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1
Thiboutot, Monika. "The Combined Effects of HIV/AIDS and Structural Adjustment Programs on Ugandan Underdevelopment." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/730.
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Kigozi, James Musisi. "Investigating rural Ugandan women's engagement with HIV and AIDS-related programmes on community radio: a case study of Mama FM's Speak out and Listen." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001845.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how rural Ugandan women engage with discussions of HIV and AIDS on community radio. It explored how this audience may relate such broadcast discussions to their own lived experience of HIV and AIDS. It is explained in the study that, while the Uganda government has an official policy of openly discussing matters of HIV and AIDS, health communication strategies still operate within a context where there is an underlying "culture of silence" that discourages openness about sexual matters. It is also pointed out that there are widespread gender disparities among rural communities, which severely limit women's ability to make use of health communication initiatives aimed at educating them. Against this backdrop, the study sets out to explore audience responses to a particular example of Speak Out and Listen, a weekly programme broadcast on Mama FM, a Kampala-based radio station managed by the Uganda Media Women's Association (UMWA). The study maps out responses to the programme by a particular group of rural women. It is argued that these research participants' comments confirm the importance, noted in literature dealing with health education, of drawing for content on what members of an audience have to say about their own lived context. It is proposed that, despite the existence of a 'culture of silence', the women's comments demonstrate an ability to speak with confidence about their experience of living with HIV and AIDS. Thcy are able, more particularly to discuss the constraints placed by gendered power relations on women's ability to draw on the educational content of programming that targets people living with HIV and AIDS. As such, the comments that such women offer represent a valuable resource for HIV and AIDS related programming. The principal conclusion of the study is that health communication initiatives such as Speak Out and Listen would benefit from facilitating conversations with their target audience about their lived experience of HIV and AIDS, and incorporating such discussion into their programmes
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Kaija, Barbara Night Mbabazi. "An investigation of how Kampala teenagers who read Straight talk negotiate HIV/AIDS messages." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002894.
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This study is a qualitative ethnographic investigation of how teenagers in Kampala, Uganda, who read the HIV/AIDS publication aimed at adolescents, Straight Talk, negotiate HIV/AIDS messages. It seeks to establish to what extent these secondary school teenagers accept the key messages (known as ABC; Abstain, Be faithful or use a Condom) and understand the factual aspects of the messages about HIV/AIDS, its process of transmission and prevention. It also seeks to probe how the lived realities of the teenagers affect their particular negotiations of the HIV/AIDS messages. It includes a focus on how proximity to HIV/AIDS, gender and family economic disposition might affect teenagers, negotiation of the HIV/AIDS meanings. To investigate the respondents’ reception of HIV/AIDS messages, the study employed focus groups that consisted of two stages, namely the ‘news game’ and group discussions. In the ‘news game’ stage (Philo, 1990; Kitzinger, 1993) the teenage participants were required to produce a version of a one-page copy of an HIV/AIDS newspaper targeting teenagers. In the second stage of the focus group a structured discussion probed the teenagers’ negotiation of the HIV/AIDS media messages. In the news game, the teenagers on the whole reproduced the key Straight Talk HIV/AIDS messages ‘Abstain, Be faithful or use a Condom’ and also images showing the effects of HIV/AIDS but featured fewer images depicting the factual aspects of HIV/AIDS process of transmission and risky behaviour. In the structured discussion that followed the news game, it was evident that not all the teenagers necessarily believed the messages they produced. In spite of producing the ABC Straight Talk messages, some of them were uncertain and confused about the absolute safety of the condom because of fears that they were either porous, expired or would interfere with sexual pleasure. Secondly, though many of the teenagers in the study reproduced images that showed that they consider marriage as desirable and talked about their desire to abstain from sex till marriage, a considerable number think abstinence is not achievable due to competing values. Thirdly, the participant teenagers could differentiate between HIV and AIDS but many did not realise that with the advent of anti-retroviral drugs even people who have AIDS can look normal. In spite of repeating the Straight Talk message that “no one was safe” and being aware of the risky behaviour that their fellow teenagers get involved in, the teenagers seemed to think that their age cohort is safe from HIV and it is the adults who are likely to infect them. The study findings further indicate that the teenagers’ lived experience at times influence their negotiation of HIV/AIDS media messages. This was probed in terms of economic standing, gender and proximity to HIV/AIDS. In relation to gender one surprising discovery was that certain girls in the study feared getting pregnant more than getting HIV/AIDS. The study finally suggests that these findings are of significance for designing future media initiatives in relation to HIV/AIDS.
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Bitangaro, Barbara Kagoro. "The role of gender relations in decision-making for access to antiretrovirals. A study of the AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) clients, Kampala district, Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The way gender relations influence access to care and treatment particularly access to antiretroviral medicines is a challenge to HIV/AIDS programmes and to the individuals and families with HIV. Gender norms that push women and men to adhere to dominant ideals of femininity and masculinity may restrict women's access to economic resources, health care and fuel the spread of HIV. The aim of this study was to determine the role of gender relations in influencing decision-making for access to antiretroviral medicines between partners and in the family.
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Visagie, Linette (Linette Louise). "The macro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53135.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa faces one of the world's most severe HIV/AIDS epidemics. Whereas the disease was initially only regarded as a serious health crisis, it is now clear that the epidemic will also have economic repercussions. The objective of this study is to project the extent of the macro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa over the next 10 to 15 years. The study commences with a discussion of the key characteristics of HIV/AIDS and the current status of the epidemic in South Africa. The demographic inputs used are based on projections produced by the HIV/AIDS model of Metropolitan Life (the Doyle model). The methodology and key assumptions behind the Doyle model are described briefly, after which the demographic projections are presented and discussed. The paper contains a summary of previous approaches to modelling the economic impact of HIV/AIDS, as well as a presentation and discussion of their simulation results. In reviewing the available literature on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS, it becomes apparent that researchers have not yet reached consensus on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa - estimates of the impact on GDP growth range anywhere between a reduction of 0.3 and 2.0 percentage points over the next 10 to 15 years. The approach that is used in modelling the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in this study comprises the following: Firstly, a no-AIDS forecast of the South African economy is generated using the annual macro-econometric forecasting model of the Bureau for Economic Research. Secondly, the channels through which the epidemic would likely impact on the economy are identified and modelled. These include slower growth in the population and the labour force; higher employee benefit contributions by employers and employees; indirect costs to the private and public sectors (e.g. lower productivity and higher recruitment and training costs); and higher health and welfare expenditure by the government, as well as an increase in tax rates. The economic effects of each impact channel are analysed independently, after which the different impact channels are combined in the model for the aggregated AIDS inclusive simulation. The results are presented in the form of comparisons between "no-AIDS" and "AIDS" projections for key economic variables for the period 2001 to 2015. The paper also contains results from a macro-economic sensitivity analysis, in which seven of the key assumptions are altered in order to test the sensitivity of the model to these changes. Simulation results indicate that the epidemic will have a negative impact on economic growth in South Africa - real GDP growth could fall from a projected average of 3.7% over the period 2002-2015 without HIV/AIDS to between 3.4% and 3.1 % per year with HIV/AIDS. In contrast, real per capita GDP growth is projected to be 0.7 to 1.0 percentage points higher compared to a no-AIDS scenario, as the adverse impact of the epidemic on the population will outweigh the negative impact on real GDP.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika staar een van die wêreld se ernstigste MIV/VIGS epidemies in die gesig. Aanvanklik is die siekte slegs as 'n erge gesondheidskrisis beskou, maar vandag is dit duidelik dat die epidemie ook ekonomiese gevolge sal hê. Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om die omvang van die makro-ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS oor die volgende 10 tot 15 jaar in Suid-Afrika te beraam. Die proefskrif begin met 'n bespreking van die belangrikste eienskappe van MIV/VIGS en die huidige stand van die epidemie in Suid-Afrika. Die demografiese insette wat gebruik word, is gebaseer op projeksies van Metropolitan se MIV/VIGS model (die Doyle model). Die metodiek en die sleutel aannames van die Doyle model word kortliks bespreek, waarna die demografiese projeksies aangebied en bespreek word. Die studie bevat 'n opsomming van benaderings wat van te vore gebruik is om die ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS te modelleer, asook 'n voorlegging en 'n bespreking van hul resultate. 'n Oorsig van beskikbare literatuur oor die ekonomiese impak van MIV/VIGS bring aan die lig dat daar in werkilikheid nog geen konsensus oor die omvang van die impak op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie bereik is nie. Beramings van die impak op BBP groei oor die volgende 10 tot 15 jaar wissel van 'n vermindering met 0.3 tot 2.0 persentasie punte. Die benadering wat in hierdie studie gevolg word om die ekonomiese impak van HIV/VIGS te modelleer behels die volgende: Eerstens word 'n vooruitskatting van die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomie sonder MIV/VIGS gegenereer met die hulp van die makroekonometriese vooruitskattings model van die Buro vir Ekonomiese Ondersoek. Die tweede stap behels die identifisering en die modellering van die verskillende kanale waardeur die epidemie moontlik die ekonomie kan affekteer. Dit sluit onder andere die volgende in: stadiger groei in die populasie en die arbeidsmag; hoër bydraes deur werkgewers en werknemers aan werknemer-bystandfondse; indirekte onkostes vir die privaat en openbare sektore (bv. laer produktiviteit en hoër werwings- en opleidings koste); 'n toename in staatsbesteding op gesondheids en welsyns dienste; asook 'n styging in belastingkoerse. Die ekonomiese implikasies van elkeen van die kanale word individueelontleed, waarna die verskillende kanale saamgevoeg word vir die oorkoepelende simulasie. Die resultate word aangebied in die vorm van vergelykings tussen "geen-VIGS" en "VIGS" projeksies vir sleutel ekonomiese veranderlikes oor die periode 2001-2015. Die proefskrif bevat ook 'n voorlegging van die resultate van 'n makro-ekonomiese sensitiviteits ontleding, waarin sewe van die sleutel aannames verander is met die doelom die gevoeligheid van die model vir hierdie veranderinge te bepaal. Die resultate toon dat die epidemie 'n negatiewe uitwerking op ekonomiese groei in Suid-Afrika sal hê - die gemiddelde groeikoers in die reële BBP oor die periode 2001-2015 mag daal van 'n geprojekteerde 3.7% sonder MIV/VIGS tot tussen 3.4% en 3.1 % met MIV/VIGS. In teenstelling toon die resultate dat die gemiddelde groeikoers in per capita reële BBP tussen 0.7 en 1.0 persentasie punte hoër mag wees vergeleke met die "geen-VIGS" scenario. Die toename in per capita BBP groei kan toegeskryf word aan die skerp daling in die groei van die populasie as gevolg van MIV/VIGS.
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Andemariam, Ruth Tekle. "Towards a more comprehensive framework to estimating the indirect costs of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study proposed a modification of the traditional cost-of-illness approach. It considered additional indirect cost parameters that yield a comprehensive cost structure for human capital at a micro level. Although HIV/AIDS is an epidemiological problem, it has enormous direct and indirect economic costs. Arguably, the most important cost associated with HIV/AIDS results from the high rates of morbidity and mortality among working age adults, the vast majority of those infected. These are essentially losses in an economy's existing stock and potential accumulation of human capital, implying lower levels of labor productivity and eventually loss of labor. These impacts are accounted for in existing macroeconomic and microeconomic impact studies. Indirect costs, such as forgone earnings due to illness, are included whereas forgone earnings of caregivers in the household are unaccounted for.
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Jacobs, Nandipha. "Catastrophic and impoverishing health care expenditure in households affected by HIV/AIDS." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4413_1254307304.
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The aim of this study was to capture the intensity and incidence of catastrophic health care expenditures in order to describe the degree to which catastrophic health care payments occur among households. Simultaneously, the study set out to assess the extent to which people are made poor or poorer by health spending, i.e. the impoverishing effects of healthcare spending.
