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Musa, Saif Ali, and Abdalla A. R. M. Hamid. "PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG AID WORKERS OPERATING IN DARFUR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.3.407.
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Aid workers operating in war zones are susceptible to mental health problems that could develop into stress and acute traumatic stress. This study examined the relationships between burnout, job satisfaction (compassion satisfaction), secondary traumatic stress (compassion fatigue), and distress in 53 Sudanese and international aid workers in Darfur (mean age = 31.6 years). Measures used were the Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire (ProQOL; Stamm, 2005), the Relief Worker Burnout Questionnaire (Ehrenreich, 2001), and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 1991). Results showed that burnout was positively related to general distress and secondary traumatic stress, and negatively related to compassion satisfaction. Sudanese aid workers reported higher burnout and secondary traumatic stress than did international workers. Results are discussed in light of previous findings. It was concluded that certain conditions might increase aid workers' psychological suffering and relief organizations need to create positive work climates through equipping aid workers with adequate training, cultural orientation, and psychological support services.
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Southworth, Caleb. "Aid to Sharecroppers." Social Science History 26, no. 1 (2002): 33–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012281.
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When social scientists enumerate the reasons behind the vast expansion of the U.S. welfare state during the New Deal, they commonly cite pressure from unemployed workers, the Keynesian ideology of Roosevelt's policy advisors, and the political compromise between southern congressionalDixiecrats and northern Democrats which enabled the programs that extended relief to the needy (Schlesinger 1958; Conkin 1967: chap. 3; Alston and Ferrie 1985; Goldfield 1989; Kimeldorf and Stepan-Norris 1992; Alston and Ferrie 1993; Quadagno 1994: 20–22; Fleck 1999a).While it is uncontroversial that the working class played some part in the formation of New Deal policy, it would seem that American farmers, particularly the mostly black southern tenantry, had little or no direct role in the distribution of federal relief.
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Ahsan, Nabeela, and Sandra Tullio-Pow. "Functional clothing for natural disaster survivors." Disaster Prevention and Management 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-01-2013-0004.
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Purpose – Natural disasters, occurring with increasing frequency are mobilizing humanitarian agencies to provide relief response. Current protocols that rely heavily on donated clothing as clothing aid are neither effective nor efficient. The purpose of this paper is to investigate survivors’ clothing needs during the relief phase of a natural disaster in order that current protocol might be improved. The focus is on clothing use from the perspectives of survivors who will wear it, relief workers and aid agencies that will disperse it. Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative study included needs analysis focus groups with survivors, interviews with relief aid workers and senior humanitarian agency administrators. All respondents were residents of and/or impacted by the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Questions focused on relief aid protocol, clothing needs and mandatory requirements for a design solution. Findings – Data gathered revealed a myriad of design priorities and participants emphasized that garments be culturally and climatically appropriate and universal in design. Based on these criteria, a prototype (named Survival Plus) was created using the Functional, Expressive and Aesthetic design framework as proposed by Lamb and Kallal (1992). Research limitations/implications – Further research may be undertaken to field test proposed Survival Plus prototype to evaluate the design and subsequent findings be incorporated in its design. Originality/value – Academic knowledge about this aspect of disaster management and response is scarce. This participatory study of clothing needs of survivors is of particular benefit to emergency preparedness initiatives and humanitarian aid providers in their delivery of clothing aid.
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POTTIER, J. "RELIEF AND REPATRIATION: VIEWS BY RWANDAN REFUGEES; LESSONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID WORKERS." African Affairs 95, no. 380 (July 1, 1996): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007740.
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Sasson, Tehila. "From Empire to Humanity: The Russian Famine and the Imperial Origins of International Humanitarianism." Journal of British Studies 55, no. 3 (June 10, 2016): 519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2016.57.
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AbstractThis article investigates the imperial origins of international humanitarianism in the British and international relief mission to Russia during the famine of 1921–1922. The famine triggered the first large-scale international humanitarian mission beyond the scope of the European and American empires. Imperial expertise and knowledge became central to the British as well as international humanitarian response to relieve hungry Russia. From international coordination to national campaigns, British politicians and voluntary aid workers relied on imperial tools and thought. The British involvement in the relief mission to Russia thus provides a fresh perspective on the development of internationalist and nationalist humanitarian projects in the interwar period and their relationship to imperial legacies. Through humanitarian aid, Britain assumed a new role on a global stage. By retooling imperial expertise, humanitarian ethics became part of a project of global governance. Furthermore, with the advice of former colonial experts, a “mixed economy” of voluntary and state aid underlay the collaboration between voluntary and international agencies throughout the famine and after. The history of famine relief provides a case study in the emergence of humanitarian governance in the twentieth century.
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Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane. "Local Capacities for Peace Meets Conflict Resolution Practice." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 1, no. 1 (September 2002): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2002.792434939906.
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Relief and development workers have not seen themselves as doing peacebuilding until recently, and have noted the negative impact of aid in many cases. This article suggests how the Local Capacities for Peace Project (LCPP) model can be informed by conflict resolution practice to create relief and development interventions leading to peace.
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SUZUKI, Michiko. "The Japanese Red Cross Society’s Emergency Responses in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945." Social Science Japan Journal 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyab026.
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Abstract The previously unstudied records of the Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) narrate the heroic tale of the Red Cross personnel who carried out the organisation’s emergency response in the immediate aftermath of the nuclear detonations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Aid workers began relief activities on the day of the bombings, while many themselves were suffering from injuries and radiation sickness. They treated civilians, soldiers, and Allied POWs without discrimination. Why did these aid-givers choose to work for the Red Cross in the face of such extreme risk? Why were they willing to walk into ground zero to render aid to survivors? JRCS records make clear that, as well-trained nurses and doctors, most aid workers understood the mortal dangers they faced from radioactive poisoning. This article argues that their actions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were attributable to strict quasi-military training, which transcended the ideology of the JRCS as an imperialist institution. Their emergency responses demonstrate the extent to which Red Cross workers had internalised their professional mission as medical aid-givers and eventually emerged as exemplars of the humanitarian relief ideal.
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Lee, Vernon J., and Edwin Low. "Coordination and Resource Maximization during Disaster Relief Efforts." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, S1 (February 2006): S8—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00015818.
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AbstractIntroduction:In the aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami in Southeast Asia, many relief organizations sent medical aid to affected areas.Objective:The aim of this paper is to examine the mix of healthcare workers resulting from an influx of aid to Meulaboh, Indonesia, and how they met local healthcare needs.Methods:Data were collected from the registration center for relief organizations in Meulaboh and daily hospital meetings on healthcare needs and available workers.Results:Prior to the Tsunami, there were 14 doctors and 120 nurses in the hospital. By the third week after the Tsunami, there were 21 surgeons performing 10 surgeries daily, and >20 non-surgical doctors in the 90-bed hospital. There were <70 nurses available during the month after the Tsunami, which was insufficient for the needs of the hospital. In the town of Meulaboh, the number of doctors exceeded the number of nurses, while public health workers comprised <5% of the healthcare workers.Conclusion:An initial disaster-coordinating agency, formed by the United Nations (United Nations) in conjunction with affected countries, should link actively with relief organizations. This will optimize help in meeting local needs, and direct relief to where it is needed most.
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Rubin, Margareta, J. Hans A. Heuvelmans, Anja Tomic-Cica, and Marvin L. Birnbaum. "Health-Related Relief in the Former Yugoslavia: Needs, Demands, and Supplies." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 2000): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00024870.
