Academic literature on the topic 'AIDS activists – Canada'

Lest We Forget, my current research project at Concordia University, critically analyses the history of queer theatre and performance as it intersects with the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Canada. Stretching over three decades and taking the country's bilingualism into consideration, its objectives are to study the aesthetic variety and political complexity of plays and performances that attend to the epidemic and to identify the multiple challenges faced by theatre artists and activists. Furthermore, the project explores the methodological and historiographical challenges when studying HIV/AIDS theatre and performance in a Canadian context.

In March 2019, I had the pleasure of giving a talk at Peter Green College at the University of British Columbia that I called “The Politics and Possibilities of Girl-led and Youth-led Arts-based Activism to Address Gender Violence.” I wanted to highlight in particular the activist work of numerous groups of Indigenous girls and young women in a current project and the youth AIDS activist work of the Fire and Hope project in South Africa but I also wanted to place this work in the context of girls’ activism and youth activism more broadly. To do this I started out with a short activity called “Know your Girl Activist” during which I showed PowerPoint photos of some key girl and young women activists of the last few years, and asked the audience if they could identify them. The activists included two Nobel Prize Peace Prize winners, Malala Yousafzai (2014) and Nadia Murad (2018) along with Autumn Pelletier, the young Indigenous woman from Northern Ontario, Canada, well known for her work on water activism, and, of course, Greta Thunberg, now a household name but then, in 2019, already well known for her work on climate change activism. To my surprise only some of these activists were recognized, so, during the Q and A session, when I was asked if there is a history of girls as activists I could see that this question indicated clearly the urgent need for this special issue of Girlhood Studies which was only just in process then. Now, thanks to the dedication of the two guest editors of this special issue, Catherine Vanner and Anuradha Dugal and the wide range of superb contributors, I can point confidently to girls’ activism as a burgeoning area of study in contemporary feminism rooted in feminist history.

RÉSUMÉVers 2031, les personnes les plus âgées (85 ans et plus) pourraient composer 4 pourcent de la population totale du Canada. Ce document relève les changements constates dans le domaine de l'utilisation des soins de longue durée, des activités de la vie quotidienne (AVQ) et des activités instrumentales de la vie quotidienne (ATVQ) chez les participants les plus âgés du Aging in Manitoba Longitudinal Study, d'après trois éléments répartis sur 13 ans. Parmi les participants, 38,4 pour cent n'avaient pas eu recours aux soins de longue durée pendant la période examinée; entre 75 et 88 pour cent des participants pouvaient continuer à manger, à se déplacer dans leur maison et à se mettre au lit et à en sortir sans aide. En ce qui a trait aux activités instrumentales de la vie quotidienne, la proportion des gens qui n'avait pas besoin d'aide allait de 3 pour cent (réparations dans la maison) à 58 pour cent (se préparer une tasse de thé ou de café). Les résultats de ces analyses signalent l'hétérogénéité des aptitudes fonctionnelles des personnes très âgées et viennent enrichir la documentation portant sur cette tranche de la population.

AbstractThe use of criminal-law powers to respond to people with HIV who place others at risk of HIV infection has emerged as a focal point of AIDS advocacy at global, national, and local levels. In the Canadian context, reform efforts that address the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure have been hampered by the absence of data on the contours, scale, and outcomes of criminalization. This article responds to that gap in knowledge with the first comprehensive analysis of the temporal trends, demographic patterns, and aggregate outcomes of Canadian criminal cases of HIV non-disclosure. The authors draw on insights into the role that rendering social phenomena in numerical terms plays for the governance of social life in order to make criminalization “visible” in ways that might contribute to activist responses. The article examines temporal trends, demographic patterns, and outcomes separately. In each instance, the pattern or trend identified is described, potential explanations for findings are offered, and an account is given of how the data have informed efforts to reform criminal law. Particular attention is paid to the following key findings: a sharp increase in criminal cases that began in 2004; the large proportion of recent criminal cases involving defendants who are heterosexual Black, African, and Caribbean men; and the high proportion of criminal cases resulting in conviction. The article closes with suggestions for future research.