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Ramothibe, J. C. (Joseph Colin). "The demographic and socio-economic impact of HIV/Aids on the Khomas region and the implications for the Windhoek local authority." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50131.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest challenges faced by many countries in this century. The rate of infection is rapidly increasing and more and more people are getting ill and dying from AIDS. Of all the people living with AIDS in the world, seven out of ten live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia is one of the top five most HIV/AIDS affected countries in the world. There is therefore no question about the urgent need to accelerate actions to reduce prevalence, expand care and support and extend access to treatment. AIDS is eroding decades of progress made in extending life expectancy; thus hundreds of adults are dying young or in early middle age. The national strategic plan (2004) on HIV/AIDS indicated that the average life expectancy in Namibia is now 42 years, when it could have been 60 without AIDS. A 2003 study on the impact of HIV/AIDS on Windhoek indicated that the antenatal HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in Windhoek for 2002 was 27%, while the national prevalence rate was estimated at 22.3%. The prevalence rate for Windhoek is expected to reach its peak at 38% during 2005. Even though HIV/AIDS will have a diminishing effect on population growth, Windhoek's population is expected to continue growing, particular as a result of inward migration, but at a slower pace. Similarly, HIV/AIDS will have an abating effect on GDP growth as the virus will mainly affect the economic active and available labour force of the population and result in increased labour costs and skilled labour shortages. The impact on the informal sector is potentially more damaging than on the formal economic sector, as the majority of micro- enterprises and informal businesses are build around one individual. As the breadwinner dies, household income and expenditures levels deteriorate and increase poverty levels, because households within the city are very dependent on family structures to support their income levels. Informal settlements are also more volatile to HIV transmission and the majority of HIV infected individuals are likely to be found within these areas as the populations is poorer, crowded, has fewer social services facilities and is more likely migratory compared to those in affluent formal settlements. Considering that the incubation period of HIV/AIDS from infection to death takes about ten years, the real impact of current HIV infections in Windhoek will only be experienced during 2010. Health services will have to attend to a greater demand for curative services as well as to social care and support programs. Social welfare programmes will need to find ways of caring for a large population of HIV/AIDS orphans. Municipalities can playa critically important role in addressing HIV/AIDS at a local level as they are at the interface of community and government. They are ideally placed to playa coordinating and facilitating role that is needed to make sure that partnerships are built to bring prevention and care programmes to every community affected by AIDS. Therefore, in order to succeed in confronting HIV/AIDS, it is important to work closely with all levels of government as well as working with local partners in civil society that are fighting HIV/AIDS at the community level. By taking action against HIV/AIDS, municipalities are securing the future of their towns and communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV/VIGS is een van die grootste uitdagings wat baie lande hierdie eeu in die gesig staar. Die koers van infeksie is vinnig aan die toeneem en al hoe meer mense word siek en sterf as gevolg van VIGS. Van al die mense wat met VIGS lewe in die wêreld, bly sewe uit tien in sub-Sahara Afrika. Namibië is een van die vyf mees MIV/VIGS geaffekteerde lande in die wêreld. Derhalwe is daar geen twyfel rakende die noodsaaklikheid om daadwerklike aksies te bewerkstellig om die voorkoms te verminder, sorg en ondersteuning te verhoog en toegang na behandeling uit te brei. VIGS vernietig dekades van groei behaal in die verlenging van lewensverwagting; dus sterf honderde volwassenes vroeg of gedurende hul middeljare. Die nasionale strategiese plan (2004) rakende MIV/VIGS toon dat die gemiddelde lewensverwagting in Namibië huidiglik 42 jaar is instede van 60 sonder VIGS. 'n Studie onderneem gedurende 2003, rakende die effek van MIV/VIGS in Windhoek, dui aan dat die voorgeboorte MIV/VIGS voorkoms koers 27% vir 2002 was, terwyl die nasionale voorkoms koers slegs 22.3% was. Daar word verwag dat die voorkoms koers vir Windhoek sy maksimum van 38% sal bereik gedurende 2005. Alhoewel MIV/VIGS 'n negatiewe effek op bevolkingsgroei groei gaan het, sal Windhoek se inwoners getalle steeds groei, alhoewel teen 'n stadiger koers, as gevolg van inwaartse migrasie. Terselfdertyd, gaan MIV/VIGS 'n verminderde effek het op die groei van die Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP), omdat die virus hoofsaaklik die ekonomiese aktiewe en beskikbare arbeidsmag van die bevolking affekteer wat as gevolg hiervan 'n verhoging in arbeidskoste en tekort aan geskoolde arbeid het. Die effek op die informele sektore is potensieel meer skadelik as op die formele ekonomiese faktore, aangesien die meeste klein en informele besighede rondom een persoon gebou is. lndien die broodwinner sterf, versleg die vlakke van huishoudelike inkomste en uitgawes wat lei tot verhoogde armoede, omdat huishoudings in die stad baie afhanklik is op familie strukture om hulle inkomste te ondersteun. Informele vestigings is meer kwesbaar in die oordrag van MIV en die meerderheid van die MIV geïnfekteerde individue word gewoonlik in hierdie areas aangetref omdat die bevolking armer is, meer persone huisves, minder welsyn dienste fasiliteite het en meer swerwend is in vergelyking met die meer welgestelde formele vestigings. As in ag geneem word dat die ontkiemings periode van MIV/VIGS vanaf infeksie tot en met sterfte omtrent tien jaar neem, sal die werklike effek van die huidige VIGS besmettings in Windhoek slegs ervaar word gedurende 2010. Gesondheidsdienste sal moet aandag skenk aan 'n groter aanvraag vir geneeslike dienste sowel as sosiale sorg en ondersteunings programme. Gemeenskaplike welsyn programme sal maniere moet vind om vir 'n groot populasie van MIV/VIGS weeskinders te sorg. Munisipaliteite kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die aanspreek van die MIV/VIGS epidemie op 'n plaaslike vlak omdat hulle die skakel is tussen die gemeenskap en die regering. Hulle is ideaal geplaas om 'n koordineerende en fasiliterende rol te speel wat nodig is om seker te maak dat vennootskappe gebou word om voorkomings en versorgings programme te lewer aan elke gemeenskap wat deur MIV/VIGS geraak word. Dus, om sukses te behaal in die bekamping van MIV/VIGS , is dit belangrik om nou saam te werk met alle vlakke van die regering sowel as met plaaslike vennote in die gemeenskap wat MIV/VIGS bekamp op gemeenskapsvlak. Deur aksie te neem teen MIV/VIGS , kan munisipaliteite die toekoms van hulle dorpe en gemeenskappe verseker.
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Mfula, Sindiswa Elk. "An investigation into the impact of HIV and AIDS on municipal management: a case study of George municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021032.
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The aim of this research was to provide a preliminary investigation of how the HIV and AIDS epidemic will impact on management of municipalities, specifically George Municipality. Municipalities provide a large proportion of essential basic services and also represent one of the primary opportunities for public participation and decision-making at a community level. This paper takes George Municipality in the Western Cape as a case study of the current and potential impact of HIV and AIDS on public demand for services and on the municipality's capacity to govern and provide services. It also reviews the responses of the municipality to HIV and AIDS.The research was conducted using a questionnaire which was distributed to municipal officials in the different departments but also included a review of relevant literature and analysis of quantitative data. The study focused on a single case: An investigation into the impact of HIV and AIDS on municipal management of George Municipality. The study identified strategies utilised by the municipality to reduce the impact of HIV and AIDS. The study drew on people's experiences, perceptions and interpretations of the impact of HIV and AIDS on municipal management, responses and any other related factors that may have impeded the realisation of the reduction of the impact of HIV and AIDS on municipal management in the George Municipality.Fifty questionnaires were distributed, 40 copies by hand delivery and ten copies via e-mail to employees ranging from general worker to senior management. Employees participated in the study through interviews and answering of the questionnaires. An internet search was also conducted using Wed Crawler and by visiting the official website of the George Municipality for all policies, minutes, reports and all other relevant documents regarding HIV and AIDS. The researcher also drew on personal observations because she has been in George for almost six years and is also employed by George Municipality. Participants who were selected by the researcher for interviews purposes were five councillors and five ward committee members because councillors are decision makers in the municipality. The rest were given questionnaires to complete. Data was analysed by using interpretation analysis, namely codes to explain data collected. Results were presented in the form of tables and conclusions warranted by the data are presented. Statistical analysis was done to check correlation between the different aspects in the questionnaire. According to the research findings it can be confirmed that more of the budget needs to be allocated for employment of suitably qualified persons like occupational nurses, who will drive HIV and AIDS education and awareness campaigns. HIV and AIDS mainstreaming should be regarded as a priority in order make people aware about the realities of HIV and AIDS in communities. Leadership and management buy-in should be obtained to win the fight against the epidemic. A comprehensive strategy should be compiled and implemented to reduce the spread and stigma of HIV and AIDS. Proper planning should be done for compiling the strategy. This strategy should specify the budget for HIV and AIDS and how HIV and AIDS is going to be integrated into an IDP. Prevention and management strategies used by the organisation should be explained.
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Ludick, Christopher Vernon. "Assessing the micro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer as well as evaluating their policy on HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49857.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV infection has increased sharply in SA over the past decade, from almost zero to a level where between 4-6 million citizens are estimated to be HIV positive (i.e. around Il percent of the total population). Given the considerable lag and link between the HIV and AIDS epidemic, the mortality consequences of this exponential increase in HIV infection over the 1990s are more or less matter-of-fact over the coming decade; even drastic interventions can do little to avoid this reality, albeit possibly impactingfurther beyond. The health care industry, and more specifically the pharmaceutical industry, is the only industry that can have a direct impact on the outcome of the epidemic in terms of provision of antiretroviral drugs. More importantly, the decision by multinational companies to provide voluntary licensing to local SA pharmaceutical manufacturers for the manufacturing of generic ARVs has gone a long way into achieving the World Health Organisations' objective of providing an ARV cocktail for less than $1,00 per day. The mam aim of the study is to establish and study the micro-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer and to evaluate their HIV/AIDS Policy with the framework of the mV/AIDS & SID Strategie Plan for South Africa 2000-2005. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to obtain data from various key informants, manufacturers and market survey companies. The analysis of quantitative data was done using Excel software and a descriptive analysis method was used to interpret the data. The key findings from the study are that Aspen Pharmacare will experience a 20,8 % HIV prevalence rate in 2005, which will progressively increase to a 25,6 % level in 2015. This prevalence level will be severely experienced in the skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled employment of the company during the 2010 period and will start to stabilise in the latter part of 2015. The AIDS prevalence in the company will increase from a 2,0 % level in 2005 to a 4,4 % level in 2015. This increase is largely due to the increase in the prevalence rates in the semi-skilled and unskilled employees. At a senior management level the forecasted number of employees that will have clinical AIDS after 2010 is between 6 and 8. This clearly indicates that mv/AIDS prevalence at this level is independent of race and is lifestyle dependent. If the company were to have the full responsibility for the provision of benefits, based on the current expected employee benefit structures, the direct cost to company would add 10 % to salary and wages by 2005 and around 20 % by 2010. Indirect costs to company, such as recruitment and training, increased labour turnover, lost skills and intellectual property, etc. are estimated to be 2,5 % by 2005 and 5 % by 2010. With the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, especially amongst the unemployed, companies will have to carry the costs of their mv/AIDS patients for longer and register then with Aid for AIDS when it becomes too costly. More importantly employers will have to investigate the cost implication of assisting employee dependents, as this will have a direct impact on the morale of the employees. Aspen Pharmacares' mv/AIDS Policy goes beyond the requirements of the mv/AIDS Strategic Plan for SA in terms of the legal and social requirements. The company also has a Corporate Social Investment division that assists many NGOs, clinics, hospitals and communities. Based on the intellectual property, the pharmaceutical competencies and the continuous dialogue that exists between the pharmaceutical industry and the department of health, the researcher concludes, that pharmaceutical companies have an advantage over nonpharmaceutical companies in dealing with the mv/AIDS issues. The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations that companies can adopt to ensure that their mv/AIDS policy can form a significant component of their skills retention strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV infeksie het skerp gestyg in SA oor die laaste dekade, vanaf amper geen tot 'n vlak waar tussen 4-6 miljoen inwoners beraam word om MIV positiefte wees (minstens 11% van die totale bevolking). Gegee die aansienlike vertraging en skakel tussen die MIV en VIGS epidemie, word die eksponensiële toename in die sterfte syfer as gevolg van MIV infeksies gedurende die jare negentig as vanselfsprekend aanvaar in die komende dekade. Selfs ingrypende veranderinge kan min doen om hierdie katastrofe te keer. Die gesondheidsorg industrie, en meer spesifiek die farmaseutiese industrie is die enigste industrie wat 'n direkte slag kan slaan om die uitkoms van die epidemie te beinvloed, in terme van voorsiening van antiretrovirale medisyne. Die besluit van die multinasionale maatskappye om vrywillige lisensiëring aan plaaslike farmaseutiese maatskappye te bied, vir die vervaardiging van generiese antiretrovirale medisyne, is een stap vorentoe om by die doelwit van die Wereld Gesondheidsorg Organisasie se doelwit van die voorsiening van 'n daaglikse toediening van antiretrovirale medisyne van minder as $1.00 per dag. Die primêre doelwit van hierdie projek is om te bepaal wat die mikro-ekonomiese effek van MIV/VIGS op 'n Suid Afriakaanse farmaseutiese vervaardiger is en hul MIV/VIGS beleid te evalueer binne die raamwerk van die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir SA 2000-2005. Beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes is gebruik om data te verkry vanaf verskeie bronne, vervaardigers en marknavorsings maatskappye. Die kwantitatiewe inligting was geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van "Excel" sagteware en 'n beskrywende analitiese metode was gebruik om die data te interpreteer. Die hoof bevindinge van die studie is dat Aspen Pharmacare 'n MIV infeksie vlak van 20.8 % in 2005 sal ondervind, wat progressief sal toeneem tot 25,6 % in 2015. Hierdie infeksie vlak sal in die geskoolde, semi-geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeid die ergste voorkom gedurende die 2010 periode en sal dan stabiliseer in die latere gedeelte van 2015. Die VIGS infeksie vlak in die maatskappy sal toeneem vanaf 2,0 % in 2005 tot 'n 4,4 % in 2015. Hierdie toename kan toegeskryf word aan die toename in die infeksie vlakke van die semi-geskoolde and ongeskoolde arbeid. Op die senior bestuurs vlak word beraam dat tussen 6 en 8 werknemers VIGS onder lede sal hê na 2010. Hierdie beraming toon duidelik aan dat MIV/VIGS op hierdie vlak onafhankilik van kleurgroup is en direk leefstyl verwant is. Gebaseer op die huidige verwagte werknemer voordele struktuur, en die feit dat die maatskappy volle verantwoordelikheid sou aanvaar vir die voorsiening van voordele, word beraam dat die direkte koste as gevolg van MIV/VIGS 'n toename van 10 % in 2005 en 20 % in 2010 by salarisse en lone sal voeg. 'n Toename van 2,5 % in 2005 en 5 % in 2010 word beraam vir indirekte koste (werwing van personeel, opleiding, ens.)as gevolg van MIV/VIGS. Met die hoë MIV/VIGS infeksievlakke, veral onder werkloses, sal maatskappye die kostes vebonde aan hul MIV/VIGS werknemers vir langer moet verduur en dan later sulke werknemers registreer by "Aid for AIDS" indien dit onbekostigbaar word. Belangriker is die feit dat werknemers die koste implikasie bepaal in die verband, omdat dit 'n direkte invloed sal hê op werknemer selfvertroue. Aspen Pharmacare se MIV/VIGS beleid bied meer as die wettige en sosiale vereistes soos uiteengesit in die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir SA 2000-2005. Die maatskappy het ook 'n Korporatiewe Maatskaplike Beleggings afdeling wat 'n bydra lewer by NGOs, klinieke,hospitale en gemeenskappe. Gebaseer op die intelligensie eiendom, die farmaseutiese bekwaamheid en die aanhoudende gesprekvoering wat bestaan tussen die farmaseutiese bedryf en die department van gesondheid, oortuig die navorser dat farmaseutiese maatskappye 'n voordeel het bo nie-farmaseutiese maatskappye in die hantering van die MIV/VIGS strydvraag. Hierdie studie sluit af met aanbevelings wat maatskappye kan toepas om te verseker dat hul MIV/VIGS beleid 'n betekenisvolle komponent van hul bekwaanheids retensie strategie is.