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AbstractIntroduction:Many organizations rally to areas to provide assistance to a population during a disaster. Little is known about the ability of the materials and services provided to meet the actual needs and demands of the affected population. This study sought to identify the perceptions of representatives of the international organizations providing this aid, the international workers involved with the delivery of this aid, the workers who were employed locally by the international organizations, the recipients, and the local authorities. This study sought to identify the perceptions of these personnel relative to the adequacies of the supplies in meeting the needs and demands of the population during and following the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Methods:Structured interviews were conducted with representatives of international organizations and workers providing aid and with locally employed workers, recipients of the assistance, and the authorities of the areas involved. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assist in the analysis of the data.Results:Eighty-eight interviews were conducted. A total of 246 organizations were identified as providing assistance within the area, and 54% were involved with health-related activities including: 1) the provision of medications; 2) public health measures; and 3) medical equipment or parts for the same. Internationals believed that a higher proportion of the needs were being met by the assistance (73.4 ±16.4%) than did the nationals (52.1 ±23.3%; p <0.001). All groups believed that approximately 50% of the demands of the affected population were being addressed. However, 87% of the international interviewees believed that the affected population was requesting more than it actually needed.While 27% of the international participants believed that ≥25% of what was provided was unusable, 80% of the recipients felt that ≥25% of the provisions were not usable. Whereas two-thirds of the international participants believed that ≥25% of the demands for assistance by the affected community could not be justified, only 20% of the recipients and authorities believed ≥25% of the demands were unjustified.Conclusions::Many organizations are involved in the provision of medical assistance during a disaster. However, international organizations and workers believe their efforts are more effective than do the recipients.
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Kwag, Myeongji, and Ogcheol Lee. "Difficulties faced by Korean disaster relief workers while providing humanitarian aid: A descriptive study." Nursing & Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (October 17, 2018): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12577.
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Burke, R. L. "(A328) Food and Water Risk Assessments during Disaster Operations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003128.
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Although the exact burden of foodborne disease is unknown, diarrheal diseases kill approximately 2.2 million people annually. Even in developed countries foodborne illness is estimated to affect over 20% of the population annually. During natural disasters existing food safety and security measures may be damaged and mission priorities during emergencies may prevent inspection agencies from conducting normal inspections and enforcing government regulations. This breakdown in the food safety infrastructure may lead to increases in foodborne diseases within the local population and relief workers. The risk in this latter group is possibly magnified by their immunologic naïveness to local pathogens and an outbreak among relief workers can severely impact support operations, interfere with the aid delivery, and may result in the loss of life. In addition to natural disease transmission, there is the potential for terrorist organizations to target relief workers through deliberate contamination of the food and water supplies. Consequently, relief agencies should consider both food safety and security during disaster operations. A Food and Water Risk Assessment (FWRA) is a tool for identifying potential high risk food items and practices in local food sources and facilities and examines the overall food operation, the food facilities and equipment, water potability, cleaning and sanitation, pest control, employee health and sanitation, food security, and the source of the food items. The FWRA identifies risk items and provides mitigative control measures designed to reduce the residual risk to acceptable levels and minimize potential disruption of mission operations. Although the ultimate goal is protecting the health of the relief workers, the FWRA can also be used as a tool to improve the food safety practices of local food facilities and suppliers which will in turn help to reduce the incidence of foodborne disease among the local population during the disaster relief operations and beyond.
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Moresky, Rachel T., M. James Eliades, M. A. Bhimani, E. Bradshaw Bunney, and Michael J. VanRooyen. "Preparing International Relief Workers for Health Care in the Field: An Evaluation of Organizational Practices." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043399.
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AbstractThe growth of the humanitarian aid industry has led to the proliferation of relief programs and the rapid rise in the number of relief personnel working in the field. One major necessity in developing successful international programs is appropriately trained field personnel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the educational practice and training methods for field workers by non-government organizations (NGO).Of the 53 organizations surveyed, 64% responded that they sent health care workers to acute human emergencies. A majority of organizations, 31/53 (59%), used manuals as the primary method of training for workers before going into the field. Eighty-five percent of organizations (45/53) supplied their workers with trip briefings from prior personnel before going into the field, and 91% (48/53) had an on-site coordinator. Only 34% (18/53) provided classroom teaching or orientation prior to departure. The average number of months spent by workers abroad was ≤1 for nearly half (49%) of the NGOs. Only 34% (18/53) of the NGOs required that personnel had previous international experience.Training of humanitarian workers varies significantly between nongovernmental organizations. Lack of standardization in training programs and wide variation of provider preparedness indicates the need by NGOs for enhanced training for field personnel.
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Fu, Jia-Chen. "Scientising Relief: Nutritional Activism from Shanghai to the Southwest, 1937–1945." European Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 2 (2012): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-20121107.
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The Shanghai Refugee Children Nutritional Aid Committee, formed in 1937, sought to improve refugee children’s nutritional health by making and distributing a scientifically tested soybean milk and soybean cakes. By 1942, the Committee had adopted a national platform and changed its moniker to the Chinese Nutritional Aid Council, with plans to open offices and nutrition clinics in Chongqing, Chengdu, Guiyang and Kunming. This paper argues that in linking biomedical understandings of nutrition with social change, this group of Western-trained physicians and young female social workers enacted a new kind of social activism, one which seized upon the food-as-fuel idea and staked the welfare of the nation upon the nutritional health of its citizenry. In contrast to earlier social relief projects promoted by the imperial state and the local philanthropic initiatives of gentry elites, the Chinese Nutritional Aid Committee articulated an image of professional and specialised expertise in the science of nutrition and care. Theirs was a project of modern refashioning in which science played a key and foundational role in crafting their understanding of both relief and the children they aimed to save.
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O'Sullivan, Kevin. "‘Ah, Ireland, the caring nation’: foreign aid and Irish state identity in the long 1970s." Irish Historical Studies 38, no. 151 (May 2013): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400001607.
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On a plane leaving Baidoa refugee camp in Somalia in late 1992, an Arab doctor offered John O'Shea, head of the relief agency Goal, a glimpse of how the Irish were viewed in that civil war-ravaged state. ‘Ah, Ireland’, he remarked on learning of O'Shea's country of origin, ‘the caring nation’. He had reason to be complimentary. In addition to the aid agencies and aid workers involved in the ongoing relief effort, Somalia had recently hosted two highprofile visitors from the Irish state. In August 1992 the minister for Foreign Affairs, David Andrews, spent three days in the country to view at first-hand its escalating civil war. He was followed less than two months later by President Mary Robinson, whose arrival at Baidoa on 2 October marked the beginning of a tour – the first by a Western head of state – of the feeding stations and refugee camps that provided succour to those displaced by the conflict.
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Gazi, Theodora, and Alexandros Gazis. "Humanitarian aid in the age of COVID-19: A review of big data crisis analytics and the General Data Protection Regulation." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 913 (April 2020): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000084.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has served as a wake-up call for humanitarian aid actors to reconsider data collection methods, as old ways of doing business become increasingly obsolete. Although access to information on the affected population is critical now more than ever to support the pandemic response, the limitation of aid workers’ presence in the field imposes hard constraints on relief projects. In this article, we consider how aid actors can use “big data” as a crisis response tool to support humanitarian projects, in cases when the General Data Protection Regulation is applicable. We also provide a framework for examining open-source platforms, and discuss the advantages and privacy challenges of big data.
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Erblin Shehu and Sheila Spahiu. "A systematic review of cost-effective methods of international humanitarian response." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 11, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2021.11.1.4.
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Humanitarian relief organizations face many challenges due to the increasing number of both natural and man-made disasters such as drought, famine, war, and conflict. According to the United Nations, these challenges will continue to increase because of the risen vulnerability of humanitarian supply chains, especially regarding cost, accuracy, and duration. In this systematic review, we explore methods of lowering the cost of humanitarian responses, more specifically in regard to the education and training of aid workers.
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Fredricks, Karla, Hao Dinh, Manita Kusi, Chandra Yogal, Biraj M. Karmacharya, Thomas F. Burke, and Brett D. Nelson. "Community Health Workers and Disasters: Lessons Learned from the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 6 (August 8, 2017): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1700680x.
