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Relevant bibliographies by topics / AIDS and HIV infection

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Academic literature on the topic 'AIDS and HIV infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

1

Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.

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Petros Ouzounakis, Aikaterini Frantzana, Christos Iliadis, Anca Mihalache, Dimitris Alefragkis, and Lambrini Kourkouta. "HIV infection and vaccinations." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0347.

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Introduction: Vaccination is mentioned as a most successful way of intervention in public health. Vaccination against other diseases is usually recommended for people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) infection. Purpose: To identify the correlation of vaccines and vaccination in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS infection. Methodology: This narrative review was based on the bibliographic search of reviews and research studies drawn from the international databases. The exclusion criterion of the articles was the language other than English and Greek. Results: HIV infection is characterized by severe immunodeficiency, which is the result of a decrease in the number of CD4+ T – lymphocytes. The right time to vaccinate a HIV patient is not precisely determined, but it is recommended for those with low CD4 values. All HIV patients are recommended to be vaccinated the annual vaccination of Influenza virus vaccination. It also is recommended to be vaccinated with the vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), the vaccination against herpes zoster or shingles and the vaccination against COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: People with HIV/AIDS are more vulnerable to infections from various diseases. Therefore, it is necessary patients with HIV infection be vaccinated against life-threatening diseases.

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Ranin, J., D. Salemovic, B. Brmbolic, J. Marinkovic, I. Boricic, Pavlovic I. Pesic, S. Zerjav, M. Stanojevic, and D. Jevtovic. "Comparison of Demographic, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with HIV Mono-infection Versus Patients Co-infected with HCV or/and HBV: A Serbian Cohort Study." Current HIV Research 16, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x16666180717115614.

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Objective:The study aimed to correlate the status of hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with clinical and demographic data prior to starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and assess the impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on the natural history of HIV infection.Patients and Methods:The study involved a total of 836 treatment-naive patients with available serological status for HBV and HCV at the point of therapy initiation. Patients were stratified into four groups: HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV, and HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection. Demographic, epidemiological, immunological and clinical characteristics were analyzed in order to assess the possible impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on HIV - related immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS.Results:The prevalence of HCV and HBV co-infection in our cohort was 25.7% and 6.3%, respectively. Triple HIV/HCV/HBV infection was recorded in 1.7% of the patients. In comparison with those co-infected with HCV, patients with HIV mono-infection had lower levels of serum liver enzymes activity and higher CD4 cell counts, and were less likely to have CD4 cell counts below100 cells/µL and clinical AIDS, with OR 0.556 and 0.561, respectively. No difference in the development of advanced immunodeficiency and/or AIDS was recorded between patients with HIV monoinfection and those co-infected with HBV, or both HCV/HBV.Conclusion:HIV/HCV co-infection was found to be more prevalent than HIV/HBV co-infection in a Serbian cohort. Co-infection with HCV was related to more profound immunodeficiency prior to therapy initiation, reflecting a possible unfavorable impact of HCV on the natural history of HIV infection.

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Endashaw, Engida Endriyas, and Temesgen Tibebu Mekonnen. "Modeling the Effect of Vaccination and Treatment on the Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus and HIV/AIDS Coinfection." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5246762.

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Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS coinfections are common globally due to their similar mode of transmission. Since HIV infection modifies the course of HBV infection by increasing the rate of chronicity, prolonging HBV viremia, and increasing liver disease-associated deaths, individuals with coinfection of both diseases have a higher tendency of developing cirrhosis of the liver, higher levels of HBV DNA, reduced rate of clearance of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and more likely to die than an individual with a single infection. This nature of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection motivated us to conduct this study. In this paper, we proposed and rigorously analyzed a deterministic mathematical model with the aim of investigating the effect of vaccination against hepatitis B virus and treatment for all infections on the transmission dynamics of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection in a population. We proved that the solutions of the submodels and the coinfection model are positive and bounded. The models are studied qualitatively using the stability theory of differential equations, and the effective reproduction numbers of the models are derived using the next generation matrix method. Stability of the equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model is analyzed using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The disease-free and endemic equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model are computed, and both local and global asymptotic stability conditions for those equilibria are discussed. We performed a sensitivity analysis to illustrate the influence of different parameters on the effective reproduction number of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection model, and we identified the most sensitive parameters are ω B and ω H , which are the effective contact rates for HBV and HIV transmission, respectively. The numerical simulation of the model is done using MATLAB, and the findings from the simulations are discussed. It is observed that if the vaccination and treatment rates are increased, then the number of individuals susceptible to both infections and HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection decreases and even falls to zero over time. Hence, it is concluded that vaccination against hepatitis B virus infection, treatment of hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS infections, and HBV-HIV/AIDS infection at the highest possible rate is very essential to control the spread of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection as an important public health problem.

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Luma, Henry Namme, Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou, Domin Sone Majunda Ekaney, Fernando Kemta Lekpa, Olivier Donfack-Sontsa, Bertrand Hugo Mbatchou Ngahane, and Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure. "Sero-prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B and C Co-infection Among HIV-infected Individuals in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010199.