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Ketshabile, Lisbon Simeon. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic environment in Botswana with special reference to tourism." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1624.
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Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Purpose: Botswana is one of the countries with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the world. This research aims to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic environment in Botswana with special reference to the country’s tourism sector. Tourism plays a vital role in the economy of Botswana. It creates employment, earns foreign exchange, markets Botswana internationally, attracts foreign investments and contributes to Gross Domestic Products (GDP).Methodology: This report explains the HIV/AIDS situation and policy framework relative to the tourism sector in Botswana and in selected African countries through conducting an extensive literature review and empirical surveys. This is a quantitative research in which non-probability method is used to indentify the respondents. Here tourism general managers are identified and asked to identify their subordinates who are available and willing to participate in the survey by answering a self-administered questionnaire.Findings: This study indicates that HIV/AIDS threatens the Botswana tourism and the viability of the socio-economic factors. In general, the Southern African region is experiencing the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The infection rate is particularly high among the young people (aged 15 – 49). This age group constitutes people who are economically active, and a number of them work directly or indirectly in the tourism sector. HIV/AIDS kills the economically active population – people who hold the skills, do the work, pay taxes, raise children, vote in the elections, and provide leadership. HIV/AIDS results in increased mortality and morbidity rates, and it also results in increased health expenditure. It also results in increased poverty level in the country.Practical implications: When observing the prevalence and impact of HIV/AIDS not only in the tourism sector but in general, it becomes evident that the fight against the disease should be a collaborative approach involving various sectors including tourism. Relying only on government and health sector to address the complex and systematic impact of HIV/AIDS cannot effectively combat the disease and its prevalence rate.Originality/value: This report analyses HIV/AIDS situation in Botswana in a creative way, contributing to the understanding of its impacts on the socio-economic environment as well as identifying strategies that can be used in addressing the impacts. This research is important for public policy makers, government officials, and tourism role-players to be aware of implications HIV/AIDS has on the socio-economic environment and take them into consideration in the policy formulation and implementation, business strategies and processes. It is also imperative to academics who would like to expand their knowledge on HIV/AIDS.
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Steenkamp, Jacob Cornelus. "The effect of HIV and AIDS on the viability and management of forestry contracting businesses in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/735.
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The aim of the research is to quantify the HIV prevalence in human resources of forestry contracting businesses and to develop a management framework to promote economic sustainability of forestry contractors. HIV tests were conducted in the forest industry on the employees of contracting concerns from 2002/2003 to 2004/2005 with an accompanying questionnaire to collect demographic data. The HIV test results were analyzed with the demographic data to determine relationships between HIV prevalence and demographic factors. Contractors responded to a questionnaire on the effect of HIV and AIDS prevalence on (their) contracting businesses. The questionnaire also collected information about HIV and AIDS interventions and assistance to HIV and AIDS affected employees. Key stakeholders of other forestry sub-sectors were interviewed to facilitate comparison of the different sub-sectors and to establish if there were major differences between the sub-sectors, however, the focus was on the human resources of the forestry contracting sub-sector. The research results indicated that the HIV prevalence was increasing for the research period and was, in some regions, exceeding 40 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Highveld and Zululand regions and the lowest prevalence in the North-Eastern Cape. The HIV prevalence for females was constantly higher than the incidence for males and the ratio of males to females (all regions) approximated 68 per cent to 32 per cent. The high prevalence of HIV results in major social and economic impacts. The economic impact is aggravated through regulation (due to perceived market failure) and a bid for more equal distribution of wealth in the economy. The result of the sum of the impacts alludes to a conversion from labour to capital; however, to make well-informed decisions, various scenarios should be simulated to establish the optimum labour to capital ratio. The research further established that appropriate staffing is increasingly difficult and that the development of human capital is under pressure due to the high prevalence of HIV and AIDS. HIV and AIDS mitigation programmes will make a significant contribution to the return on human capital assets, as the economic life and productivity of such assets will be enhanced by such interventions. The management framework developed was assessed to be visually acceptable and useful by domain experts; however, to realise the full potential of the framework it should be used with anticipation of the research results regarding prevalence and future estimated AIDS releases and in conjunction with industry cost simulation models.
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Van, der Walt I. C. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on the South African labour market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51980.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No disease in modern times has created as much fear and panic as HIV/AIDS - undoubtedly one of the most formidable public health problems facing South Africa today. Traditionally, HIV/AIDS has not been regarded as a workplace issue, except for "high-risk" professions such as surgeons, dentists and emergency medical technicians. The stark reality is that HIV/AIDS will have an impact on all sectors of society and all aspects of human activity throughout South Africa. Because of the nature of the spread of the disease, it hits predominantly sexually active people. These are the people that make up the workforce. It can therefore be expected that HIV/AIDS will impact directly on the patterns of employment in South Africa. Furthermore, the economic consequences of the epidemic will result in pressures on the South African economy, which again will influence employment. Apart from affecting the general population, HIV/AIDS will have a direct impact on businesses in various areas. HIV/AIDS will also have a significant impact at community level that will, in turn, impact on businesses. If business in South Africa is to survive, these impacts have to be managed so that productivity can be maintained and costs can be contained. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on employment by examining the South African labour market. From the study, it is clear that South Africa is certain to experience severe consequences arising from the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Even without taking the immense impact of HIV/AIDS into account, there are various problems facing the' South African labour market. Specific problems discussed are unemployment, low productivity and a shortage of skills. These are not the only problems associated with the South African labour market, but the extent of these problems is further exacerbated by the impact of HIV/AIDS. All sectors of the society need to be mobilised into action. This action must encompass both prevention of the spread of the disease, as well as caring for the sick and dying.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen ander siekte in die moderne tyd het al soveel vrees en paniek geskep as MIV/VIGS nie ongetwyfeld een van die mees formidabele gemeenskapsgesondheidsprobleme wat Suid-Afrika huidiglik in die gesig staar. Oorspronklik was MIV/VIGS slegs met die werksplek geassosieer in terme van "hoë-risiko" beroepe soos dokters, tandartse en nood mediese personeel. Die naakte waarheid is dat MIV/VIGS 'n impak sal hê op alle sektore en aspekte van die samelewing in Suid-Afrika. As gevolg van die aard van die verspreiding van die siekte, tref dit hoofsaaklik seksueel aktiewe persone. Hierdie persone is die lewensaar van die arbeidsmag. Dit kan dus verwag word dat MIV/VIGS 'n direkte impak op werkverskaffingspatrone in Suid-Afrika sal hê. Die ekonomiese gevolge van die epidemie sal verdere druk veroorsaak op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie, wat op sy beurt werkverskaffing sal beïnvloed. Buiten die impak van MIV/VIGS op die algemene bevolking, sal die siekte ook in verskeie areas van die besigheidsektor 'n uitwerking hê. Verder sal MIV/VIGS 'n aansienlike impak op gemeenskapsvlak hê, wat op sy beurt weer 'n uitwerking sal hê op besighede. As besighede in Suid-Afrika wil oorleef, moet hierdie aanslae so bestuur word dat produktiwiteit gehandhaaf word en kostes onder beheer gehou word. Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om die impak van MIV/VIGS op werkverskaffing te ondersoek deur na die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark te kyk. Van die studie is dit duidelik dat Suid-Afrika ernstige konsekwensies as gevolg van die MIV/VIGS epidemie kan verwag. Selfs sonder om die ontsaglike impak van MIV/VIGS in ag te neem, is daar verskeie probleme wat die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark in die gesig staar. Spesifieke probleme wat bespreek word is werkloosheid, lae produktiwiteit en 'n tekort aan gespesialiseerde vaardighede. Alhoewel hierdie nie die enigste probleme is wat met die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark geassosieer word nie, word die spesifieke probleme vererger deur die impak van MIV/VIGS. Wat vereis word is dat alle sektore van die samelewing moet oorgaan tot aksie. Hierdie aksie moet beide die voorkoming van die verspreiding van die siekte, sowel as die versorging van die siekes en sterwendes omvat.
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Wentzel, Willem Jacobus Erasmus. "An empirical study into the impact of HIV & AIDS on the Lewis group's market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49229.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Why should the Lewis Group be concerned about HIV/AlDS? The answer is quite simple. HIV/AIDS poses a clear and present danger to the twin rationales on which businesses like the Lewis Group are based. The rationales are low-cost labour for own and supply chain purposes, and fast-growing markets. This research focuses more towards the latter and presents a review of the current literature and attempts to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on the group's market. Literature on the subject is surprisingly limited (Bloom & Mahal, 200 I: 10) and often dated seen in the light of the fact that it is one of the most oppressing issues in the Southern African business arena today. Amidst a rather slow awakening in the private sector to the effects of HIV/AlDS on markets a lot of resources and time are being spent on research in this area. Although the scope of this research does not encompass the full impact of the epidemic on the company, it provides insight into an area on which very little is known yet. Companies have a high level of control over, and information, about their employees but significantly less about their customers} hence the reason for the use of hypothesising and adopting a tailor-made methodology to quantify prevalence rates and vulnerability. This paper is therefore not a complete assessment of impact of the disease on the group as a whole. AlDS is a bottom line issue for most companies as it impacts on production costs and consumer markets (Ellis & Terwin, 2003: 55). A number of "doom-and-gloom" merchants have come forward with doomsday estimates about the impact of the epidemic on business. As a result, the extent of the problem might have been overstated by some. This sparked a lot of the debates that resulted in many different opinions which have caused a lot of uncertainty. This research will attempt to clarify these issues and fonnulate an unbiased opinion as of the impact of the company. The HIV/AIDS problem is sti ll gathering momentum and prevalence rates are still on the rise. There is currently no cure for HIV / AIDS and chances look diminutive that there will be one within the next decade. If prevention programmes had been successful, this report would never have been written. The problem is aggravated by the fact that the core modes of HN transmission are deeply rooted in social behavioural patterns, value systems and traditional and cultural beliefs. This makes it hard to imagine that the spread of the epidemic will decrease and eventually stop soon (Goldstein, Pretorius, Stuart, 2003). As we are entering a phase where the number of AIDS-related deaths is starting to rise rapidly, it is important to gain sufficient insight into the effect of the disease, especially now that infonnation is becoming more available in the public domain (McClintock & Truen, 2003: 3). AIDS primarily kills young and middle-aged adults during their most productive years. This section of the population is the major source of demand for goods and services. The macro-economic impact of this is expected to influence demand for goods, especially durables, and services. This is aggravated by slower population growth rates that will further slow down the demand for certain goods and services (McClintock & Truen, 2003: 3). HIV/AIDS must be managed proactively. In order to assess and manage this risk, management must have a clear understanding of nature and extent of the risk (Ellis & Terwin, 2003: 1). The Bureau for Economic Research did a survey in 2003 on the impact of HIV/AIDS on business in South Africa. It found that only 8 percent of retail companies surveyed have assessed the impact of the disease on their consumer base (Ellis & Terwin, 2003: 30). A possible reason might be because companies want to see proven input and exit strategies for HIV/AIDS contributions. These are not yet possible for HN/AIDS (Barrett & Ruggie, 2004: 5). The HlV/AIDS prevalence rates estimate for the Lewis Group revealed significantly lower prevalence rates than the national averages. Nevertheless, HlV and AIDS prevalence rates for 2004 are estimated 16.5 percent and 2.5 percent respectively. HIV-prevalence is expected to increase to 17.1 percent and AIDS to 4.7 percent by 2009. There are a number of interventions and strategic responses the company can consider to mitigate the risks entrenched in these estimates. Recommended strategic responses include diversification of profit generators into the higher income group market, focus on areas of growth and building the Lewis Group's brands. It is generally believed that good and responsible corporate citizenship will benefit from involvement in community and charitable projects. The belief is that customers can become predisposed towards the company and that the group can gain goodwill from new and existing customers. It is therefore clear that there are remedies the company can consider to manage and mitigate its risks. It is, however, possible for the company to emerge stronger, more efficient and more competitive if the right responses are implemented.
