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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS and HIV infection'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.

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Petros Ouzounakis, Aikaterini Frantzana, Christos Iliadis, Anca Mihalache, Dimitris Alefragkis, and Lambrini Kourkouta. "HIV infection and vaccinations." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0347.

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Introduction: Vaccination is mentioned as a most successful way of intervention in public health. Vaccination against other diseases is usually recommended for people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) infection. Purpose: To identify the correlation of vaccines and vaccination in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS infection. Methodology: This narrative review was based on the bibliographic search of reviews and research studies drawn from the international databases. The exclusion criterion of the articles was the language other than English and Greek. Results: HIV infection is characterized by severe immunodeficiency, which is the result of a decrease in the number of CD4+ T – lymphocytes. The right time to vaccinate a HIV patient is not precisely determined, but it is recommended for those with low CD4 values. All HIV patients are recommended to be vaccinated the annual vaccination of Influenza virus vaccination. It also is recommended to be vaccinated with the vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), the vaccination against herpes zoster or shingles and the vaccination against COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: People with HIV/AIDS are more vulnerable to infections from various diseases. Therefore, it is necessary patients with HIV infection be vaccinated against life-threatening diseases.

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Ranin, J., D. Salemovic, B. Brmbolic, J. Marinkovic, I. Boricic, Pavlovic I. Pesic, S. Zerjav, M. Stanojevic, and D. Jevtovic. "Comparison of Demographic, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with HIV Mono-infection Versus Patients Co-infected with HCV or/and HBV: A Serbian Cohort Study." Current HIV Research 16, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x16666180717115614.

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Objective:The study aimed to correlate the status of hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with clinical and demographic data prior to starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and assess the impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on the natural history of HIV infection.Patients and Methods:The study involved a total of 836 treatment-naive patients with available serological status for HBV and HCV at the point of therapy initiation. Patients were stratified into four groups: HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV, and HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection. Demographic, epidemiological, immunological and clinical characteristics were analyzed in order to assess the possible impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on HIV - related immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS.Results:The prevalence of HCV and HBV co-infection in our cohort was 25.7% and 6.3%, respectively. Triple HIV/HCV/HBV infection was recorded in 1.7% of the patients. In comparison with those co-infected with HCV, patients with HIV mono-infection had lower levels of serum liver enzymes activity and higher CD4 cell counts, and were less likely to have CD4 cell counts below100 cells/µL and clinical AIDS, with OR 0.556 and 0.561, respectively. No difference in the development of advanced immunodeficiency and/or AIDS was recorded between patients with HIV monoinfection and those co-infected with HBV, or both HCV/HBV.Conclusion:HIV/HCV co-infection was found to be more prevalent than HIV/HBV co-infection in a Serbian cohort. Co-infection with HCV was related to more profound immunodeficiency prior to therapy initiation, reflecting a possible unfavorable impact of HCV on the natural history of HIV infection.

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Endashaw, Engida Endriyas, and Temesgen Tibebu Mekonnen. "Modeling the Effect of Vaccination and Treatment on the Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus and HIV/AIDS Coinfection." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5246762.

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Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS coinfections are common globally due to their similar mode of transmission. Since HIV infection modifies the course of HBV infection by increasing the rate of chronicity, prolonging HBV viremia, and increasing liver disease-associated deaths, individuals with coinfection of both diseases have a higher tendency of developing cirrhosis of the liver, higher levels of HBV DNA, reduced rate of clearance of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and more likely to die than an individual with a single infection. This nature of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection motivated us to conduct this study. In this paper, we proposed and rigorously analyzed a deterministic mathematical model with the aim of investigating the effect of vaccination against hepatitis B virus and treatment for all infections on the transmission dynamics of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection in a population. We proved that the solutions of the submodels and the coinfection model are positive and bounded. The models are studied qualitatively using the stability theory of differential equations, and the effective reproduction numbers of the models are derived using the next generation matrix method. Stability of the equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model is analyzed using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The disease-free and endemic equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model are computed, and both local and global asymptotic stability conditions for those equilibria are discussed. We performed a sensitivity analysis to illustrate the influence of different parameters on the effective reproduction number of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection model, and we identified the most sensitive parameters are ω B and ω H , which are the effective contact rates for HBV and HIV transmission, respectively. The numerical simulation of the model is done using MATLAB, and the findings from the simulations are discussed. It is observed that if the vaccination and treatment rates are increased, then the number of individuals susceptible to both infections and HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection decreases and even falls to zero over time. Hence, it is concluded that vaccination against hepatitis B virus infection, treatment of hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS infections, and HBV-HIV/AIDS infection at the highest possible rate is very essential to control the spread of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection as an important public health problem.

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Luma, Henry Namme, Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou, Domin Sone Majunda Ekaney, Fernando Kemta Lekpa, Olivier Donfack-Sontsa, Bertrand Hugo Mbatchou Ngahane, and Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure. "Sero-prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B and C Co-infection Among HIV-infected Individuals in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010199.