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AbstractIntroductionThe Nepal earthquake of 2015 was a major disaster that exacted an enormous toll on human lives and caused extensive damage to the infrastructure of the region. Similar to other developing countries, Nepal has a network of community health workers (CHWs; known as female community health volunteers [FCHVs]) that was in place prior to the earthquake and continues to function to improve maternal and child health. These FCHVs and other community members were responsible, by default, for providing the first wave of assistance after the earthquake.Hypothesis/ProblemCommunity health workers such as FCHVs could be used to provide formal relief services in the event of an emergency, but there is a paucity of evidence-based literature on how to best utilize them in disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response. Data are needed to further characterize the roles that this cadre has played in past disasters and what strategies can be implemented to better incorporate them into future emergency management.MethodsIn March 2016, key-informant interviews, FCHV interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Nepali health facilities using semi-structured guides. The audio-recorded data were obtained with the assistance of a translator (Nepali-English), transcribed verbatim in English, and coded by two independent researchers (manually and with NVivo 11 Pro software [QSR International; Melbourne, Australia]).ResultsAcross seven different regions, 14 interviews with FCHVs, two FGDs with community women, and three key-informant interviews were conducted. Four major themes emerged around the topic of FCHVs and the 2015 earthquake: (1) community care and rapport between FCHVs and local residents; (2) emergency response of FCHVs in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake; (3) training requested to improve the FCHVs’ ability to manage disasters; and (4) interaction with relief organizations and how to create collaborations that provide aid relief more effectively.ConclusionsThe FCHVs in Nepal provided multiple services to their communities in the aftermath of the earthquake, largely without any specific training or instruction. Proper preparation, in addition to improved collaboration with aid agencies, could increase the capacity of FCHVs to respond in the event of a future disaster. The information gained from this study of the FCHV experience in the Nepal earthquake could be used to inform risk reduction and emergency management policies for CHWs in various settings worldwide.FredricksK, DinhH, KusiM, YogalC, KarmacharyaBM, BurkeTF, NelsonBD. Community health workers and disasters: lessons learned from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):604–609.
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Van Der Auwera, M., M. Debacker, D. Danschutter, G. Gijs, and I. Hubloue. "(P1-100) Monitoring the Mental Well-Being of B-Fast Caregivers during Disaster Relief after the 2010 Haïti – Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004328.
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IntroductionDuring disaster relief, personnel's safety is very important. Mental well-being is a part of this safety issue. There is however a lack of objective mental well being monitoring tools, usable on scene, during disaster relief. This study covers the use of validated tools towards detection of psychological distress and monitoring of mental well being of disaster relief workers, during the Belgian First Aid and Support Team deployment after the Haiti earthquake in 2010.MethodologyThe study was conducted using a demographic questionnaire combined with validated measuring instruments: Belbin Team Role, Compassion Fatigue and Satisfaction Self-Test for Helpers, DMAT PsySTART, K6 + Self Report. A baseline measurement was performed before departure on mission, and measurements were repeated at day 1 and day 7 of the mission, at the end of mission, and 7 days, 30 days and 90 days post mission.ConclusionsThe study proved the ability to monitor mental well being and detect psychological distress, by self administered validated tools, during a real disaster relief mission. For practical reasons however some tools should be adapted to the specific use in the field. This study opens a whole new research area within the mental well-being and monitoring field.
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Kerwin*, Donald, and Robert Warren*. "US Foreign-Born Workers in the Global Pandemic: Essential and Marginalized." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 3 (September 2020): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420952752.
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Executive Summary This article provides detailed estimates of foreign-born (immigrant) workers in the United States who are employed in “essential critical infrastructure” sectors, as defined by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (DHS 2020). Building on earlier work by the Center for Migration Studies (CMS), the article offers exhaustive estimates on essential workers on a national level, by state, for large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), and for smaller communities that heavily rely on immigrant labor. It also reports on these workers by job sector; immigration status; eligibility for tax rebates under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act); and other characteristics. It finds that: Sixty-nine percent of all immigrants in the US labor force and 74 percent of undocumented workers are essential workers, compared to 65 percent of the native-born labor force. Seventy percent of refugees and 78 percent of Black refugees are essential workers. In all but eight US states, the foreign-born share of the essential workforce equals or exceeds that of all foreign-born workers, indicating that immigrant essential workers are disproportionately represented in the labor force. The percentage of undocumented essential workers exceeds that of native-born essential workers by nine percentage points in the 15 states with the largest labor force. In the ten largest MSAs, the percentages of undocumented and naturalized essential workers exceed the percentage of native-born essential workers by 12 and 6 percent, respectively. A total of 6.2 million essential workers are not eligible for relief payments under the CARES Act, as well as large numbers of their 3.8 million US citizen children (younger than age 17), including 1.2 million US citizen children living in households below the poverty level. The foreign-born comprise 33 percent of health care workers in New York State, 32 percent in California, 31 percent in New Jersey, 28 percent in Florida, 25 percent in Nevada and Maryland, 24 percent in Hawaii, 23 percent in Massachusetts, and 19 percent in Texas. Section I of the article describes the central policy paradox for foreign-born workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: that they are “essential” at very high rates, but many lack status and they have been marginalized by US immigration and COVID-19-related policies. Section II sets forth the article’s main findings. Section III outlines major policy recommendations.
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VANDECREEK, DREW E. "Strong Language: Mathew Carey, Sensibility, and the American State, 1819–1835." Journal of Policy History 33, no. 2 (April 2021): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030621000038.
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AbstractMathew Carey promoted the high tariff as a political expression of humane sentiments that relieved American workers of the misery caused by low wages and unemployment. This made him an early example of a state-builder working outside the state itself, building ideological frames and using emotional appeals to promote the expansion of state capacity. Although other aspects of his protectionism appealed to the republican tradition, Carey meshed his sentimental appeal with the liberalism. Later reformers integrated sensibility with liberalism by reference to the rights of vulnerable parties, but Carey added an appeal to an enlightened self-interest that allowed American manufacturers to profit while protecting workers. Although he became a well-known advocate for the organized provision of social welfare, his continued opposition to the widespread distribution of outdoor relief also suggests that he viewed the policy as a circumscribed federal social-welfare measure providing work rather than direct aid.
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Basu, Moumita, Saptarshi Ghosh, Arnab Jana, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, and Ravikant Singh. "Medical Requirements During a Natural Disaster: A Case Study on WhatsApp Chats Among Medical Personnel During the 2015 Nepal Earthquake." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2017): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.8.
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ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore a log of WhatsApp messages exchanged among members of the health care group Doctors For You (DFY) while they were providing medical relief in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake in April 2015. Our motivation was to identify medical resource requirements during a disaster in order to help government agencies and other responding organizations to be better prepared in any upcoming disaster.MethodsA large set of WhatsApp (WhatsApp Inc, Mountain View, CA) messages exchanged among DFY members during the Nepal earthquake was collected and analyzed to identify the medical resource requirements during different phases of relief operations.ResultsThe study revealed detailed phase-wise requirements for various types of medical resources, including medicines, medical equipment, and medical personnel. The data also reflected some of the problems faced by the medical relief workers in the earthquake-affected region.ConclusionsThe insights from this study may help not only the Nepalese government, but also authorities in other earthquake-prone regions of the world to better prepare for similar disasters in the future. Moreover, real-time analysis of such online data during a disaster would aid decision-makers in dynamically formulating resource-mapping strategies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:652–655).
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Cameron, Cortney, and Chibuike Madumere. "Assessment of Open-source Software, QGIS, To Estimate Hurricane Matthew Flood Extent in Robeson County, North Carolina, Using Unsupervised Classification." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 25, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2216.
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ABSTRACT The spatial extent of flooding caused by Hurricane Matthew in Robeson County, NC, in October 2016 was investigated by comparing two Landsat-8 images (one flood and one non-flood) following K-means unsupervised classification for each in both ENVI, a proprietary software, and QGIS with Orfeo Toolbox, a free and open-source software. In this study, unsupervised classification was capable of rapidly producing regional maps, but poor accuracy constrained practical application. Of particular note, the open-source setup performed on par with the proprietary option for each of the classifications. Overall, remote sensing techniques using open-source software show promise in helping aid workers to cost-effectively conduct post-event analyses and relief efforts.