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Meintjes, Samuel David. "An investigation to determine the readiness of management at selected manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City area to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/108.
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The present study was conducted to determine the readiness of management at selected manufacturing organisation in the Buffalo City area to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The study was conducted in the Buffalo City area on manufacturing organisations with a workforce greater than 250. The main aims of the present study were: · To provide an overview of relevant literature concerning theoretical key issues related to the management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. · To assess the readiness of Buffalo City organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace, and to identify areas of improvement. · In the light of the findings, make further recommendations to manufacturing organisations to further improve their workplace policy, education and awareness programmes; and the accommodation of HIV-infected employees in the workplace. Another objective of the study was to provide additional research as a tool to assist organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace and to assist in fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Buffalo City area. The research process entailed: the selection of a test sample of manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City area, and selecting an appropriate Human Resource manager or representative from these organisations to complete a structured questionnaire. The research tool used in the study was a questionnaire, which was used to extract relevant information on the demographics, policies, education and the accommodation of HIV/AIDS affected and infected employees in the workplace. The results revealed the following: · 73 percent of the selected manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City have an HIV/AIDS policy in place; · 87 percent of the organisation indicated that their management are committed to the development and implementation of a HIV/AIDS policy; · management and supervisors in these organisations have not been adequately trained to manage the impact of HIV/AIDS in the workplace; · organisations in the Buffalo City area need to collaborate and share information; and · that very few organisations benchmark against best practices. Future research on HIV/AIDS policy can explore the effective implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in these organisations as well as the effective management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace.
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Mberengo, Sarah. "The relationship between socio-economic status and the practice of HIV self-protective/preventive behaviours among the residents of Maruapula, Gaborone." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79948.
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Thesis (MPhil--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The incidence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is one of the largest in the world taking its toll on many lives and posing developmental challenges to the nation. Nearly 25% of the population is living with HIV and 14% are newly infected; AIDS is acknowledged as the major cause of death. Most HIV and AIDS studies have been dominated by surveillance, biomedical and ethical methodologies. These approaches failed to stem the tide of HIV infection because they did not follow-up with the tracking of risky behaviours and the underlying causes of the behaviours. This research scrutinized socio-economic factors in relation to the spread of the epidemic. Available literature showed that little or no attention has been paid to the socio-economic backgrounds in which individuals exist in connection with understanding HIV and AIDS. This study used an economic model of risky sexual behaviour to explore the link between socio-economic status and the practice of HIV self-protective/preventive behaviours in Maruapula, Gaborone, Botswana. The research is vital as it goes beyond surveillance in an effort to establish why the community of the study is susceptible to HIV infection. This research l used both collected data and that from BAIS II.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is oor die verhouding tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV self-protective/preventive gedrag binne Maruapula distrik. Die doel van die studie is om vas te stel of daar 'n verband tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV-voorkomende gedrag onder die inwoners, van Maruapula, Gaborone, Botswana. Data is ingesamel deur die gebruik van vraelyste en die ontleding van die statistiek het getoon dat die is geen verwantskap tussen sosio-ekonomiese status en die praktyk van MIV self-protective/preventive gedrag onder die inwoners. Aanbevelings gebaseer op die bevindinge is gemaak met betrekking tot MIV-voorkoming in die woongebied in die besonder en in die land in die algemeen.
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Burt, Mary. "An exploration of the impact of AIDS-related losses and role changes on grandmothers." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006487.
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The US Bureau of the Census (1999) projected that by 2004, 14 million people in sub-Saharan Africa will develop full blown AIDS, making this region by far the largest disease burden in the world (World Health Organization, 2002). The United Nations AIDS Programme judged South Africa to have the leading number of people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2002). To date there has been extensive research conducted on the socio-economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on families in Africa. However an area of investigation that has remained largely underreported is the inquiry into the psychological impacts of HIV/AIDS on elderly caregivers. In African families older women increasingly have to provide care to their adult children with AIDS and their orphaned grandchildren. However few research studies have assessed the experience of parental caregiving and its psychological impacts on these women. This qualitative research study hypothesised that the role of primary parental caregiver in fact causes a range of psychologically distressing states, which serve to compromise the psychological well-being of these caregivers. To investigate this hypothesis three Xhosa speaking women living in informal settlements in Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were selected for the study. The women were interviewed by means of semi-structured interviews, which consisted of questions related to their caregiving experiences, their experiences of loss, their choice of coping strategies, the role of support networks and their experiences of foster care responsibilities. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using a grounded hermeneutic approach. The research results confirmed the working hypothesis. The research revealed that although it was considered culturally appropriate for older women to care for their children and grandchildren, their caregiver roles caused significant psychological distress. Their distress was related to: emotional and physical exhaustion, complicated grief reactions and ongoing emotional and physical upheaval related to foster care responsibilities. Based on the results, the research recommendations emphasised the need for continual awareness of the psychological implications of caregiving for older African women with the aim to preserve their capacity to function as the primary caring resource to families struck by HIV/AIDS.
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Tladi, Jack Moeketsi. "The potential impact of HIV/AIDS on the financial performances of S. A. companies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50509.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the seriousness of HIV and AIDS affecting productivity at workplaces, little attention is being paid to the special needs of the infected people in the world of work and the ultimate reality this will have on the companies’ financial health. HIV/AIDS retards economic development and business growth. The epidemic influences the workforce and markets in which business operates. Business must play a leading part in the internal response to HIV/AIDS pandemic. This is both an ethical imperative and the key to business success. Most research conducted on the subject mainly concentrated on the effects of HIV and AIDS on productivity, emphasizing absenteeism as the direct cause of low productivity. The costs of HIV and AIDS will be felt beyond the direct effect of the disease. The indirect costs include the following: The increased costs of recruiting and training, given the extra deaths and disabilities expected. The negative effect on staff morale Loss of time as a result of management and labor meetings to discuss the AIDS crisis as it develops, this resulting in loss of turnover and profits. With the rising prevalence of HIV/AIDS, businesses should be increasingly concerned about the impact of the disease on their organizations-concerns that should be well founded. At the broadest level, businesses are dependent on the strength and vitality of the economies in which they operate. HIV/AIDS raises the costs of doing business, reduces productivity and lowers overall demand for goods and services. The research process in this article focused particularly on workplace issues, which are a key dimension of the relationship between corporations and HIV/AIDS. Data collection was by both structured questionnaires and unstructured interviews, interviews with both management and workers’ representatives and structured questionnaires with the general workforce. The questions asked were open-ended: “Is HIV/AIDS a problem for your company now or in the future?” and “If HIV/AIDS impacted on your company’ financial performance would you act and why?” The research group consisted of four companies in different areas of operations: retail, service and manufacturing and the participants were chosen on the basis of certain inclusive criteria: The number of employees employed. Length of service operation. Willingness to share certain financial information. A qualitative method of data analysis was used in the study and is described in detail. The qualitative research method looks at the subjective meanings attached, descriptions, metaphors, symbols and descriptions of specific cases. It was found that despite the differences from one company to the other, the potential impact of HIV/AIDS on companies’ financials went beyond the direct costs of productivity. As the debate over the availability of cheaper generic anti-retroviral drugs rages in the background, business is faced with the dilemma of significant investment to keep their labour force healthy and alive. This has to be weighed up against the high costs involved in rehiring, retraining and re-incentivising their replacements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van tekens dat MIV en VIGS produktiwiteit in die werkplek affekteer, word daar nog baie min te doen aan die behoeftes van die werkers wat deur die epidemie getref word. Verder, word min aandag geskenk aan die potensiële uitwerking van die epidemie op die finansiële gesondheid van maatskappye. MIV/VIGS vertraag ekonomiese ontwikkeling en besigheidsgroei. Die epidemie het ‘n negatiewe impak op die arbeidsmag en die market waarin besigheid plaasvind. Besigheid moet dus die leiding neem in die interne respons op die MIV/VIGS pandemie. Dit is eties belangrik en die sleutel tot die sukses van besigheid. Die meeste navorsing oor die onderwerp het tot dusver gekonsentreer op die effek van MIV en VIGS op produktiwiteit met die klem op afwesigheid as ‘n direkte oorsaak van lae produktiwiteit. Die koste van MIV en VIGS behels egter veel meer as net die direkte gevolge van die siekte. Die indirekte koste sluit die volgende in: Die koste verbonde aan opleiding en die soeke na nuwe personeel weens sterftes en siekte van personeel. Die negatiewe effek op die moraal van personeel. Verlore tyd as gevolg van bestuurs- en arbeidsvergaderings om die VIGS-krisis te bespreek namate dit ontwikkel en winste negatief beïnvloed. Besigheid behoort meer bekommerd te wees oor die toename in MIV/VIGS gevalle en die impak wat dit op organisasies sal hê. MIV/VIGS verhoog die kostes van besigheid doen, verminder produktiwiteit en verlaag die algemene vraag na goedere en dienste. Die navorsingsbenadering in die artikel fokus op daardie werkplek-aangeleenthede wat ‘n sleuteldimensie is van die verhouding tussen organisasies en MIV/VIGS. Data is ingewin deur middel van gestruktureerde vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude. Onderhoude is met beide bestuurslui en verteenwoordigers van werkers gevoer, en gestruktureerde vrae met die werkers. Die vrae gestel was oop vrae soos “Is MIV/VIGS `n problem vir u onderneming huidiglik of in die toekoms? En “Indien MIV/VIGS ‘n negatiewe impak het op die onderming se prestasie sal jy optree en waarom?” Die navorsingsgroep het bestaan uit vier ondernemings in die kleinhandels-, dienslewerings-, en vervaardigingssektor. Die deelnemers is gekies op die basis van inklusiwiteit met die volgende criteria: Die getal werkers in diens. Hoe lank is onderneming in besigheid? Die bereidwilligheid om inligting te deel. `n Kwalitatiewe metode van data analise is gebruik wat breedvoerig verduidelik en beskryf word. Die navorsingsmetode kyk veral na subjektiewe betekenisse, omskrywings, metafore, simbole en omskrywings van spesifieke gevalle. Navorsing het getoon dat MIV/VIGS ‘n impak het op ondernemings se finansiële omstandighede en produktiwiteit. Terwyl die debat oor goedkoper generiese anti-retrovirale middele aan die gang is, word ondernemings of besighede konfronteer met die keuse tussen beduidende investering om die arbeidsmag gesond en lewendig te hou of die hoë koste van herindiensneming, heropleiding en insentiewe.
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Podisi, Mpho Keletso. "The socio-economic aspects involved in compliance to antiretroviral therapy : Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01312006-111529.
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Weyer, Dylan James. "Assessing linkages between local ecological knowledge, HIV/AIDS and the commercialisation of natural resources across Southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007180.
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That natural resources (NRs) are important to those experiencing adversity, and, especially, vulnerability associated with HIV/AIDS, is well documented, particularly with respect to food and energy security. What is unclear is where HIV/AIDS ranks in terms of its significance in comparison to other household shocks, the role local ecological knowledge may (LEK) play in households' response to shock, a propos the types of coping strategies that are employed. Consequently, this research aims to bridge the knowledge gap between HIV/AIDS and the degree to which it is contributing to the expansion of NR commercialisation and to explore the unknowns surrounding the influence of LEK on people's choice of coping strategy. A two phase study was designed to provide quantitative rigour with qualitative depth. Phase one was an extensive, rapid survey of NR traders within urban and rural settings in five southern Africa countries. The principle objective was to profile the trade, the livelihoods of those involved and their reasons for entering the trade, to ultimately establish to what degree HIV/AIDS may have been a catalyst for this. Almost one third of the sample entered the trade in response to illness and/or death in their households, with 80% of deaths being of breadwinners. The findings illustrated considerable dependence on the sale of NRs; for almost 60% of the sample it was their household's only source of income. There was evidently increased blurring of the lines between rural and urban NR use with a greater diversity of products being traded in urban areas. Phase two involved in-depth interviews and work with a smaller sample at two sites selected based on the findings from the first phase. It incorporated three groups of households; non-trading, inexperienced trading and experienced trading households. Key areas of focus were household shocks, coping strategies employed in response to these and the role LEK may be playing in the choice of coping strategies. Within a two year period, 95% of households registered at least one shock, of which 80% recorded AIDS-related proxy shocks. Non-trading households were significantly worse-off in this regard, while in the case of non-AIDS proxy shocks, there was no such difference between groups. The most frequently employed coping strategy was the consumption and sale of NRs and was of particular importance when households were faced with AIDS proxy shocks. Trading households emerged as having superior levels of LEK in comparison to non-trading households, even for non-traded NRs, suggesting that prior LEK of NRs opened up opportunities to trade in NR as a coping strategy. Further inspection of the latter group however revealed that the portion of non-trading households who traded on a very ad hoc basis actually had comparable levels of LEK to the trading households. Despite the ad hoc trading households' vulnerable state and their disproportionately high level of AIDS proxy measures, they had at their disposal, sufficient LEK to unlock certain key coping strategies, namely the NR trade. In this sense there are apparent linkages between LEK, HIV/AIDS and the expansion of the commercialisation of NRs.