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Background:Liver disease related to Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Cameroon remains inconclusive.Objective:We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence and correlates of Hepatitis markers in HIV/AIDS patients in two Regional Hospitals.Methods:A cross-sectional study carried out from December 2014 to March 2015. HIV/AIDS patients aged 21 were included and above, receiving care at HIV treatment centres. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to screen for Hepatitis with HBsAg and anti HCV antibody rapid immunochromatographic test kits. Correlates of hepatitis were investigated by logistic regression. STATA was used for data analysis.Results:We included 833 HIV/AIDS patients,78.8% (657) were female. Mean age was 44(SD 11) years. Prevalence of Hepatitis in general (total of two viral markers tested) was 8.9% (74/833), with 6.1% for HBsAg and 2.8% for Anti-HCV antibodies. From multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having hepatitis was independently increased by a history of surgical interventions [OR: 1.82(1.06-3.14)], and of sexually transmitted infections [OR: 2.20(1.04-4.67)].Conclusion:Almost one in ten participants with HIV/AIDS attending the BRH and LRH tested positive for either HBsAg or anti HCV antibodies. Screening for HBV and HCV should therefore be integrated to the existing guidelines in Cameroon as it can influence management. More studies are needed to evaluate the extent of liver disease and magnitude of HIV suppression in hepatitis and HIV coinfection in this setting.

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Yang, Rongrong, Rui Yuan, Xien Gui, Hengning Ke, Ke Zhuang, Hui Hu, Ling Li, et al. "Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Syphilis Coinfection in People With HIV/AIDS Contracted Through Different Sources: Retrospective Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 10 (February 27, 2024): e46750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/46750.

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Background The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis coinfections remains disproportionately high among people living with HIV/AIDS. Hubei province is located in central China, where there are distinct regional characteristics of the distribution of people living with HIV/AIDS acquired via diverse transmission routes and the AIDS epidemic itself. Objective We aimed to estimate the magnitude of HBV, HCV, or syphilis coinfections among people living with HIV/AIDS with blood-borne transmission, which includes former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, as well as among people with sex-borne HIV transmission (including heterosexual people and men who have sex with men) and people with mother-to-child HIV transmission. Methods From January 2010 to December 2020, people living with HIV/AIDS were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies, and syphilis-specific antibodies. The positive patients were further tested for HBV markers, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA, and received a rapid plasma reagin circle card test. All people living with HIV/AIDS were first divided into transmission groups (blood, sex, and mother-to-child); then, people with blood-borne HIV transmission were divided into former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, while people with sex-borne HIV transmission were divided into heterosexual people and men who have sex with men. Results Among 6623 people living with HIV/AIDS, rates of chronic HCV infection were 80.3% (590/735) in former paid blood donors, 73.3% (247/337) in intravenous drug users, 57.1% (444/777) in contaminated blood recipients, 19.4% (21/108) in people with mother-to-child HIV transmission, 8.1% (240/2975) in heterosexual people, and 1.2% (21/1691) in men who have sex with men. Chronic HBV infection rates were similar among all people with blood-borne HIV transmission. However, compared to heterosexual people, the chronic HBV infection rate was greater in men who have sex with men (213/1691, 12.6% vs 308/2975, 10.4%; χ21=5.469; P=.02), although HBV exposure was less common (827/1691, 48.9% vs 1662/2975, 55.9%; χ21=20.982; P<.001). Interestingly, the combination of HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was found in 11 patients with sex-borne HIV transmission, but in 0 people with blood-borne HIV transmission (11/196, 5.6% vs 0/521, 0%; χ21=29.695, P<.001). In people with sex-borne HIV transmission, the proportions of patients with a syphilis titer ≥1:16 and neurosyphilis were 8.6% (105/1227) and 7.8% (37/473), respectively, whereas these values were 0 in people with blood-borne HIV transmission. Conclusions In people living with HIV/AIDS, HCV transmission intensity was significantly associated with specific exposure modes of blood or sexual contact. The rate of chronic HBV infection among men who have sex with men was higher than in any other population. Attention should be paid to the high prevalence of neurosyphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS who contract HIV by sexual intercourse.

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Shah, N. H., Z. A. Patel, and B. M. Yeolekar. "Vertical Transmission of HIV-HBV Co-infection with Liquor Habit and Vaccination." Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjms.16.1.10.

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In this paper, the transmission of HIV-HBV co-infection is carried out. The individuals who are infected with both diseases HIV and HBV simultaneously, are said to be HIV-HBV co-infected. These infected individuals have high risk of liver failure. It is the main cause for serious liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer at younger age. A deterministic model is considered with liquor habit in men and vaccination to new-borns and carrier mother. Carrier class results in the vertical transmission. In this paper, the transmission dynamics of the model is analyzed. The total population is divided in to twenty eight class viz. Susceptible, HBV Vaccinated, HBV-infected female, HBV-carrier female, HBV infected alcoholic male, HBV carrier alcoholic male, HBV infected non-alcoholic male, HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, HBV recovered class, pre-AIDS female, AIDS female, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected female, AIDS-HBV co-infected female, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier female, AIDS-HBV carrier female, pre-AIDS alcoholic male, AIDS alcoholic male, pre-AIDS non-alcoholic male, AIDS non-alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected non-alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV co-infected alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV co-infected non-alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, HIV infected -HBV recovered classes. The basic reproduction numbers for HIV, for HBV and for HIV-HBV are found using next generation matrix. Local and global stability of HIV-HBV disease free equilibrium is worked out. Model is validated with the numerical simulation.