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Background:Liver disease related to Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Cameroon remains inconclusive.Objective:We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence and correlates of Hepatitis markers in HIV/AIDS patients in two Regional Hospitals.Methods:A cross-sectional study carried out from December 2014 to March 2015. HIV/AIDS patients aged 21 were included and above, receiving care at HIV treatment centres. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to screen for Hepatitis with HBsAg and anti HCV antibody rapid immunochromatographic test kits. Correlates of hepatitis were investigated by logistic regression. STATA was used for data analysis.Results:We included 833 HIV/AIDS patients,78.8% (657) were female. Mean age was 44(SD 11) years. Prevalence of Hepatitis in general (total of two viral markers tested) was 8.9% (74/833), with 6.1% for HBsAg and 2.8% for Anti-HCV antibodies. From multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having hepatitis was independently increased by a history of surgical interventions [OR: 1.82(1.06-3.14)], and of sexually transmitted infections [OR: 2.20(1.04-4.67)].Conclusion:Almost one in ten participants with HIV/AIDS attending the BRH and LRH tested positive for either HBsAg or anti HCV antibodies. Screening for HBV and HCV should therefore be integrated to the existing guidelines in Cameroon as it can influence management. More studies are needed to evaluate the extent of liver disease and magnitude of HIV suppression in hepatitis and HIV coinfection in this setting.

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Yang, Rongrong, Rui Yuan, Xien Gui, Hengning Ke, Ke Zhuang, Hui Hu, Ling Li, et al. "Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Syphilis Coinfection in People With HIV/AIDS Contracted Through Different Sources: Retrospective Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 10 (February 27, 2024): e46750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/46750.

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Background The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis coinfections remains disproportionately high among people living with HIV/AIDS. Hubei province is located in central China, where there are distinct regional characteristics of the distribution of people living with HIV/AIDS acquired via diverse transmission routes and the AIDS epidemic itself. Objective We aimed to estimate the magnitude of HBV, HCV, or syphilis coinfections among people living with HIV/AIDS with blood-borne transmission, which includes former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, as well as among people with sex-borne HIV transmission (including heterosexual people and men who have sex with men) and people with mother-to-child HIV transmission. Methods From January 2010 to December 2020, people living with HIV/AIDS were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies, and syphilis-specific antibodies. The positive patients were further tested for HBV markers, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA, and received a rapid plasma reagin circle card test. All people living with HIV/AIDS were first divided into transmission groups (blood, sex, and mother-to-child); then, people with blood-borne HIV transmission were divided into former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, while people with sex-borne HIV transmission were divided into heterosexual people and men who have sex with men. Results Among 6623 people living with HIV/AIDS, rates of chronic HCV infection were 80.3% (590/735) in former paid blood donors, 73.3% (247/337) in intravenous drug users, 57.1% (444/777) in contaminated blood recipients, 19.4% (21/108) in people with mother-to-child HIV transmission, 8.1% (240/2975) in heterosexual people, and 1.2% (21/1691) in men who have sex with men. Chronic HBV infection rates were similar among all people with blood-borne HIV transmission. However, compared to heterosexual people, the chronic HBV infection rate was greater in men who have sex with men (213/1691, 12.6% vs 308/2975, 10.4%; χ21=5.469; P=.02), although HBV exposure was less common (827/1691, 48.9% vs 1662/2975, 55.9%; χ21=20.982; P<.001). Interestingly, the combination of HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was found in 11 patients with sex-borne HIV transmission, but in 0 people with blood-borne HIV transmission (11/196, 5.6% vs 0/521, 0%; χ21=29.695, P<.001). In people with sex-borne HIV transmission, the proportions of patients with a syphilis titer ≥1:16 and neurosyphilis were 8.6% (105/1227) and 7.8% (37/473), respectively, whereas these values were 0 in people with blood-borne HIV transmission. Conclusions In people living with HIV/AIDS, HCV transmission intensity was significantly associated with specific exposure modes of blood or sexual contact. The rate of chronic HBV infection among men who have sex with men was higher than in any other population. Attention should be paid to the high prevalence of neurosyphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS who contract HIV by sexual intercourse.

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Shah, N. H., Z. A. Patel, and B. M. Yeolekar. "Vertical Transmission of HIV-HBV Co-infection with Liquor Habit and Vaccination." Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjms.16.1.10.