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Hughes, Edward Peter Clive. "The strategic impact of HIV/AIDS on first level component suppliers to the motor industry, located in the Nelson Mandela Metropole." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1006722.
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HIV/AIDS is undoubtedly the single most important and daunting health problem facing Africa. Globally too, this is one of the most serious health, medical and social preoccupations of our time (Chinery-Hesse, 2000: 1). The aim of this research study is to evaluate the strategic impact of HIV/AIDS on first level component suppliers to the motor industry located in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. To achieve this aim a literature study was undertaken to determine the patterns of development, the infection statistics and to explore strategic options and actions for dealing with the effects of the disease. An empirical study has been conducted to assess the opinions of senior management within first level component suppliers. The results from the study indicate that most companies in the selected group believe that HIV/AIDS will have a serious impact on their organisations. In conclusion, various recommendations have been made with regards to the findings ascertained in the literature review and empirical study.
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Stadler, Leigh Tessa. "Assessing household assets to understand vulnerability to HIV/Aids and climate change in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001655.
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Livelihood stressors in southern Africa, such as HIV/Aids and climate change, do not act in isolation but rather interact concurrently in complex socio-ecological systems with diverse, interrelated and compounded affects. Households experience differential vulnerability to such stressors based on contextual factors such as geographical location, income level and the gender and age of its members. Households’ differential experiences of vulnerability are further defined by the households’ use of their capital stocks: the human, social, natural, financial and physical capital available to the household to form livelihoods and resist the detrimental effects of a stressor. The capital stocks of 340 households were measured in two sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, using a household survey. These data were analysed to determine differences between the sites, households with heads of different gender and households of different income levels. Further data relating to the drivers and interactions of stressors over temporal and spatial scales, as well as the perceived value of various forms of capital by different social groups in the two sites, were collected via Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) methods including timelines, mental modelling and pair-wise ranking. Although the two sites have similar levels of income and fall within the same province, many significant differences emerged. The two sites showed different distributions of household head genders and different stressors and perceptions of vulnerability, perhaps owing to differences in their capital stocks, acting alongside the influence of culture and access on a shifting rural-urban continuum. These discrepancies further transpired to reflect crucial differential experiences along gender lines and income levels in each site. Vulnerability was often context specific, not only because of unique drivers of stress in different areas, but also because socio-economic groups and localities often had characteristics that could potentially exacerbate vulnerability, as well as characteristics that can potentially facilitate adaptive capacity. Stressors were found to have depleted multiple forms of capital over time, while new stressors were emerging, raising concerns over the most appropriate means of social protection within these contexts.
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Clarke, Caryn Lee. "Responses to the linked stressors of climate change and HIV/AIDS amongst vulnerable rural households in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003818.
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Climate change and the HIV/AIDS epidemic are two of the most critical long-term global challenges, especially for Africa and even more so Southern Africa. There is great concern that the poor will be unable to adapt to the impacts of climate variability and change while HIV/AIDS will exacerbate the impacts of such stressors and deepen the insecurities of many communities already affected by this disease. Studies that consider the interlinked effects of climate change and HIV/AIDS along with other multiple stressors are increasingly needed. This study, located in two rural communities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, namely Lesseyton and Willowvale, assessed the responses of vulnerable households to the linked shocks and stressors of climate change and HIV/AIDS. This involved assessing, through household surveys, life history interviews and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA), the way in which multiple stressors interacted and affected vulnerable households, the way in which these households responded to and coped with such shocks and stressors, and the barriers which prevented them from coping and adapting effectively. Unemployment emerged as the dominant stress amongst households. The lack of development and having too few opportunities for employment has limited vulnerable households from being able to invest in assets, such as education or farming equipment. This, in combination with the impacts of increased food and water insecurity from recent drought, has created an extremely vulnerable environment for these households. They rely largely on two important safety-nets, namely social capital and the use of natural and cultivated resources; however the latter has been limited due to the impacts of water scarcity and an inability to farm. It was evident that there was little planned long-term adaptation amongst households and from government. Maladaptive short-term coping strategies, such numerous household members depending on one social grant and transactional sex, were too often relied upon, and although they may have helped relieve the stress of shocks momentarily, they did not provide for the long-term well-being of individuals and households. Poor communication and capacity between the different levels of government and between the government (especially at the local level) and the two rural communities has created an environment full of uncertainty and lacking in advocacy. Local government needs increased human, informational, and financial capacity and a clear delegation of responsibilities amongst the different departments in order for the two communities to benefit from the implementation of support strategies. There is also a great need for educational programmes and capacity development within the two rural communities, particularly based on improved coping and longer-term adaptation strategies in response to climate change in order for households to better prepare themselves for the future.
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Kaschula, S. A. H. "The impact of HIV and AIDS on household food security and food acquisition strategies in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007137.
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How should the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods be factored into efforts to monitor and stabilise household food security? With both HIV and AIDS and food security at the top of the global development agenda, this is a question posed by many scholars, practitioners, donor agencies and government departments. However, while there is an excess of discourse outlining the theoretical bases for how HIV and AIDS can, and is, radically transforming household food acquisition; there is a lack of empirical evidence from the South African context that demonstrates if, and how, HIV and AIDS changes household-level strategies of food acquisition and intake. This thesis explores the association of household-level mortality, chronic illness and additional child-dependent fostering with household experience of food security and food acquisition strategies, in three rural villages in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data-collection were applied to 307 households in the three sites. For twelve months, both HIV and AIDS-afflicted and non-afflicted households were repeatedly visited at 3-month intervals, in order to be assessed for levels of food security, dietary intake and method of food procurement (purchased, cultivated, wild or donated). Overall, HIV and AIDS-afflicted households showed a significantly higher experience of food insecurity, probably attributable to shortages in food quantity. Dietary composition and overall diversity, however, was not significantly different. Although households with chronic illness and recent mortality showed a heightened investment in cultivation sources, the success of these strategies were to a great extent mediated by household income, and the level of medical treatment received by those who were chronically ill. Chronic illness was also associated with more donations, but these required considerable investments in social capital networks. Finally, use of wild leafy vegetables was not associated with household HIV and AIDS status, despite the financial, nutritional and labour-saving properties of these foods. Overall, the study suggests that there was little evidence of long-term planning and strategy in household food security responses. There was no evidence for shifts to labour-saving crops or foods and, in some instances, child labour was being used to ameliorate prime-adult labour deficits. Moreover, given that the vast majority (89.2%) of food groups were sourced through purchase, it is questionable whether investing in diverse food acquisition strategies would be advisable. Unless supported by medical treatment and steady earned household income, policies to promote intensified household agricultural subsistence production in the wake of HIV and AIDS are unlikely to provide households with anything more than short-term safety-nets, rather than long-term, sustainable food security solutions.
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Linderts, Gavin Sebastian. "Estimating the HIV prevalence among permanent employees of Old Mutual (SA) : a case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/885.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Menslike immuungebrekvirus (MIV) en Verworwe immuniteitsgebrek sindroom (VIGS) is een van die grootste uitdagings waarvoor werkgewers vandag te staan kom, en behoort die stukrag te wees vir ’n deeglike ondersoek om die voorkoms van hierdie toestand in die werkplek so akkuraat as moontlik te bepaal. So ’n ondersoek kan lig werp op toekomstige demografiese arbeidsmagtendense en verwante koste, byvoorbeeld verlies aan produktiwiteit en dienslewering weens afwesigheid, ’n toename in aftredes, en stygende sieke- en pensioenfondseise wat waarskynlik ingedien sal word. Daarbenewens kan so ’n ondersoek die werkgewer in staat stel om noukeuriger vir die toekoms te beplan, vanuit die oogpunt van finansies sowel as menslike hulpbronne. Daar is egter ’n neiging by werkgewers om MIV/VIGS steeds as ’n maatskaplike of samelewingsprobleem eerder as ’n besigheidspesifieke risiko te beskou. Onkunde is meestal die rede hiervoor. Werkgewers neig om weg te skram van direkte risikobestuur, dikwels met die argument dat dit die regering se plig is om MIV/VIGS-opleiding en gesondheidsorg te voorsien. Sodoende word die bestaande verhouding van ‘ekwilibriumkonvergensie’ tussen die staat, sakesektor en arbeid verydel. MIV/VIGS moet soos ander groot geïdentifiseerde sakerisiko’s beskou, gemeet en proaktief bestuur word, net soos met wisselkoers wisselvalligheid, politieke en infrastrukturele risiko’s, en persoonlike en batesekuriteit. Hoewel hierdie risikofaktore dwarsoor die wêreld bestaan, en sommiges in ander wêrelddele groter is, het hul gekombineerde uitwerking veral in Suider-Afrika ernstige implikasies vir investering en die koste om hier sake te doen. Soos alle ander sakerisiko’s moet die hantering daarvan multidimensioneel wees: • Identifiseer, meet en bestuur die risiko; plaas MIV/VIGS eerste op die direksie se agenda. • Stel senior beamptes aan om die risiko te bestuur. • Evalueer bestuurstrukture en intervensie stappe gereeld. • MIV/VIGS opleiding is die sleutel, vir bestuurslede sowel as werknemers. Risikobestuur moet holisties wees. So byvoorbeeld is dit nutteloos om gesondheidsorg sonder proaktiewe pasiëntebestuur te voorsien. En net soos wat behandelingsplanne sonder befondsing sinloos is, is dit futiel om goed befondsde voordeelplanne te skep as behandeling nie toeganklik is nie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die proses wat Old Mutual (SA) gevolg het om die voorkoms van MIV onder sy 13 000 permanente werknemers landwyd te eksploreer. Die statistiese uitkoms sal dan gebruik word om te bepaal of Old Mutual (SA) wel sy doelwitte in terme van werknemersgelykheid sal bereik en behou, gegewe die MIV/VIGS pandemie. Vooruitskouings oor die implikasies van MIV/VIGS vir Old Mutual (SA) moet met die nodige omsigtigheid benader word, alhoewel hierdie studie aandui dat dit moontlik implikasies kan inhou vir werkverskaffing in die toekoms, gegewe die wetlike vereistes vir die verskeie aangewese groepe. MIV/VIGS lei nie net tot siekte, ongeskiktheid en dood onder Old Mutual (SA) se werknemers nie. Tesame met ernstige ekonomiese en emosionele ontwrigting vir hul gesinne, verhoog dit ook die koste om in Suid-Afrika sake te doen. Hierdie koste sluit die volgende in: • verhoogde gesondheidsorgkoste; • meer eise vir aftree-, pensioen- en doodsvoordele; • laer produktiwiteit namate afwesigheid van die werk styg weens siekte, hetsy eie of siek familielede na wie omgesien moet word; en • verhoogde koste vir personeelwerwing, arbeidsomset en opleiding weens die verlies van ervare personeel.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the greatest challenges facing employers today, and should provide the impetus for a thorough investigation among employees in order to arrive at an estimate of HIV prevalence within the workplace. Such an investigation could shed light on future demographic workforce trends as well as related costs, e.g. loss in productivity and service delivery due to absenteeism, increased retirement and a rise in medical aid and pension fund claims that the employer is likely to encounter. Furthermore, this investigation could enable the employer to plan better for the future – both from a financial and human resources viewpoint. In the ‘real’ world though, employers still perceive HIV/AIDS as a social or community problem rather than a business specific risk. Employers, largely through ignorance, tend to shy away from direct risk management – often using the argument that it is the government’s responsibility to provide HIV/AIDS education and healthcare. In this way they nullify the existing ‘equilibrium convergence’ relationship between the state, business and labour. HIV/AIDS must be measured and proactively managed and should be regarded in the same light as other major identified business risks, e.g. personal and asset security, exchange rate volatility, and political and infrastructure risks. While it is true that all of these particular risk factors exist across the globe, and may be greater in other parts of the world, nowhere else do they seem to combine with such severe implications to deter investment and raise the cost of doing business than in Southern Africa. As for any other business risk, the response should be multi-dimensional: • Identify, measure and manage; place HIV/AIDS at the top of board agendas. • Appoint senior executives to manage the risk. • Regularly evaluate management structures and interventions. • HIV/AIDS education is key to both management and employees. Risk management should be holistic. For example, providing healthcare without proactive patient management is pointless. Similarly, treatment plans without funding are futile, and well-funded benefit plans without practical access to treatment are a waste of time. The aim of this study is to explore the process Old Mutual (SA) followed in estimating the HIV prevalence among its 13 000 permanent employees nationally. The resultant statistics would then be used to project whether or not Old Mutual (SA) will be able to achieve and sustain its employment equity targets, given the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Predictions on the implications of HIV/AIDS for Old Mutual (SA) should be approached with due caution, although this study suggests that it could probably seriously impact on shortages in the supply of labour in future, given the legislative requirements for the various designated groupings. HIV/AIDS not only causes illness, disability and death among Old Mutual (SA) employees, coupled with severe economic and emotional disruption for their families, it also increases the cost of doing business in South Africa. These costs include: • increased healthcare expenses; • increased retirement, pension and death benefit claims; • decreased productivity as worker absenteeism rises owing to personal illness, or absence from work to care for sick relatives; and • increased recruitment, labour turnover and training costs due to loss of experienced workers.