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Riddhi Pradhan, Kirti Hemwani, Vidit Khandelwal, Bamboriya BL, Yogyata Marothi, and Varsha Saxena. "A cross-sectional study on co-infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among people living with HIV/AIDS from a tertiary care hospital of Central India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v14i4.50299.

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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are prevalent throughout the world. HIV infection increases the risk of HBV and HCV liver disease especially when HIV-associated immunodeficiency progresses. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out with the objectives as follows: Estimation of the prevalence of HIV- Hepatitis co-infection, determine CD4+T lymphocyte count in co-infected patients, identify most common opportunistic infections in HIV – Hepatitis co- infection. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was carried among people with confirmed HIV infection. HIV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV antibody tests were done in all patients visiting to integrated counseling and testing center. HIV, HBV, and HCV viral load were done in all serologically confirmed patients. In HBsAg positive patients various markers for hepatitis such as hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg), anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and anti-hepatitis B envelop antibody were also done. Results: Out of 357 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) patients 15/357 (4.20%) were co-infected with HBV, 03/357 (0.84%) were co-infected with HCV. The overall seroprevalence of Hepatitis virus (HBV+HCV) in PLHA patients was found to be 5.04% (18/357). CD4+T lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL was seen in 66/339 (19.4%), 04/15 (26.6%), and 03/03 (100%) patients of HIV mono-infected, HBV co-infected, and in HCV co-infected patients, respectively. HIV Viral load ≤1000 copies/mL was seen in 324 and 15 patients in HIV mono-infected and HIV- hepatitis co-infected patient, respectively. Among PLHA patients who were positive for HBsAg; 46.7% (n=7) patients had HBV viral load >2000 IU/mL. All hepatitis B co-infected patients were positive for HBcAb test; HBeAg was positive in 40% (n=06). All HBeAg positive were having viral load >2000 IU/mL. Conclusion: HIV-infected patients are more prone to hepatitis associated liver diseases and exposure to the HBV infection than the general population.

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Mondal, Nazrul Islam, Rafiqul Islam, Nazrul Haque, Masud Rana, Reazul Karim, Shahid Uzzaman, and Rejaul Karim. "Preventive Knowledge About HIV/AIDS Infection among Msm in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161480.

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Globally, HIV/AIDS is major killer disease and public health concern and men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher rates of HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) than women and heterosexual men. The assessment of vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has long been an interesting topic to population and health researchers. The aim of this study was an effort to assess the determinant factors of preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection among MSM in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 103 MSM. The data and necessary information were collected through a semi structured questionnaire from a drop-in center in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. The preventive knowledge on HIV/AIDS was measured by eight different questions. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the data to find the associated risk factors on HIV/AIDS among MSM. The results revealed that around half of the MSM (44.66%) were not aware HIV/AIDS infection. Respondents’ education, employment status, marital status, a habit to sex with many women, using condoms, how many time MSM per week, information sources about HIV/AIDS, and having apersonal risk of HIV/AIDS infection were found significantly (p< 0.05) associated with preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection. Finally, binary logistic regression model identified that education, using condoms, information sources about HIV/AIDS, and having personal risk of HIV/AIDS infection were the most prominent predictors. The MSM were not enough aware of HIV/AIDS infection. In this study strongly recommended advocacy, communication for social mobilization programs should be taken to increase the preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection among MSM population. Keywords: HIV/AIDS; MSM; Sexually transmitted diseases, Binary logistic regression model

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A, Kapila, Chaudhary S, Sharma RB, Vashist H, Sisodia SS, and Gupta A. "A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 03 (September 30, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.3.9.

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HIV/AIDS has always been one of the most thoroughly global of diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lent virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper CD4 T cells, macrophages. HIV infection leads to low levels of T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of infected T cells. The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection.

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Sande, Merle A. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199204000-00007.

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&NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 260–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199204000-00016.

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Burke, Donald S. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 6, no. 2 (April 1993): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199304000-00008.

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&NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 6, no. 2 (April 1993): 267–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199304000-00019.

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&NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 7, no. 1 (February 1994): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199402000-00019.

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&NA;, &NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 8, no. 1 (February 1995): B11—B50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199502000-00019.

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&NA;, &NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (February 1996): B1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199602000-00015.

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&NA;, &NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 10, no. 1 (February 1997): B1—B20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199702000-00018.

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Saah, Alfred J. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199802000-00001.

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Corey, Lawerence. "AIDS and HIV Infection." Hospital Practice 25, no. 11 (November 15, 1990): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1990.11704027.

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Parpart, Fay C. "HIV Infection/AIDS Outline." Rehabilitation Oncology 12, no. 2 (February 1994): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01893697-199412020-00013.

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Sande, Merle A. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (February 1990): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199002000-00014.

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&NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (February 1990): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199002000-00023.

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Sande, Merle A. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 2 (April 1991): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199104000-00009.

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&NA;. "HIV infection and AIDS." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 2 (April 1991): 219–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199104000-00016.

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Shearer, William T. "HIV INFECTION AND AIDS." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 25, no. 4 (December 1998): 759–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70086-5.

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Galbraith, N. S. "HIV Infection and AIDS." Psychiatric Bulletin 11, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.11.5.163.

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Walton, Rose A. "HIV Infection and AIDS:." Journal of Health & Social Policy 2, no. 1 (December 13, 1990): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v02n01_04.