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Hosseinnejad, Maryam, Mina Mahdavian, MS, and Farzaneh Zolala, PhD. "Sequential ambiguity and uncertainty in the early stage of a disaster relief: A case study of the Bam earthquake." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0451.
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This study aimed to identify issues that arose during the early response stage of the Bam earthquake as perceived by the aid workers. Eleven people who had been involved in the Bam earthquake response, and who were working for the Red Crescent in Iran or the Kerman University of Medical Science teams, were interviewed. These groups were two of the main organizations providing assistance to victims of the Bam earthquake. The authors used two nonrandom sampling methods, namely, purposive and snowball sampling. The interviewees identified two main barriers for achieving an effective response at the early stage aftermath of the earthquake, as follows: first, the lack of accurate information on the location and extent of the earthquake due to shortage in communication tools and, second, inadequate training on different challenges posed in relation to the disaster, before the earthquake occurred.
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Agalioitis, M., and A. Sran. "SAT0574 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID USE AMONG WORKER’S COMPENSATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1245.1–1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1548.
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Background:To increase recovery and return to work after an occupational accident or injury, a worker’s compensation claim provides individualised management plan involving multiple kinds of treatment. These plans can consist of the prescription of opioids to reduce inflammation, provide pain relief and increase functionality within a short period of time to aid return to work. Recently, there have been growing concerns about the misuse of opioids in managing pain symptoms by both the insurance industry and the general community. Studies from North America have indicated the prescription and management of opioid consumption among workers compensation claimants can cause more harm to functionality and reduce recovery to return to work, often leading to misuse, dependency or overdosing (Dembe, Wickizer, Sieck, Partridge & Balchick (2012)].Objectives:The aims of this abstract are to provide a comprehensive literature review of the studies that have examined: 1) the prevalence of opioid use among worker compensations claimants and, 2) identify predictors of long-term opioid use among the workers compensation claimants.Methods:A search strategy, with terms associated with “worker compensation”, “opioids” “prevalence” and/or “risk factors” were used to search through relevant databases such as CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to January 2020. Duplicates were excluded. Two researchers retrieved, screened for eligibility and reviewed the results accordingly using a staged approach. Systematic review registration number PROSPERO registry number: CRD42013004137.Results:The search yielded 2857 records. After the initial screening, 125 full-text articles were assessed by two independent reviewers. The inclusion criteria were met by nine studies1-9. All studies conducted retrospective cohort studies using workers compensation claimant’s data, ranging from 54,931, to 100,357 reports, either over a short 12-month period to over 11 years, with no reporting of response rate or recruitment rates. All studies examined the association of being exposure to opioids from the date of the workers injury(7), ranging from 30 to 730 days or from 0 days to 4 or more years1 4-9. Carnide et al (2018)2 was the only study to investigate opioid exposure before and after injury as a predictor of future long term use. Among those who examined work-opioid related factors (4) found workers compensation reports with work disability for more than 14 days where more likely to become a long term opioid uses (OR: 2.17 [95% CI:1.52–3.10])1. Kraut et al7 on the other hand, found being a worker’s compensation claimant increased the risk of being prescribed ≥ 120 morphine equivalents (ME) per day (ME/D) (OR: 2.06 [95% CI: 1.58 - 2.69]), than those who were not in workers compensation program. Another study found, initial days of supply of opioids from 5 to 20 or more days was strongly associated with long term use of opioids (OR: 28.94 [95%CI, 23.44-35.72])5. While a study by Heins et al (2015)6 examined receiving opioids within the first month, people with back injuries were less likely to become a long-term opioid user (OR: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.59 – 0.76]), while those with shoulder injury were at risk (OR: 1.29 [95% CI: 1.06 – 1.58]).Conclusion:There are a number of reliable prevalence studies among workers compensation settings indicating opioid use is below 20 percent however, there remains inconsistencies when examining predictors of long term or persistent opioid use. After reviewing the literature, a validity of studies will be conducted and graded by two authors independently using a standardised checklist to complete a systematic review for publication which will assist with managing opioid use among work compensation claimants and managers.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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MENTEŞ, Osman, and Mustafa TALAS. "THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AID DELIVERED FOR AFGHANISTAN ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION AFTER 2001." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/130104.
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This study aims to scrutinize historical development, current situation, and main problems of the Afghanistan Education System and the political, social, and economic dimensions of international aid to the country that are made to solve these problems. Following a brief analysis of the historical progress of the Afghanistan education system; the current state of the system and primary, secondary, and community based educational activities in the country in the period ensuing the 2001 US intervention and lasting until 2020 and the place of the foreign aid in the education system and its effects on this system are explained. The resources of this study encompass books; articles; media broadcasts; direct observations in the field and the information obtained through interviews with students, teachers, bureaucrats, politicians, relief workers, and project beneficiaries; and websites, reports and periodical publications of the United Nations, international organizations, state-run institutions of the donor countries, Afghanistan Ministry of Education and Ministry of Economy, which carries out non-governmental organizations affairs in Afghanistan. Through the analysis of the data gathered from accessible sources, it has been revealed that the decades' lasting wars, internal conflicts, poverty, and disasters have destroyed the Afghan Education Sector and unfortunately, no permanent and sustainable solutions could be developed yet despite the significant gains accomplished thanks to intense efforts for nearly two decades. Lacking enough resources and means to solve these problems, Afghanistan remains dependent on aid. Hence, international aid should continue in the field of education as in the other fields more systematically and comprehensively for Afghanistan which is regrettably does not seem to be able to disentangle from this deadlock in the short or medium run and geographical imbalances in the distribution of both public services and international aid should be eliminated. Keywords: Afghanistan, education system, international aid, humanitarian aid, United Nations, Non-governmental Organization (NGO)
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TAITHE, BERTRAND. "The Cradle of the New Humanitarian System? International Work and European Volunteers at the Cambodian Border Camps, 1979–1993." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000102.
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AbstractThis article investigates the development of communities of practice in Thai-border Cambodian refugee camps for those international humanitarian workers involved at the frontiers of the Cold War. Under the management of the United Nations Border Relief Operation (UNBRO) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) these camps brought together various NGOs and volunteers. Their prolonged presence at the border of Thailand enabled an epistemic community to emerge which facilitated the production of knowledge on refugees. Using oral histories and the archives of NGOs, this article investigates the development of an international community of practice in which Europeans played a key role, one which centred on the medical and social needs of refugees at a time of acute political instrumental use of humanitarian aid. The focus of humanitarians' work on genocide and associated trauma, resulted in a clear political awareness that humanitarian aid had been used to maintain Khmer Rouge presence at the borders and that, in the peace negotiations of the early 1990s, it might facilitate their territorial and political return to a position of power.
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Roberts, Les. "Advances in Monitoring Have Not Translated into Improvements in Humanitarian Health Services." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 5 (October 2007): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00005094.
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AbstractBackground:This paper is an attempt to review the advances and shortfalls in data collection and use of health data that have occurred during health emergencies in recent decades for the opening session of the Humanitarian and Health Conference at Dartmouth University in September of 2006.Methods:Examples of various kinds of successes and failures associated with health data collection are given to highlight advances with an effort to emphasize multi-agency efforts reviewed by outside scholars.Results:Health data, particularly surveillance data, have allowed relief workers to set priorities for life-saving humanitarian programs. The main guidelines widely utilized such as those of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Médecins sans Frontières, and the Sphere Project have considerable similarity due to the consistency of data collected in various crises. Moreover, difficult to see problems and successes have been revealed by coherent surveillance efforts. Yet, these data collection efforts can not show significant improvements in the quality of humanitarian aid in recent years. Moreover, health data often do not appear to have meaningful influence on the prioritizing of relief resources globally or on those political issues that trigger emergencies.Conclusions:The field of humanitarian relief is relatively nascent. Methods for documenting basic health measures on the local level have been developed and general health priorities have been documented. Some technical improvements in monitoring still are needed but decision-making is most often limited by the lack of data rather than the problems with data. The ability of health data to influence spending global priorities, legal or political actions undertaken by international organizations, remains very limited.