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In this paper, the transmission of HIV-HBV co-infection is carried out. The individuals who are infected with both diseases HIV and HBV simultaneously, are said to be HIV-HBV co-infected. These infected individuals have high risk of liver failure. It is the main cause for serious liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer at younger age. A deterministic model is considered with liquor habit in men and vaccination to new-borns and carrier mother. Carrier class results in the vertical transmission. In this paper, the transmission dynamics of the model is analyzed. The total population is divided in to twenty eight class viz. Susceptible, HBV Vaccinated, HBV-infected female, HBV-carrier female, HBV infected alcoholic male, HBV carrier alcoholic male, HBV infected non-alcoholic male, HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, HBV recovered class, pre-AIDS female, AIDS female, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected female, AIDS-HBV co-infected female, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier female, AIDS-HBV carrier female, pre-AIDS alcoholic male, AIDS alcoholic male, pre-AIDS non-alcoholic male, AIDS non-alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV co-infected non-alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier alcoholic male, pre-AIDS-HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV co-infected alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV co-infected non-alcoholic male, AIDS-HBV carrier non-alcoholic male, HIV infected -HBV recovered classes. The basic reproduction numbers for HIV, for HBV and for HIV-HBV are found using next generation matrix. Local and global stability of HIV-HBV disease free equilibrium is worked out. Model is validated with the numerical simulation.

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Riddhi Pradhan, Kirti Hemwani, Vidit Khandelwal, Bamboriya BL, Yogyata Marothi, and Varsha Saxena. "A cross-sectional study on co-infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among people living with HIV/AIDS from a tertiary care hospital of Central India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v14i4.50299.

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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are prevalent throughout the world. HIV infection increases the risk of HBV and HCV liver disease especially when HIV-associated immunodeficiency progresses. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out with the objectives as follows: Estimation of the prevalence of HIV- Hepatitis co-infection, determine CD4+T lymphocyte count in co-infected patients, identify most common opportunistic infections in HIV – Hepatitis co- infection. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was carried among people with confirmed HIV infection. HIV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV antibody tests were done in all patients visiting to integrated counseling and testing center. HIV, HBV, and HCV viral load were done in all serologically confirmed patients. In HBsAg positive patients various markers for hepatitis such as hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg), anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and anti-hepatitis B envelop antibody were also done. Results: Out of 357 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) patients 15/357 (4.20%) were co-infected with HBV, 03/357 (0.84%) were co-infected with HCV. The overall seroprevalence of Hepatitis virus (HBV+HCV) in PLHA patients was found to be 5.04% (18/357). CD4+T lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL was seen in 66/339 (19.4%), 04/15 (26.6%), and 03/03 (100%) patients of HIV mono-infected, HBV co-infected, and in HCV co-infected patients, respectively. HIV Viral load ≤1000 copies/mL was seen in 324 and 15 patients in HIV mono-infected and HIV- hepatitis co-infected patient, respectively. Among PLHA patients who were positive for HBsAg; 46.7% (n=7) patients had HBV viral load >2000 IU/mL. All hepatitis B co-infected patients were positive for HBcAb test; HBeAg was positive in 40% (n=06). All HBeAg positive were having viral load >2000 IU/mL. Conclusion: HIV-infected patients are more prone to hepatitis associated liver diseases and exposure to the HBV infection than the general population.

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Mondal, Nazrul Islam, Rafiqul Islam, Nazrul Haque, Masud Rana, Reazul Karim, Shahid Uzzaman, and Rejaul Karim. "Preventive Knowledge About HIV/AIDS Infection among Msm in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161480.

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Globally, HIV/AIDS is major killer disease and public health concern and men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher rates of HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) than women and heterosexual men. The assessment of vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has long been an interesting topic to population and health researchers. The aim of this study was an effort to assess the determinant factors of preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection among MSM in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 103 MSM. The data and necessary information were collected through a semi structured questionnaire from a drop-in center in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. The preventive knowledge on HIV/AIDS was measured by eight different questions. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the data to find the associated risk factors on HIV/AIDS among MSM. The results revealed that around half of the MSM (44.66%) were not aware HIV/AIDS infection. Respondents’ education, employment status, marital status, a habit to sex with many women, using condoms, how many time MSM per week, information sources about HIV/AIDS, and having apersonal risk of HIV/AIDS infection were found significantly (p< 0.05) associated with preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection. Finally, binary logistic regression model identified that education, using condoms, information sources about HIV/AIDS, and having personal risk of HIV/AIDS infection were the most prominent predictors. The MSM were not enough aware of HIV/AIDS infection. In this study strongly recommended advocacy, communication for social mobilization programs should be taken to increase the preventive knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection among MSM population. Keywords: HIV/AIDS; MSM; Sexually transmitted diseases, Binary logistic regression model

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A, Kapila, Chaudhary S, Sharma RB, Vashist H, Sisodia SS, and Gupta A. "A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 03 (September 30, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.3.9.

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HIV/AIDS has always been one of the most thoroughly global of diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lent virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper CD4 T cells, macrophages. HIV infection leads to low levels of T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of infected T cells. The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

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Brailsford, Sally Caroline. "Modelling for HIV infection and AIDS." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358459.

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Sharpstone, Daniel Robert. "Weight loss in HIV infection and AIDS." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362340.

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Allardice, Gwendolyn Muriel. "Surveillance of HIV infection in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320281.

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Abracen, Jeffrey. "Psychosocial risk factors for HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28976.