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Galbraith, N. S. "HIV Infection and AIDS." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 5 (May 1987): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900025190.

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Singh, G., C. S. Wijesurendra, and J. T. Green. "Disseminated Aspergillosis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 1 (January 1994): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500116.

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The relationship of disseminated aspergillosis with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is unclear. In the initial case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed by the Centres for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, aspergillosis was included as an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection1. In view of the primary relationship of aspergillosis with neutropenia rather than with lymphocyte depletion, as well as the lack of aspergillar infections among reported AIDS cases, aspergillosis was later deleted from the CDC case definition of AIDS2. We describe a case of disseminated aspergillosis in a patient with AIDS, with an extensive literature review of the subject.

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Pancharoen, P., and U. Thisyakorn. "HIV/AIDS in Children." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32, no. 2 (March 15, 2003): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v32n2p235.

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The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children has risen steadily over the years and has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality during childhood. More than 90% of all children with HIV infection acquired their infection at birth from HIV-infected mothers. With increasing evidence of heterosexual HIV transmission, the number of infected women and consequently their children is increasing. The transmission rate of HIV from mother to infant varies from 20% to 40%. Children can be affected directly through HIV infection and AIDS, and indirectly by the effects of their parents’ HIV infection, including being orphaned, discrimination, infant abandonment and negative impact on children’s education. Another concern regards children who are most vulnerable to HIV infection and AIDS, such as child prostitutes and children in difficult circumstances. Recommended actions include prevention of parental HIV infection, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, addressing child prostitution, prevention of child labour and improving work conditions, assistance to street children, addressing discrimination, solving the problem of children orphaned by AIDS, reducing HIV-related child abandonment and creating new roles for schools in reducing negative social impact. Although the largest number of HIV-infected persons are from sub-Saharan Africa, the annual incidence of HIV infection in Asia is escalating alarmingly. As reported by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization in December 2001, HIV infection has already killed more than 20 million people worldwide since the beginning of the epidemic and has infected more than 40 million people; almost half of them were women. There are at least 7 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region. The numbers of HIV-infected women and children are increasing at an alarming rate. Over 1 million children are HIV-infected; in the year 2000 alone, 600,000 children acquired HIV infection.

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Kaushal, Ambrish, and Yogesh Upadhyay. "Pediatric HIV Infection." World Journal of Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2013): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1207.

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ABSTRACT Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pathologic hallmark of AIDS is severe immunosuppression; HIV infected infants and children suffer considerable morbidity and mortality. In addition to the catastrophic medical consequences, HIV infected infants and children along with their families suffer tremendous psychological upheaval owing to this chronic, often devastating illness. Because of the complexity and vast clinical spectrum of HIV infection, this article is limited to a general review of the pediatric HIV manifestations and management. How to cite this article Kaushal A, Upadhyay Y. Pediatric HIV Infection. World J Dent 2013;4(1):77-79.

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Balatif, Ridwan. "HIV Infection: What Should We Know?" Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v2i1.2038.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first known in 1981 in homosexual groups who had opportunistic infections and malignancies. In Indonesia the first AIDS case was reported in 1987 to a Dutch citizen living in the province of Bali. Cases of HIV infection in Indonesia are reported to increase every year and most occur at the age of 25-49 years. HIV transmission is not easily transmitted, even when an HIV-infected person takes antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of transmission by up to 96%. But one of the biggest challenges in managing HIV infection is facing stigma and discrimination. As many as 1 in 5 people living with HIV are afraid to come to the clinic because they will experience discrimination and stigma from the community if this condition occurs will cause treatment delay until PLWHA (People living with HIV/AIDS) will fall to the AIDS stage and PLWHA will be susceptible to opportunistic infections. A clinic in Namibia, when stigma and discrimination were successfully overcome, there was a 20% reduction in mortality in PLWHA

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Kurawa, Muslim Musa, Tasiu Abdullah, Abuhuraira Ado Musa, Sabiu Murtala Dambazau, Mustapha Umar, Rashidat Owolabi Oluwabukola, and Maryam Dahiru Umar. "Prevalence of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Co-Infection among People Living with HIV in Dutse Metropolis, Jigawa Nigeria." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 10, no. 1b (April 24, 2024): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i1b.17.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a known major global public health problem. HBV–HIV co-infection is not uncommon due to shared risk of transmission particularly in areas of endemic HBV infection. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of co-Infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among people living with HIV in Dutse metropolis, Jigawa Nigeria. A hospital-based cross-sectional study included 100 confirmed People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) attending General Hospital Duste, Jigawa. Demographic information, risk factors, and serological analyses for HBV were obtained using a structured questionnaire and the vein puncture technique. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS version 25, employing the Chi-square test for categorical variables. The study revealed a statistically significant association between age groups and HIV/HBV co-infection (p = 0.006), with the highest prevalence in the 29-39 age range. Primary education (p = 0.009) also exhibited significant associations. Employed individuals (8.51%) exhibited a higher HIV/HBV co-infection rate than the unemployed (7.01%), with a non-significant association (p = 0.54). Males showed a marginal elevation in co-infection rates (8%) compared to females (7.55%), but the gender difference was not statistically significant. Divorced individuals had a significantly higher prevalence (22.22%) than married (6.67%) and single (6.25%) individuals. Risky behaviors and residence did not show significant associations with co-infection. The overall prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection in this study was 8%. Our study showed a high prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection among people living with HIV/AIDS attending the care and treatment center in Dutse General Hospital Jigawa. These findings highlighted the complex interplay of behavioral and demographic factors that contribute to the prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection among people living with HIV/AIDS.

