community groups such as People Living with HIV/AIDS and Positive Women and carers. The interviews explored the perspective of both service providers and users of such services with respect to needs for psychiatric care and service delivery, ease of access or barriers to mental health services, and the perceived strengths and weaknesses in current service provision. This paper presents the main findings and recommendations submitted to the funding body.
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Stewart, Christine, Sharon L. Bourke, Janet A. Green, Elianna Johnson, Ligi Anish, Miriam Muduwa, and Linda K. Jones. "Healthcare challenges of incarcerated women in Australia: An integrative review." International Journal of Healthcare 7, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v7n1p10.
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Background: Despite the rise in numbers of incarceration women, disparities between health care services and access exist. The health needs of incarcerated women is complex and influenced by multiple social determinants of health.Purpose: Explore the healthcare issues of incarcerated women within Australian Prisons.Methods: Integrative review of the literature.Results: Incarcerated women represent a small proportion of the prison population within Australia, however, health outcomes are significantly impacted. Socioeconomic status, abuse (physical, emotional, sexual), previous incarceration, generational factors are some of the factors impeding the health of incarcerated women. Mental health, chronic disease conditions, maternal and child factors are significant health concerns of this vulnerable population. There is a disparity in health access and programs to improve their health outcomes. This paper explores the challenges impacting the health of incarcerated women.Conclusions: Significant disparities exist in the access of health services available to incarcerated women. There needs to be more focus upon improving access to health services and health support programs to meet the complex health needs of incarcerated in Australia. Furthermore, there is a need for more primary health nurses to prevent and address the healthcare issues of this population.
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Ward, Martha. "Poor and Positive: Two Contrasting Views from Inside the HIV/AIDS Epidemic." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.f5787254243m53k1.
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No longer a disease exclusively of homosexual men, HIV/AIDS is increasingly prevalent in women and children, especially among the poor. The social and cultural patterns associated with the disease in this population are very different than they are among homosexual men, as are many of the measures needed to address the problems of those infected. Substantial bureaucracies already provide services to poor women, and newly created AIDS agencies are adding women to their rolls. But the professionals who work within these institutions are dealing less with a new disease than with an old problem, namely, how to provide care to a population already afflicted by poverty, racism, sexism, drugs, sexually transmitted diseases, and other problems.
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Gibson, Alice A., and Stephanie R. Partridge. "Nutritional Qualities of Commercial Meal Kit Subscription Services in Australia." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112679.
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People are cooking at home less often and relying more on food prepared outside of the home, which is often of less nutritional value than home-cooked meals. The foodservice industry has endeavored to address barriers with the introduction of commercial meal kit subscription services (MKSSs). We aimed to assess and compare the nutritional qualities of MKSSs available in Australia. Average nutritional qualities per serve of 12 recipes (from four weekly boxes of three meals serving two people) were analyzed from five MKKSs (Dinnerly, HelloFresh™, MarleySpoon™, Pepper Leaf, Thomas Farms Kitchen). On average, MKSSs provided adequate serves of core foods, particularly of vegetables (2.3 ± 1.6–3.1 ± 1.8 serves per serve). Energy content ranged between 2891 ± 539 and 3904 kJ ± 890 per serve. All MKKSs were high in fat (39.5 ± 9.5–59.6 ± 11.2% of energy) and sodium (723 ± 404–1426 ± 688 mg per serve). All MKSSs met suggested dietary target level of dietary fiber for women, but none for men. If MKSS providers can modify recipes to reduce added salt and fat and increase dietary fiber, they have the potential to provide both men and women with nutritious meals that more closely align with the dietary guidelines for the prevention of chronic disease, especially if meals are used as an alternative to energy-dense nutrient-poor takeaway and convenience foods.
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Miranda, Angelica Espinosa, Bettina Moulin Coelho Lima, Alain Giami, Jonathan E. Golub, and Sinesio Talhari. "Behavior assessment of women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Vitória, Brazil." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 87, no. 2 (April 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962012000200002.
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BACKGROUND: Studies about sexual risk behaviors can provide information to support design strategies to control the spread of HIV infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess sexual risk behaviors among women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among women attending an STD/AIDS reference center. Enrolled participants were interviewed and provided a blood sample to determine HIV status. RESULTS: A total of 276 women participated. among 284 selected; 109 (39.5%) were HIV-positive and 167 (60.5%) HIV-negative. Median age was 31 years (interquartile range (IQR)24-36) and 69% of women were between 18 and 34 years of age. Women reported high access to information about STD (87%) and AIDS (90%) but information about sexuality was less common (55%). HIV-positive women asked their partners to use condoms more often than HIV-negatives (31% vs. 5%, p=0.02), and were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse (65% vs. 33%, p<0.01). Among all patients, questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse (99.6%) and needle sharing (99.2%) were most frequently answered correctly, while questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through blood donation (57%) were least. CONCLUSION: Though this population reports easy access to information and services for HIV/sexually transmitted diseases, most report little understanding of unsafe sexual behaviors, particularly HIV-negative women.
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Cysique, Lucette A., Margaret P. Bain, Bruce J. Brew, and John M. Murray. "The burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in Australia and its estimates for the future." Sexual Health 8, no. 4 (2011): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11003.
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Background The growing number of older individuals with HIV in Australia implies that the prevalence of dementia and additional HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders will increase. There are currently no estimates of the future burden of neurocognitive disease in this population. Methods: We estimated the number and age profile of people living with HIV to the end of 2009 using HIV/AIDS Registry data, and extrapolated these estimates to 2030. Prevalence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) from 2005 to 2010 from a large Sydney hospital and cost estimates from the AIDS Dementia and HIV Psychiatry Service were used to estimate future HAD burden and costs. Results: Based on our calculations, the number of HIV-positive individuals in Australia will increase from 16 228 men and 1797 women in 2009 to 26 963 men and 5224 women in 2030, while the number of individuals aged 60+ years will increase from 1140 men and 78 women to 5442 men and 721 women, i.e. a 377% increase of older men and an 825% increase in older women. Based on a 7.8% (157/2004) HAD prevalence obtained from hospital data, individuals with HAD will increase in number from 1314 men and 143 women in 2009 to 2204 men and 421 women in 2030. An estimated 22 men and 2 women with non-HIV dementia in 2009 will increase to 104 men and 12 women by 2030. The annual cost of care will increase from ~$29 million in 2009 to $53 million in 2030, mostly for full-time residential care. Conclusions: Neurocognitive disorders will place an increasing burden on resources, especially as those living with HIV age. Because it is unclear if HAD is an increased risk factor for non-HIV dementia, our calculations may be conservative.
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Kosia, Agnes L., Tumaini Nyamhanga, Gasto Frumence, Deodatus Kakoko, and Ave Maria Semakafu. "Role of health care workers in the care and support of women living with HIV/AIDS experiencing intimate partner violence: the case of women attending care and treatment clinic in Singida region, Tanzania." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211725.
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Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is behaviour within intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual and psychological harm. Health care workers (HCW) have a big role to play for women living with HIV/AIDS (LWHA) who are experiencing IPV. The understanding and perception of IPV towards health care workers is very important in the provision of integrated holistic care.Methods: This was a qualitative study where data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions for 24 HCW, working at a care and treatment clinic and prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS. Content analysis was used to analyse the data.Results: The study findings showed that HCW had their own meaning and understanding of IPV that was when a male partner does something wrong to his female partner which was associated with beating, use of abusive language and refusal to provide basic needs. HCW had various roles in caring and supporting women LWHA experiencing IPV. They provided emergency medical services, health education which helped them to cope with their HIV/AIDS disease, counselled on the importance of adhering to their antiretroviral treatment medications and referral services which helped them to address their IPV as women LWHA.Conclusions: The study concluded that HCW had a very important role to play in care and support of women LWHA. They needed more training on IPV so that they will be able to provide care and support to all women living with HIV/AIDS experiencing IPV and the community at large.
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Bar-Zeev, Sarah, Lesley Barclay, Sue Kruske, Naor Bar-Zeev, Yu Gao, and Sue Kildea. "Use of Maternal Health Services by Remote Dwelling Aboriginal Women in Northern Australia and Their Disease Burden." Birth 40, no. 3 (September 2013): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/birt.12053.
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McKinney, Martha M., and Katherine M. Marconi. "Delivering HIV Services to Vulnerable Populations: A Review of CARE Act—Funded Research." Public Health Reports 117, no. 2 (March 2002): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phr/117.2.99.
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This article summarizes key findings from evaluation and research studies that have received financial support from the HIV/AIDS Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration or from Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act grantees. These studies suggest that the CARE Act has improved but not equalized service accessibility, quality, and outcomes for different populations living with HIV disease. Evaluations of access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) found that uninsured patients, women, people of color, and injection drug users waited much longer than others to receive the new therapies. These disparities were not uniform across study sites, suggesting that clinic characteristics and geographic location have a major influence on prescribing patterns. Once patients gained access to HAART, health insurance status made little difference in clinical outcomes.
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Tuchel, Tammy, and Douglas Feldman. "A Preliminary Ethnography of HIV-Positive Women in Dade County Jails." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.eq25x27882707779.
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As the population of women in jails and prisons in the United States has increased in recent years, so has interest in directing health services, social support, and education to this population more effectively. One of the major health problems of all imprisoned populations today is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV seroprevalence rates are often higher for women than for men in correctional facilities, and the rates are also higher in municipal jail systems than in state prison systems. Jails and prisons need to be prepared to deal with the health needs of their growing HIV-positive population. In addition, the social and cultural factors associated with high-risk behaviors for HIV need to be identified for the inmate population so that jail and prison health services and educational programs can better prevent further transmission of the disease.
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McMahon, Catherine M., Bamini Gopinath, Julie Schneider, Jennifer Reath, Louise Hickson, Stephen R. Leeder, Paul Mitchell, and Robert Cowan. "The Need for Improved Detection and Management of Adult-Onset Hearing Loss in Australia." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308509.