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A group of 21 HIV-positive gay or bisexual men was compared with a matched group of 22 HIV-negative individuals. All subjects were sexually active gay or bisexual males matched for age, as well as age at first intercourse with males. Subjects completed a detailed sexual history questionnaire as well as a series of standardized measures of psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that subjects engaged in a wide range of unsafe sexual behaviours, and frequently combined drugs with sex. Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were significantly correlated with lifetime condom use. Social support was also found to be significantly associated with the lifetime number of homosexual partners. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between MAST scores and social support and a positive relationship between social support and CD-4 cell count. The groups were found to be similar in terms of clinical levels of anxiety and depression, self-esteem in interpersonal situations, and risk-taking personality.

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Frost, Simon David William. "The within host dynamics of HIV infection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306932.

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Enting, Roeline Henny. "Neurological manifestations of HIV-1 infection." Rotterdam : Amsterdam : R.H.Enting ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/56445.

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Walton, Heather M. "The intersection of HIV infection with HIV/AIDS beliefs among African Americans." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7280.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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David, Jummy Funke. "Mathematical epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis co-infection." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54295.

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The project deals with the analysis of a general dynamical model for the spread of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis Co-infection. We capture in the model the dynamics of HIV/AIDS infected individuals and investigate their impacts in the progression of tuberculosis with and without TB treatment. It is shown that TB-only model and HIV-only model have locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is less than unity and a unique endemic equilibrium exists when the basic reproduction number is greater than unity. We analyze the full HIV/AIDS-TB coinfection model and incorporate treatment strategy for the exposed and active forms of TB. The stability of equilibria is derived through the use of Van den Driessche method of generational matrix and Routh Harwitz stability criterion. Numerical simulations are provided to justify the analytical results and to investigate the effect of change of certain parameters on the co-infection. Sensitivity analysis shows that reducing the most sensitive parameters β₁ and β₂ could help to lower the basic reproduction number and thereby reducing the rate of infection. From the study, we conclude that treating latent and active forms of TB reduce the rate of infection, reduce the rate of progression of individuals to AIDS stage and lowers co-infection.
Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate

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Galane, Mpatikana Leslie. "Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HIV/ AIDS among dental students at Medunsa Oral Health centre." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1093.

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Thesis (MPH) -- University of Limpopo, 2012.
Background: The HIV pandemic continues to be a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa where 22.5 million people were infected with HIV in 2009 and South Africa remains one amongst the countries with the highest HIV epidemic. The number of HIV-positive and AIDS patients is increasing annually and there are no specialised oral health institutions that provide oral health care to HIV/AIDS patients. HIV and AIDS continues to have profound impact on all health training and education (Medical, Dentistry, Nursing etc.) and clinical care, hence it is crucial for all the health care students to be educated about HIV/AIDS disease. Dental student’s knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards HIV-positive patients and infection control practices are of importance as they are the future oral health care providers. The Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of third, fourth and fifth year dental students on HIV-positive and AIDS patients at the Medunsa Oral Health Centre (MOHC). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 139 dental students at MOHC using a self administered questionaire with 30 closedended questions. T-test, one-way Anova (analysis of variance), multiple regressions and Pearson’s correlation were applied by Stata IC/10 to assess, determine and describe the knowledge, attitude and infection control practices of third, fourth and fifth year dental students, respectively and also find an association between demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes and practices. Results: The response rate was 86% (120/139), 33 of third year, 47 of fourth year and 40 of fifth year dental students. Gender was statistically significant towards knowledge and females were more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS as compared to males (p=0.058). However, almost (98.3%) all dental students were not sure “HIV increases other infections, including oral infections as well”. More than half (53.1%) of third year dental students were not sure “persistent generalised lymphadenopathy vi is associated with stage 2 of HIV infection”. In this study, ethnic groups and level of study (BDS4 & BDS5) were found to be significant predictors of attitude regarding HIV-positive patients (p=0.001) (p=0.055) (p=0.001). Practice was found to be a significant predictor of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS (p=0.046). Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed students with positive attitude scores had significantly excellent practice regarding HIV/AIDS (r=0.2912) (p=0.001). Good knowledge translates into excellent infection control practices, whilst positive attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients yield excellent infection control practices. Conclusion: The dental students at MOHC relatively have a good understanding of HIV/AIDS (particularly the mode of transmission) but to lesser extent, disease progress and oral manifestation. The lack of knowledge on HIV/AIDS and inconsistency regarding certain infection control procedures may be a reflection of insufficient HIV/AIDS teaching and clinical supervision of students in the wards. There is a need to improve the current dental curriculum by including HIV/AIDS module and incorporate a clinical component of dental screening at the ARV clinics.

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Di, Stefano Mariantonietta. "Molecular dynamics in HIV-1 infection of the brain /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 1997. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1997/91-85910-65-1.

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Books on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

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Murphy, Siobhan M. HIV infection and AIDS. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

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M, Murphy Siobhan, ed. HIV infection and AIDS. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.), ed. HIV infection and AIDS. [Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 1992.

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M, Grimes Richard, ed. AIDS and HIV infection. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.), ed. HIV infection and AIDS. [Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 1992.