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Munawwar, Arshi, and Sarman Singh. "Human Herpesviruses as Copathogens of HIV Infection, Their Role in HIV Transmission, and Disease Progression." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 8, no. 01 (January 2016): 005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.176228.

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ABSTRACTOf eight human herpesviruses (HHVs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. However, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has only very recently been recognized. Therefore, screening and treating subclinical HHV infections may offer slowing of HIV infection, disease progression, and its transmission. Beside HSV-1 and HSV-2, HHV-3 a causative agent of herpes zoster remained one of the first manifestations of HIV disease before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HHV-5 also known as human Cytomegalovirus infection remains a significant risk factor for HIV-associated mortality and morbidity even in HAART era. It is proposed that Cytomegalovirus viremia could be a better predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The role of HHV-4 or Epstein–Burr virus and HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 is still being investigated in HIV disease progression. This review provides insight into the current understanding about these 8 HHVs, their co-pathogenesis, and role in HIV/ AIDS disease progression. The review also covers recent literature in favor and against administering anti-HHV treatment along with HAART for slower AIDS progression and interrupted sexual transmission.

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Alum, Esther U., Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Okechukwu P. C. Ugwu, Awotunde O. Samson, Adeyinka O. Adepoju, and Mariam O. Amusa. "Inclusion of nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management: A paradigm shift." Medicine 102, no. 41 (October 13, 2023): e35673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000035673.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health challenge that can degenerate into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly managed. HIV infection shortens life expectancy to about 5 to 10 years compared to noninfected individuals. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are prone to several health challenges as a result of a deranged immune system culminating in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is a common feature of PLWHA. Depression heightens the emergence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals, accelerates the progression to AIDS, and increased suicidal tendencies, morbidity, and mortality. Food insecurity with its resultant undernutrition contributes to HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Undernourished PLWHA are more prone to opportunistic infections due to poor immunity. Interestingly, proper diet intake can boost immunity, slow the progression of AIDS and opportunistic infections, enhance body weight, and retard depression tendencies. Undernutrition can also be ameliorated by incorporating nutritional counseling and oral nutrient supplementation in routine HIV/AIDS checkups. Therefore, to increase HIV/AIDS management outcomes, the integration of nutrition counseling, dietary supplements, and mental health services should be embraced. Thus, HIV/AIDS care centers should amplify these services. In this article, we isolated relevant studies from various databases, illuminated the interwoven relationship between HIV/AIDS, depression, and undernutrition, and also reemphasized the need for adequate nutritional intervention in the battle against HIV/AIDS. Thus, this study provides a reawakening call to focus on incorporating nutritional guides and mental health care in HIV/AIDS management protocols.

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Dhurve, Sharad Antiram. "BONE MARROW ABONRMALITIES IN HIV INFECTION." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 5, no. 1 (June 3, 2013): e2013033. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2013.033.

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ABSTRACT Introduction; Hematological abnormalities are a common complication of HIV infection. Bone marrow abnormalities occur in all stages of HIV infection. Present work was carried out to study the bone marrow abnormalities in patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods: 160 patients of HIV +ve were included in the study. A complete blood count, relevant biochemical investigations, CD4 counts were done, besides a thorough history and clinical examination. HIV positive patients were classified as those having AIDS and those without AIDS according to NACO criteria. Bone marrow examination was performed for indication of anemia, leucopenia, pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Results: As per CDC criteria 59.81% patients had AIDS in 107 patients. The most common hematological abnormality was anemia, seen in 93.12% patients. Bone marrow was normocellular in 79.06% of non-AIDS and 79.68% of AIDS, hypocellular in 13.95%.Thrombocytopenia was seen in 4 cases of ART (4.93%) and 3 cases (4.68%) of AIDS group. Abnormal cells like plasma cell, histocyte and toxic granule found in bone marrow. Conclusions: Myelodysplasia was more common in AIDS than in non AIDS patients. Granulocytic series is most commonly associated with evidence of dysplasia. Anemia in HIV patients can be a good clinical indicator to predict and access the underlying immune status. Thus bone marrow study is imperative to methodically observe and follow clinical and laboratory aberration in such patients in order to improve our diagnostic and therapeutic skills pertinent to HIV/AIDS.

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Stoycheva, Mariyana V., Nikolay T. Vatev, Vania B. Georgieva, Antonina P. Dineva, Maria V. Atanasova, and Tatiana A. Popova. "Lethality among Patients with HIV/AIDS Monitored in the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, 2010–2014." Folia Medica 59, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0052.