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Adult-onset hearing loss is insidious and typically diagnosed and managed several years after onset. Often, this is after the loss having led to multiple negative consequences including effects on employment, depressive symptoms, and increased risk of mortality. In contrast, the use of hearing aids is associated with reduced depression, longer life expectancy, and retention in the workplace. Despite this, several studies indicate high levels of unmet need for hearing health services in older adults and poor use of prescribed hearing aids, often leading to their abandonment. In Australia, the largest component of financial cost of hearing loss (excluding the loss of well-being) is due to lost workplace productivity. Nonetheless, the Australian public health system does not have an effective and sustainable hearing screening strategy to tackle the problem of poor detection of adult-onset hearing loss. Given the increasing prevalence and disease burden of hearing impairment in adults, two key areas are not adequately met in the Australian healthcare system: (1) early identification of persons with chronic hearing impairment; (2) appropriate and targeted referral of these patients to hearing health service providers. This paper reviews the current literature, including population-based data from the Blue Mountains Hearing Study, and suggests different models for early detection of adult-onset hearing loss.
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Santos, Breno R., Eduard J. Beck, Mario F. Peixoto, Valerie Kitchen, and Jonathan Weber. "Changing Patterns of HIV-1 Transmission in Southern Brazil 1985–1991." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 3 (May 1994): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500309.
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In order to describe the changing patterns of risk factors for HIV-1 transmission of patients using hospital services at an AIDS referral centre in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, data on demographic characteristics, referral patterns and risk factors at time of first presentation were collected prospectively on 405 patients between October 1985 and September 1991. Overall HIV-related patient workload increased during the study period, as did the proportion of infected female patients seen ( P < 0.05). Of all patients, 147 (36%) presented with symptomatic HIV disease and 77 (19%) presented with an AIDS defining condition; men were more likely to present with symptomatic disease than women. Approximately 156 (44%) of men were self-referred compared with 4 (8%) of the women ( P < 0.0001). Of the 357 infected men, 82 (23%) were bisexuals; of the 26 heterosexually infected women, 7 (24%) had bisexual male partners. These data suggest the increasing importance of heterosexual HIV transmission in this hitherto ‘low’ prevalence area, with male bisexuals constituting an important route through which heterosexual females are being infected in this area. The data also suggest that heterosexual women in Southern Brazil do not perceive themselves to be at risk for HIV-1 infection.
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Ayala, Armida. "Promotoras in Action for the Prevention of HIV Perinatal Transmission." Practicing Anthropology 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.28.4.1215t84621767322.
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From 2000-2005, a participatory action research (PAR) process was initiated to explore strategies for the prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV that could be implemented in selected service planning (SPAs) areas of Los Angeles County, California. The Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Health Services (DHS), Office of AIDS Programs & Policy (OAPP) took the lead for the prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV among women in LA in a state wide collaborative effort involving six counties. Realizing that the consultation process had to involve many stakeholders, including representatives of several inter-governmental departments, community organizations, and women affected by HIV, a PAR approach was seen as appropriate. I was hired as a practicing anthropologist because of my prior experience as an HIV/AIDS researcher and service provider in the region to implement the project. The majority of the funding originated from the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention and the California State Office of AIDS. Multi-stakeholder advisory groups were formed, and community partners were selected as local project liaisons. Their first main task was to organize women as part of a multi-level intervention that involved training for promotoras (peer health educators), outreach, case management, and a social marketing campaign.
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Halasa-Rappel, Yara A., Gary Gaumer, Deepa Khatri, Clare L. Hurley, Monica Jordan, and Allyala K. Nandakumer. "The Tale of Two Epidemics: HIV/AIDS in Ghana and Namibia." Open AIDS Journal 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613602115010063.
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Background: In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) introduced the 90-90-90 goals to eliminate the AIDS epidemic. Namibia was the first African country to meet these goals. Objective: To construct a comparative historical narrative of international and government responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the two countries, to identify enabling and non-enabling factors key to mitigate the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Methods: We conducted a desk review of public documents, peer-reviewed articles, and media reports to evaluate actions taken by Namibia and Ghana’s governments, donors, and the public and compared disease prevalence and expenditure from all sources. Results: Namibia’s progress is due to several factors: the initial shocking escalation of infection rates, seen by donors as a priority; the generalizability of the epidemic generated, which resulted in overwhelming public support for HIV/AIDS programs; and a strong health system with substantial donor investment, allowing for aggressive and early ramp up of ART. Modest donor support relative to the magnitude of the epidemic, a weak health care system, and widespread household cost-sharing are among the factors that diminished support for universal access to HIV treatment in Ghana. Conclusion: Four factors played a key role in Namibia’s success: the nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the government and international community's response to the epidemic, health system characteristics, and financing of HIV/AIDS services. Strengthening the health systems to support HIV/AIDS testing and care services, ensuring sustainable ART funding, empowering women, and investing in an efficient surveillance system to generate local data on HIV prevalence would assist in developing targeted programs and allocate resources to where they are needed most.
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Safitri, Sella Dwi, and Shohebatuz Sofiyah. "Components of Herbal Plants That Inhibit HIV in Public Health Welfare Efforts: Literature Review." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jamaps-0101.424.
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The highest number of HIV/AIDS sufferers is of childbearing age. Stigma, discrimination, and lack of knowledge about HIV and AIDS are the biggest problems in Indonesia in an effort to reduce the prevalence of PLWHA. Most people still do not know about the causes and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Predisposition is a factor that causes a mother or baby with HIV/AIDS to have a great chance of contributing to maternal and infant mortality, which greatly determines the health status of a country's population. The number of people living with HIV is increasing in 50 countries, including Indonesia, with more than 1.8 million people newly infected with this deadly virus in 2017. Around 180,000 children (0-14 years) are infected with the HIV virus and 110,000 children die from related diseases with AIDS. The purpose of this study is to provide services that can improve health, especially for mothers and children infected with the HIV virus and improve the welfare of the community from HIV/Aids disease by being able to accept their condition, be sincere, and be able to maintain relationships with the community. By using the literature review method collected through national and international journals and research articles. The result of this literature review is to obtain the latest innovations in HIV/AIDS prevention by giving herbal medicines that can play an active role in suppressing the levels of the HIV virus in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in pregnant women and their babies, through the health services provided by medical personnel and government infrastructure, is expected to reduce the rate of HIV transmission to the mother and fetus.
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Burhan, Rialike. "Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Kesehatan oleh Perempuan Terinfeksi HIV/AIDS." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 8, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v8i1.339.
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Perempuan terinfeksi human immunodeficiency virus dan acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) mempunyai permasalahan yang kompleks sehubungan dengan penyakit dan statusnya, sehingga mereka mempunyai kebutuhan yang khusus. Kebutuhan perawatan, dukungan dan pengobatan tersebut dapat diperoleh dengan mengakses pelayanan kesehatan yang tersedia untuk dapat mengoptimalkan kesehatan mereka sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor predisposisi yang meliputi pengetahuan, sikap, stigma, faktor pemungkin yang meliputi jarak ke pelayanan kesehatan dan faktor penguat berupa dukungan sosial dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan pada perempuan terinfeksi HIV/AIDS. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan potong lintang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kelompok Dukungan Sebaya Female Plus Kota Bandung pada bulan Juni sampai Juli 2012. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 40 orang perempuan terinfeksi HIV/AIDS. Data di analisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik yaitu usia, pendidikan, status perkawinan, status pekerjaan, faktor predisposisi (pengetahuan, sikap, stigma), faktor penguat (dukungan sosial), dan faktor pemungkin yaitu jarak ke pelayanan kesehatan tidak berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan. Pengetahuan merupakan faktor penentu dalam pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan berpeluang 60,1 kali untuk memanfaatkan pelayanan kesehatan.Women living with HIV/AIDS have a complex problems who connection with the disease and her status, because they have special needs, for care, support and treatment can be obtained by accessing the health services available to optimize their health so as to improve the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between three factors, predisposing factors (knowledge, attitudes, stigma), enabling factors (distance to health services), and reinforcing factors (social support) with health service utilization.This type of research was analytic with cross-sectional research approach. The research was implemented in Female Plus Peer Support Group Bandung from June until July 2012. The sample in this study were 40 women living with HIV/AIDS. Data analysis using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The results obtained that there were significant relationship is age, education, marital status, work, predisposing factors (knowledge, attitude, stigma), reinforcing factor (social support), and enabling factors (distance to health services were not correlated with health service utilization). Knowledge was the determinant factor to health service utilization in 60,1 times the chance to utilize health services.
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Tripathi, R. "Women substance use in india: An important but often overlooked aspect." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S818—S819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2163.
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IntroductionSubstance abuse has traditionally been considered as a disease of men. Women were believed to have some kind of immunity in terms of “social inoculation”. However, due to change in societal norms and beliefs, substance use is currently increasing among women also.ObjectivesTo focus on female substance use in IndiaMethodsIn India, traditional use of various substances by women during religious festivals is not unknown. Chewing tobacco is a common practice among many women across the country. Cultural use of alcohol has been known in some tribal populations but gradually the use is increasing. There is major difference in pattern of male and female substance use including initiation, progression, recovery and relapse. Women experience greater medical, physiological and psychological impairment and experience loss of control sooner than males. Teatment needs of female substance users is different and requires a gender specific comprehensive strategy which will require medical services, mental health services, services for family and child and employment opportunities.ResultsCurrently, there is no Indian policy for women substance use. However, Government of India has started a convergence program which includes National AIDS Control program (NACP), National rural health mission (NRHM) and reproductive or sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI) to combat some aspects.Conclusions India is in great need of a policy or at least a standard operative protocol for management of female substance use disorder which may include screening for substance use disorder for all females accessing health sector, counselling, referral to addiction services, formation of a treating team and after –care.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Robinson, Helen, Philip Robinson, Michael D’Emden, and Kassam Mahomed. "Management of thyroid disease in pregnancy – Room for improvement in the first trimester." Obstetric Medicine 9, no. 3 (June 21, 2016): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x16629773.