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Abu-Basutu, Keitometsi Ngulube. "Relative contribution of wild foods to individual and household food security in the context of increasing vulnerability due to HIV/AIDS and climate variability." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010864.
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Wild foods are an integral component of the household food basket, yet their quantified contribution to food security relative to other sources in the context of HIV/AIDS, climate change and variability remains underexplored. This study was carried out in Willowvale and Lesseyton which are rural communities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Willowvale is a relatively remote, medium-rainfall coastal community, while Lesseyton is a peri-urban low rainfall inland community. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from 78 HIV/AIDS afflicted households with 329 individuals and 87 non-afflicted households with 365 individuals in the two study sites. Households were visited quarterly over 12 months to assess food acquisition methods, dietary intake and quality, and levels of food security, and to determine strategies employed by households to cope with droughts. The wild foods investigated were wild meat, wild birds, wild fish, wild mushrooms, wild leafy vegetables and wild fruits. Diets were moderately well-balanced and limited in variety, with cereal items contributing 52 % to total calorie intake. Mid-upper arm circumference measurements showed that all respondents were adequately nourished. The bulk of the food consumed by households was purchased, with supplementation from own production, wild vegetables and wild fruits. In Willowvale, wild vegetables comprised 46 % of overall vegetable consumption for afflicted households and 32 % for non-afflicted households, while own fruit production comprised 100 % of fruit consumption. In Lesseyton, wild vegetables comprised only 6 % and 4 % of vegetable consumption for afflicted and non-afflicted households, while wild fruit comprised 63 % and 41 % for afflicted and non-afflicted households. More than 80 % of respondents from both afflicted and non-afflicted households had sufficient daily kilocalories, although the majority of afflicted households felt they were food insecure and sometimes collected wild foods as one of their multiple coping strategies. Hunting and gathering of wild foods was associated with site, household affliction status, gender, age and season. More than 80 % of respondents ate wild vegetables and said they were more drought tolerant than conventional vegetables, making them the most consumed wild food and approximately 16 % of respondents ate wild birds, making them the least consumed wild food. Approximately 14 % of respondents from afflicted households in Willowvale sold wild fish, whilst 34 % of respondents from afflicted households and 7 % from non-afflicted households sold wild fruits in Lesseyton. Strategies adopted by households to cope with droughts were different between the two study sites, and households in Willowvale used a wider range of strategies. Given the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS coupled with the drawbacks of climate change and variability on food security, wild foods represent a free and easy way for vulnerable households to obtain food.
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Mailula, Gaefele Simon. "Listening to the unheard stories of children affected by HIV and AIDS in a bereavement process in the Mamelodi Township of Tshwane a narrative research study /." Thesis, Pretoria [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/avaialble/etd-09252009-011209/.
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Mulonya, Rodrick K. A. R. "The political economy of development aid: an investigation of three donor-funded HIV/AIDS programmes broadcast by Malawi television from 2004 to 2007." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002926.
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Development aid in most of the developing countries can sometimes compromise the principles of public service broadcasting (PSB). This may be true when reflected against the tension between donor financed programmes in Malawi and the mandate of Television Malawi (TVM). Although the donor intentions are noble, the strings attached to the funding are sometimes retrogressive to the role of PSBs. A case in point is how donors dictate terms on the HIV/Aids communication strategies at TVM. Producers receive money from donors with strings attached on how the money should be used and accounted for. If producers deviate they are sanctioned through withholding funding, shifting schedules and reducing the funding frequency. The donors also dictate who to interview on what subject, how to conduct capacity building. Some scholars have researched much on the impact of commercialisation of the media. This study is a departure from these traditional interferences; it interrogates the interest of philanthropy tendencies by international donors in the three chosen HIV/Aids programmes broadcast by TVM. The study investigates the extent of pressure exerted by donors on the producers of HIV/Aids programmes in Malawi. Thus, the study seeks to illicit specifics in the power relationship between the donor and the producer hence the study employs the political economy of development aid as applied to the public service broadcasting and communication for development. The study employed qualitative research methods and techniques (in-depth interviews, case study and document analysis). The study reveals how donor ideologies dominate the Aids messages-content output of the texts constructed. The study argues that cultural alienation of the Malawian audiences retards efforts of donors in combating HIV infection rate.
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White, Stephen Mark. "Assessing the impact of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome on Volkswagen of South Africa." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40.
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This treatise takes the form of an impact study. It is based on a three-month period of research involving literature review, interviews with VWSA officers and a survey of 111 of the 5500 workers who comprised the workforce of the VWSA plant in Uitenhage at that time. The author has attempted to portray the general views of experts in the field of HIV/AIDS corporate impact and impact management. In addition he has attempted to assay the current and forecast policies and practices in respect of the management of the epidemic by VWSA. The workers in the plant were consulted by survey and a variety of insights into the level of understanding of the epidemic, tolerance levels, expectations and so on were made. The quantification of these insights must be viewed with caution since the survey sample of 111 was relatively low for a workforce of circa 5500. Calculations in respect of representativity are included to facilitate calculated caution. It has been shown that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has a considerable current impact on the company and that this impact can be expected to grow considerably in the future. It has been suggested that an active intervention program would be well timed if implemented immediately
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Naidu, Veni. "The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on urban households." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4301.
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The overall objectives of the study are to analyse the economic impact of
HIV/AIDS on income-earning urban households and in so doing to develop a
methodology for HIV/AIDS household surveys. The study started with 125
households in the first wave. Of these, 113 households were followed over 4
waves (2), over a 12-month period, and across two cohorts referred to as affected (3) and non-affected (4) households. Data on the household were collected from the financial head (5) using the diary method. The methodology for this study was done after a review of 33 HIV/AIDS economic studies conducted around the world. The study obtained buy-in and support from various stakeholders in government, nongovernment organisations, community, academic and funding institutions as from people living with HIV/AIDS. Due to the comprehensive design of the research instrument, the study is able to draw relationships between the various facets of the household and the possible influence that HIV/AIDS has on them. Methodologically, the study found that there are "hidden" costs of morbidity and mortality that needs to be quantified. The costs of health care and funerals are higher in the affected cohort, as expected, due to the frequency of illness or death and not necessarily because there are cost differences as a result of whether a household member has HIV/AIDS or not. The key finding is that affected households re-organise themselves in terms of household size, composition and structure as well as through transfers in, income from grants and other non-market sources, especially to pay for funeral costs. Surviving members are affected not only socially and economically but also psychologically and the needs of this group should not be ignored. (2) Each visit is referred to as a wave
(3) Affected household is a household where at least one person is HIV positive
(4) Non-Affected household is a household where the index case is HIV negative and no other members presented with an HIV/AIDS-related symptom
(5) The person responsible for the finances in the household.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.
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Van, Biljon H. "Vigs in die werksomgewing : ekonomiese, politiese en etiese oorwegings in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynboubedryf." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10749.
Full textAbstract:
M.Com. (Business Management)HIV/AIDS infection is becoming one of the greatest threats the world has had to face the past century. opinions on the subject vary from doomsday scenarios to those that feel that it will just pass as another storm in a teacup, without having any real effect on society. since the indications are there that it is especially the economically active that are exposed to the infection, top management cannot take the chance of ignoring the issue. Unfortunately this seems to be the case in South Africa, with the awakening of the new South Africa, new economic and political opportunities are openlng up for the country. Business leaders cannot allow AIDS to jeopardise these opportunities. Because HIV/AIDS can take more than ten years before becoming visible, most societies, firms and even governments are still only paying lip service in dealing with the matter. AIDS has devastating economic consequences for affected individuals and their families. If the experience of other countries, and current trends in south Africa are any indication, there is likely to be increasing discrimination in the work place, resulting in large numbers of those who are HIV positive losing their jobs. The burden on families who have to care for, and bury people dying of Aids, and consequently those who lose breadwinners, will be enormous. This will be aggravated by unemployment, by inadequate social support services and transfer payments, by discrimination of access to insurance and housing, and by the predicted inability of the health services to offer adequate care to affected individuals, and support of their families. HIV/AIDS is a reality for any work environment. It is therefore of vital importance for management to take cognisance of the important aspects in dealing with the problem. A formal AIDS policy is the only effective solution to prevent discriminatory practices in the workplace. Finally, and most importantly, the AIDS epidemic in south Africa will be a terrible, and enormous human tragedy, through the potentially avoidable loss of hundreds of thousands, and ultimately, millions of lives. In this study, the major implications of AIDS to be considered in company policy, dealing with the AIDS problem in the workplace and in particular the mining industry, are dealt with.
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Veerasamy, Ashika. "Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) : an impact on marketing strategies in retail food companies in South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6580.
Full textAbstract:
M.B.A.The purpose of this research project will be to test the impacts of HIV/AIDS and the manner in which it will influence changes in marketing strategies for Retail Food Companies in the future. The research questions posed are: What do Retail Food Companies perceive the impact of HIV/AIDS to be on their customer profile in the next 5 years? Do Retail Food Companies have marketing strategies in place to address the impact of HIV/AIDS on their primary target market? Do Retail Food Companies perceive HIV/AIDS to impact on their current product portfolio and their product portfolio in the next 5 years?
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Chademana-Munodawafa, Kudzai E. "An analysis of livelihood strategies of HIV/AIDS affected households receiving support from Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in Chegutu, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/951.
Full text
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Naidoo, Praganandhan. "The study of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) with regards to HIV/AIDS within Organisation X." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2403.
Full textAbstract:
M.B.A.It is universally accepted that HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest threats facing mankind. It has a profound effect on humanity from a social, political and economical perspective and its effect can be catastrophic. Many research studies have highlighted the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS on people and society irrespective of geography albeit that the impact of HIV/AIDS varies from place to place. Further it has a profound impact on the economical well being of an individual, an organisation and for that matter an entire economy. Building blocks of economies throughout the world, in the developed and developing world, are people. People make up the labour force that organisations draw on in the various economies. Anything that upsets the productive labour force has a profound impact on the success and sustainability of these economies. In laymen terms an economy is based on individuals and grouped into structures that are organisational in nature. Organisations are essentially made up of a collection of people brought together to work in a collaborative manner and achieve an overall organisational objective. Therefore the impact of HIV/AIDS on the productive labour force affects the organisation directly which in turn has a casual effect on the entire economy. Organisations are therefore a critical stakeholder in the redressing of HIV/AIDS. Although a substantial amount of research has been conducted highlighting the impact of HIV/AIDS to an organisation there has largely been apathy by organisations in addressing HIV/AIDS. This has however improved over a period of time as the impact of HIV/AIDS on an organisation has been documented with greater accuracy and the analytical tools, methodologies and monitoring mechanisms have improved. This dissertation attempts to determine to what extent an organisation, Organisation X, is successful in the positive maximisation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) with regard to HIV/AIDS considering that many academics and industry specialists have expressed that to address the HIV/AIDS problem one has to focus on KAP. Organisation X was chosen since it is acknowledged by its industry peers, government and nongovernment organisations as having made considerable success in addressing HIV/AIDS from an organisational perspective.
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Makanjee, Prashila. "An assessment of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the business sector in South Africa and an analysis of HIV/AIDS workplace programmes." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4182.
Full textAbstract:
HIV / AIDS in the South African present context remains fraught with obstacles and challenges. The previous regime's willingness to turn a blind eye to the problem, combined with the present government's confused response has accelerated the disease and it's devastating impact to pandemic proportions. This has placed additional pressure on other sectors to respond. While civil society challenges government's delaying tactics and seeks to ease the plight of those living with HIV, the business sector is being called upon to act, in the interests of the stability of the national economy and it's own survival. Business is identified, locally and abroad, as the most relevant environment for intervention because of it's unique capacity to impact on both the workforce and the consumer market simultaneously. Business however exists for the purpose of making a profit. This is in itself an area of study that requires investigation: how does business meet the pressure to 'do the right thing' and protect its own best interests? This study will consider how some businesses have shifted the burden of AIDS, while others have prepared to meet the costs associated with implementing any interventions. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of HIV / AIDS on the business sector with an assessment of the risk faced by business in the immediate and long-term. It further seeks to analyse business's current response in the context of international best practice standards. Case studies of Workplace HIV / AIDS Programmes are used to identify and analyse successful interventions that may be utilised in the South African context. While there are a few outstanding examples of workplace interventions being implemented in South Africa, there is some concern that too many companies are processing HIV / AIDS as a paper exercise without the commitment and care required for change. The impact of the disease on a physical level is compounded by stigmatization and fear. Issues of discrimination and intolerance permeate the environment in which employers are required to implement programmes that shift knowledge, attitudes and behaviour around HIV / AIDS. The secondary objective of this study is to test the emerging hypothesis that the face-to-face or one-on-one intervention is the most effective in successfully changing knowledge and attitudes about HIV / AIDS and can therefore influence a long-term change in behaviour. This study seeks to provide guidelines and recommendation for companies willing to implement HIV / AIDS workplace interventions by presenting an overview of the options available and indicating where best to invest limited resources. While the nature and scope of the study is by no means conclusive and remains open to ongoing social and medical research, it remains relevant in that it is placed in the context of timeless best practice.Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Oundo, Jescar Naome. "Women, poverty and HIV/AIDS : a challenge to women's spirituality : a case study of Mpererwe Township, Kampala-Uganda." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1336.