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Vymetal, Stepan. "Central System of Psychosocial Support to the Czech Victims Affected by the Tsunami in Southeast Asia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, S1 (February 2006): S27—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00015843.
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AbstractThe Tsunami disaster affected several countries in Southeast Asia in December 2004 and killed or affected many tourists, most of them from Europe. Eight Czech citizens died, and about 500 Czechs were seriously mentally traumatized. The psychosocial needs of tourists included: (1) protection; (2) treatment; (3) safety; (4) relief; (5) psychological first aid; (6) connecting with family members; (7) transportation home; (8) information about possible mental reactions to trauma; (9) information about the normality of their reaction; (10) procedural and environmental orientation; (11) reinforcement of personal competencies; and (12) psycho-trauma therapy.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic was in charge of general emergency management. General coordination of psychosocial support was coordinated under the Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic, which is connected to the Central Crisis Staff of the Czech Government. The major cooperative partners were: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Health, Czech Airlines, psychosocial intervention teams of the Czech Republic, and the Czech Association of Clinical Psychologists.The main goals of relief workers were: (1) to bring back home the maximum number of Czech citizens; (2) to provide relevant information to the maximum number of affected Czech citizens; (3) to provide relevant information to rescue workers and professionals; and (4) to prepare working psychosocial support regional network.Major activities of the Ministry of Interior (psychology section) included: (1) establishing a psychological helpline; (2) running a team of psychological assistance (assistance in the Czech airports, psychological monitoring of tourists, crisis intervention, psychological first aid, assistance in the collection of DNA material from relatives); (3) drafting and distributing specific information materials (brochures, leaflets, address lists, printed and electronic instructions); (4) communicating via the media and advertising; and (5) providing analysis and research studies.Central coordination of psychosocial support has been found as successful in the first phase after the disaster. The plans must be built for preferable cooperation in the psychosocial field in the Czech Republic. Better collaborates with journalists must exist in order to reduce secondary psycho-trauma.There is a need for intensive international cooperation in the psychosocial field and to build the network at the global level.
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Bunce, Mel. "Humanitarian Communication in a Post-Truth World." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.007.
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When people look online for information about humanitarian crises, they increasingly encounter media content that blurs the line between reality and fiction. This includes everything from rumour and exaggeration to partisan journalism and completely invented stories designed to look like real news (so-called ‘fake news’). This article shows that disinformation is causing real and serious harm to those affected by humanitarian emergencies; it can undermine the ability of humanitarian workers to provide relief; and it has exacerbated conflict and violence. Disinformation is also making it harder for journalists to report on the humanitarian sector, and hold the powerful to account, because it undermines audience trust in information more generally. The article concludes by considering interventions that could address the challenges of disinformation. It argues for more support of quality journalism about humanitarian crises, as well as media literacy training. Finally, it is crucial that aid agencies and news outlets commit to accuracy and fact checking in their reporting and campaigning.
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Khaldi, Hakim. "Humanitarian Field Practices in the Context of the Syrian Conflict from 2011 to 2018." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.043.
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How can we go about our work of saving lives when, in Syria, civilians, the wounded and their families, medical personnel and aid workers are all targets – whether in areas controlled by the government or those held by the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or various rebel groups with diverging political agendas? Over the course of several field missions, the author of this article, a member of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), sought to decipher the political and military engagements undertaken in different regions of Syria during the war years. He also factored into his analysis the endless flow of data, information and positioning being produced and published over this period, because the war was also fought every day on the internet where the representatives and ideologists of warring groups, human rights organisations, Syrian diaspora organisations and spokespersons of the Syrian central authorities were and still are a permanent presence. Drawing on all these observations and data, the author relates and analyses the emergency relief activities carried out by MSF in Syria, how these activities evolved and the conditions in which choices to intervene and decisions to withdraw were taken.
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Aniebue, Uzochukwu Uzoma, and Tonia Chinyelu Onyeka. "Ethical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Considerations in Gynecologic Cancer Care in Developing Countries." International Journal of Palliative Care 2014 (January 19, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/141627.
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Gynaecologic cancers contribute significantly to the cancer burden in developing countries, resulting in higher mortality and morbidity rates among women in these nations. This situation is further compounded by the occurrence of wars, famine, poverty and natural disasters, and infectious diseases like hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS. In addition, merge resources and manpower lack in these countries further compound this very delicate situation. Often times, socioeconomic, cultural, and ethical factors such as truth-telling, choice of place of care, place of death, treatment choices, medication use, and terminal sedation can interfere in patient management. Availability and use of oral morphine for pain relief, spiritual care and availability of palliative care services, the individuals’ autonomy, and family and community participation in care, end of life issues, and preservation of fertility are also big issues that determine the course of care. This review discusses these pertinent factors, discusses how they affect cancer care in women, and proffers ideas for healthcare workers and policy makers on implementation of sustainable models for cancer care in developing countries. Addressing socioeconomic, cultural, and ethical issues affecting gynaecologic cancer care will aid in ensuring development of viable models of cancer care in resource-limited countries.
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Wilson, Virginia. "Public Libraries Can Play an Important Role in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 5, no. 3 (September 27, 2010): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8nk75.
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A Review of:
Welsh, T. S. & Higgins, S. E. (2009). Public libraries post-Hurricane Katrina: A pilot study. Library Review, 58(9), 652-659.
Objective – This paper analyzes Hurricane Katrina-related narratives to document the challenges faced by public libraries after the disaster and the disaster-relief services these libraries provided.
Design – A qualitative thematic analysis of narratives obtained by convenience sampling.
Setting – Narratives were collected and analyzed in 2005 and 2006 across the Gulf Coast area of the United States.
Subjects – Seventy-two library and information science students enrolled in the University of Southern Mississippi’s School of Library and Information Science. Many worked in local libraries.
Methods – In this pilot study, students
volunteered to participate in a confidential process that involved telling their stories of their post-Hurricane Katrina experiences. Data was collected in a natural setting (the libraries in which the students worked), and inductive reasoning was used to build themes based on these research questions: What post-disaster problems related to public libraries were noted in the students’ narratives? What post-disaster public library services were noted in the narratives?
NVivo7 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze and code the narratives. Passages related to public libraries were coded by library location and student. These passages were analyzed for themes related to post-disaster challenges and disaster-recovery services pertaining to public libraries.
Main Results – Ten of the 72 narratives contained passages related to public libraries. The libraries included four in Alabama, one in Louisiana, and five in Mississippi. Results related to the first research question (What post-disaster problems related to public libraries were noted in the students’ narrative?) were physical damage to the building, from light damage to total destruction (reported in 8 or 80% of the students’ narratives), and inundation by refugees, evacuees, and relief workers (reported in 8 or 80% of the narratives). Results pertaining to the second research question (What post-disaster public library services were noted in the narratives?) included providing information for things such as providing information via the use of computers and the filling out of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Red Cross aid forms (6 or 60% of the narratives included this), listening and providing comfort (5 or 50% of the narratives), and volunteering and donating, both from others and of the students’ own time, money, or materials (noted by 5 or 50% of the narratives).
Conclusion – The researchers concluded that while public libraries suffered devastation during the hurricane, after the hurricane, those libraries that could open provided essential services to people in need. These services included providing access to computers and access to information via computers, aid in filling out necessary relief aid forms, listening and providing comfort, and volunteering time, money, and materials. The public library clearly played a role in both providing information and facilitating communication. Documenting such contributions serves to illustrate the value of public libraries, especially in a post-disaster setting, and helps to demonstrate the value of public libraries in their communities.
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Bhuju, Gajendra Bahadur, Kumud Kumar Kafle, Radha Raman Prasad, Vabha Rajbhandari, Gorkha Bahadur DC, Shiba Bahadur Karkee, Bimal Man Shrestha, and Praful Pradhananga. "Pattern of Medicine Prescribing in PHC Facilities before and after earthquake in Nepal." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 20, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v20i1.28552.