RÉSUMÉUne recherche interdisciplinaire faisant appel à des méthodes qualitatives a été menée pour étudier les obstacles et les facilitateurs relatifs à la participation culturelle des aînés des Premières Nations qui utilisent la mobilité sur roues et vivent dans des réserves en Ontario (Canada). Les thèmes ont été divisés en trois grandes catégories : (1) l’impact de la participation des aînés à des activités culturelles, (2) l’utilité des aides à la mobilité sur roues et (3) les obstacles freinant la participation à des événements culturels. Les obstacles incluent le manque de transports, l’incapacité de sortir du domicile en toute sécurité et de manière indépendante, l’irrégularité du terrain des réserves ; la stigmatisation associée au handicap, et le sentiment d’être un fardeau. Les résultats suggèrent que la mobilité sur roues peut augmenter la participation active des aînés aux événements culturels, mais démontrent aussi la nécessité de faciliter l’utilisation de cette mobilité dans les réserves en Ontario.

Résumé Le Canada et le Québec, sociétés pluriethniques, possèdent des politiques et des programmes de promotion et de prévention pour contrer les violences faites aux femmes, mais reconnaissent que le défi est de taille dans le contexte migratoire. Les immigrantes, confrontées à la violence conjugale, ne disposent souvent pas d’accessibilité culturelle aux services sociaux et de santé ou n’obtiennent pas de réponse adéquate à leurs besoins. Toutefois, certains organismes ont des projets pour leur venir en aide mais ils ne sont pas systématiques. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche exploratoire, avec approche ethnologique, qui documente la perception de 10 intervenants d’organismes communautaires et institutionnels concernant leurs activités dans le domaine et leur préoccupation pour la promotion et la prévention primaire, même si leurs pratiques concrètes sont surtout centrées sur la prévention secondaire. Maints empêchements les limitent, mais leurs perceptions des réponses promotionnelles et préventives mettent en lumière l’impact de la violence structurelle et de la violence conjugale et orientent les perspectives de renouvellement des pratiques d’intervention sociosanitaire en matière de violence conjugale.

Résumé Depuis la fin des années 1950, de nombreuses compagnies minières ont exploré la Fosse de l’Ungava au Nunavik (Canada). Des gisements de nickel, de cuivre et d’amiante y ont été exploités, ou sont en ce moment exploités, depuis les années 1970. Actuellement les compagnies Canadian Royalties et Glencore Xstrata emploient quelque 1500 personnes sur leurs sites d’extraction. Les Kangirsujuamiut, Sallumiut, Puvirnitumiut et les Nunavimmiut en général ont dû apprendre à vivre avec les retombées socioéconomiques et environnementales des projets miniers. Si leur perception de l’activité minière au Nunavik a évolué avec le temps, l’importance qu’ils accordent à la protection de l’environnement, elle, ne s’est pas érodée. Des comités comme la Commission de la qualité de l’environnement Kativik, le Comité Raglan et le Comité Nunavik Nickel voient à ce que le Nunavik continue à être perçu comme un territoire sain où il est toujours possible de pratiquer des activités de subsistance. La création du parc national des Pingualuit à proximité des mines aide également à minimiser les impacts environnementaux négatifs et offre aux Nunavimmiut la possibilité de récupérer un territoire qui avait été délaissé avec le temps. Le parc national des Pingualuit permet aux jeunes générations de se réapproprier une partie de leur culture, simplement en occupant le territoire.

RésuméL'étude qualitative sur l'efficacité des pratiques de service social menée par Anne Opie auprès des soignants naturels qui s'occupent de parents atteints de démence prend sa source dans la perception de l'auteure selon laquelle la rhétorique politique sur l'importance du soutien que l'État doit accorder à ces populations à haute incidence de stress trouve peu d'applications pratiques dans l'organisation des services sociaux et sanitaires en Nouvelle-Zélande. Opie relève deux discours opposés dans l'expérience des soignants et des travailleurs sociaux en matière de services de soutien. Le premier est un discours de gestion/organisation axé sur l'efficacité, des définitions étriquées des besoins et du bien-être, des images réductrices de la signification du soutien et des pratiques de travail social de plus en plus orientées sur la routine. Le second, relativement effacé, est un discours qui met en lumière l'aspect complexe de la tâche des soignants, ses transitions et sespertes, ainsi que la valeur d'un service substantial et efficace, intégrant une aide à la fois pratique et émotive accordée sur une base continue. Àpartir de données provenant des soignants, des travailleurs sociaux, d'autres intervenants du secteur de la santé et de gestionnaires, l'auteure étudie l'axe et l'importance des différentes approches d'évaluation des services sous-jacentes à ces deux discours. Que ce soit à titre de praticiens, de chercheurs, d'activistes ou d'éducateurs, nous avons tous beaucoup à apprendre de l'analyse nuancée faite par Opie d'un territoire semblable à celui du Canada et qui a évolué plus loin etplus rapidement vers une limitation des droits des soignants et des aînés vulnérables dont Us prennent soin, et vers une définition de plus en plus restrictive des activités formelles de soutien et de soin.