Full textAbstract:
This study is designed to assess the causes and the effects of poverty and HIV/AIDS on women's spirituality. A case study of Mpererwe Township in Kampala, Uganda was chosen because this researcher has been staying in this township now for 7 years; and has seen most women experiencing difficulties in their daily lives. Poverty and HIV/AIDS among women of Mpererwe Township is a much-needed area of study because the majority of women's lives and their contribution to development have been hampered by economic, religious, political, social and cultural structures. However, all in all, the purpose of this social analysis was first, to identify the factors that render Mpererwe women to be vulnerable to ill situations that pave the way to poverty and HIV/AIDS conditions. Then thereafter, to suggest strategies that may transform the physical, political, religious, economic and social life of women in Mpererwe Township.Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Odongpiny, Ajok Florence. "Socio-economic outcomes for the beneficiaries of the Expanded Child Survival Initiative in Uganda." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3097.
Full textAbstract:
A quantitative study was conducted to determine the socio-economic outcomes for the beneficiaries of the Expanded Child Survival Initiative in Uganda. The population comprised of all orphans and vulnerable children who were trained under the Expanded Child Survival Initiative of which a sample of 102 respondents were included in the structured data collection process. The outcomes that were explored were employment, income, assets and family support to siblings and other dependants by the primary beneficiaries.
The findings show that the outcomes of the Expanded Child Survival Initiative were positive and benefited socio economic lives of the respondents and their family members. The majority of the respondents were using the skills obtained from the training and were employed. The employment provided a source of income and the income earned facilitates the respondents in providing the basic needs of the family members. They were able to provide adequately for most of their basic needs. The findings also show that the respondents had accumulated some assets.
A number of factors influenced the utilisation of the newly acquired skills including having tool kits, start-up capital and business management skills. It is recommended that training providers should provide start-up support to the apprentices in order to facilitate them to utilise the skills obtained from apprenticeship trainings.Public Health
Thesis (M.A. (Public Health))
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Ramnarain, Shivani. "A situational assessment of a workplace voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and HIV/AIDS treatment programme in the mining sector : a case study." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/940.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Globally, over forty million adults are infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), with twenty-five million people having already died of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) worldwide by 2007. To date, approximately twenty-eight million members of the labour force have been lost to AIDS. In terms of the settings approach to Health Promotion, the workplace presents as one of the most effective and significant settings in which to respond to the epidemic. This study formed part of The Workplace VCT/Treatment Uptake Project (WVUP), which is a longitudinal study located in a company in the South African mining sector. The broad aim of the WVUP was to provide new knowledge on the reasons for low and slow uptake of VCT and treatment services in workplace settings and to implement and evaluate interventions to improve uptake of these services. The specific aim of this phase of the study (a Situational Assessment) was to unravel the contextual influences on VCT and treatment participation rates at the selected site, as a precursor to succeeding phases of the WVUP. Method: This Situational Assessment comprised of an archival documentary analysis (aimed at developing a historical perspective of the company’s HIV/AIDS program) and interviews and focus groups with key organisational stakeholders (aimed at a contextual assessment of the program). A qualitative approach was used for this study, as it provided an in-depth and detailed understanding of the organizational and personal experiences, incidences and occurrences that make up the contextual milieu for the VCT and HIV/AIDS treatment services at the study site. Fourteen individual interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, followed by eight focus group interviews with these constituencies. Data was collected using audiotapes and were transcribed verbatim. A quality assurance check was conducted with random sections of the tape compared against the transcripts. A list of themes across all interviews and data was developed and then reduced and coded using Nvivo7, a qualitative datamanagement software programme. This tool enabled the researcher to store and code the data and search the data thematically. The results of the study were interpreted through the lens of two theoretical frameworks, viz., the Precede-Proceed model and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Results and Conclusions: The discussion of results incorporated the findings from the archival audit and documentary analysis as well as the various factors that emerged from the key stakeholder and focus group interviews. Even though the mine had high VCT uptake rates, significant concerns were apparent with regard to the VCT and treatment programmes. Some of these concerns centered around the levels of support from mine management and Head Office, support of employees for the HIV/AIDS programme, relational challenges with the union, confidentiality issues, treatment and treatment adherence issues, environmental influences, spousal VCT uptake, race, culture and sexism, and fear. Salient findings have been discussed using the selected theoretical frameworks and several theoretically and empirically derived recommendations were offered to inform the next phase of the WVUP study.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008
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Mthembu, Steve Sibusiso. "An exploration of factors affecting voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) amongst employees in the private sector : a company case study." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3105.
Full textAbstract:
Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is known as the key component of HIVprevention
and treatment programmes in workplace settings. The main objective of this study was
to explore factors affecting the uptake of VCT amongst employees in the private sector. This study
was also indirectly aimed in examining the effectiveness of HIV-prevention and treatment
programmes in workplace settings.
The Social cognitive theory (SCT) was adopted as the core theoretical framework in this
study. The SCT explains behaviour change as a complex phenomenon and a product of multiple,
complex factors embedded on the individual’s characteristic and his/her surrounding environment.
This theory recognises the strength of other health promotion theories such as the health belief
model (HBM), theory of reasoned action (TRA) in explaining behaviour change, but it mostly
helps to provide a more holistic and coherent understanding of the complex factors affecting VCT
uptake.
This was a qualitative case study. Individual, semi-structured interviews were utilised to
collect data from 6 male and 4 female participants, who are employees of a courier company
operating around Durban. This company implemented an HIV/AIDS policy about 10 years ago,
with an aim to introduce HIV-prevention and treatment initiatives, and to facilitate easy access to
these initiatives within the workplace setting.
Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Themes were analysed and discussed in relation to
the topic of the study. Factors that affect VCT in the workplace were categorised thematically and
critically discussed as findings of the study.
Despite the convenient and easily accessible VCT and ART initiatives, rapid testing and onsite
nature of VCT campaigns, the uptake of VCT appeared to be relatively poor within the
compnay. The perceived lack of confidentiality regarding results, fears of stigma and
discrimination, as well as organisational factors, were identified as barriers to the success of HIVprevention
and treatment initiatives in this company. In light of these findings, the study
recommends measures that might help improve service delivery. The study also contributes to the
body of knowledge with respect to challenges facing HIV-prevention and treatment initiatives in
workplace settings.Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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"HIV/AIDS and the temporary employment service industry." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5501.
Full textAbstract:
M.B.A.HIV/AIDS and the impact of this disease on the bottom line of companies is currently a very topical issue. This study deals with the economic impact of HIV/AIDS on companies, if they make use of the services of temporary employment service providers. The current impact of the disease on companies and the state of the temporary employment services industry in South Africa was analysed, based on existing literature. As part of the study a survey was conducted to determine the perceptions that currently exist in the market with regards to the use of temporary employment service providers and the impact of HIV/AIDS on companies. The results from the study showed that companies could obtain advantages from using temporary employment service providers. The study however further found that even though companies understood that there could be economic advantages for them in using temporary employment services, they were still reluctant to do so. Companies further indicated that the impact of HIV/AIDS on their bottom line would increasingly have a more negative impact over the next ten years.
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Phakathi, Thabo Michael. "The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS : a case study of elderly people caring for HIV infected individuals in the Ugu North District, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3046.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on the elderly in the Ugu North District, KwaZulu-Natal. This study employs qualitative methods using in-depth interviews. The sample consisted of 6 females and 6 males aged 60 and above. The respondents were all black. The respondents either had lived or were living with an HIV/AIDS infected individual in their household. The findings of the study indicate that the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among the younger generation places a huge social and economic burden on the elderly people, especially those who are caring for HIV infected individuals in their households. The findings of the study show that the elderly are carrying a huge burden because of HIV/AIDS. Elderly men and women revealed the trauma of seeing their children dying in front of them. Providing treatment to a sick person, losing a child, loss of income, stigma and discrimination and caring for grandchildren were some of the difficulties faced by elderly people. The results of the study suggest that elderly people should be a key focus of HIV/AIDS discourse.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Moodley, Vash. "Impact of HIV/Aids on the retail banking market." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/44124.
Full textAbstract:
Orientation – The researcher, under the supervision of Dr Mark Bussin sought to explore and understand the factors that influence skilled professionals to accept expatriate assignments.
Research purpose – identify predominant factors that motivate skilled professional to accept or decline expatriate offers and understand the impact that age has on the priority of these factors.
Motivation for the study – There is little research that has been done thus far that identifies the factors that motivate skilled professionals to accept expatriate assignments and the impact that age may have on the priority of these factors.
Research design, approach and method – The researcher used an exploratory qualitative research approach and, more specifically, semi structured interviews.
Main findings – Career, family and geographic location appear to be key motivational factors for skilled professionals to accept expatriate assignments. There is also an increasing importance being given to the presence of a comprehensive company policy with regard to expatriate assignments which gives the skilled professional a sense of comfort when making the decision. In addition age does not appear to influence the factors that motivate skilled professionals to accept an expatriate assignment however importance to various factors may change dependent on age and position in career at the time of making the decision.
Practical/managerial implications – As a result of globalisation which is currently a very prevalent influence on the economic environment, there is an increased need for skilled professionals to accept expatriate assignments in multi-national companies. It is therefore important for employers to understand what motivates skilled professionals to accept these expatriate assignments.
Contribution/value-add – Although this study is explorative and descriptive, it suggests that if management at multi-national companies are aware of the factors that motivate skilled professionals to accept expatriate assignments, they stand a better chance of being able to fill positions appropriately if they are able to meet the needs of the skilled professionals.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lmgibs2015
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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More, Penelope Sekgametsi. "The well-being of HIV/AIDS employees." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7658.
Full textAbstract:
M.A.Virtually unheard of two decades ago, AIDS is, at the turn of the century, one of the best known and most talked about disease on the globe. A decade ago, HIV was regarded primarily as a serious health crisis. What had first appeared to be a disease confined to certain well-defined populations such as gay men and haemophiliacs became a disease that threatened everyone, everywhere. AIDS has become a fullblown threat to development and its social and economic consequences are felt widely not only in the workplace but also in the human resource field and the economy in general. The HIV epidemic is the most important challenge facing South Africa since the birth of democracy. The implications of HIV in the workplace are scary. Even though HIV affects all of us, it has become a workplace issue that must be addressed simply because work is one of the most important dimensions in the life of the individual. The workplace can be a scene of prejudice, discrimination, rejection and harassment, for people affected by HIV, and those feelings are fuelled by ignorance and fear of infection. HIV-positive employees suffer high levels of depression, anxiety, fear and a great degree of uncertainty associated with the diagnosis. Instead of rejecting, stigmatising and isolating positive employees, a collective commitment is needed by the workplace to treat positive employees with dignity and respect. Because the workplace is such an important element in the individual's life, it has been demonstrated to be life lengthening and fulfilling for employees to remain in familiar, supportive and productive surroundings even after being diagnosed HIV-positive (Masi, 1993). The researcher examined how HIV affects employee functioning in the work environment. A qualitative research design is followed using a framework based on Straus and Corbin (1990). Purposive, non-probability sampling is used. Data is captured by using an unstructured, open-ended interview schedule. In this study data analysis is completed manually. Literature is reviewed to validate the findings and lastly conclusions and recommendations are presented.
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"The impact of HIV/AIDS on food security - a study of orphan adoption in rural Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3249.
Full textAbstract:
"Food security is access by all people of all times to enough food
for an active, healthy life" (World Bank, 1986:1).