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Background First-trimester care of maternal thyroid dysfunction has previously been shown to be poor. This study evaluates early management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy in Australia. Methods Patients reviewed by the Obstetric Medicine team for thyroid dysfunction from 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2013 were included. Data were collected on gestation at referral from the patient’s general practitioner to the antenatal clinic, information provided in the referral letter, thyroid function tests and thyroid medications. Results Eighty-five women were included in the study. At the time of general practitioner referral to antenatal services, 19% of women with preexisting thyroid disease had no thyroid function tested. Forty-three percent had an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone defined as being outside the laboratory-specific pregnancy reference range if available, or outside the level of 0.1–2.5 mIu/L in the first trimester, 0.2–3.0 mIu/L in the second trimester and 0.3–3.0 mIu/L in the third trimester. Only 21% of women increased their thyroxine dose prior to their first antenatal clinic review. Conclusion This study highlights that a significant proportion of women with known thyroid disease either have untested thyroid function in the first trimester or a thyroid-stimulating hormone outside of levels recommended by guidelines.
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Humphrey, John, Marsha Alera, Bett Kipchumba, Elizabeth J. Pfeiffer, Julia Songok, Winfred Mwangi, Beverly Musick, Constantin Yiannoutsos, Juddy Wachira, and Kara Wools-Kaloustian. "A qualitative study of the barriers and enhancers to retention in care for pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV." PLOS Global Public Health 1, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): e0000004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000004.
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Retention in care is a major challenge for pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV (PPHIV) in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) continuum. However, the factors influencing retention from the perspectives of women who have become lost to follow-up (LTFU) are not well described. We explored these factors within an enhanced sub-cohort of the East Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS Consortium. From 2018–2019, a purposeful sample of PPHIV ≥18 years of age were recruited from five maternal and child health clinics providing integrated PMTCT services in Kenya. Women retained in care were recruited at the facility; women who had become LTFU (last visit >90 days) were recruited through community tracking. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically using a social-ecological framework. Forty-one PPHIV were interviewed. The median age was 27 years, 71% were pregnant, and 39% had become LTFU. In the individual domain, prior PMTCT experience and desires to safeguard infants’ health enhanced retention but were offset by perceived lack of value in PMTCT services following infants’ immunizations. In the peer/family domain, male-partner financial and motivational support enhanced retention. In the community/society domain, some women perceived social pressure to attend clinic while others perceived pressure to utilize traditional birth attendants. In the healthcare environment, long queues and negative provider attitudes were prominent barriers. HIV-related stigma and fear of disclosure crossed multiple domains, particularly for LTFU women, and were driven by perceptions of HIV as a fatal disease and fear of partner abandonment and abuse. Both retained and LTFU women perceived that integrated HIV services increased the risk of disclosure. Retention was influenced by multiple factors for PPHIV. Stigma and fear of disclosure were prominent barriers for LTFU women. Multicomponent interventions and refining the structure and efficiency of PMTCT services may enhance retention for PPHIV.
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Ratna Frenty Nurkhalim. "Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan Wanita Usia Subur Tentang HIV/AIDS di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gurah Kabupaten Kediri." Masokan: Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34307/misp.v1i1.4.
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HIV / AIDS is an infectious disease caused by infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which attacks the immune system. (RI Ministry of Health, 2017). The high case of HIV / AIDS in women is feared to have an impact on the increase in cases of HIV / AIDS in children who get from perinatal transmission or transmission of infections that occur during pregnancy or childbirth. Another contributing factor is the lack of knowledge and awareness about HIV / AIDS that has threatened ordinary people including women of childbearing age. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of women of childbearing age about HIV / AIDS in the Gurah Health Center area of Kediri Regency. The method used was cross-sectional by distributing questionnaires to a group of women of childbearing age with a total sample of 98 respondents. With variables including the characteristics of respondents and knowledge of HIV / AIDS. Based on the research results obtained for the most age at the end of adulthood (35.7%), the most education was high school / vocational school (62.2%), IRT work (65.3%), electronic media information sources (41.8%). While knowledge of HIV / AIDS was sufficient as much as 43.9%, knowledge about transmission is low (49.9%), knowledge of prevention about limiting sexual relations (70.4%), condom use (55.1%), knowledge of signs and symptoms of people appear healthy (73.5%) , knowledge of characteristics affected by HIV / AIDS (59.2%), knowledge of prevention of HIV / AIDS testing (54.1%), and place of testing services (53.1%). The conclusion that can be taken was the level of knowledge of women of childbearing age about HIV / AIDS was in the sufficient category and was expected to be further improved so that it becomes a high level by conducting counseling by health workers in the Puskesmas and other agencies. HIV/AIDS merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh. (Kemenkes RI, 2017). Tingginya kasus HIV/AIDS pada perempuan dikhawatirkan akan ikut berdampak pada peningkatan kasus HIV/AIDS pada anak-anak yang didapat dari penularan melalui perinatal atau penularan infeksi yang terjadi pada saat kehamilan atau persalinan. Faktor penyebab lainnya adalah kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesadaran tentang HIV/AIDS yang telah mengancam kalangan orang biasa termasuk wanita usia subur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan wanita usia subur tentang HIV/AIDS di wilayah Puskesmas Gurah Kabupaten Kediri. Metode yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan menyebarkan kuesioner ke kelompok wanita usia subur dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 98 responden. Dengan variabel meliputi karakteristik responden dan pengetahuan HIV/AIDS. Berdasarkan penelitian diperoleh hasil untuk usia terbanyak pada dewasa akhir (35.7%), pendidikan terbanyak yaitu SMA/SMK (62.2%), pekerjaan IRT (65.3%), sumber informasi media elektronik ( 41.8%). Sedangkan pengetahuan HIV/AIDS yaitu cukup sebanyak 43.9%, pengetahuan mengenai penularan yaitu rendah (49.9%), pengetahuan pencegahan tentang membatasi hubungan seksual (70.4%), pemakaian kondom (55.1%), pengetahuan tanda dan gejala orang tampak sehat (73.5%), pengetahuan ciri terkena HIV/AIDS (59.2%), pengetahuan penanggulangan adanya tes HIV/AIDS (54.1%), dan tempat pelayanan tes (53.1%). Simpulan yang dapat diambil adalah tingkat pengetahuan wanita usia subur tentang HIV/AIDS berada pada kategori cukup dan diharapkan dapat lebih ditingkatkan sehingga menjadi tingkatan yang tinggi dengan dilakukan penyuluhan oleh tenaga kesehatan yang ada di Puskesmas maupun instansi lainnya.
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Mata, Holly, Elias Provencio-Vasquez, Jacob Martinez, and Joseph De Santis. "HIV Risk Knowledge among Hispanic Adults in a U.S. – Mexico Border Community." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v12i1.1559.
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Background and Purpose: Hispanics experience a disproportionate burden of chronic disease, including HIV/AIDS. Community-level data regarding HIV risk and transmission are vital to effectively respond to health disparities in unique, high-risk populations. This study described HIV risk behavior knowledge among Hispanics in El Paso, Texas, in order to contribute to culturally and linguistically appropriate services for clinical and community settings in this U.S.-Mexico border community. Specifically, this project highlights misconceptions and gaps in HIV risk knowledge in two Mexican-American adult samples: (1) 103 men recruited primarily through agencies providing HIV-related medical and social services, and (2) 98 women recruited primarily through events hosted at a local community center. Methods: Data were gathered through structured interviews with participants as part of a larger study of HIV risk factors. Results: Less than 20% of men and 5% of women answered all 12 knowledge items correctly. Conclusion: This study builds on previous research identifying gaps in HIV knowledge by prioritizing two different at-risk populations in a U.S.- Mexico border community, where sociodemographic factors such as poverty, stigma, and limited access to healthcare services may contribute to increased HIV risk.
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MBONYE, A. K., K. S. HANSEN, F. WAMONO, and P. MAGNUSSEN. "BARRIERS TO PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV SERVICES IN UGANDA." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200999040x.
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SummaryUnderstanding care-seeking practices and barriers to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is necessary in designing effective programmes to address the high disease burden due to HIV/AIDS in Uganda. This study explored perceptions, care-seeking practices and barriers to PMTCT among young and HIV-positive women. A household survey (10,706 women aged 14–49 years), twelve focus group discussions and 66 key informant interviews were carried out between January and April 2009 in Wakiso district, central Uganda. Results show that access to PMTCT services (family planning, HIV counselling and testing and delivery at health units) was poor. Decision making was an important factor in accessing PMTCT services. Socioeconomic factors (wealth quintile, age, education level) and institutional practices also influenced access to PMTCT. Overall, having had an HIV test was highest when both men and women made decisions together or when women were empowered to make their own decisions. This was significant across wealth quintiles (p=0.0001), age groups (p=0.0001) and education levels (p=0.0001). The least level of HIV testing was when men made decisions for their spouses; and this was the case with family planning and deliveries at health units. Other barriers to PMTCT were fear of women and male spouses to have an HIV test and the perception that HIV testing is compulsory in antenatal clinics. In conclusion, to increase access to PMTCT among women, especially the young, poor and least educated, there is a need to empower them to make decisions on health seeking, and also to empower men to support their spouses to make good decisions. Other barriers like fear of having an HIV test should be addressed through appropriate counselling of clients.
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Lord, Sarah J., Belinda E. Kiely, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Benjamin Daniels, Dianne L. O’Connell, Jane Beith, Max K. Bulsara, and Nehmat Houssami. "Metastatic breast cancer incidence, site and survival in Australia, 2001–2016: a population-based health record linkage study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e026414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026414.