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J, Pinching A., ed. AIDS and HIV infection. London: W.B. Saunders, 1986.

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Christine, Bechtel-Boenning, Boland Mary, and Grady Christine, eds. HIV infection. Perinatally transmitted HIV infection. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1996.

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P, Wormser Gary, ed. AIDS and other manifestations of HIV infection. 4th ed. San Diego, Calif: Elsevier Academic, 2004.

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Royal College of Nursing. HIV Nursing Society., ed. AIDS-HIV infection nursing guidelines. 2nd ed. Harrow: Royal College of Nursing, 1994.

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John, Green. Counselling in HIV infection and AIDS. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

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Carr, Andrew, and David A. Cooper. "Primary HIV Infection." In AIDS Pathogenesis, 19–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0685-8_2.

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Yogev, Ram. "Pediatric HIV Infection." In Atlas of AIDS, 256–72. London: Current Medicine Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4549-8_17.

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Rogers, Martha F., and Gerald Schochetman. "HIV Infection in Children." In AIDS Testing, 266–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0867-9_16.

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Mawle, Alison C., and J. Steven Mcdougal. "Immunology of HIV Infection." In AIDS Testing, 32–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0867-9_3.

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Papin, Laure, Coralie F. Daussy, Jamal Alfaisal, Lucile Espert, Fabien P. Blanchet, Julià Blanco, and Martine Biard-Piechaczyk. "Autophagy and HIV Infection." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_395-1.

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Griffiths, Paul, and Isobel Ramsay. "Cytomegalovirus Infection and HIV." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_420-1.

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Chiasson, Mary Ann, and Thomas C. Wright. "HIV Infection in Women." In Atlas of AIDS, 273–93. London: Current Medicine Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4549-8_18.

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Papin, Laure, Coralie F. Daussy, Jamal Alfaisal, Lucile Espert, Fabien P. Blanchet, Julià Blanco, and Martine Biard-Piechaczyk. "Autophagy and HIV Infection." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 145–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_395.

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Griffiths, Paul, and Isobel Ramsay. "Cytomegalovirus Infection and HIV." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 429–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_420.

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Rieg, Gunter. "HIV Infection and AIDS." In Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 99–125. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

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Chang, H., A. Astolfi, and H. Shim. "Control of infection dynamics with application to HIV/AIDS Model." In 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2009.5400207.

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Hasanah, Hidayati, and Wahyu Sulistiadi. "HIV/AIDS Infection among Housewives in Asia: A Systematic Review." In The 5th Intenational Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2019.02.38.

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Rocha, Willker Menezes da, Camila Freze Baez, Larissa Alves Afonso, Fernanda Nahoum Carestiato, Marianna Tavares Venceslau Gonçalves, Rafael Brandão Varella, and Silvia Maria Baeta Cavalcanti. "The use of DNA microarray assay as a diagnostic tool to study penile cancer associated with human papillomavirus." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p159.

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Introduction: The genital infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can result in a sexually transmitted disease associated with precursor lesions for carcinogenesis in the genital tract. In recent years, evidence was accumulated defining HPV as the etiologic agent of cervical cancer; however, the etiology of penile cancer is still open and lacks studies. This study aims to contribute to the epidemiologic knowledge regarding the prevalence of this virus in malignant lesions of the male genital tract, using the DNA microarray assay, a technique that allows the simultaneous detection of up to 32 different HPV genotypes. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of HPV in penile malignant lesions, to genotype HPV, when present, to correlate the HPV infection and its genotypes with the histopathological data. Methods: A total of 112 penile cancer samples was collected in a cross-sectional study. The detection methodology consisted of (1) detecting the presence of HPV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with generic primers, (2) genotyping the HPV using the DNA microarray assay, and (3) correlation of the histopathology, tumor invasiveness, and the dispersion of malignant cells by the lymph nodes with the presence of HPV. Results: The HPV prevalence was 57.1% (64). The most prevalent genotype was the HPV16 (32.8%), followed by HPV6 (23.4%); HPV18, HPV35, and HPV45 (12.5%); HPV31 (10.9%); and HPV70 (7.8%). Of the HPV-positive samples, 25% were mixed infections. Conclusion: The role of the HPV infection was significant within the multifactorial etiology of penile cancer. There was statistical significance between the lesion invasiveness and the presence of high-risk HPV infection. Thus, genotype surveillance can promote a better understanding of the role of HPV genotypes in male cancer development, and the DNA microarray assay proved to be an efficient tool for both the epidemiological study and the diagnostics of the HPV.

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Seidl, S. "SCREENING PROCEDURES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B, NON-A,NON-B, AND AIDS BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644753.