This is the fourth paper in the invited collection. Shotwell examines the work of direct-action activists as forms of medical activism that express a non-reductionist and complex intersectional science and technology practice, bridging lay and professional medical contexts. Shotwell draws on Lorraine Code’s generative theory of the importance of “ecological thinking” as one way to practice what she calls “epistemic responsibility,” and to think about the varied and complex early responses of activists in Canada to AIDS. Activists made wide-ranging, theoretically sophisticated, and socially significant interventions in how AIDS manifested in Canada; their interventions manifested a kind of political work welcoming to unpredictable and emergent medical and social situations. Three preliminary insights are offered, from an ongoing research project investigating the history of AIDS activism in the Canadian context: (1) the usefulness of Code’s conception of the social imaginary for understanding how calcified social relations shape and limit the conditions for responsible knowing; (2) the importance of recognizing the communal and social nature of knowledge as a key piece of epistemic responsibility, articulated in terms of collective epistemic privilege; and (3) the possibility for practices of epistemic responsibility to create virtuous epistemic effects beyond what is known (about) or intended by particular agents.

Introduction Over the past thirty years media activism has expanded dramatically. Like never before, individuals and groups have access to personal computers, publishing software, fax, telecommunications, the Internet, community radio and television that enable them to participate in forms of cultural production previously reserved for an intellectual and political élite. Independently produced media among those who feel excluded from, even oppressed by, the dominant social order provides a means of raising awareness among oppressed or marginalised communities while at the same time challenging the meanings conveyed by social institutions like the mass media and the state. The use of media for the purposes of activism has occurred, by in large, in the context of new social movements. The AIDS movement in North America has provided an organisational and ideological infrastructure through which those infected have become involved in media production. This paper focusses on the development of media projects by AIDS activists for the purposes of sharing information about the treatment and management of HIV infection. Specifically I am interested in how the changing the needs of people with HIV/AIDS -- the intended audience -- as perceived by activists have shaped the evolution of treatment information projects. Community-Based Media Media projects designed as a forum for people with HIV/AIDS have been guided by the need to be and remain community-based. What constitutes community-based media has been taken up, in several different ways, in the literature on media activism. Downing, for instance, has examined the experiences of those involved in "self managed" media projects. In this analysis he illustrates how control over production is crucial to media projects that focus on challenging or resisting forms of political oppression. External influence or control only threatens to subvert collective efforts directed at achieving self representation. Smith looks at this issue in a different way, arguing that it is important to make the distinction between print media for women and feminist print media. According to Smith, the former tend to reflect the dominant gender order, contributing to the social forces that oppress and marginalise women, in part, because they do not focus on addressing or advancing the needs and concerns of women. Feminist media, in contrast, tends to be informed by a political analysis of gender: they are created and produced by and for women; they provide a forum for the voices of women who have been silenced through oppression or marginalisation; and they challenge and seek to transform patriarchal social relations. Trend takes this point further in his critique of media projects that have been informed by Leftist politics. The problem, he argues, has been that the media created or influenced by Leftist politics have been dominated by an intellectual élite that have ignored or chastised the voices and opinions of those who are oppressed or marginalised by the dominant social order. As an alternative, Trend looks to recent efforts among gay and lesbian media activists who have turned to new media technologies and their own experiences as the basis for subverting and challenging homophobia and hetrosexism. For each of these scholars, community-based media follow what might be called a peer model of communication: a specific group using media to speak for themselves and in doing so achieving some degree of self representation. A key issue raised in this work is how those involved in media projects understand the role that their audience plays in establishing and sustaining this community-based status. Treatment Information Projects as Community-Based Media Activism Political organizing around the treatment of HIV infection (what has been called AIDS treatment activism) has been a central component of the community-based response to HIV/AIDS (Ariss). Treatment activism among groups like ACT UP and AIDS ACTION NOW! have focussed on influencing those power structures (government and pharmaceutical companies) in control of the development and approval of medications (Carter; Carter & Watney). Treatment activism also refers to the creation of advocacy, support, and education programs for people living with HIV/AIDS. The development of forums which enable people with HIV/AIDS to share information about treatments and health care generally has been an important aspect of treatment activism in North America. A significant part of this type of treatment activism has been the production and dissemination of information about treatments and health management. Indeed, the importance of "staying informed" has always been high on the list of survival strategies for people with HIV/AIDS. Early in the epidemic, in the 1980s, the problem that people with HIV/AIDS faced was a lack of information about new and potentially beneficial treatments. In response, people with HIV/AIDS formed social networks, often in close proximity to AIDS organizations, in order to share strategies to promote their health and manage their infection. Eventually, such forums were expanded and became, or were integrated into, print media projects. In the United States, the most notable and enduring example is AIDS Treatment News. In Canada similar publications like The Positive Side and the Treatment Information Flash were started by people with HIV/AIDS with the support of grassroots, but increasingly government