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IntroductionAdvances in systemic therapy for early and metastatic breast cancer (BC) over the last two decades have improved patients’ survival, but their impact on metastatic disease outcomes at a population level is not well described. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the incidence, site and survival of metastatic disease for women with a first diagnosis of BC in 2001–2002 vs 2006–2007.Methods and analysisPopulation-based retrospective cohort study of women with first primary invasive BC registered in the New South Wales (NSW) Cancer Registry in 2001–2002 and 2006–2007. We will use linked records from NSW hospitals, dispensed medicines, outpatient services and death registrations to determine: women’s demographic and tumour characteristics; treatments received; time to first distant metastasis; site of first metastasis and survival. We will use the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate cumulative incidence of distant metastasis, distant recurrence-free interval and postmetastasis survival by extent of disease at initial diagnosis, site of metastasis and treatment-defined tumour receptor type (hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive, triple negative). We will use Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the relative effects of prognostic factors, and we will compare systemic therapy patterns by area-of-residence and area-level socioeconomic status to examine equity of access to healthcare.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics committee approval was granted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (#EO2017/2/255), NSW Population and Health Services (#HREC/17/CIPHS/19) and University of Notre Dame Australia (#0 17 144S). We will disseminate research findings to oncology, BC consumer and epidemiology audiences through national and international conference presentations, lay summaries to BC consumer groups and publications in international peer-reviewed oncology and cancer epidemiology journals.
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Delmaifanis, Delmaifanis, Kemal Siregar, and Artha Prabawa. "mHealth Conceptual Model for Providing Quality Antenatal Care in Health Centers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (September 18, 2021): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7061.
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BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, the maternal mortality rate is still high and far from the Sustainable Development Goals target of 305 compared to 70 per 100,000 live births. AIM: This study aims to design the mHealth concept to improve the quality of antenatal care (ANC) with features that support service workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: The method used was literature study and conceptual design of the mHealth model with Rapid Application Development approach. RESULTS: The result showed that several factors influence the quality of ANC and the potential for improvement with mHealth. There are nine features of pregnancy services designed to improve the quality of ANC, such as standard operating procedure compliance, maternal health records, clinical decision aids, referral links, teleconsultation, health promotion improvement, alerts, and reminders, real-time reports, and distribution maps for pregnant women. The depicted context diagram consists of four external entities such as pregnant women, midwives, maternal and child health coordinators at Health centers and Health offices in Indonesia as well as the flow of data or information to and from mHealth, and the interface design understands users’ role and is executed accordingly. CONCLUSION: The problems of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic or the new normal were partially resolved with mHealth innovations, teleconsultation features, and improving health promotion. Therefore, all the mHealth features this helps in improving the quality of ANC.
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Chiang, Yung-Chih, Anna Collins, Prem Chopra, Ti Lu, Eng-Seong Tan, and Jeremy W. Couper. "Understanding the experiences of Mandarin-speaking patients diagnosed with life-threatening cancer in Australia." Palliative and Supportive Care 13, no. 5 (November 10, 2014): 1317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951514001175.
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AbstractObjective:People from ethnic minority groups who receive cancer care outside their country of origin may experience poor survival and psychological outcomes relative to that nation's majority groups. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to understand the experience of a large minority group of Mandarin-speaking cancer patients (MSCPs) after diagnosis and treatment of their cancer in Australia, with a view to delineate if cultural or linguistic factors affected the quality of care provided.Method:We employed an exploratory qualitative design involving interviews with 22 MSCPs who were treated during 2009 at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC) in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were interviewed by a bilingual psychiatrist, audiotaped, transcribed in Mandarin, and then translated into English before being subjected to thematic analysis by two independent researchers.Results:MSCPs experienced notable challenges as a result of both language difficulties and differing cultural approaches, which often limited their understanding of their disease and impeded their ability to access quality care and adequate support. The results call for Australia and other Western nations with increasingly diverse populations to consider how cancer care can be modified to better support people from minority groups to effectively cope with their diagnosis and treatment.Significance of results:This study raises several suggestions for service improvement, including the development of bilingual communication aids, improved educational opportunities for clinical staff to aid their mastery of cultural issues and effective interpreter consultations, and improved access to supportive services offering culturally specific strategies.
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Dow, Briony, and Sue Malta. "People with Alzheimer's disease and their spouse-caregivers: differences in perceptions of sexual satisfaction?" International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216002301.
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Older informal caregivers aged 65+ years account for 34% of all carers in the USA (Family Caregivers Alliance, 2016), 22% in England and Wales (Carers UK, 2015), and 24% in Australia (Deloitte Access Economics, 2015). For many older carers, this means looking after their spouse or intimate partner who in many cases has dementia (Donnellan et al., 2015). As the incidence of dementia increases, the need to understand the impact of caring on these intimate relationships becomes more vital, so the experiences of spousal caregivers can be anticipated, validated, and supported. It is also important to understand the gender differences in these care relationships, so that education and services can be tailored to meet the different needs of men and women caregivers. Sexual activity in later life is associated with both mental and physical health (Ganong and Larson, 2011; Anderson, 2013), and is therefore, important to maintain, perhaps even in the context of caring for someone with dementia.
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Hutagaol, Iin Octaviana. "The Effect of Organizational Development and Work Behavior Towards the Role of Midwives in Prevention Mother Actions to Child Transmission (PMTCT) and Independence Care of Pregnant Women in the Pandemic Time Covid-19." Maternal & Neonatal Health Journal 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37010/mnhj.v3i1.627.
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This research was motivated by pregnant women who endured HIV/AIDS during the Covid-19 pandemic. Their self-sufficiency was low or very low because they were incapable generate a readiness to prevent and overcome the disease problems they suffered. The theory of reasoned action (TRA) developed into the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This conceptual framework refers to combining the Kopelmen's with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in influencing midwives in PMTCT actions on HIV AND AIDS care independence. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Model analysis - SEM. It combines several aspects contained in path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to estimate several equations simultaneously. The study found that organizational characteristics (X1) effect on the midwives' role (Y) had a positive and significant effect. The work characteristics (X2) effect on midwives' role (Y) is positive and significant. The organizational characteristics (X1) effect on the pregnant women's independence (Z) is positive and not significant. The work characteristics (X2) on the independence of pregnant women (Z) have a positive and significant effect, and the role of midwives (Y) on the independence of pregnant women (Z) has a positive and significant effect. The result of the indirect effect shows that organizational characteristics (X1) through the role of the midwife (Y) have a positive and insignificant effect on the independence of pregnant women (Z), and work behavior (X2) through the role of the midwife (Y) has a positive and significant effect on the independence of pregnant women ( Z). Research recommends improving the reward system, training, and development as well as the leadership of each midwife. To carry out their duties and functions of providing health services to HIV and AIDS care in each Puskesmas as a form of organizational characteristics that affect the role of midwives in PMTCT actions in Makassar City. Maintaining the achievement of performance goals and the resulting feedback as work characteristics of midwives that will affect the role of midwives in PMTCT actions in Makassar City.
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Furtado, Francisca Marina de Souza Freire, José Anderson Galdino Santos, Stedile Loredanna, Eunice Araújo, Ana Alayde Werba Saldanha, and Josevânia da Silva. "30 years later: Social Representations about AIDS and sexual practices of rural towns residents." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 50, spe (June 2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000300011.
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In the 30 years of the AIDS pandemic in Brazil, it is recognized the HIV virus internalization of the phenomenon as a challenge to care and current health policies. In this sense, it aimed to verify sex practices and social representations that rural towns residents have about the disease. Attended by 789 people, men and women, between 18 and 90 years old, residents in 41 towns with fewer than 11,000 inhabitants in the state of Paraiba / Brazil. Data were collected by a questionnaire and the free association of words test. The results showed low concern about disease, perception of invulnerability to HIV infection and not using condoms during sexual intercourse, and confidence in the major reason related partner. Also showed endure derogatory and stereotypical representations, revealing that still persist in rural areas, beliefs and representations concerning the beginning of the epidemic. From these findings, it is possible to point out deficiencies in the care provided by the health services in these localities, which may result in increased vulnerability of this population to diseases, so there is the need to intensify information campaigns and intervention. The results reveal the existence of three different types of modes of learning health literacy skills in informal context: : i) learning that takes place in action, in achieving daily tasks; ii) learning processes that result from problem solving; iii) learning that occurs in an unplanned manner, resulting from accidental circumstances and, in some cases, devoid of intentionality.
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Thng, Caroline Chun Mei. "A Review of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Australia – Considerations in 2018." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 4 (December 2018): 938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362118821492.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) bear a high burden of disease and, subsequently, high health costs globally. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis contribute to nearly one million infections every day worldwide. Sexually transmitted infections continue to be the most frequently notified condition to the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and the numbers continue to increase. Australia has achieved several significant successes in reducing STIs and blood-borne viruses (BBV) including the significant decrease in genital warts in those less than 30 years old since 2007 following the launch of human papillomavirus vaccines in women, the virtual elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV, and the increased uptake of successful hepatitis C treatment following the availability of direct acting antiviral treatment on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. However, several challenges remain, including the ongoing rise of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis over the last five years; the emergence of antibiotic resistance; and the increasing disparity in the prevalence of STIs and BBV in men who have sex with men, young people, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and challenges in the delivery of services to rural and remote Australia. In this paper, we aim to provide a snapshot of the current landscape and challenges for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma, syphilis and HIV infections in Australia.
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Siwi, Tyas Kartika, Agnes Widanti, and Hartanto Hartanto. "Legal Protection to Commercial Sex Workers (PSK) Viewed From Reproductive Health Aspects at Pasar Kembang (Sarkem) Yogyakarta." SOEPRA 4, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/shk.v4i2.1499.