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AbstractBackground: The introduction of complex antiretroviral therapy has resulted in signifi cant decrease in the mortality rate of HIV positive patients, but it still remains unacceptably high, especially in some groups of patients. Aim: To investigate the death rate in patients with HIV/AIDS, lethality and mortality in co-infection, and the most common causes and predictors of fatal outcome, focused on early diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Materials and methods: The study included 53 deceased patients with HIV/AIDS, monitored at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in St George University Hospital, Plovdiv between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2014. The methods of research included clinical analysis, laboratory tests, microbiological and serological tests (HCV, HBV, toxoplasmosis), ELISA, PCR. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, the Student’s t-test, the method of Van der Ward, and regression analysis (logistic regression). Results: During the study period 316 patients with HIV/AIDS were monitored, 53 of them with lethal outcome. Lethality was 16.7% for the whole group; in intravenous drug users - 13.8%; in co-infected patients: HIV/M. tuberculosis - 46%, in HIV/HCV - 17.8%. Lethality and mortality in HIV(+) patients with co-infections in populations of diff erent age, gender, duration since starting сАRТ and degree of immunodefi ciency (according to CD4, VL) was compared with the lethality and mortality in patients with these conditions from the general population. Conclusions: Fatal outcome in patients with HIV/AIDS was most commonly associated with co-infections HIV/M. tuberculosis and HIV/HCV. Predictors of a fatal outcome are pulmonary tuberculosis, advanced immunodefi ciency with VL> 500 000 c/μL and CD4 <100/mm3, absence or non-systemic antiretroviral therapy.

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Dorothy Nnakenyi, Ifeyinwa, Chisom Uchechukwu, and Uloaku Nto-ezimah. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in HIV positive patients attending a health institution in southeast Nigeria." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.5.

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Background: The health of people living with HIV/AIDS becomes progressively worse when co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), resulting in shortened life span. The modes of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV are similar. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV patients. Method: This was a retrospective study of serology test results for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) of HIV positive patients registered from 2008-2013 (6years) at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospi- tal. Adult patients with confirmed HIV seropositivity were included. Ethical approval was obtained and confidentiality of the patient information was maintained. Laboratory records were reviewed to obtain HBsAg, anti-HCV, and CD4 T-lymphocyte results. Prevalence was determined by the number of positive results over total number of patients tested. Chi-square test was used to determine relationships and p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: 4663 HIV patient records were included comprising 3024 (65%) females and 1639 (35%) males. Serology results showed 365/4663 (7.8%) tested HBsAg-positive only; 219/4663 (4.7%) tested anti-HCV-positive only; and 27/4663 (0.58%) tested both HBsAg and anti-HCV-positive. Correlation of age and sex were statistically significant with HBV and HCV (p<0.05) but not CD4 count (p>0.05). Conclusion: HBV co-infection was more prevalent than HCV, and triple infection was also observed. Screening for these viral infections in the HIV population is necessary for early identification to enable appropriate, holistic management of these patients. Keywords: Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; HIV; co-infection.

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Annisa Azzahra Ramadina, Riezky Valentina Astari, Hany Yusmaini, and Arman Yurisaldi Saleh. "CD4 Count and Central Nervous System Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in an Indonesian Presidential Hospital from 2020 to 2022." Folia Medica Indonesiana 60, no. 1 (March 10, 2024): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v60i1.54070.

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Highlights:1. There were insufficient data on the correlation between CD4 count and central nervous system infection as well as the risk magnitude of the infection for HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia.2. This study revealed a significant correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection in HIV/AIDS patients, showing an increased risk with a low CD4 count.3. The findings suggest that CD4 count is a vital parameter in determining therapy and evaluating the presence of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Abstract People living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), referred to as PLWHA, have a high rate of mortality and morbidity due to opportunistic central nervous system infections. The infections are attributed to the immune deficiency caused by HIV exposure to the immune system's cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cells. This allows the central nervous system, the most vital body system, to acquire an opportunistic infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence and magnitude of a risk by examining the correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection among HIV/AIDS patients. This analytical cross-sectional study utilized a simple random sampling technique on the population of HIV/AIDS patients, which consisted of 80 medical records from January 2020 to December 2022. This study was conducted at Gatot Soebroto Presidential Hospital, also known as Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test (p<0.05) and the prevalence odds ratio (POR). The results showed that 16.3% of the patients suffered a central nervous system infection, which consisted of cerebral toxoplasmosis (76.9%) and brain abscess (23.1%). The bivariate analysis suggested a significant correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection, with an 11.5-fold increased risk for HIV/AIDS patients who had a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3 (p=0.000; OR=11.5; 95% CI=2.9–43.8). This study concludes that CD4 count is correlated with the incidence of central nervous system infection, indicating a higher risk for HIV/AIDS patients with a low CD4 count.

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Kusumaadhi, Zaki Mita, Nur Farhanah, and Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro. "Risk Factors for Mortality among HIV/AIDS Patients." Diponegoro International Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 20–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dimj.v2i1.9667.