funded, AIDS service organizations. During this period media products like The Positive Side and Treatment Information Flash were produced by politically involved HIV- positive gay men who sought to provide information to all people with HIV/AIDS but also realised that their primary audience was gay men who were HIV infected or affected. With developments in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, the main issue for people with HIV/AIDS became gaining access to information rather than a lack of information. Pressure from the organised HIV/AIDS community eventually led to the development of and greater support (from government and private foundations) for treatment information organisations. In the United States, groups like Project Inform (PI) were established which focussed exclusively on interpreting medical information and making it available to people with HIV/AIDS. In Canada, a similar organisation was started, the Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange (CATIE), initially a subcommittee of AIDS ACTION NOW! and then as an autonomous organisation. Treatment-specific organisations meant that existing media projects were given more resources and a broader scope in meeting the information needs of people with HIV/AIDS. Media projects that began earlier in the epidemic were faced with the challenge of adapting to changes in the AIDS epidemic and to the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Efforts were made, for instance, in treatment information projects in Canada with varying levels of success to include the voices of a more diverse range of people with HIV/AIDS. Also, a greater emphasis was placed on providing material that would be accessible to people with varying educational, cultural, and social backgrounds. In the case of The Positive Side and the Treatment Information Flash despite efforts effectively reaching a more diverse audience of people with HIV/AIDS, while remaining relevant to gay men with HIV/AIDS, was an ongoing challenge that called into question the effectiveness and relevancy of such media as a forum for all people with HIV/AIDS. In more recent years, with the rise of new medications and the use of combination therapy or treatment cocktails, as well as the rise in use and legitimacy of complementary therapies, the health care information needs of people with HIV/AIDS have grown exponentially. To meet the changes needs of people with HIV/AIDS, organisations like PI and CATIE have turned away from print media and instead embraced the phone, fax, and the Internet as an alternative means of disseminating treatment information. Also, the availability of information in currently less of a problems as it was in the 1980s and early 1990s (although accessibility continues to be a serious problem). Instead, people with HIV/AIDS were becoming overwhelmed by an overabundance of information. Treatment information projects had to go beyond simply making information available and understandable; people with HIV/AIDS needed to learn how to make sense of the wealth of information available in order to make informed decisions about their health. Print media projects like The Positive Side and the Treatment Information Flash were eventually incorporated into broader electronic media based projects that were more oriented toward provided a broad amount of treatment information to a diverse audience of people with HIV/AIDS. Early print media projects were unable to extend beyond their grassroots in the gay HIV-positive community. In this sense in the pursuit of becoming general media they no longer were "community-based" and as a result could no longer sustain themselves. Conclusion What community-based meant for those involved in projects like The Positive Side and the Treatment Information Flash revolved around ensuring that the media actively engaged an audience of people with HIV/AIDS and that the material in the publication was grounded in the experiences of people with HIV/AIDS." This understanding of community-based had two components. First, it was an attempt to remain accountable to the needs and concerns of those HIV-infected and affected. And, second, it was an effort to privilege and foster the opinions, views, and expertise of those living with HIV/AIDS. Achieving this required a political analysis that identified the dominant social order as working against, or simply ignoring, the best interests of those HIV-infected and affected. In response, people with HIV/AIDS needed to take control of the production and representation of information about managing HIV infection. As a result, becoming and remaining "community-based" was for a period of time an ongoing process that was negotiated between the audience and those involved in the media projects. This negotiation was seen as essential to providing an alternative forum for health care information that looked critically and pragmatically at dominant discourses about managing HIV infection. However, in recent years, the realisation that it is not possible to address people with HIV/AIDS as a unified, politically aware audience has called into question the viability of treatment information projects. As a result, early treatment publications have been replaced by large government funded treatment information organisations that provide general information through a variety of media which are intended for a diverse range of people with HIV/AIDS. The result is a greater gap between producer and consumer and a shift away from a consideration of the audience as an essential, potentially political entity in the production of AIDS treatment information. References Ariss, R. Against Death: The Practice of Living with AIDS. Australia: Gordon & Breach Publishers, 1996. Carter, G. ACT UP, the AIDS War and Activism. New Jersey: Open Magazine, 1992. Carter, E., and S. Watney. Taking Liberties: AIDS and Cultural Politics. London: Serpent's Tail, 1989. Downing, J. Radical Media. Boston: South End Press, 1984. Kahn, A. AIDS: The Winter War. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993. Smith, M. "Feminist Media and Cultural Politics." Women in Mass Communication. Ed. P. Creedon. London: Sage, 1993. Trend, D. "Rethinking Media Activism: Why the Left Is Losing the Cultural War." Socialist Review, 2 (1993): 5-33. Citation reference for this article MLA style: James Gillett. "The Audience in Media Activism: AIDS Treatment Information Projects." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/activism.php>. Chicago style: James Gillett, "The Audience in Media Activism: AIDS Treatment Information Projects," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/activism.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: James Gillett. (2000) The Audience in Media Activism: AIDS Treatment Information Projects. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/activism.php> ([your date of access]).

Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

Les canaux potassiques sensibles à l'ATP (KATP) jouent un rôle primordial dans plusieurs processus cellulaires. La modulation de ces canaux par des molécules activatrices constituerait des applications pharmacologiques et médicinales très intéressantes. À cet effet nous avons conçu et synthétisé de nouvelles molécules hybrides cromakalim-diazoxide et diazoxide-amine/aminoacide. Nous avons également, évalué l'activité myorelaxante de ces composés sur l'aorte de rates. Les résultats obtenus ne montrent pas un effet myorelaxant significatif. Des études sur d'autres tissus, notamment les cellules β pancréatiques et le muscle utérin, sont envisagées afin d'explorer une éventuelle sélectivité tissulaire. Par ailleurs, les interactions protéine-protéine jouent un rôle fondamental dans presque tous les processus cellulaires. Elles sont fortement impliquées dans la formation de la structure dimérique de la protéase du VIH-1 et l'agrégation du peptide β amyloïde impliquée dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. L'inhibition de ces interactions serait donc d'un avantage thérapeutique pour le traitement du SIDA et de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nous avons conçu et synthétisé d'une part, des pinces moléculaires à base de motifs carbonylhydrazides et oligohydrazides (Azatide), et d'autre part, des molécules pentapeptidiques avec un peudoaminoacide central alcoolfluoré. Enfin, nous avons testé la capacité des pinces moléculaires à perturber le feuillet β terminal de la PR du VIH-1 afin d'inhiber sa dimérisation et donc son activité. Nous avons réalisé de même une étude de relation structure-activité et d'après l'ensemble des résultats obtenus, il semblerait que la flexibilité est délétère pour l'activité inhibitrice. Nous avons également évalué la capacité des nouvelles molécules peptidomimétiques alcool fluorées à accélérer ou inhiber l'agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42 dans le but de diminuer la présence de petits oligomères neurotoxiques. Les résultats obtenus sont très prometteurs, nous avons réussi à développer d'une part un pentapeptide capable d'inhiber totalement l'agrégation de Aβ1-42, et d'autre part des pseudopentapeptides capables d'accélérer son agrégation. Nous avons aussi démontré l'influence de l'atome de fluor sur la structuration d'un pentapeptide. Des études par RMN et DC sont en cours.

Tucked away in the northeastern corner of Alaska is one of the most contested landscapes in all of North America: the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Considered sacred by Indigenous peoples in Alaska and Canada and treasured by environmentalists, the refuge provides life-sustaining habitat for caribou, polar bears, migratory birds, and other species. For decades, though, the fossil fuel industry and powerful politicians have sought to turn this unique ecosystem into an oil field. Defending the Arctic Refuge tells the improbable story of how the people fought back. At the center of the story is the unlikely figure of Lenny Kohm (1939–2014), a former jazz drummer and aspiring photographer who passionately committed himself to Arctic Refuge activism. With the aid of a trusty slide show, Kohm and representatives of the Gwich’in Nation traveled across the United States to mobilize grassroots opposition to oil drilling. From Indigenous villages north of the Arctic Circle to Capitol Hill and many places in between, this book shows how Kohm and Gwich’in leaders and environmental activists helped build a political movement that transformed the debate into a struggle for environmental justice. In its final weeks, the Trump administration fulfilled a long-sought dream of drilling proponents: leasing much of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain for fossil fuel development. Yet the fight to protect this place is certainly not over. Defending the Arctic Refuge traces the history of a movement that is alive today—and that will continue to galvanize diverse groups to safeguard this threatened land.