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All women had equal rights to reproductive health, no exception for commercial sex workers (PSK), because PSK was a very risky job for various diseases, among others, gonorrhea, herpes, fungal infections, syphilis, vaginitis, ulcers, sex lice, and HIV/AIDS. However, in reality, not all PSKs got their rights to reproductive health. The Government had issued a regulation related to reproductive rights, namely Government Regulation Nr. 61 of 2014 on Reproductive Health. This research used the socio-legal approach with the analytical- descriptive specification. The primary data were obtained from interviews with the Head of Public Health Center (Puskesmas) of Gedongtengen, doctors, midwives, coordinator of commercial sex workers association, AIDS Prevention Commission, the Head of Infectious Disease Control Section of the Health Office of Yogyakarta City, hotel owners and commercial sex workers (PSK). Secondary data were obtained from books and legal materials having relations with the research. The data gathered were then qualitatively analyzed.The results of the research at Puskesmas of Gedongtengen showed that PSK had obtained legal protection by the contents of articles of the prevailing legislation and the Minister of Health’s regulation. Puskesmas of Gedongtengen had reproductive health services programs such as clinical sexual services of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). If by an examination a PSK was found HIV/AIDS positive, she would be referred to a hospital having facilities by her needs. On the one hand, the supporting factors of the implementation of legal protection to commercial sex workers regarding reproductive health included affordable costs of the Puskesmas, availability of competent health personnel, adequate facilities, and infrastructure, cross-sectoral cooperation, PSK involvement in the services provided. On the other hand, the inhibiting factors were the absence of specific legislative regulations on PSK, low-level education that led to lack of health examination awareness, a lot of the customers that refused to use condoms and the insufficient availability of skilled health personnel.
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Oktaviani, Ni Putu Wiwik, Ni Luh Putu Devhy, I. Made Sudarma Adiputra, and Dewa Ayu Putri Widiastuti. "BAGAIMANA PERAWATAN KESEHATAN DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN IBU HAMIL BERPERAN DALAM PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN VCT." Bali Medika Jurnal 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36376/bmj.v5i2.39.
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Pendahuluan: AIDS adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi dengan virus yang disebut Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), yang dimana kasus HIV pada ibu rumah tangga menduduki peringkat kedua. Penularan melalui perinatal menyumbang 5,1%. Penularan tersebut dapat dicegah jika ibu hamil sejak dini diketahui statusnya dan mendapat pengobatan dengan tepat. Integrasi program pencegahan HIV dari ibu kebayi pada pelayanan antenatal care telah dilakukan, namun keikutsertaaan ibu hamil untuk VCT masih rendah. Dukungan keluarga sangat penting dalam mendukung keikutsertaaan ibu hamil untuk VCT. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi perawatan kesehatan dan dukungan keluarga dengan ibu hamil dalam pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan VCT. Metode: Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Studi dilakukan di Puskesmas I Susut, Bangli dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 93 reponden dengan teknik non-probabiliti sampling dengan purposive sampling. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan program komputerisasi dengan menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil: Hasil menunjukan sebagian besar responden memiliki fungsi perawatan kesehatan tidak efektif 54,8% dan sebagian besar responden memiliki dukungan keluarga cukup 46,2%. Diskusi: Hasil penelitian ini dapat direkomendasikan diterapkan pada keluarga melalui peran kader kesehatan dan pihak puskesmas untuk meningkatkan kembali pelayanan kesehatan VCT terhadap Ibu hamil.
Kata Kunci : Perawatan Kesehatan, Dukungan Keluarga, Ibu Hamil
ABSTRACT
Introduction: AIDS is a disease caused by infection with a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and the number of women who infected with HIV has increased year by year. Through perinatal transmission contributed 5.1%. The transmission can be prevented if pregnant woman know their status and get treatment appropriately. Integration of maternal to infant HIV prevention programs on antenatal care hip services is done, but the participation of pregnant women for VCT is still low. The family supports are important to support adherence participation of pregnant women for VCT. Method: This research aimed to description of the function health care and family support with pregnant woman on utilization of VCT health services. This study of description with cross sectional design. Study was conducted at Puskesmas I Susut Bangli with 93 samples was taken by non-probability sampling with purposive sampling. Obtained data was processing SPSS and analyzing by univariate test. Result: Research of study showard most respondents have a not effective Function health care 54,8% and most respondents have a enough family support 46,2%. Discussion: The results of this study research can be recommended to be applied to the family and the health community center or clinics to improve again the health services VCT to wards pregnant women.
Keyword : Health care, Family support, Pregnant women
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Fabris, Larissa Rodrigues, Úrsulla Vilella Andrade, Aline Ferreira Dos Santos, Ana Paula da Costa Marques, Sandra Maria do Valle Leone de Oliveira, Rinaldo Pôncio Mendes, and Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago. "DECREASING PREVALENCE OF THE ACUTE/SUBACUTE CLINICAL FORM OF PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 2 (April 2014): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000200006.
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With the objective to evaluate the behavior of paracoccidioidomycosis in the last three decades, clinical and epidemiological data of 595 patients admitted to clinical services of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul from 1980 to 2009 were investigated. Gender, age distribution, clinical form, comorbidity with tuberculosis or AIDS, and mortality were compared by decades of clinical admission. It was shown that during the three decades there was a decrease in women percentage, and the same manner occurred a reduction in participants in the age group of 20 to 39 years. Moreover, the acute/subacute forms have been diminished in the period. These fluctuations are closely related and can be simultaneously analyzed. Increased AIDS co-infection prevalence from the first to the second decade was also revealed, coinciding with the appearance of the retroviral epidemic and stabilizing during the third decade. No change in the tuberculosis co-infection rate was observed (overall = 6.9%). It reinforces the importance of this co-morbidity. The overall mortality rate remained steady at 6.7%, not varying significantly from one decade to another. The persistent mortality rate calls attention to the importance of this neglected disease.
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Vandormael, Alain, Diego Cuadros, Hae-Young Kim, Till Bärnighausen, and Frank Tanser. "The state of the HIV epidemic in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a novel application of disease metrics to assess trajectories and highlight areas for intervention." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz269.
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Abstract Background South Africa is at the epicentre of the HIV pandemic, with the world's highest number of new infections and the largest treatment programme. Using metrics proposed by the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS), we evaluate progress toward epidemic control and highlight areas for intervention in a hyperendemic South African setting. Methods The Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) maintains a comprehensive population-based surveillance system in the Hlabisa sub-district of KwaZulu-Natal. Between 2005 and 2017, we tested 39 735 participants (aged 15–49 years) for HIV and followed 22 758 HIV-negative and 13 460 HIV-positive participants to identify new infections and all-cause AIDS-related deaths, respectively. Using these data, we estimated the percentage reduction in incidence, the absolute incidence rate, the incidence-mortality ratio and the incidence-prevalence ratio over place and time. Results We observed a 62% reduction in the number of new infections among men between 2012 and 2017 and a 34% reduction among women between 2014 and 2017. Among men, the incidence-mortality ratio peaked at 4.1 in 2013 and declined to 3.1 in 2017, and among women it fell from a high of 6.4 in 2014 to 4.3 in 2017. Between 2012 and 2017, the female-incidence/male-prevalence ratio declined from 0.24 to 0.13 and the male-incidence/female-prevalence ratio from 0.05 to 0.02. Conclusions Using data from a population-based cohort study, we report impressive progress toward HIV epidemic control in a severely affected South African setting. However, overall progress is off track for 2020 targets set by the UNAIDS. Spatial estimates of the metrics, which demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity over place and time, indicate areas that could benefit from additional or optimized HIV prevention services.
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Kalra, Shikha. "Adolescent HIV/AIDS: Knowledge is a must." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/11.2/57-60.
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HIV/AIDS is a major threat to India. The number of people living with the disease is approaching 5 million. Global research shows that HIV/AIDS has direct links with health, social, psychological as well as economic problems by minimizing life expectancy, increasing burden on health care system, losing status in society and increasing inequality. India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, with 2.1 million people living with HIV. HIV/AIDS is a new phenomenon in the society. Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS abound worldwide. Female adolescents face even greater risk for STD transmission than their male peers and older adult women. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the gain in knowledge of adolescent girls after exposure to educational programme on selected four aspects of HIV/AIDS i.e. knowledge about adolescent years, information related to reproductive organs and physical changes, information related to HIV/AIDS, preventive measures for HIV/ AIDS (Individual and social responsibilities towards the person infected with HIV). The total sample for present study was consisted of 60 randomly selected adolescent girls belonging to nuclear families and low income group and studying in 10th, 11th, and 12th standards (15 to 18 years of age) of two randomly selected Government Senior secondary Girls Schools of Bikaner city, Rajasthan. The research design used for the present study was one group pre-test-post-test action research. The programme was planned on the basis of the results of pre test. Then, the results of post-test were obtained through the same duly pre-tested questionnaire cum interview schedule which was used during pre test. Frequency, percentage values and paired t-test was applied to see the significant difference between pre test and post-test scores of knowledge. The total sample had highest gain in knowledge (50.75%) in aspect 3 (Information related to HIV/AIDS). The subject had highly significant gain in knowledge at 1% and 5% level of significance. The adolescent girls of class 10th had the highest gain in knowledge i.e. 47.9 % among the group. The major findings revealed the positive and definite impact of educational programme in improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS and to avoid discriminatory treatment to AIDS patient in employment providing services and other benefits.
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Bongomin, Felix, Mercy Chelangat, Anthony Eriatu, Bruno Chan Onen, Priscilla Cheputyo, Stephen A. Godmercy, Eddymond Ekuk, Francis Idony, and James Henry Obol. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among HIV-Infected Women of Reproductive Age Attending Infectious Disease Clinic at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda." BioMed Research International 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9680514.
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Background. Reproductive planning by HIV-infected women is essential, as it helps to prevent transmission of HIV to their unborn babies. Integrating contraceptive services to routine HIV care significantly increases the use of modern contraceptive methods, thus reducing vertical transmission of HIV. Objectives. To determine the prevalence and factors associated with contraceptive use among HIV-infected women attending Infectious Disease Clinic (IDC) at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital (GRRH) in Northern Uganda. Methodology. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed. We used simple random sampling to recruit HIV-infected women receiving routine care from IDC, GRRH, into our study. Sample size was estimated using modified Kish-Leslie formula and semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analysed using Stata v11.0. We used logistic regression model to assess the associations and any factor with p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The prevalence of contraceptive use was found to be 36% (95% CI 31 – 40%). Factors which promoted contraceptive use were as follows: being married (aOR=2.68, 95% CI 1.54-4.65, p<0.001) and monthly income of $35 -250 (aOR= 2.38, 95% CI: 1.39- 4.09, p=0.002). Factors that hindered contraceptive use were having no child (nulliparity) (aOR= 0.16; 95% CI: 0.05-0.49; p=0.002) and age range of 31-49 years (aOR= 0.53; 95% CI: 0.33 - 0.84; p=0.007). Conclusion. In this study, just over a third of sexually active HIV-infected women reported use of modern contraceptives. This is a low level of usage and, therefore, clinicians and stakeholders should sensitise HIV-infected women on the importance of contraceptive use in the fight against HIV/AIDS and encourage them to use contraceptives to avoid vertical transmission of HIV through unintended pregnancy.