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Background: Morbidity and mortality of HIV/AIDS infections is still high and as a global health problem particularly in Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Indonesia ranks third in Asia Pacific in increasing HIV infection. A Study on risk factors for mortality in HIV/AIDS patients in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital has never been conducted. This study analyzed the risk factors for mortality among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: Case control study, data from medical records of inpatients and outpatients in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017.Results: Study subject: Two hundred and ten HIV/AIDS patients, were included; 105 (56.75%) as cases and 105 (9.65%) control patients. The significant risk factors for mortality were as follow: male sex (p = 0.030); age ≥ 45 years (p = 0.035); non compliance to treatment (p = 0,000); WHO clinical stage III and IV (p = 0,000); co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0,000); CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3 (p = 0,000); eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.72 m2 (p = 0.001) and Haemoglobin level < 10 g/dL (p = 0.008). The non-significant risk factors for mortality were as follow: level of education (p = 0.650); Hepatitis B co-infection (p = 0.153) and Hepatitis C co-infection (p = 0.506). The most important risk factors for mortality in this study in were non compliance to treatment (p = 0.003; OR = 3.285) and CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (p = 0.014; OR = 5.480).Conclusion: In this study, the risk factors for mortality in HIV/AIDS patients were male sex; age ≥ 45 years; non compliance to treatment; WHO clinical stage III and IV; co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis, CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3; eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.72 m2 and Hb level < 10 g/dL. The most important risk factors for mortality were non compliance to treatment and CD4 count < 200 cells / mm3.

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Nikolopoulos, G., V. Konte, A. Masgala, E. Eleni, A. Tsantes, and D. Paraskeva. "Surveillance data on paediatric HIV infection and AIDS in Greece." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.09.00477-en.

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In Greece, HIV/AIDS surveillance is conducted by the Hellenic Centre for Infectious Diseases Control. The AIDS case reporting system was implemented in 1984, followed by notification of HIV infections in 1998. This article presents surveillance and trend analysis of paediatric HIV infection and AIDS, including cases identified prior to 1998. The number of HIV infected children in Greece is relatively low, raising to a cumulative total of 69 cases by June 2003, 44 (64%) of whom are thought to have been infected through mother-to-child transmission. Thirty three paediatric AIDS cases have been reported since the onset of epidemic, with Pneumonocystis carinii pneumonia being the most frequent opportunistic infection.

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Waliaula, Paul. "Co-Pathogenesis of Human Herpesvirus with HIV In Africa." Pan Africa Science Journal 01, no. 01 (April 18, 2020): 03–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47787/pasj.2020.02.18.

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Human Herpesviruses (HHV’s) are ubiquitous in human populations globally, and they cause significant morbidity and mortality. HHV’s establish a latent infection that is accompanied by periodic virus reactivation as a result of HIV infections. Further, HIV/AIDS infection in sub-Saharan Africa is perceived to be a significant health concern as it accounts for up to 70% of infectious diseases in the region. Until now, the role played by HHVs is increasingly being recognized. The co-infection of HIV with HHV’s changes severity or the natural course of HIV infection which defines the AIDS conditions in HIV infected individuals. Presently, treatment of HIV/AIDS by antiviral drugs targets the clinical manifestations of both HIV and HHVs at their productive stage and boost the immunity of HIV infected individuals, but they are ineffective at eliminating these viruses (HHVs and HIV) from the infected persons. This review focuses on outlining the epidemiology, distribution and role played by HHV’s in the pathogenesis of HIV infection in African countries. Additionally, this information is significant in crystallizing and providing an update on recent advancements on HHV’s and HIV infections in Africa and possible future directions in this field of research.

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Pokrovsky, V. V. "HIV infection." Kazan medical journal 70, no. 3 (June 15, 1989): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99907.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a slowly progressive disease with long-term multiplication of the virus in lymphocytes, macrophages, and nerve tissue cells, causing impaired immune and neurological regulation of the body, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions associated with increasing immunodeficiency (AIDS).

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Kalsi, Avneet Singh, and Rameshwari Thakur. "Onychomycosis due to Trichophyton violaceum in HIV/AIDS patients of sub-Saharan Africa." IP Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2023): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijced.2023.002.

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High prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa is responsible for very high burden of mycotic infections. Also, most of the countries here have highly burdened health system compared to their health budget. Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of fingers and toenails. It is usually caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds (NDM). Prevalence and severity of infection is more in immunosuppressed individuals, especially with HIV/AIDS. The laboratory diagnosis of the causative organism is very important to initiate the specific treatment. Persistence of infection can be the source of infection to the patient himself by autoinoculation and to others. The treatment of HIV/AIDS is mandatory. Onychomycosis in HIV/AIDS patients is usually due to Trichophyton rubrum and involve the toenails. The reports of onychomycosis due to dermatophytes from sub-Saharan Africa are scanty. There are only two reports, which have mentioned onychomycosis due to (T.violaceum) and involvement of fingernails in HIV/AIDS.

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Anokhin, V. A., D. K. Bashirova, K. J. Islamov, R. A. Sabirova, G. Z. Akhmetshina, and M. V. Makarova. "HIV-infection in the child." Kazan medical journal 78, no. 1 (February 15, 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj81056.

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The clinical description of HIV-infection with Aids development in the child aged 5 is given. The peculiarity of the development of the acquired form of HIV- infection in children is shown: quickness and dynamics of the development of the basic process with general duration of the disease less than 5 years (from the moment of initiation of first symptoms up to fatal outcome), relatively short incubation and asymptomatic phase of the disease, the development sequence obliteration of discrete phases of the disease with the development of clinically manifestative Aids in second year of observation, rather prominent "bacterial component" of opportunist diseases, the presence of a great quantity of AIDS-assotiated infections.

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Godwin, Janice H., and Thomas A. Godwin. "HIV/AIDS Case Histories: Acute HIV Infection." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 14, no. 7 (July 2000): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/108729100413257.