AbstractThe paper outlines landslide mapping and change-detection monitoring protocols based on the successes of ICL-IPL Project 202 in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive landslide assemblages. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass-wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research in the Thompson River Valley aims to gain a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and the Canadian economy. We conclude by proposing a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada, which is also applicable elsewhere.

AbstractBird watching is one of the most popular ways of getting close to nature, laying the foundations for what is now known as Birdwatching or Birding, nowadays a niche within ecotourism. The Canary Islands are an exceptional centre for ornithological tourism, standing out for the presence of six endemic species that are exclusive worldwide. In this context, the island of El Hierro is the least visited island for bird watching in the Canary Islands archipelago, even though it has been designated as a Biosphere Reserve and Geopark. This paper aims to lay the foundations for the development of ornithological tourism on the island of El Hierro, following the methodology proposed by Gosálvez Rey (El Valle de Alcudia y Sierra Madrona, 2009), Puhakka et al. (PLoS One 6, 2011) and the Ornithological Tourism Strategy for the Canary Islands (SEO/Birdlife in Estrategia de Turismo Ornitológico para la Macaronesia, 2016). A geographical analysis of the diversity of species is addressed, the most suitable trails and points for birdwatching are indicated and the mechanisms for promoting this tourist activity are outlined. The island of El Hierro has 22 species and subspecies of birds of interest for birdwatching, the best areas for birdwatching being the Natura 2000 sites (EU) and Birdlife International's IBAs. The island of El Hierro is served by a network of paths provided by the Cabildo de El Hierro and the Spanish government's Caminos Naturales programme, complemented by a set of fourteen lookout that serve as strategic points for bird watching. The challenge for the island of El Hierro will be to develop birdwatching that respects and even enhances natural values, avoiding endangering the species observed and their habitats.

HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. This fact is well established. And yet a vocal group of fringe scientists, freelance journalists, and Internet bloggers persistently deny the existence of HIV. AIDS deniers share the same strategies and tactics seen in other denialist groups, including climate change deniers, Holocaust deniers, and anti-vaccine activists. Refuting the basic science of HIV has caused the early death of people infected with the virus who have ignored their diagnosis and refused life-saving treatments. In South Africa, AIDS denialism resulted in hundreds of thousands of senseless deaths. Most recently, AIDS denialism has infiltrated the criminal justice systems in the US, Canada, and Australia. AIDS denialism is best addressed by correcting medical misinformation, improving science literacy and calling out the pseudoscientific backgrounds and fraudulent claims of AIDS denialists.

This first-person activist reflection discusses the author’s experience immigrating to Canada as a queer AIDS activist. The author situates his experience navigating HIV-positive-exclusionary immigration policies where the only avenue for immigrating while HIV-positive is through gay marriage. Canada maintains a draconian set of discriminatory laws regarding the so-called “excessive demand” HIV-positive immigrants put on the publicly funded health care system in Canada. This piece briefly looks at the history of HIV travel and immigration bans as well as proposed HIV quarantine legislation across Canada. While Canada is often regarded as more progressive than the United States in many ways, its HIV immigration ban and high prosecution and conviction rate for HIV nondisclosure make Canada one of the most legally precarious countries for HIV-positive people in the west.

In 1849, Harriet Jacobs joined Posts’ household after Nell returned to Boston, and Sojourner Truth befriended Amy in 1851. The Posts invited black and white friends to their home, and Amy helped organize an interracial dinner during a WNYASS convention. Still aiding a flood of fugitive slaves, the Posts became increasingly involved in woman’s rights, spiritualism, temperance, and the Congregational Friends. Susan B. Anthony settled in Rochester in 1849 and joined Amy in woman’s rights and temperance efforts. As Isaac became absorbed in spiritualism, Amy travelled to antislavery and woman’s rights conventions, visited William Nell in Boston, and toured fugitive communities in Canada. While honing her skills as a conductor across movements, Post also confronted her limits. In 1849 Julia Griffiths arrived from Scotland to aid Douglass’s work. More attracted to political abolitionism and affluent supporters than to radical activists, Griffiths nonetheless hoped to gain Post’s support. Instead, as Douglass grew closer to Griffiths, he became more critical of Post. The gulf widened when Griffiths organized the Rochester Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society and Douglass embraced political abolitionism. Still, Post remained close with Nell, Jacobs, and Truth, who shared her spiritualist and women’s rights views as well as her radical abolitionism.