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Singh, Neelima, Satyendra Nath Ponna, and K. Rani Rajeshwari. "Efficacy of structured teaching programme on home care management of pregnancy induced hypertension in primigravida mothers: a tertiary hospital study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 3808. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173606.
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Background: Hypertensive disease of pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal mortality in India. 7.1% of maternal deaths are attributed to hypertension disorder of pregnancy. Early identification of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is essential for effective management of hypertensive disease of pregnancy. The study assesses the knowledge of primigravida women regarding home care management of pregnancy induced hypertension before and after administering structured teaching programme.Methods: It is a pilot study with pre-experimental study design. 30 study participants were recruited with non-probability purposive sampling of primigravida women attending antenatal clinic of maternity hospital of Petlaburj, Hyderabad. A pretested and standardized survey instrument was used for collecting socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude and practices regarding home care management of pregnancy after obtaining informed consent before and after structured teaching intervention programme with audio-visual aids for home management of pregnancy induced hypertension.Results: 43.3% of primigravida women were 21-24 years old and 43.3% of primigravida women were 20-24 years of gestation. Mean pre-test and post-test knowledge assessment score increased by 155.2% from 13.4 to 34.2 after administration of structured teaching programme and paired-t test was carried out to test difference of means. The test reports t-test statistic of -20.7 with p-value of <0.001 is highly significant.Conclusions: Evidence based guidelines adopted by Government of India should be implemented by health facilities by upgrading infrastructure, capacity building and community engagement for early identification of complications of pregnancy to seek health care services.
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Silalahi, Mariasi. "ANALISIS FAKTOR PARTISIPASI IBU HAMIL MELAKUKAN SKRINING HIV DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS TUNTUNGAN KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG TAHUN 2021." Jurnal Penelitian Keperawatan Medik 4, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpkm.v4i2.880.
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The hospital as a public institution that focuses on providing health services Transmission of HIV infection to children who are transmitted by the mother while in the womb or during childbirth will usually show signs within the first 12-18 months of a child's life. However, the participation of mothers participating in HIV screening during pregnancy is still low. The purpose of this study was to analyze the participation factors of pregnant women in HIV screening at Tuntungan Health Center. This research is an analytic survey research with cross sectional design. The research was conducted at the Tuntungan Public Health Center, Pancur Batu District. The study population was 842 people and a sample of 822 people. Data analysis used univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression tests at the 95% confidence level ( = 0.05). The results showed that the factors that influenced the participation of pregnant women in HIV screening at Tuntungan Public Health Center, Pancur Batu District were husband's support (p = 0.001), access to health services (p = 0.033), and needs (p
= 0.001). Meanwhile, the factors that did not influence were age (p = 1,000), education (p = 1,000), and trust (p = 0.614). The most dominant factor influencing needs. The need variable has a value of Ratio Prevalence (RP) = 8.299, meaning that respondents who stated that HIV screening was a necessity had an 8.2 times higher chance of doing HIV screening than respondents who stated that HIV screening was not a necessity. It is recommended that the leaders of the Tuntungan Health Center promote health education through outreach to the community, especially pregnant women about HIV screening and HIV / AIDS disease to increase public knowledge (mothers and husbands) so that husbands can provide optimal support for mothers to carry out HIV screening during pregnancy.
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Wang, G., N. Karimi, J. Descallar, K. O’Connor, J. Pipicella, L. Willmann, A. Williams, and V. W. Huang. "A170 A NOVEL DECISION AID IMPROVES KNOWLEDGE AND QUALITY OF PREGNANCY-RELATED DECISION-MAKING IN IBD." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.168.
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Abstract Background Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with poor IBD-specific reproductive knowledge experience more voluntary childlessness. Poor knowledge is associated with fear of IBD medications in pregnancy; this must be addressed as active IBD at preconception (PC) correlates with worse intrapartum disease and poor fetal outcomes. The Pregnancy IBD Decision Aid (PIDA), developed by an international multidisciplinary team following International Patient Decision Aids Standards, is an interactive online tool that offers personalised decision support on fertility, pregnancy, and medications in IBD (Fig). Aims To assess PIDA’s impact on knowledge and quality of decision-making among PC and pregnant patients with IBD, and to evaluate its feasibility as a tool for patients and clinicians. Methods PC and pregnant women aged 18–45 with IBD, recruited in Canada and Australia, completed questionnaires pre and post PIDA to assess quality of decision-making (Decisional Conflict Scale, DCS; Self-Efficacy Score, SES) and IBD in pregnancy knowledge (Crohn’s and Colitis Pregnancy Knowledge Score, CCPKnow). DCS assesses if a decision is informed, aligned with personal values, and would be implemented. SES measures belief in one’s ability to make informed decisions. Patients and clinicians (gastroenterology, obstetrics, primary care) also completed feasibility surveys. Paired t-test assessed for differences pre and post PIDA. Results DCS and SES were completed by 74 patients (42 Crohn’s disease, 32 ulcerative colitis); 41 PC and 33 pregnant. DCS improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.44, p<0.0001); this was observed in PC patients regarding pregnancy planning with IBD, and in pregnant patients regarding peripartum IBD medication management. SES of PC but not pregnant patients improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.32 vs 0.24, p=0.0001 vs 0.0525). In both cohorts, CCPKnow improved significantly post PIDA (n=76, effect size 0.66, p<0.0001). Patients (n=73) assessed PIDA feasibility. Mean scores for length (3.05±0.44), readability (3.09±0.5), and content amount (2.91±0.81) were perceived as appropriate (1=limited, 5=excessive). Perceived usefulness of PIDA was high among all patients (4.09±0.93; 5=most useful). Clinicians (n=14) believed PIDA had appropriate length, readability, and content amount, and deemed PIDA useful to patients (4.6±0.8) and themselves (4.8±0.8) for clinical practice. Conclusions PIDA improved knowledge and quality of decision-making in PC and pregnant patients with IBD. Patients developed a strengthened belief in their ability to make informed, effective decisions, and both patients and clinicians found PIDA feasible. PIDA is an accessible tool that can empower women with IBD to make evidence-based decisions about pregnancy and may ultimately reduce voluntary childlessness. Funding Agencies Mount Sinai Hospital Resident Research Grant; Gastroenterological Society of Australia Rose Amarant Grant; Women and Children’s Health Research Institute (WCHRI); Clinical/Community Research Integration Support Program (CRISP); Merck Better Care, Healthy Communities Funding Program
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Majeed, Tazeen, Meredith Tavener, Xenia Dolja-Gore, Balakrishnan Nair, Catherine Chojenta, and Julie Byles. "Patterns of geriatric health assessment use among community dwelling older Australian women over a 14-year period." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 2 (April 2019): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819618814561.
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Objective To assess which older Australian women had Medicare subsidized health assessments between 1999 and 2013. Methods This study used prospective, longitudinal survey data from the 1921 to 1926 birth cohort of Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) linked with Medicare Australia data on health services use. Over 11,000 Australian women were included in the study. Latent class analysis was used to identify assessment patterns over time, accounting for death, and based on three categories (‘no assessment’; ‘assessment; ‘deceased’) for each year between 1999 and 2013. Further analysis explored the impact of health and sociodemographic characteristics on class membership. Results Of the women included in the latent class analysis, 37% never had any assessment and the remainder had had at least one assessment. After a steady uptake from 1999 to 2003, there was decline in uptake from 2003 onwards. A six-class model with sufficient homogeneity and reliable estimation was selected to represent assessment patterns and mortality risk, labelled as: ‘high mortality’ rate with little chance for assessment (12.4%), ‘intermediate mortality, low assessment’ (14.1%), ‘later mortality/low assessment’ (13.1%), ‘later mortality, high assessment’ (7.0%), ‘low mortality, low assessment’ (31.8%), ‘low mortality, high assessment’ (21.6%). Older women with certain conditions (such as diabetes, depression, heart disease) were more likely to be in the low assessment groups, and women with difficulty managing on income were more likely to be in low assessment groups. Conclusion Distinct assessment and mortality patterns were seen, with many women not having assessment, in particular those who had certain health conditions, were taking 3+ medications, had difficulty in managing on income, needed help or were in respite care, and had caring responsibilities. The findings point to a need to promote these assessments among older women, and to reduce financial barriers, even within the context of a heavily subsidized health care system.
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Hayes, Sandra Christine, Megan Steele, Rosa Spence, Christopher Pyke, Christobel Saunders, John Bashford, and Elizabeth Eakin. "Can exercise influence survival following breast cancer: Results from a randomised, controlled trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 10067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10067.
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10067 Background: Exercise for Health was a randomised, controlled trial designed to evaluate an 8-month translational exercise intervention, commencing 6-weeks post-surgery for newly diagnosed breast cancer. Outcomes for this follow-up exploratory analysis were overall- and disease-free survival. Methods: Consenting urban-based women (n = 194) were randomized to one of two exercise groups (intervention delivered either face-to-face or over the telephone) or a usual care group, while consenting rural/regional women (n = 143) were randomised to either the telephone-delivered exercise group or usual care group. For the purposes of these analyses, exercise groups and usual care groups were combined (exercise group, n = 207; usual care group, n = 130). Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis and trials were registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12606000233527; 12609000809235). Results: Participant disease and treatment characteristics were similar to the wider breast cancer population in Queensland, Australia, and 42% of the sample resided in rural or regional areas. After a median follow-up of 101 months, there were 15/130 (11.5%) survival events in the usual care group, compared with 11/207 (5.3%) events in the exercise group. Disease-free events for the usual care versus exercise group were 23/130 (17.7%) and 25/207 (12.1%), respectively. The corresponding unadjusted hazard ratio for the exercise group for overall survival was 0.45 (95% CI = 0.21-0.97; p = 0.037), and for disease-free survival was 0.66 (95% CI = 0.38-1.17; p = 0.155). Conclusions: Epidemiological evidence consistently shows a positive relationship between physical activity and survival post-breast cancer, but is unable to establish causality. These exploratory findings suggest that an exercise intervention delivered during and beyond conventional treatment for breast cancer and that was designed to cater for all women, irrespective of place of residence and access to medical services, has clear potential to influence survival. Clinical trial information: ACTRN12606000233527; 12609000809235.