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Introduction: On April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two earthquakes. Many studies have focused on acute care delivery, disease outbreaks, mental health issues, and disaster relief post-earthquakes. Few others have looked at psychiatric medication prescription and health aid distribution pattern, only one study has addressed the effects of an earthquake on medication prescribing patterns and compared them to the post earthquake setting. This paper aims to examine common health problems and prescribing practices before and after the earthquake.
Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted within seven randomly selected health posts (HPs) located in the three most earthquake-affected districts of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Dhading. The patient records per month from each HP were selected from the out patient department (OPD) register by systematic random sampling for three months prior and three months after the earthquake. There were 584 and 654 encounters in the pre and post earthquake period respectively. Each patient record was analysed using WHO drug use indicators and national treatment guidelines.
Results: A significant decrease in encounters receiving antibiotics and cases receiving albendazole alone in worm infestation was found in the post-earthquake period. A significant increase in prescribing antibiotics in cases of common cold was found.
Conclusions: The common health problems were similar in both periods. However, prescribing practices were changed. As prescriptions related to mental health problems were lacking, there is a need for improving mental health education to the health workers.
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Muller, Jocelyn, and Iro Guimbo. "Eats Shoots and Leaves: Adding Local Understanding to the Discussion of Famine Food Resources in Niger." Practicing Anthropology 30, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.30.4.13760p7x440514wn.
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During my time as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Niger, my colleagues and I1 were often amused by reporter's descriptions of people "eating leaves off of the trees" as indications of the dire conditions in Niger. This was amusing to us because, as well fed Americans, "leaves off of the trees" was one of our favorite Nigerien dishes and was something routinely eaten, sold and enjoyed in both urban and rural Niger regardless of the state of food security. To imply that eating leaves was a sign of a state of emergency seemed like sensationalism, if not just poor fact checking. A few years later when I began my dissertation on the traditional uses of plants in Niger, I was surprised to find some of the same ideas repeated in scientific literature. When I discussed this with my co-author, Mr. Dan Guimbo, he was surprised that something so important to Nigerien culture and nutrition could be seen as an indicator of bad times. So we began to investigate both the literature on the subject of famine foods and the local perspective of famine foods within the village Boumba, in southwest Niger. While our results of the basic Zarma concept of "famine foods" are reported elsewhere (Muller and Almedom 2008), this article looks at the differences in the types of plants reported in the famine food literature versus by the villagers themselves and the implications this can have for practitioners and aid workers especially in famine relief interventions.
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Pottier, Johan. "Roadblock Ethnography: Negotiating Humanitarian Access in Ituri, Eastern Dr Congo, 1999–2004." Africa 76, no. 2 (May 2006): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2006.76.2.151.
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AbstractBased on field research carried out in 2004, this article focuses on how Ituribased Congolese relief workers negotiate humanitarian access with roadblock militias. Experiences and testimonies highlight the importance of sociocultural and political awareness during relief work induced by conflict. It is demonstrated that relief workers in conflict zones do not (and cannot) shed their ethnic identities; that instead they accept that a perceived ethnic identity brings strategic advantages as well as disadvantages. Further, a relief worker's bargaining power is shown to be influenced by militia perceptions of how his/her organization is positioned in the conflict. The overall argument responds to the renewed policy interest in debating the political context of humanitarian intervention.
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Istiqamah, Istiqamah, and Dwi Rahmawati. "Pencegahan Infeksi Pada Pertolongan Persalinan Di Praktik Mandiri Bidan Kota Banjarmasin." Proceeding Of Sari Mulia University Midwifery National Seminars, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33859/psmumns.v0i1.35.
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Latar Belakang: Pertolongan persalinan yang di lakukan oleh petugas kesehatan (dokter atau bidan) merupakan salah satu faktor resiko penularan penyakit dari pasien ke tenaga kesehatan atau sebaliknya karena berhubungan langsung dengan cairan tubuh pasien. Proporsi persalinan yang ditolong oleh bidan yaitu 60,9% dibandingkan dokter 16,2%. Mengingat bahwa infeksi ditularkan melalui darah, sekret vagina, air mani, cairan amnion dan cairan tubuh lainnya maka hal tersebut mempunyai resiko untuk tertular bila tidak mengindahkan pencegahan infeksi.Tujuan: mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan pencegahan infeksi pada pertolongan persalinan dibidan praktik mandiri Kota Banjarmasin.Metode: Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Populasi berjumlah 112 bidan praktik mandiri. Cara pengambilan sampel dengan simple random sampling dengan jumlah 35 bidan praktik mandiri. Analisa data dengan menggunakan analisa univariat.Hasil: Melakukan prosedur cuci tangan sebanyak 35 responden (100%), sarung tangan dtt/steril 35 responden (100%), apron/celemek 35 responden (100%), masker 35 responden (100%), kacamata google 7 responden (20%), tutup kepala 20 responden (57,1%), sepatu boot 17 responden (49%), melakukan tindakan aseptik 35 responden (100%), penanganan benda tajam dengan aman 35 responden (100%), cara pemprosesan alat bekas pakai 35 responden (100%), pengelolaan sampah terkontaminasi 35 responden (100%), membersihkan lantai dan ruangan dengan klorin 0,5% sebanyak 35 responden (100%).Simpulan: Pencegahan infeksi pada pertolongan persalinan dibidan praktik mandiri kategori baik sebanyak 27 responden (77,1%) dan dengan kategori kurang baik sebanyak 8 responden (22,9%). Kata Kunci: Praktik Mandiri Bidan, Pencegahan Infeksi, Penggunaan Instrumen, Pertolongan Persalinan Prevention Of Infections In Relief Treatment In Practice Midwife Independent BanjarmasinABSTRACTBackground: Delivery aid performed by health workers (doctors or midwives) is one of the risk factors disease transmission from patient to health worker or vice versa because it is directly related to patient's body fluid. The proportion of births assisted by midwives is 60.9% compared to doctors at 16.2%. Given that blood-borne infections, vaginal secretions, semen, amniotic fluids and other body fluids are at risk of contracting if they do not heed infection prevention.Objective: Knowing the description of the implementation of infection prevention in delivery aid midwife independent practice Banjarmasin city.Method: This research method is descriptive. Population there are 112 independent practice midwives. Sampling method With simple random sampling with 35 independent midwives practice. Analysis using univariate analysis.Result: Perform handwashing procedures 35 respondents (100%), DTT / sterile gloves 35 respondents (100%), apron 35 respondents (100%), mask 35 respondents (100%), google glasses 7 gespondents (20 %), head cover 20 respondents (57.1%), boots 17 respondents (49%), aseptic actions 35 respondents (100%), safe handling of Sharps 35 respondents (100%), contaminated waste management 35 respondents (100%), cleaning floor and room with 0.5% chlorine as many as 35 respondents (100%).Conclusion: Prevention of infections at birth assistance in practice self-esteem good category as many as 27 respondents (77.1%) and with bad category as many as 8 respondents (22.9%). Keywords : Independent Midwives, Labor Help, Prevention Of Infection, Use Of Instrument
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Jo, Byung-Wan, Yun-Sung Lee, Rana Khan, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Do-Keun Kim. "Robust Construction Safety System (RCSS) for Collision Accidents Prevention on Construction Sites." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040932.
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A proximity warning system to detect the presence of a worker/workers and to warn heavy equipment operators is highly needed to prevent collision accidents at construction sites. In this paper, we developed a robust construction safety system (RCSS), which can activate warning devices and automatically halt heavy equipment, simultaneously, to prevent possible collision accidents. The proximity detection of this proposed system mainly relies on ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing technologies, which enable instantaneous and simultaneous alarms on (a) a worker’s personal safety (personal protection unit (PPU)) device and (b) hazard area device (zone alert unit (ZAU)). This system also communicates with electronic control sensors (ECSs) installed on the heavy equipment to stop its maneuvering. Moreover, the RCSS has been interfaced with a global positioning system communication unit (GCU) to acquire real-time information of construction site resources and warning events. This enables effective management of construction site resources using an online user interface. The performance and effectiveness of the RCSS have been validated at laboratory scale as well as at real field (construction site and steel factory). Conclusively, the RCSS can significantly enhance construction site safety by pro-actively preventing collision of a worker/workers with heavy equipment.