This chapter moves beyond the St George’s societies that scholars portray as proof that the English principally indulged in elite civic activism rather than ethnic behaviour. A second tier of English association developed in the 1870s catering specifically for independent working class migrants. The Order of the Sons of St George (OSStG; 1870) and the Sons of England (1874) represented something different. Clearly, working-class Englishmen and women in the US and Canada felt the need for another type of organization—one whose fees they could afford, something that provided them with mutual aid. These English ethnic friendly societies drew upon homeland traditions. In the US, they also took shape with an American culture of associating. Such organizations were structured by the imperatives of class solidarity and ethnic togetherness. Indeed, ethnicity also sponsored (and was sponsored by) tension and competition with the Irish. This chapter traces these developments with a particular view to the context in which they were founded, and where they were set up. The OSStG, for instance, came about in part as a coordinated response to a heightened ethnic consciousness.

This chapter examines the process of diffusion of early steamship technology across the United Kingdom between the commencement of commercial services in 1812 through to 1834. It aims to demonstrate that diffusion of steamship services was both rapid and nationwide, and seeks to explain why this was. The basis for the statistics of tonnage, number, ownership and construction of vessels come from a variety of sources, in particular the British Parliamentary papers. In analysing tonnage rates, numbers of steam vessels, port activity, the development of steamship services such as mail and post, and the varied uses of steamships between coast and canal, it discovers that diffusion of the steamship was not only rapid by the standards of its own industry, but rapid within the context of pre-1900 technological advancement.

Indigenous peoples have always asserted their territorial, resource and other rights when threatened by encroachment, not least in the settlement colonies covered in this chapter—Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, where they were most dramatically displaced. But in the second half of the twentieth century, the aboriginal inhabitants of these countries reasserted themselves with considerable force and success, using methods very different from those of the earlier actions—including judicial channels unwittingly provided by the colonizers. In the process, displaced and dislocated communities have attempted to repossess ‘stolen’ space—physically, intellectually, and judicially. Reassertion in the United States and these three Commonwealth countries has had global ideological ripples, which is partly why we have chosen to examine them. They also share British-based legal systems and political traditions that indigenous groups have used to good effect. We are focusing here on indigenous communities in the narrower sense, in countries where whites remained the demographic majority. Their challenge was to predominantly anglophone societies, the descendants of British settlers and immigrants who arrived mostly over the last two hundred years. The discussion is limited largely to the environmental aspects of reassertion rather than legal and other ramifications; we will mention important court cases, but not cover all landmark events on the timeline of indigenous struggle. The exploration of patterns of resistance in Chapter 16 covered South Asia and Africa where colonized people remained in the demographic majority and regained political power. Though the reassertions discussed here have strategies and aims in common, they are qualitatively different. They were not so much an attempt, by force if necessary, to repel incomers and the controls they impose (it is far too late for that), or to win overall power in an anti-colonial struggle, as a highly articulate call from the heart for justice, land, and a form of self-determination. Moreover, new movements are increasingly ideological and transnational, involving organized networks that use globalized discourses of discontent. The media, internet, NGOs, and UN fora are their tools of choice, which enable activists to influence the behaviour of states and corporations. Reassertion is the opposite of retreat, one aboriginal response to conquest, and suggests that this modern phenomenon is partly about renewed confidence.