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Jaganathan, M., N. H. Zainal, N. Rajaram, T. Soo Hwang, and M. Y. Abdul Wahab. "The Feasibility and Performance of the Patient Navigation Programme in Improving Breast Cancer Care in Malaysia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 95s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.59500.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Malaysia and it is anticipated that incidence will increase by 49% from 2012 to 2025. Unfortunately, survival remains poor because of late presentation and poor adherence to evidence-based medicine. Barriers to early presentation include inadequate knowledge about the disease, financial issues, negative influence of relatives and perceived poor quality of care and services in state-run hospitals. Poor adherence to treatment is also a common struggle, and is further exacerbated by the use of traditional, alternative healing methods. While patient navigation (PN) programs have been shown to improve breast cancer outcomes in the US, its implementation and performance in low and middle income countries is not well studied. Aim: We sought to determine the impact of a PN program in reducing treatment delays and improving adherence to treatment and patient satisfaction, as well as to evaluate the barriers faced by women seeking breast cancer care in Malaysia. Methods: We established a nurse-led patient navigation center at a secondary government hospital in Klang. This clinical team involved the surgery, pathology, radiology and nursing departments and provided patient-centered care, including patient tracking and call reminder systems, family counseling, health education and decision aids. The community team involved a Patient Navigator Program Coordinator and a Community Navigator. We compared treatment delays and adherence to treatment between navigated patients and patients registered in the year prior to the PN program. We used Student t-tests and Pearson χ2 or Fisher's Exact tests to compare timeliness between navigated patients and patients registered in the year prior. Results: Of the 136 Malaysian women enrolled in the PNP in 2015, 48.9% were diagnosed with advanced disease (stage 3 or 4). Women with advance disease had a lower median monthly household income compared with women with early disease (USD $350 vs $540, P = 0.023). Women with advance disease were also less likely to have personal transportation to the hospital (36.4% vs 56.5%, P = 0.048). Compared with the year before PN, more navigated patients underwent mammography within 7 days of their first visit (96.4% vs 74.4%, P < 0.001) and received their diagnosis within 14 days of their first visit (80.0% vs 58.5%, P < 0.001). The proportion of women who met timeliness to treatment initiation was similar for navigated patients and patients in the year prior. The proportion of defaulters were marginally lesser among navigated patients compared with the year prior (4.4% vs 11.5%, P = 0.048). Conclusion: We found that integrating PN within a breast clinic of a middle income country is feasible, and in the long run, could improve outcomes for breast cancer patients. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess the impact of the PN program on improving treatment completion and survival.
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Abbasi, Mahmood, and Nazli Mahmoodian. "Jurisprudence-Legal Consideration of Single-Status Childbearing." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 10, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 32553. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i3.32553.
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Background: Among the achievements of modern fertility technologies available to contemporary humans, we could mention the freezing technique to fertility preservation, and subsequently, unmarried childbearing. The only way for having children was having sexual intercourse with the opposite gender in the past years; however, with the advent of this technology, even without such a relationship, it is possible to have a child. This process could be termed unmarried childbearing or single-status fertilities. This is one of the resent subjects in medical fertility; however, there is no research in this field, in Iran.
Methods: This was an applied and theoretical research in the theology field; thus, no research material was implemented. The main method of this research was the bookcase approach.
Result: In countries such as the USA, UK, and Australia, where there are more coherent laws about employing modern fertility techniques, this issue is addressed and specific laws exist in this regard. However, despite widespread use of this technique in Iran, we have no law in this respect except for the Fetal Donation Act of 2003, which only covers the general issues. In other words, the social fertility mandate has remained silent given permission, prohibition, and its conditions and effects on the child lineage in Iran's laws.
Freezing gametes is practiced in our country for a wide range. Besides, single-status fertility is occurring worldwide. Accordingly, this seems to be among the problems facing our society, and may also be illegally conducted in some cases, in Iran. In Islamic law, the permissible instances of reproductive rights include births through marriage, not otherwise, as well as births employing reproductive aids in terms of meeting the Islamic law. On the other hand, some individuals believe that this case can be regarded as some kind of inoculation with the involvement of a donor agency, and some jurists have voted to allow it. Therefore, these jurists explicitly accepted the use of donor gamete in the form of marital relations. The legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran also emphasizes on donation to lawful couples in the law of donation approach. Therefore, using donated gametes for childbearing is excluded in singles. Additionally, Judaism and all branches of Christianity, except for the liberal protestant denomination prohibit unmarried childbearing.
While the approach to the issue differs from one country to another, the USA Supreme Court has recognized and protected free relationships, family formation, and decisions on births, as freedom rights. The UK law has subjected the provision of services to single women to the welfare of children resulting from the process. However, in France, the provision of infertility treatment services to single individuals is prohibited. According to Australia law, any single or heterosexual individual without receiving medically-assessed services, i.e., referred to as ‘‘clinically infertile’’ cannot use this technology for having children.
Conclusion: In some countries, like the USA, bearing a child at a single status is legal; however, in some other regions, like the UK and Australia, it is permitted under special conditions. In some countries, like France, this action is prohibited. There is no law about this matter in Iran. The 167 article of the constitution addresses considering the Islamic verses and narrations on preserving the destination of the generation or acquiring the benefits and disposing of the corruption. In conclusion, the only way to have a child and to realize the principle of reproduction is permitted in the framework of religious marriage; thus, bearing a child at a single status is illegal and prohibited, in Iran.
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Brazionis, Laima, Anthony Keech, Christopher Ryan, Alex Brown, David O'Neal, John Boffa, Sven-Erik Bursell, and Alicia Jenkins. "Associations with sight-threatening diabetic macular oedema among Indigenous adults with type 2 diabetes attending an Indigenous primary care clinic in remote Australia: a Centre of Research Excellence in Diabetic Retinopathy and Telehealth Eye and Associated Medical Services Network study." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (July 2021): e000559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000559.
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ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with sight-threatening diabetic macular oedema (STDM) in Indigenous Australians attending an Indigenous primary care clinic in remote Australia.Methods and analysisA cross-sectional study design of retinopathy screening data and routinely-collected clinical data among 236 adult Indigenous participants with type 2 diabetes (35.6% men) set in one Indigenous primary care clinic in remote Australia. The primary outcome variable was STDM assessed from retinal images.ResultsAge (median (range)) was 48 (21–86) years, and known diabetes duration (median (range)) was 8.0 (0–24) years. Prevalence of STDM was high (14.8%) and similar in men and women. STDM was associated with longer diabetes duration (11.7 vs 7.9 years, respectively; p<0.001) and markers of renal impairment: abnormal estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (62.9 vs 38.3%, respectively; p=0.007), severe macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/mmol) (20.6 vs 5.7%, respectively; p=0.014) and chronic kidney disease (25.7 vs 12.2%, respectively; p=0.035). Some clinical factors differed by sex: anaemia was more prevalent in women. A higher proportion of men were smokers, prescribed statins and had increased albuminuria. Men had higher blood pressure, but lower glycated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and body mass index, than women.ConclusionSTDM prevalence was high and similar in men and women. Markers of renal impairment and longer diabetes duration were associated with STDM in this Indigenous primary care population. Embedded teleretinal screening, known diabetes duration-based risk stratification and targeted interventions may lower the prevalence of STDM in remote Indigenous primary care services.Trial registration numberAustralia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register: ACTRN 12616000370404.
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Shah, Gulzar H., Gina D. Etheredge, Lievain Maluentesa Nkuta, Kristie C. Waterfield, Osaremhen Ikhile, John Ditekemena, and Bossiky Ngoy Belly Bernard. "Factors Associated with Retention of HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Care: Evidence from Outpatient Clinics in Two Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090229.
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Interruptions in the continuum of care for HIV can inadvertently increase a patient’s risk of poor health outcomes such as uncontrolled viral load and a greater likelihood of developing drug resistance. Retention of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in care and determinants of attrition, such as adherence to treatment, are among the most critical links strengthening the continuum of care, reducing the risk of treatment failure, and assuring viral load suppression. Objective: To analyze the variation in, and factors associated with, retention of patients enrolled in HIV services at outpatient clinics in the provinces of Kinshasa and Haut-Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods: Data for the last visit of 51,286 patients enrolled in Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-supported outpatient HIV clinics in 18 health zones in Haut-Katanga and Kinshasa, DRC were extracted in June 2020. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. Results: The results showed a retention rate of 78.2%. Most patients were classified to be at WHO clinical stage 1 (42.1%), the asymptomatic stage, and only 3.2% were at stage 4, the severest stage of AIDS. Odds of retention were significantly higher for patients at WHO clinical stage 1 compared to stage 4 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.325; confidence interval (CI), 1.13–1.55), women as opposed to men (AOR, 2.00; CI, 1.63–2.44), and women who were not pregnant (vs. pregnant women) at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AOR, 2.80; CI, 2.04–3.85). Odds of retention were significantly lower for patients who received a one-month supply rather than multiple months (AOR, 0.22; CI, 0.20–0.23), and for patients in urban health zones (AOR, 0.75; CI, 0.59–0.94) rather than rural. Compared to patients 55 years of age or older, the odds of retention were significantly lower for patients younger than 15 (AOR, 0.35; CI, 0.30–0.42), and those aged 15 and <55 (AOR, 0.75; CI, 0.68–0.82). Conclusions: Significant variations exist in the retention of patients in HIV care by patient characteristics. There is evidence of strong associations of many patient characteristics with retention in care, including clinical, demographic, and other contextual variables that may be beneficial for improvements in HIV services in DRC.