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Teklu, Shewafera Wondimagegnhu, and Koya Purnachandra Rao. "HIV/AIDS-Pneumonia Codynamics Model Analysis with Vaccination and Treatment." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (January 11, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3105734.

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In this paper, we proposed and analyzed a realistic compartmental mathematical model on the spread and control of HIV/AIDS-pneumonia coepidemic incorporating pneumonia vaccination and treatment for both infections at each infection stage in a population. The model exhibits six equilibriums: HIV/AIDS only disease-free, pneumonia only disease-free, HIV/AIDS-pneumonia coepidemic disease-free, HIV/AIDS only endemic, pneumonia only endemic, and HIV/AIDS-pneumonia coepidemic endemic equilibriums. The HIV/AIDS only submodel has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium if R 1 < 1 . Using center manifold theory, we have verified that both the pneumonia only submodel and the HIV/AIDS-pneumonia coepidemic model undergo backward bifurcations whenever R 2 < 1 and R 3 = max R 1 , R 2 < 1 , respectively. Thus, for pneumonia infection and HIV/AIDS-pneumonia coinfection, the requirement of the basic reproduction numbers to be less than one, even though necessary, may not be sufficient to completely eliminate the disease. Our sensitivity analysis results demonstrate that the pneumonia disease transmission rate β 2 and the HIV/AIDS transmission rate β 1 play an important role to change the qualitative dynamics of HIV/AIDS and pneumonia coinfection. The pneumonia infection transmission rate β 2 gives rises to the possibility of backward bifurcation for HIV/AIDS and pneumonia coinfection if R 3 = max R 1 , R 2 < 1 , and hence, the existence of multiple endemic equilibria some of which are stable and others are unstable. Using standard data from different literatures, our results show that the complete HIV/AIDS and pneumonia coinfection model reproduction number is R 3 = max R 1 , R 2 = max 1.386 , 9.69 = 9.69 at β 1 = 2 and β 2 = 0.2 which shows that the disease spreads throughout the community. Finally, our numerical simulations show that pneumonia vaccination and treatment against disease have the effect of decreasing pneumonia and coepidemic disease expansion and reducing the progression rate of HIV infection to the AIDS stage.

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Atwood, W. J., J. R. Berger, R. Kaderman, C. S. Tornatore, and E. O. Major. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 6, no. 4 (October 1993): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.6.4.339.

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Direct infection of the central nervous system by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, was not appreciated in the early years of the AIDS epidemic. Neurological complications associated with AIDS were largely attributed to opportunistic infections that arose as a result of the immunocompromised state of the patient and to depression. In 1985, several groups succeeded in isolating HIV-1 directly from brain tissue. Also that year, the viral genome was completely sequenced, and HIV-1 was found to belong to a neurotropic subfamily of retrovirus known as the Lentivirinae. These findings clearly indicated that direct HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system played a role in the development of AIDS-related neurological disease. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system and the related neuropathology, the tropism of HIV-1 for specific cell types both within and outside of the nervous system, the possible mechanisms by which HIV-1 damages the nervous system, and the current strategies for diagnosis and treatment of HIV-1-associated neuropathology.

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Zhao, Wei, Lan Yao, Min Zhuang, Yuan-Long Lin, Xiao-Hong Chen, Li Wang, Bo Song, et al. "A baseline epidemiological study of the co-infection of enteric protozoans with human immunodeficiency virus among men who have sex with men from Northeast China." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): e0010712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010712.

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Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and enteric parasite co-infection not only aggravates the clinical symptoms of parasites but also accelerates acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. However, co-infection research on men who have sex with men (MSM), the predominant high-risk population of HIV/AIDS in China, is still limited. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of enteric parasites, risk factors, and associations with clinical significance in an MSM HIV/AIDS population in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Methods We recruited 308 MSMs HIV/AIDS patients and 199 HIV-negative individuals in two designated AIDS hospitals in Heilongjiang between April 2016 and July 2017. Fresh stool samples were collected. DNA extraction, molecular identification, and genotyping of Cryptosporidium species, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis hominis were performed. Fourteen diarrhea-related pathogens were examined to exclude the influence of other bacterial pathogens on diarrhea incidence. Results 31.5% of MSM HIV/AIDS participants were infected with at least one parasite species, a significantly higher proportion than that found in the HIV-negative individuals (2.5%). E. bieneusi presented the highest prevalence, followed by B. hominis, E. histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., and C. cayetanensis. Warm seasons were the risk factor for parasitic infections in this population [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.47–4.57]. In addition, these individuals showed a higher proportion (35.8%) of present diarrhea (PD) compared with men who have sex with women (MSW) with HIV/AIDS (16.7%). The infection proportions of both Cryptosporidium spp. and E. histolytica were significantly higher in the PD. E. bieneusi infection was more prevalent in the historic diarrhea (HD) group. CD4+ T cell counts in the MSM patients with the above three parasites were significantly lower. New species and genotypes were found, and MSM patients had a wider range of species or genotypes. Conclusions Enteric parasitic infection was prevalent in the MSM HIV/AIDS population, especially in patients with present diarrhea during warm seasons. E. histolytica and B. hominis should also be considered high-risk parasites for opportunistic infections in AIDS patients in addition to Cryptosporidium spp.

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