This textbook has covered the common causes of broken down teeth: dental caries, tooth wear, and trauma. In addition, long-term failure of parts, or all, of the existing tooth–restoration complex can be significant and may require further operative intervention for its successful management (see Chapter 9). Many intra-coronal defects can be repaired with direct adhesive restorations, as discussed in Chapters 5 and 9. However, the situation can be complicated by the loss of significant portions of existing restoration or tooth structure (e.g. cusps, buccal/lingual walls), which influence the restorative procedures used in an attempt to maintain the tooth longevity, as well as pulp viability, for as long as possible. For direct restorations to succeed clinically, they require healthy dental tissues to aid support, retention, and ideally provide an element of protection from excessive occlusal loads. With diminishing amounts of tooth structure to work with, greater thought and care are required to manage and prepare the remaining viable hard tissues to support and retain the larger restoration. The core restoration describes the often large direct plastic restoration used to build up the clinically broken down crown. It is retained and supported by remaining tooth structure wherever possible (sometimes including the pulp chamber and posts in root canals of endodontically treated teeth). These large restorations often benefit from further overlying protection to secure their clinical longevity, by means of indirect onlays, and partial or full coverage crowns. Before carrying out a detailed clinical examination of the individual tooth and the related oral cavity, it is always important to justify your clinical decisions, for both operative and non-operative preventive interventions. The five key reasons for minimally invasive (MI) operative intervention are:… • to repair hard tissue damage/cavitation caused by the active, progressing caries/tooth-wear process (where non-operative prevention has failed repeatedly) • to remove plaque stagnation areas within cavities/defects which will increase the risk of caries activity due to the lack of effective plaque removal by the patient • to help to manage acute pulpitic pain caused by active caries by removing the bacterial biomass and sealing the defect, thereby protecting the pulp • to restore the tooth to maintain structure and function in the dental arch • aesthetics.

Significant research on Arctic sea ice trends and the potential for resource development have been well documented and illustrated as drivers for changes to Arctic shipping traffic patterns. There is a strong awareness of the potential risks to the environment such as an oil spill in ice as well as impacts on traditional human activity. Similarly, there is awareness that there will be a demand for increased navigation services such as aids to navigation, charting and emergency response capacity. However, many questions remain about what impact sea ice trends and resource development have had on shipping and accidents. To date, the Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA) project has provided a snapshot of Arctic shipping traffic patterns and activity for the year 2004 and suggests a further research opportunity exists to conduct a trend analysis of shipping activity. The AMSA report suggests that “As marine activity continues to expand in the Arctic, statistical trends indicate that the potential risk of vessel mishaps and marine pollution incidents also increases” (Arctic Council, 2009). However, this is not necessarily the case where risks are managed. Accident trends in the Canadian Arctic suggest that safety management, vessel design and navigation experience have had positive impacts and one must look more closely at specific areas of operation, vessel types and activity to identify opportunities to improve risk management including both prevention and response. So the question remains “What can we learn from recent trends in vessel traffic and accident rates to better understand potential navigation impacts in the future?” Using the AMSA Shipping Database (Arctic Council, 2009) and a spatial trend analysis of Canadian Arctic shipping traffic and vessel accident rates covering the period 1987 to 2008, this paper will report on preliminary findings, show where accident rates are increasing and decreasing, provide traffic trends for each Shipping Safety Control Zone, help to dispel a few myths, and possibly confirm other rumours.

This paper traces the development path adopted for the SCWR, including the directions taken for innovative collaboration (R&D+i). In the pre-conceptual design work, instead of taking a fixed concept, the constraints and resulting design targets are defined first. By encouraging innovation, the motivation for the work is not just the size of the R&D funding for a single project, but rather the scale and opportunity of the technology challenge and the potential for attracting grass-roots support at all levels. From the beginning of the Generation IV ideas, the SCWR has taken a somewhat different path from other systems. Learning from the historical lessons of earlier unsuccessful designs of gas-cooled and liquid metal-cooled concepts, the SCWR targets the twin aims of increased efficiency and low cost by leveraging conventional thermal technology while also improving safety and avoiding open-ended development. By working with universities nationally, and other partners internationally, a wider R&D+i activity was possible that was not constrained by any early time-frame demonstration project. As a result, presently a number of unique and creative achievements stand out, where the collaborative SCWR R&D+i partnership is very different from other systems in approach, potential and scope by: a) Providing an open opportunity for some 30 countries to share their development efforts, while representing major global industrial and economic development (the 24 EU nations, plus Canada, Japan, Russia, China, India, Korea and others) without the impediments of any “national” demonstration projects; b) Allowing differing design concepts to flourish, from simple systems to more complex ideas, with process heat and hydrogen production applications emerging naturally, providing flexibility in application and design approach; c) Encouraging extensive educational research opportunities, ideas and contributions outside national laboratories, providing a unique framework for quality assurance that meets the needs of industry, universities and other partners worldwide, as well as a coordinated effort within the Generation IV International Forum and the IAEA cooperative research efforts; d) Examining many innovations (e.g., on alternate thermal cycles, fuel cycles and energy uses) without impacting any specific demonstration, so the testing and research are based largely on new capability development, without committing large funding to design teams with already fixed or unrealizable concepts. This paper describes this new R&D+i concept and its potential directions and results.

Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.