It is thought that between 300 million and 1 billion people in the world are food insecure. This could be as much as twenty percent of the world population. A World Bank study estimated that 340 million people in developing countries did not have enough calorie intakes to prevent stunted growth, and a further 730 million did not have enough income to ensure an active working life. Many households barely subsist around a poverty line - at times above it, and at other times below. Such transitory food insecurity is common, dependent on the weather and other environmental or socioeconomic factors. In South Africa, a rising population growth has meant a rise in food insecurity for many rural households, and this may be further exacerbated by the impact of HIV/AIDS which increases occupancy and dependency ratios in households when orphaned children are taken in to be cared for. This research introduces the key concepts and indicators of food security set in the framework of rural subsistence and a high HIV infection rate in Ingwavuma, KwaZulu Natal. Four research objectives have been developed around a 'case-control' design, whereby the demographic, agricultural and socio-economic characteristics of families
who have adopted AIDS orphans are compared to households who have not adopted orphans. The first objective of the study comprised an assessment of the make-up and social fabric of households in order to analyse the household head's ability to manage the family's consumption requirement. The results showed that forty six percent of households in Ingwavuma were headed by a 'mother' (single parent) figure and that the
larger household occupancy ranges tended to be female headed. Furthermore, households comprising between 11 and 15 people, were female to male headed 7:1, pointing to high dependency ratios in households less likely to receive consistent income from a local and employed male household head. The second objective was to assess the level of dependency on income related purchases of food compared to the
level of food production generated within the household itself. Sixty-three percent of households stated that they would not anticipate being able to obtain any work and thirty two percent felt they might be able to obtain work in the cities or with neighbours which would sustain them for one month. Only two percent of the sample anticipated being able to source income for three months, and another two percent for six months - highlighting the high level of dependency that the study area has on
agriculture as opposed to income. The third aim of the study was to assess the impact that illness, death and the adoption of AIDS orphans have on the dependency ratio within a household, and its resultant impact of food security. A high level of illness and death was shown to occur in both cohorts of the sample, although deaths in the 'orphaned households' created larger numbers of household occupants and thus dependents when compared to households without orphans. Finally, three logistic
regression models of food security were developed based on the main food and livelihood management indicators in the Ingwavuma community and the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on these was included in the models. The indicators could be incorporated in the development of a predictive early warning food security model for the area, similar to the work undertaken in Mozambique and Botswana where an early warning system is used to highlight expected periods of 'lean harvest' in order to ensure that the most vulnerable households are cared for. Another recommendation of the study is the development of a surveillance system for the monitorinq of the epidemiology of illness and death in the area to enable organisations to tackle the impact of the HIV epidemic. Specific research to address the targeting of 'households at risk' which include grandparent headed households and household heads who are HIV positive would also be of great benefit. Research into the development of both the formal and the informal economy, the industrial and entrepreneurial development of the area and the training of the community's untapped labour supply would also be of value to the community. Finally, research into methods to improve the agricultural base and food production skills would be enormously useful in developing the capacity of the community to provide for itself.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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Mambo, Julia. "Impacts of HIV/AIDS Mortality on food security and Natural resource utilisation in rural South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11993.
Full textAbstract:
AIDS mortality, its linkages as a determinant and consequence of food security and its impact on natural resource utilisation by mainly rural populations, has not been well researched, especially their effects on rural livelihoods. With the high epidemic prevalence and persistent food insecurity, natural resources are and will continue to play a key role as a buffer against stresses and shocks in rural livelihoods. Determining linkages between household food security, adult AIDS mortality, and how these affect natural resource utilisation at the village level was the objective of this research. The overarching goal of sustainable natural resource utilisation in Agincourt Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) was determined through three research questions outlined as follows; What is the status of food security, AIDS mortality and Natural resource utilisation in Agincourt?; What is the relationship between dependence on natural resources as a source of food and or livelihood to resource degradation?; and What are the household and community drivers of household food security? Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity and the reliance on natural resources while remote sensing was used to assess resource availability and identification of possible natural resource degradation hotspots. More than half of the population in the DSS is food-secure, in 2004, with an even smaller hungry population in 2007. HIV/AIDS and non-HIV/AIDS adult mortality, analysed at village level are underlying drivers and determinants, affecting availability of income which is a direct driver of food insecurity. Availability of income, through social grants, remittances or wages, and delay or non-receipt of this income results in food insecurity in some households. Food production, affected and constrained by climate variability, is a less stable and less popular means of attaining food. More than half of the Agincourt population utilises natural resources to supplement dietary diversity and household income, although there is a significant reduction in households using natural resources in 2007 compared to 2004. Resource degradation is noted in the village commons especially between the highly food-insecure villages and are identified as environmental degradation hot spots. The identification of synergies among these factors in policy design and for interventions is essential for poverty alleviation, improved health and sustainable utilisation of natural resources and rural livelihoods. Glory be to GOD for making this work possible
“Commit your work to the Lord and then your plans will succeed”
(Proverbs 16:3)
“Material poverty doesn‟t necessarily lead to a lack of capacity for creativeness and Inventiveness. Poor people survival by their wits and have much more to contribute to address complex problems than we tend to credit them with.”
Dr. Maphela Ramphele (Destiny Magazine, 2010)
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Abalo, Grace. "A comparative analysis of conventional and marker assisted selection methods in screening for resistance to maize (Zea mays L.) streak virus disease." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3495.
Full textAbstract:
Maize (Zea mays L.) streak virus disease (MSD) is the most important virus disease in Africa but farmers are unaware of its status. A project was initiated to assess the current status of MSD and to breed for its resistance. Four populations comprised of two BC1F1 and two F2 progenies developed by backcrossing and selfing the F1 progenies of two crosses between a donor line (CMl 202) and two susceptible lines (CMl 321 and CMl 384) were developed. Conventional and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) methods were used to screen for resistance to MSD in each of the four populations. To facilitate unbiased comparison, separate screening nurseries were established for MAS and conventional screening. The objectives of the study were five-fold; 1) to assess the status of
MSD in Uganda and understand farmers' preferences and varietal selection criteria for maize using a participatory rural appraisal (PRA), 2) to screen for MSD resistance in early generations of segregating maize populations using conventional method, 3) to screen for resistance to MSD using SSR marker assisted selection , 4) to compare the effectiveness of marker assisted selection and conventional methods for selection for resistance to MSD,
and 5) to compare costs associated with MAS and conventional selection methods.
Results of PRA showed that unreliable rainfall and insect pests were the dominant constraints to maize productivity in Uganda. Diseases were ranked fifth among the production constraints . Maize streak virus disease was considered the most important disease constraint. Farmers showed common preference for high yielding and early maturing cultivars. However, farmers had other special preferences which were diverse and included large, white and high test density kernels for marketing, and sweet taste,
particularly for home consumption. Farmers' research priorities included tolerance to drought, resistance to insect pests and diseases, sweetness, prolificacy, resistance to lodging, and drooping leaves because theyt cover the soil fast and prevent weed growth.
Conventional screening for resistance to MSD showed that backcross and selfing populations segregated in 1:1 and 3:1 Mendelian ratios confirming the presence of one major gene with simple inheritance . Severity and incidence of disease were positively correlated suggesting a non-reference by the insects. In the selfing populations, the presence of complete esistance against MSD was suggested because frequency distribution patterns were highly skewed in favour of resistance. There was a decrease in disease severities with selection from BC1F1 to BC2F1 and from F2 to F3 generations indicating that high response to selection was achieved. On the other hand, one marker, umc1917, consistently polymorphic and eo-dominant was selected and used in MAS protocol. Results showed that the observed outcomes fitted the expected ratio of 1:2:1 for a F2 population and 1:1 for a BC1F1 population (X2 not significant). Evaluation of F3 and
BC2F1 progeny selected using markers showed low disease severity suggesting that marker assisted selection was effective. However, the study showed that the presence of the O'Tl, was not consistent with symptom expression in the field.
Evaluation of lines in three-way crosses identified ten potential lines that were high yielding, highly resistant to MSD and stable across three locations. Both MAS and conventional selection were equally effective in identifying high yielding lines although resistance was higher under MAS.
Costs of MAS and conventional method varied depending on the units for
comparison. The total costs of conventional method were higher than that of MAS in both first and second selection cycles. Comparing costs per row for conventional and costs per plant or data point for MAS showed that conventional selection was 2.4 times more expensive than costs per sample for MAS. However, costs per plant for MAS were 6.6 times
higher than for conventional selection.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006
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Atujuna, Millicent. "A comparative analysis of the effect of self-perceived risk of HIV/AIDS on the adoption of safer sex practices as a preventive measure for HIV/AIDS among adolescents : Uganda and South Africa." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3994.
Full textAbstract:
This work examines sexual behavioural change and the likely predisposing factors in the era of HIV/AIDS among young adults in Uganda and South Africa. It explores the potential role of young adults' self-perceived risk of HIV infection in sexual behavioural decisions regarding adoption of safe sex practices, in particular 'use of condoms' and 'limiting number of sexual partners '. This work further recognises that Uganda and South Africa are countries with social, cultural, economic, and political contexts, which contexts have been described by many as inextricably linked with sexual behaviour, and which often determine the choices young adults make regarding sexual activity. These are therefore examined. In order to achieve this, a rigorous examination and analysis of self-perceived risk of HIV/AIDS in relation to societal factors was done to determine which variables of the two categories best explains sexual behaviour. This is placed in the context of young female adults between the ages of 15 to 24 in Uganda and South Africa. The formulation of this study, which places emphasis on examining the potential role of self-perceived risk of HIV/AIDS as a predisposing factor for sexual behavioural change, and in Uganda and South Africa is based on a number of aspects as highlighted below: • That both Uganda and South Africa at one point or another were and/or are faced with high prevalence levels of HIV/AIDS; • That both have and/or are yet to be faced with high mortality, which is HIV/AIDS related and such profound consequences will/or have had inadvertent effects on individual, both socially and economically. In some respects, this has also affected individual perceptions regarding HIV infection; • Recognition that the progression of HIV/AIDS in Uganda was much faster than in South Africa, and this meant higher prevalence, higher mortality rates, which then triggered both government and non-governmental response towards preventing further spread. Since these factors are beginning to emerge in South Africa, one therefore asks the question as to whether the pandemic will take similar trends as those reported in Uganda. This would also enable the identification of similarities and differences in the likely determinants of sexual behavior considering these countries have different backgrounds; • In both countries, education programmes have been rigorous and that the level of awareness is at a point that would enable sexual behavioural change to occur; • A recognition that in Uganda, as shown in a number of reports and existing literature, the prevalence of HIV has declined and for this reason, it has become imperative to try and examine the likely factors leading to reduced HIV/AIDS prevalence, and to compare with what is happening in South Africa. This would enable the examination of any possible lessons that could be learnt in the reduction of the prevalence in South Africa. In the quest to achieve the set goals, a number of steps were undertaken which included looking at available literature and more importantly analysing two sets of Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. The South Africa Demographic Health Survey of 1998 (SADHS) and the Ugandan Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) of 2000/1. All young female adults between the ages of 15 to 24 were selected from both data sets. 3,229 and 4,559 young female adults were selected in Uganda and South Africa respectively leading to a total sample size of 7,688. Findings showed that self-perceived risk of HIV/AIDS was one of the factors that did impact on sexual behaviour. This was more prominent in Uganda and less so in South Africa. Other factors found to affect sexual behaviour included age of respondent, socio-cultural and to a small extent, socio-economic factors. The conclusion that can be drawn from this work shows clearly that self-perceived risk of HIV/AIDS is an important factor determining sexual behaviour, but also shows that some societal variables are important. Therefore, in the face of HIV/AIDS and with increased levels of number of people experiencing deaths due to AIDS, selfperceived risk of HIV/AIDS is a factor worth considering when looking at sexual behaviour. As part of the recommendations, education programmes yet to be formulated should take into account the effect of HIV and AIDS on sexual behavioural change.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Mugisha, Emmanuel. "Delivery and utilisation of voluntary HIV counselling and testing services among fishing communities in Uganda." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2954.
Full textAbstract:
The study explored, described and explained the current models of voluntary counselling and testing services delivery and analysed the extent to which a given VCT model had influenced uptake of VCT services in the fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria, in Wakiso District, with an aim of designing optimal VCT service delivery strategies. The study was therefore exploratory, descriptive and explanatory, and collected both qualitative and quantitative data in a three-phased approach. Phase I involved the Kasenyi fishing community respondents, while phases II and III involved VCT managers and VCT counsellors at the Entebbe and Kisubi Hospitals.
The findings indicated that VCT services are generally available onsite at health facilities, and in the field through mobile VCT outreach or home-based VCT services provided at clients’ homes. Both client-initiated and health provider-initiated VCT services are available and services are integrated with other health services. Despite the availability of VCT, only about half of the respondents in phase I had accessed VCT services although almost all indicated a willingness to undergo HIV testing in the near future. The main challenges to service delivery and utilisation included limited funding and staffing as well as limited awareness in target communities. The strategies drawn are based on the need to increase availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilisation of VCT services.Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Malungo, J. R. S. "Sexual behaviour and networking in the era of HIV/Aids : continuity and changes in socio-economic and cultural aspects in Southern Province of Zambia." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147147.
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Hamza, Endris Hussien. "The socio-economic situation of orphans and vulnerable children in Dessie Town, Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6564.
Full textAbstract:
This study was a situation analysis of the socio-economic conditions of orphans and vulnerable children in Dessie Town. Specifically the study assessed the educational attainment, economic status, social isolation, adjustment, discrimination and psycho-social status of OVCs, the characteristics of the care-givers of OVCs and the support systems for OVCs. Therefore, 270 OVCs, 130 guardians and 4 OVCs service-providing organisations were selected as respondents. A survey research design was used. The study found that OVCs and their households faced problems such as school dropout, low educational performance; economic and food insecurity, lack of adequate clothing; social isolation and emotional hardships due to separation of siblings; discrimination, and neglect. Children’s housing conditions, toilet facilities, and access to clean water and health facilities were poor. The majority of guardians were unemployed and unable to fulfil the needs of the OVCs in their care. It is recommended that support systems for OVCs be strengthened.Sociology
M.A. (Sociology)