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Almeida, Osvaldo P., and Stephen Fenner. "Bipolar Disorder: Similarities and Differences Between Patients With Illness Onset Before and After 65 Years of Age." International Psychogeriatrics 14, no. 3 (September 2002): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610202008517.
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Background: Recent reports have suggested that bipolar disorder beginning in late life is strongly associated with organic brain disease whereas early-onset cases are more likely to be associated with a family history of mood disorder. It is not yet clear whether late-onset bipolar disorder is therefore a “phenocopy” of the classic early-onset disorder, sharing symptoms but having a different etiology, or whether people with early- and late-onset bipolar disorder have a common underlying vulnerability that interacts with age-specific triggering factors. Aim: The present study examines the administrative records of patients treated for bipolar disorder, to establish whether differences between early- and late-onset cases might be consistent with their having distinct etiological processes. Methods: We used a file containing administrative data for all patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder who were in contact with the health services of Western Australia between 1980 and 1998. For each contact with psychiatric services, the file provided the patient's age, gender, marital status, educational achievement, employment, ethnic origin, postcode of residence, primary and secondary diagnoses, and the duration of the (administrative) episode. Subjects were designated “late-onset” when their first contact with psychiatric services occurred at or after 65 years of age. Results: Between 1980 and 1998 there were 33,004 service contacts involving 6,182 individuals whose primary or secondary clinical diagnosis was bipolar disorder. This indicates that the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Western Australia is approximately 0.4%. Most patients had an onset of illness between 15 and 45 years of age, but 492 patients (8%) were aged 65 years or over at the time of first contact with mental health services. We observed that the relative frequency of late-onset bipolar disorder increased between 1980 and 1998 (1% to 11%). There was an excess of women in our cohort (3:2), but no difference in the age of onset between males and females. Early onset was associated with a subsequently lower socioeconomic status, aboriginal ethnicity, and a higher frequency of mixed affective episodes, other mood disorders, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. Patients with late-onset bipolar disorder were more likely to have a diagnosis of organic mental disorder recorded (2.8% vs. 1.2%). There was no evidence of a bimodal pattern of age-specific incidence. Conclusion: The observed differences between early- and late-onset bipolar disorders are small and most likely attributable to differences in the duration of illness. Only a small proportion of patients with bipolar disorder were ever diagnosed with an organic mental disorder, which suggests that the reported association between late onset of illness and organic factors may be of limited clinical relevance.
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Devereux, C., P. Salamanca, R. Lam, N. Moloczij, and M. Krishnasamy. "Finding Your Way When You Have Metastatic Breast Cancer: Codesigning Resources With Consumers for Consumers. The Signpost Study." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 232s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.93600.
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Background: In Australia, women with metastatic breast cancer are not systematically made aware of or helped to access supportive care resources. Finding resources tailored to their needs can be challenging as they spread across several healthcare and advocacy organizations. Furthermore, resources assume varying levels of knowledge about the disease and its treatments, are fragmented and are dispersed across multiple organizations. Aim: The aim of our study was to codesign a signpost resource to direct women to key supportive care organizations that provide relevant, timely and comprehensive support for them; ensure women are made aware of and know how to access support they need, as and when they need it; and ensure that health professionals are aware of the resource, support its use, and distribute it to women. Methods: Using a codesign framework, initial development of the resource was guided by consumer representation on the study Steering Group. The resource was then presented to women living with metastatic breast cancer, and their advice obtained about its relevance and functionality during semistructured interviews. Purposive sampling based on age, time since diagnosis and geographical location (metro/regional), was used to obtain a variety of perspectives. Open-ended questions explored what the resource should contain, look like, and how it could best be introduced and distributed. An iterative descriptive analytical approach was applied. Results: Seven women aged 40-61 years were interviewed. Time since their metastatic breast cancer diagnosis ranged from 5 months to 19 years. Women told us about their preferences for style, content and format for the resource. They also guided discussion about how best to promote the resources in a way that both informed health professionals but also empowered women to find and express a need for support. As a result, 2 videos were produced. In the first 3-minute video for health professionals, consumers powerfully convey messages about the impact of their diagnosis, their need for support and how important it is for health professionals to “value and believe there are emotional, social and material aspects of coping with the disease” (this video will be shared in the presentation). In the second 4-minute video, consumers endorse the need for information and support, and women and consumers watching the video are introduced to the services provided by supportive care organizations profiled on the resource. Conclusion: Resources created and tailored by consumers for consumers are powerful and important. Consumer-led interventions that demonstrate to health professionals the importance of supportive care as a cornerstone of excellent cancer care may have a considerable impact but require empirical testing.
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Job Neto, Francisco, Raquel Barbosa Miranda, Ronaldo de Almeida Coelho, Cinthya Paiva Gonçalves, Eliana Zandonade, and Angelica Espinosa Miranda. "Health morbidity in Brazilian prisons: a time trends study from national databases." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026853.
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ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to explore the surveillance data about mandatory reporting diseases, included in the official information systems, and evaluate the historical trend analysis in prisoners in Brazil.DesignA time trends study was performed using secondary data from prisons’ health units.SettingNationwide representative data of Brazilian prisoners obtained from 2007 to 2014 health and prison information systems database were analysed. These data are carried out by units identified as prison health facilities.Primary outcome measuresDiseases diagnosis and individual data were available at the National System of Disease Notification (in Portuguese SINAN), Mortality Information System (in Portuguese SIM) and Prison Registration Systems (in Portuguese INFOPEN and GEO prisons). Analyses of the notification data performed in the SINAN at the national level. SINAN was consolidated with SIM, INFOPEN and GEO prison data.ResultsA total of 23 235 cases of compulsory disease notification causing morbidity were reported in prison units in Brazil; of these cases, 20 003 (85.6%) were men and 3362 (14.4%) were women. Over time, the proportion of prisoners increased from 1.92 per 1000 inhabitants in 2007 to 2.77 per 1000 inhabitants in 2014 (rising trend). From a total of 27 states, 12 of them presented a growth in disease notifications, 14 were stable and in only one state was there a decrease in notifications. There was an increase in notifications in the country as a whole. Tuberculosis (64.4%), dengue (9.1%), AIDS (9.0%) and viral hepatitis (5.9%) were among the most frequently reported diseases during the study period.ConclusionDespite showing stable tendencies, our results show high rates of diseases in Brazilian prisons. Prison health services should not be isolated but integrated into regional and national health and justice systems.
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Krichauff, Skye, Joanne Hedges, and Lisa Jamieson. "‘There’s a Wall There—And That Wall Is Higher from Our Side’: Drawing on Qualitative Interviews to Improve Indigenous Australians’ Experiences of Dental Health Services." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 6496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186496.
Full textAbstract:
Indigenous Australians experience high levels of untreated dental disease compared to non-Indigenous Australians. We sought to gain insight into barriers that prevent Indigenous Australians from seeking timely and preventive dental care. A qualitative study design was implemented, using face-to-face interviews conducted December 2019 to February 2020. Participants were 20 Indigenous Australians (10 women and 10 men) representing six South Australian Indigenous groups; Ngarrindjeri, Narungga, Kaurna, Ngadjuri, Wiramu, and Adnyamathanha. Age range was middle-aged to elderly. The setting was participants’ homes or workplaces. The main outcome measures were barriers and enablers to accessing timely and appropriate dental care. The findings were broadly grouped into eight domains: (1) fear of dentists; (2) confusion regarding availability of dental services; (3) difficulties making dental appointments; (4) waiting times; (5) attitudes and empathy of dental health service staff; (6) cultural friendliness of dental health service space; (7) availability of public transport and parking costs; and (8) ease of access to dental clinic. The findings indicate that many of the barriers to Indigenous people accessing timely and appropriate dental care may be easily remedied. Cultural competency training enables barriers to timely access and provision of dental care to Indigenous Australians to be addressed. The findings provide important context to better enable health providers and policy makers to put in place appropriate measures to improve Indigenous people’s oral health, and the Indigenous oral health workforce in Australia.
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Amazigo, Uche V., Stephen G. A. Leak, Honorat G. M. Zoure, Chukwu Okoronkwo, Maimouna Diop Ly, Sunday Isiyaku, Andy Crump, Joseph C. Okeibunor, and Boakye Boatin. "Community-directed distributors—The “foot soldiers” in the fight to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0009088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009088.
Full textAbstract:
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect hundreds of millions of people, predominantly in rural, often difficult-to-access areas, poorly served by national health services. Here, we review the contributions of 4.8 million community-directed distributors (CDDs) of medicines over 2 decades in 146,000 communities in 27 sub-Saharan African countries to control or eliminate onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF). We examine their role in the control of other NTDs, malaria, HIV/AIDS interventions, immunisation campaigns, and support to overstretched health service personnel. We are of the opinion that CDDs as community selected, trained, and experienced “foot soldiers,” some of whom were involved in the Ebola outbreak responses at the community level in Liberia, if retrained, can assist community leaders and support health workers (HWs) in the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. The review highlights the improved treatment coverage where there are women CDDs, the benefits and lessons from the work of CDDs, their long-term engagement, and the challenges they face in healthcare delivery. It underscores the value of utilising the CDD model for strong community engagement and recommends the model, with some review, to hasten the achievement of the NTD 2030 goal and assist the health system cope with evolving epidemics and other challenges. We propose that, based on the unprecedented progress made in the control of NTDs directly linked to community engagement and contributions of CDDs “foot soldiers,” they deserve regional and global recognition. We also suggest that the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international stakeholders promote policy and guidance for countries to adapt this model for the elimination of NTDs and to strengthen national health services. This will enhance the accomplishment of some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 in sub-Saharan Africa.