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Pandey, Tweena, and Abhshek Singh Chauhan. "Effect of Job Fulfillment Over Employee Performance Execution at the Workplace." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.20210401.oa3.
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Workplace performance is an outcome of workplace satisfaction. It is essential to comprehend how workers can be held through making their job-related needs fulfilled to let them spurred towards delivering an exemplary performance in turn. As the work competitiveness relies upon the worker job fulfillment at the workplace, it contributes allot to their career growth too. It improves their work efficiency as well as builds the worker's nature of work. Target and accomplishment relies on upon job fulfillment and thus contribute for hierarchical achievement and development, improves the efficiency, and builds the nature of work. The terms satisfaction and fulfillment can be used interchangeably. Various job satisfaction factors when clubbed together help in securing the employee's ultimate job fulfillment. This study is an attempt to relate the term job-fulfillment with job-satisfaction, reveal the various demographic factors that are associated with the job-fulfillment, and identify its actual impact over employee performance execution at the workplace.
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Rybachok, Iryna. "UKRAINIAN REFUGEE CHILDREN IN WESTERN GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II: WAYS OF AFFECTION AND SOCIAL CATEGORIES." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-86-96.
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The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Ukrainian refugee children. They lived in displaced persons camps (DP camps) created and functioned for refugees in West Germany during the second half of 1940s – early 1950s. The article is based on archival documents, memoirs, camp periodicals. The author tried to identify the main reasons and ways of getting children to DP camps, such as age, social criteria and health status. Moreover, the author characterized different groups of “little aged displaced persons”. World War II caused significant migration of population from Ukraine and put the fate of millions of refugees and displaced persons on the international agenda. The majority of the Ukrainians had been repatriated to the Soviet Union (USSR), but about 250,000 of Ukrainians managed to avoid repatriation, escaped and became refugees who lived in special DP camps. Children made up about a quarter of all Ukrainian refugees, who had experienced difficult escape cases. The memoirs of Lesia Bohuslavets (Oleksandra Tkach), Alla Lehka-Herets, Larysa Zalevska Onyshkevych, Larysa Palidvor-Zelyk, Natalia Palidvor-Sonevytska and others, used in the article, allow us to understanding the personal experiences and feelings of Ukrainian refugee children in the DP period. Refugee children came from various social groups of the Ukrainian community: politicians, public and religious figures, intellectuals, workers and peasants. The least protected social categories were semi-orphans, orphans, children with disabilities, illegitimate or seriously ill children. They needed special attention and aid from international and Ukrainian relief organizations, as well as from Ukrainian DP community. These were the families with little children, widows with orphans, single mothers with illegitimate children, children with disabilities, children suffering tuberculosis. All of them (and also sick, elderly people) belonged to the so-called “hard core” or “zalyshentsi” (people who couldn’t come back to their homes). They could move from DP camps in Germany to their new residence countries only if they received necessary confirming documents from their relatives, supporting their living conditions provided. Therefore, some Ukrainian families with little or ill children, children with disabilities, widows with orphans, as well as the elderly, were forced to stay in war-torn Germany.
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Lam, Elene. "Pandemic sex workers’ resilience: COVID-19 crisis met with rapid responses by sex worker communities." International Social Work 63, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872820962202.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inequality of social support systems worldwide, revealing the gaps that further marginalize vulnerable people. Despite the fact that sex workers are adversely affected by the pandemic, they are excluded from government relief and protection programmes as well as health services. Sex worker communities have developed rapid response strategies to support their peers in overcoming these challenges. Sex worker organizations all over the world have been working alongside other groups and communities to advocate for income and health support for all, and an end to repressive policing and state-sanctioned violence.
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Lambert, Bobby. "Being prepared — finding and training relief workers." Waterlines 15, no. 1 (July 1996): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1996.025.
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Carlisle, Vanessa. "“Sex Work Is Star Shaped”." South Atlantic Quarterly 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-9154927.
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This article interrogates the common sex worker rights’ slogan “sex work is real work,” a claim that yokes sex worker struggles to labor struggles worldwide. This article argues that US-based sex worker rights activism, which relies on the labor rights framework to confront stigma and criminalization, is unable to undo how racial capitalism constructs sex work as not a legitimate form of work. While labor protections are important, sex work offers opportunity for the development of antiwork potentials. Many people engaging in sexual performance or trading sex are already creating spaces where sex work itself exceeds analysis as a job. By foregrounding sex workers’ lived experiences and the theoretical moves of antiracist anticapitalism, antiwork politics, queer liberationists, and disability justice, this article locates sex workers at the nexus of important forms of subjugated knowledge crucial for undermining the criminalization of marginalized people.
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Tan, Rayner Kay Jin, Vanessa Ho, Sherry Sherqueshaa, Wany Dee, Jane Mingjie Lim, Jamie Jay-May Lo, Alvin Kuo Jing Teo, et al. "The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on the Health and Social Needs of Sex Workers in Singapore." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 2017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01951-8.
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AbstractWe evaluated the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the sex work industry and assessed how it has impacted the health and social conditions of sex workers in Singapore. We conducted a sequential exploratory mixed methods study amidst the COVID-19 pandemic from April to October 2020, including in-depth interviews with 24 stakeholders from the sex work industry and surveyor-administered structured surveys with 171 sex workers. COVID-19 had a substantial impact on sex workers' income. The illegality of sex work, stigma, and the lack of work documentation were cited as exclusionary factors for access to alternative jobs or government relief. Sex workers had experienced an increase in food insecurity (57.3%), housing insecurity (32.8%), and sexual compromise (8.2%), as well as a decrease in access to medical services (16.4%). Being transgender female was positively associated with increased food insecurity (aPR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.08, 1.41]), housing insecurity (aPR = 1.28, 95% CI [1.03, 1.60]), and decreased access to medical services (aPR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.23, 2.46]); being a venue-based sex worker was positively associated with increased food insecurity (aPR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.00, 2.13]), and being a non-Singaporean citizen or permanent resident was positively associated with increased housing insecurity (aPR = 2.59, 95% CI [1.73, 3.85]). Our findings suggest that COVID-19 has led to a loss of income for sex workers, greater food and housing insecurity, increased sexual compromise, and reduced access to medical services for sex workers. A lack of access to government relief among sex workers exacerbated such conditions. Efforts to address such population health inequities should be implemented.
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Issa, Perla. "Fracturing Communities: Aid Distribution in a Palestinian Refugee Camp." Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no. 3 (2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.48.3.7.
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This article examines the practices of humanitarian aid distribution from the perspective of aid recipients rather than providers through an immersion in the daily home life of Palestinian residents of Nahr al-Barid refugee camp (north Lebanon) in 2011. It argues that in the name of distributing aid fairly, humanitarian aid providers put in place a pervasive system of surveillance to monitor, evaluate, and compare residents' misery levels by relying on locally recruited aid workers. This regime of visibility was designed to be one directional; NGOs never disclosed how much aid they had available, nor when or how it would be distributed. The inclusion of local aid workers in this opaque framework turned a process that relied on community and neighborhood ties into an impersonal machine that fostered doubt and suspicion and ultimately hindered the community's ability to engage in collective political action.
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Vieta, Marcelo. "Learning in Struggle: Argentina’s New Worker Cooperatives as Transformative Learning Organizations." Symposium 69, no. 1 (April 4, 2014): 186–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024212ar.