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Although the number of infectious agents capable of being transmitted through blood and blood products is vast, only a few cause problems in recipients of a magnitude which warrants the need for screening tests. The most important agents are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis non-A,non-B (HNANB) - agents causing posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and the human immundeficiency viruses (HIV) responsible for transfusion associated AIDS (TAA).PTH: Prospective studies in open-heart-surgery patients demonstrated a high prevalence (8-17%) *in Spain, Italy, the United States and Israel whereas low percentages (2-5%) were observed in Australia, Finland and West-Germany. Among haemophiliacs acute and chronic hepatitis is a rather frequent complication. Serologic markers of HBV infection have been observed in the majority of patients. Since HBsAg screening has been introduced most cases of PTH (>90%) are due to infection with HNANB-agents. For this type of hepatitis no specific assay exists. It has been suggested that surrogate tests (ALT, anti-HBc screening) might serve as interim screening measure. In prospective studies in the USA a correlation has been observed between donor ALT and recipient hepatitis, but not more than 30% of PTH can be prevented at a loss of 1,5 to 3,0% of the donor population. Similar data have been reported when blood donors were screened for anti-HBc. There was a significantly higher incidence of PTH in recipients receiving at least one unit of anti HBc positive blood. This was recently confirmed in a study in which patients received blood with ALT-levels below 30 IU/ml. The incidence of HNANB was 2,1% after transfusion with anti HBc negative blood whereas 10,1% developed HNANB when anti HB positive blood was transfused (P=< 0.0001). However, these two markers (ALT, anti HBc) do not identify the same NANB carrier population. - ALT screening and testing for anti-HBc have been recently instituted in the USA as “surrogate tests” for detecting HNANB carriers.TAA: Among the total number of AIDS cases there ist a small percentage caused by transfusion of blood and blood products. In the USA approximately 2% of TAA have been reported, 1 % of AIDS patients are haemophiliacs but the majority of haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody positive. According to a survey of the Council of Europe (March 1986) the percentages of HIV positive European haemophiliacs varies between 4 to 8% (Belgium, Norway) and 30 to 60% in other European countries. The number of TAA-cases is around 1%, AIDS among European haemophiliacs has been observed up to 5% of the total AIDS cases. - Screening for HIV antibodies in blood donors was introduced in most European countries and the USA in early summer 1985, but several thousands of recipients of HIV positive blood (issued before) are now virus carriers. This has been confirmed in “look back” programmes: A substantial number of recipient (50 to 90%) has been found to be HIV positive.-A major disadvantage of the HIV antibody test is the fact that antibodies appear several weeks after infection. The gap between infection and detecting HIV antibodies may be reduced by an antigen test, which recognizes the HIV infection as early as two weeks after infection. - The recent detection of HIV 2 implies the necessity of developing tests for the identification of variants of HIV.

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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.

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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.

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Pereira, Maria Luiza Scardua, Sarah Santos Gonçalves, Creuza Rachel Vicente, Carolina Salume Xavier, Bárbara Ellen Santos Carvalhais, and Kenia Valeria Santos. "Can the therapeutic protocol recommended for gonococcal infection be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic?" In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p173.

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Introduction: The World Health Organization has warned of antibiotics misuse in the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, the clinical management protocol for patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection includes the use of empirical antibiotic therapy only for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in patients admitted with severe acute respiratory syndrome. This protocol includes ceftriaxone, azithromycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, and meropenem. In Brazil, ceftriaxone 500 mg plus azithromycin 1 g is the recommended treatment regimen for mild and moderate anogenital gonococcal infection. The high consumption of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 may impact antimicrobial resistance, interfering with the treatment protocol for gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections. Objective: This study aims to describe the ceftriaxone and azithromycin dispensing before the COVID-19 pandemic and throughout 2020. Methods: Data of azithromycin and ceftriaxone dispensing in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were collected by MV2000i system at the central pharmacy of a reference hospital for the treatment of COVID-19, in Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data from cases of COVID-19 were obtained on the website of the Government of the State of Espírito Santo. Results: We observed an increase in azithromycin and ceftriaxone dispensing at the beginning of the pandemic compared to previous years. Azithromycin returns to previous levels from August 2020, but ceftriaxone remains with increased discharge until December. The annual accumulated azithromycin in 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 447, 590, and 1,866 units of 500 mg ampoule vial (p=0.007), respectively. For ceftriaxone, the annual cumulative was 8,299, 9,098, and 18,209 units of 1 g ampoule vial (p<0.0001) in the respective years. Conclusion: There was an increase in ceftriaxone and azithromycin dispensing in 2020. Surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be a priority to ensure the efficacy of the recommended therapeutic regimen for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection.

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Oliveira, Cristhiane Campos Marques de, Marihá Thaís Trombeta, Alvaro Macedo de Carvalho, Daniel Martins Borges, Izabela Junqueira Magalhães, Luiza de Lima Pereira, Pâmela Araújo da Silva, Thays da Silva Queiroz, Fabiana Nunes de Carvalho Mariz, and Carla Nunes de Araújo. "Sexually transmitted infection campaigns focusing on key populations promoted by the Ministry of Health." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p218.

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Introduction: According to the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, it is necessary to stimulate combined prevention in addition to advertising campaigns aimed at reaching key population. These include gays and other men who have sex with men (MSM), people who use alcohol and other drugs, people deprived of their liberty, sex workers, and transgender people. The goal of this strategy is an effective promotion of sexual health facing the HIV epidemic. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess STI prevention and communication campaigns aimed on the aforementioned key populations through documentary research in Brazil. Methods: This analysis was based on data from advertising pieces of national HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns carried out between 1998 and 2020. The search for these advertising pieces was carried out at the National Department for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, on the Ministry of Health website. Results: During the period, 64 STI/HIV/AIDS campaigns were performed and only nine were aimed at gays and other MSM, sex workers, and transgender people. Between 1998 and 2001, there were no campaigns for this audience, the last one being held in 2015. Thus, it was observed there were no campaigns for the past 6 years aimed at this vulnerable population. Conclusion: There is a lack of STI campaigns that target key population despite their high-risk behavior. As a result, there is less information reaching these individuals, which leads to a deficient health education and is unable to interrupt the chain of transmission not only of HIV but also of other STIs.

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Susilowati, Tuti, Tri Nur Kristina, and Muchlis AU Sofro. "Factors Associated with TB-HIV/AIDS Co-Infection in Kedu, Central Java." In The 4th International Conference on Public Health. Masters Program in Public Health Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2018.01.25.

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Bandeira, Larissa Melo, Ana Rita Motta-Castro, Marco Puga, Silvia Uehara, João Domingos, Grazielli Rezende, Gabriela Alves Cesar, and Tayana Tanaka. "Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection among Japanese immigrants and their descendants living in Southeast Brazil: a call for preventive and control responses." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p012.

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Introduction: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has worldwide distribution and is considered endemic in southwestern Japan. HTLV-1 infection has been associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) besides other diseases. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of HTLV-1, among the world´s largest population of Japanese immigrants and their descendants outside Japan, in São Paulo, Southeast Brazil, as well as to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among isolates of HTLV-1. Methods: From July to December 2017, 2,139 individuals from five Japanese associations were interviewed and submitted to blood collection. All serum samples were first tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by ELISA and then peripheral blood from individuals with positive serological results were analyzed for the presence of HTLV-1 5ʹLTR proviral DNA. Partial sequencing of the 5ʹLTR region of HTLV-1 proviral DNA was performed by Sanger. Results: The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 5.1% (95% CI 4.2-6.0). In the multiple logistic regression model, HTLV-1 infection was associated with age 45 years, female sex, first- and second-generation Japanese immigrants, and having sexual partners with a history of blood transfusion. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HTLV-1 were classified as Cosmopolitan (1a) subtype. Of them, 47.8% were classified as Transcontinental (A) subgroup and 52.2% as belonging to the Japanese (B) subgroup. Although most HTLV-1-infected patients were asymptomatic (97.3%), the blurred vision was associated with HTLV-1 infection. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection found in this study population and especially the intrafamily and interfamily HTLV-1 transmission presents an urgent need for preventive and control responses of this infection in Brazil.

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Hubaybah, Hubaybah, and Adelina Fitri. "Evaluation of Hiv-Aids Prevention Program in Homosexual Men in Jambi." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.34.

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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a global public health concern. According to data in 2018, 37.9 million people in the world are infected with HIV. In Indonesia, the three most risky populations of HIV infection were injecting drug users (56%), homosexual men (18%), heterosexual (17%), and the others (9%), from April to June 2019. The reported data from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey (IBBS) in 2015 showed that the significantly increased number of 2.5 times in the prevalence of HIV infection among homosexual men compared to the data from 2013. This study aimed to investigate the evaluation of HIV-AIDS prevention program in homosexual men in Jambi. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study conducted at Kanti Sehati Sejati Foundation, Jelutung, Jambi, from April to July 2020. The study informants were head of the foundation, head of population outreach program, field accessor of the population outreach program, and assisted homosexual client. The data were collected by in-depth interviews and document reviews. The data were analyzed by reduction, displaying, and drawing conclusions/ verification. Results: The input of the HIV-AIDS prevention was systematically programmed, including education on the used of lubricants and protection/ condoms, budget monitoring and evaluation, and counseling to homosexual men. The process of program had been implemented in accordance with the existing program implementation guidelines. The inhibiting factor of the program was the stigma of homosexual men families not supporting to seek health services. The output of the HIV-AIDS prevention program showed that homosexual men had improved the awareness of not changing partners, using condoms while having sex, and finding new cases of HIV. Conclusion: HIV-AIDS prevention programs have been well implemented based on input, process, and output system approach. Peer group support is needed to persuade understanding of families from homosexual men to overcome the inhibiting factor of the program implementation. Keywords: HIV-AIDS, prevention program, homosexual men Correspondence: Hubaybah. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Jambi. Jl. Letjend Soeprapto No 33 Telanai Pura Jambi. Email: hubaybah@unja.ac.id. Mobile: +628117453224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.34

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Reports on the topic "AIDS and HIV infection"

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Zheng, Ruo-xiang, Xun Li, Jing Li, Zhen-wei Liu, Feng Jiang, Nicola Robinson, and Jian-ping Liu. Does Chinese herbal remedy Tangcao tablet work for the treatment of HIV/AIDS：a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0042.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tangcao tablet (Tangcao) for treating people with HIV/AIDS. Condition being studied: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by severe immunodeficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The infection attacks specifically the white blood cells, CD4+T (CD4) cells, weakening the immunity of individuals against infections such as tuberculosis. Without treatment, patients with AIDS may survive up to 2 years. Pneumocystis pneumonia and infections of the central nervous system are two of the most common causes of death in people with AIDS. AIDS still remains a significant global public health problem, with an estimated 37.7 million people infected with HIV at the end of 2020.