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SummaryThis article considers Argentina’sempresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores(worker-recuperated enterprises, or ERTs) astransformative learning organizations. ERTs are illustrative of how workers’ conversions of capitalist firms into worker cooperatives—especially conversions emerging from troubled firms and in moments of deep socio-economic crises—transform workers (from managed employees to self-managed workers), work organizations (from capitalist businesses to labour-managed firms), and communities (from depleted to revitalized and self-provisioning localities).Theoretically, the study is grounded in class-struggle, workplace learning, and social action learning approaches. These theoretical perspectives help the study work through how workplace conversions by workers, when converting troubled investor-owned or proprietary firms into worker coops, act as catalysts for contesting workplace exploitation and capitalist crises, while also beginning to move beyond them by forging new social relations of production and exchange. In the case of Argentina’s ERTs, crises in the political economy and micro-economic crises at the point of production during the collapse of the neoliberal model at the turn of the millennium heightened workers’ self-awareness of their situations of exploitation and motivated collective action. As a result, new worker cooperatives were created that also stimulated the social, cultural, and economic renewal of surrounding communities.The study’s research method relies on extended case studies of four diverse ERTs, which included ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews. Observations of daily workflows were conducted, as well as interviews and informal conversations with founding and newer ERT workers. In a more structured portion of the interview protocol, key-informants were asked to reflect on how they had personally changed after being involved in the ERT, and how production practices and involvement with the community had transformed in the process of conversion.The article concludes by outlining how worker, organizational, and community transformations emerge from workers’ processes ofinformal learningandlearning in struggleas they collectively strive to overcome macro- and micro-economic crises and learn to become cooperators. This learning, the study shows, occurs in two ways:intra-cooperativelyvia informal workplace learning, andinter-cooperativelybetween workers from different ERTs and with surrounding communities. The self-management forged by ERTs thus embodies new, cooperative, and community-centered values and practices for these workers that, in turn, sketch out different possibilities for economic and productive life in Argentina.
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Frian, Antonio, Fransiska Mulyani, Hansi Joachim, Dellia Anggreni, and Willy Yanto Effendi. "Employment Situation of Person with Disabilities: Case Study in Indonesia." Integrated Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v3i1.91.
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Equality in an employment opportunity or commonly known Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) is still not entirely applicable to a person with disabilities. World Report on Disability record 15,3 percent of the world population is the person with disabilities at 2010. Most of the person with disabilities had not taken part in the mainstream of social activity and mostly relied on social aid, including in Indonesia, where 74,7 percent from the total of a person with disabilities are unemployed. Their living expenses and necessities mostly sustained by their own family, government, or social organization – which had caused a considerable loss for concerned parties. This research intended to discover factors that influence the low employment of a person with disabilities in Indonesia, then aim for the correlations between those factors to the acceptance of employer for a person with disabilities, as well as recommending concerned employer or organizations in supporting employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. Research methodology is done by the survey to an employee about their viewpoint towards workers with disabilities, and data processing is done by SPSS software. Results of research show that education level and design of work procedure significantly affect the low employment rate of workers with disabilities in Indonesia. Further studies and development required to elaborate proper job design for a worker with disabilities, also for developing education system for workers with disabilities.
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Blacher, Pierre, Boris Yagound, Emmanuel Lecoutey, Paul Devienne, Stéphane Chameron, and Nicolas Châline. "Drifting behaviour as an alternative reproductive strategy for social insect workers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1771 (November 22, 2013): 20131888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1888.
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Restricted reproduction is traditionally posited as the defining feature of eusocial insect workers. The discovery of worker reproduction in foreign colonies challenges this view and suggests that workers’ potential to pursue selfish interests may be higher than previously believed. However, whether such reproductive behaviour truly relies on a reproductive decision is still unknown. Workers’ reproductive decisions thus need to be investigated to assess the extent of workers’ reproductive options. Here, we show in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris that drifting is a distinct strategy by which fertile workers circumvent competition in their nest and reproduce in foreign colonies. By monitoring workers’ movements between colonies, we show that drifting is a remarkably dynamic behaviour, widely expressed by both fertile and infertile workers. We demonstrate that a high fertility is, however, central in determining the propensity of workers to enter foreign colonies as well as their subsequent reproduction in host colonies. Moreover, our study shows that the drifting of fertile workers reflects complex decision-making processes associated with in-nest reproductive competition. This novel finding therefore adds to our modern conception of cooperation by showing the previously overlooked importance of alternative strategies which enable workers to assert their reproductive interests.
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Wang, Xiao L., Cecilia L. W. Chan, Zhan B. Shi, and Bin Wang. "Mental Health Risks in the Local Workforce Engaged in Disaster Relief and Reconstruction." Qualitative Health Research 23, no. 2 (November 27, 2012): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732312467706.
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To build a sustainable workforce for long-term disaster relief and reconstruction, more effort must be made to promote local relief workers’ mental health. We conducted 25 semistructured interviews with local relief officials 10 months after the 2008 earthquake in China to investigate the stress and coping experiences in their personal lives as survivors. We conducted thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Traumatic bereavement and grief, housing and financial difficulties, and work–family conflict were the three main sources of stress in the respondents’ personal lives. The coping themes were finding meaning and purpose in life through relief work, colleagues’ support and understanding, suppression or avoidance of grief, appreciation for life, hardiness, optimism, letting nature take its course, and making up for loss. We suggest that relief work has a double-edged-sword effect on workers’ coping abilities. We discuss the implications of this effect for work–life balance measures and trauma and grief counseling services.
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Holguín-Veras, José, Kaan Ozbay, Robert Baker, David Sackey, Angel Medina, and Sajjad Hussain. "Toward a Comprehensive Policy of Nighttime Construction Work." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1861, no. 1 (January 2003): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1861-12.
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A first approximation toward a comprehensive policy of nighttime construction work based on the explicit consideration of the following three main aspects is presented: ( a) the travel time savings produced by nighttime construction work, ( b) the impact that nighttime work has on worker’s human factors (e.g., sleep deprivation and disruption of family and social lives), and ( c) the impact that pay differentials for nighttime workers would have on project costs. Other aspects such as quality of work and inspection were not studied because of project constraints. The travel time and economic savings of nighttime work were estimated by means of traffic simulations for a typical case. The human factor analyses relied on field surveys and interviews with workers. This research found ample evidence that indicates that nighttime work produces ( a) negative impacts on the workers’ sleep patterns, body rhythms, and social and family lives and ( b) significant economic savings in terms of travel time to motorists. A set of policy recommendations is discussed and analyzed.
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Prima, Febri. "PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGUPAS SABUT KELAPA MENGGUNAKAN METODE VDI 2221." Inaque : Journal of Industrial and Quality Engineering 9, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/iqe.v9i2.5147.
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The increasing demand for coconut productin in Sungai Kupah Village, Kuburaya Regency has resulted in workers needing a tool that can complete work more quickly and effiently. The tools used today stil use wedges where their use takes a long tie because the process in the process relies on human power. In additin, with non-ergonomic work positins, workers can also experience several work-related diseases such as back pain and back pain. The objecties of this research are (1) Designing an ergonomic coconut peeler according to consumer needs (2) Testig the performance of the tool (3) Testig worker fatiue before and aftr using the tool (4) Testig the level of consumer satifactin. The solutin used in this study is the VDI 2221, CVL method approach, measuring tool performance and analyzing the level of satifactin. The results obtained in this study are (1) produce a tool design according to consumer needs and have paid attntin to ergonomic aspects (2) The design of this tool produces a fairly fast stripping tie of 143 peeling fruit/hour when compared to tools using a wedge, namely 92 peeling fruit/hour (3) Worker fatiue test aftr using this tool showed 14.42 % of coconut owners, 11.20 % of worker 1 and 10.48 % of worker 2. This test resulted in CVL below 30% where workers did not experience fatiue. (4) Respondents feel comfortable with the designed tool as evidenced by the results of the 4.8 Linkert scale. Meanwhile, for ease of operatin, the result is 4.3, which means that respondents fid it easy to operate the designed tool. The conclusion in this study is that the currently designed tools are quite effctie, ergonomic and able to reduce the level of worker fatiue.