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Layne, Scott P., and Micah Dembo. Quantifying the Kinetic Processes Associated with HIV Infection of Target Cells (AIDS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249907.

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Shortman, Kenneth. Early T-Precursor Thymocytes as Potential Target Cells for HIV Infection (AIDS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261670.

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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.

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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.

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Haider, Huma. Malaria, HIV and TB in Nigeria: Epidemiology and Disease Control Challenges. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.040.

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Nigeria has the world’s highest number of people affected by malaria and the world’s second largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS burden. There is a high occurrence of co-infection of malaria in HIV patients (Gumel et al., 2021). Nigeria is also ranked as one of the thirty high tuberculosis (TB) and TB-HIV co-infection burden countries in the world (Odume et al., 2020, 8). Co-infection can make each disease more severe and potentially more infectious (Gumel et al., 2021; Jemikalajah et al., 2021; Chukwuocha et al., 2019). This rapid literature review highlights key aspects of the epidemiology of malaria, HIV and TB in Nigeria, in addition to challenges in controlling the three diseases, in terms of prevention, detection and treatment. This is part of a series of reports looking into Epidemiology of Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) across a set of African Nations.

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Elias, Christopher J., and Lori L. Heise. The development of microbicides: A new method of HIV prevention for women. Population Council, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv1993.1001.

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A critical review of current epidemiological trends and social science research demonstrates that there is an urgent need for expanding the range of female-controlled HIV prevention methods. Existing efforts to control the spread of HIV infection primarily through the encouragement of a reduction in the number of sexual partners, widespread condom promotion, and the control of other sexually transmitted infections are inadequate for many of the world's women. Underlying gender power inequities severely limit the ability of many women to protect themselves from HIV infection, especially in the absence of a prevention technology they can use, when necessary, without their partner's consent. Current understanding of biology suggests that developing such methods is a feasible and potentially cost-effective endeavor. This paper describes the growing risk of HIV infection faced by women throughout the world, examines the limitation of contemporary AIDS prevention strategy in meeting the needs of women, reviews the existing data on female-controlled HIV prevention methods, and outlines the challenges for future microbicide development.

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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1002.

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The majority of sexually active girls aged 15–19 in developing countries are married, and married adolescent girls tend to have higher rates of HIV infection than their sexually active, unmarried peers. Married adolescent girls represent a sizable fraction of adolescents at risk and experience some of the highest rates of HIV prevalence of any group. Nonetheless, married adolescents have been marginal in adolescent HIV/AIDS policies and programs and have not been the central subjects for programs aimed at adult married women. This paper offers a partial explanation for why married adolescents have so often been overlooked, the reasons why marriage might bring elevated risk of HIV, initial analytic tools to assist policymakers in determining how to accord appropriate levels of priority to the marriage process, five brief case studies, and a menu of potential policy interventions and actions to make married adolescents an integral part of reproductive health and HIV-prevention initiatives.

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Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle, and Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

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Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS is widespread in South Africa, adult HIV prevalence is high, indicating high levels of risky sexual behavior. Understanding the gap between knowledge and behavior requires an examination of the social context in which the epidemic occurs. The Horizons Program conducted an intervention study in the Carletonville area to study the social determinants of the HIV epidemic and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. In 1998, the Mothusimpilo (“Working together for health”) Intervention Project (MIP) was launched to reduce community prevalence of HIV and other STIs and to sustain those reductions through enhanced prevention and STI treatment services. Carletonville includes many migrant mine workers and is characterized by significant poverty and unemployment, the presence of sex work, and high rates of STIs. MIP targets population groups where high-risk sexual behavior is thought to be common. This brief focuses on sex workers because of their vulnerability to STIs and HIV infection and their link to miners and men in the broader community.

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Orme, I. M. Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Opportunistic Mycobacterial Infections in HIV-Seropositive AIDS Patients. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227796.

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Ciapponi, Agustín. Do workplace programmes for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV improve workers’ health outcomes and attitudes? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1705132.

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The HIV epidemic may threaten the health workforce by imposing heavier workloads and increasing complexity of care; by exposing health workers and other workers living with HIV and AIDS to tuberculosis (TB) and other infectious diseases; and through the psychological stress placed on health workers who have to administer care. HIV and AIDS may also have substantial impacts on the workforce in sectors other than health. Workplace programmes aim to improve access for health workers and other workers to HIV prevention, treatment and support.

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