Academic literature on the topic 'Ai toxicity'

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Journal articles on the topic "Ai toxicity"

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Henry, Norah Lynn, Todd C. Skaar, Jessica Dantzer, Lang Li, Anne T. Nguyen, James M. Rae, Zeruesenay Desta, et al. "Genetic variants associated with toxicity-related discontinuation of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.525.

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525 Background: Discontinuation of adjuvant AI therapy due to intolerable symptoms occurs in up to 30% of patients. Predictors of which patients will be unable to tolerate these medications have not been defined. We hypothesized that inherited variants in candidate genes are associated with treatment discontinuation because of AI-associated toxicity. Methods: We prospectively evaluated reasons for treatment discontinuation in women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer initiating adjuvant AI through a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial of exemestane (exe) versus letrozole (let). Using multiple genetic models, we evaluated potential associations between 136 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 24 candidate genes, selected a priori, primarily with roles in estrogen metabolism and signaling, and discontinuation of AI therapy because of toxicity. To account for multiple comparisons, statistical significance was defined as p<0.0003. Results: Of the 467 enrolled patients who had available germ line DNA, 152 (33%) discontinued AI therapy because of toxicity. After adjusting for multiple covariates, multivariable analyses revealed that two inherited genetic variants in ESR1, which encodes estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, and one in CYP19A1 were associated with increased risk of discontinuation of AI therapy because of toxicity (Table). A variant in NCOR1 (ER co-repressor) was associated with decreased risk of discontinuation of letrozole because of toxicity. Conclusions: Variants in genes involved in estrogen metabolism and signaling may be associated with toxicity of AI therapy. [Table: see text]
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Helson, B. V., P. de Groot, J. J. Turgeon, and E. G. Kettela. "TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. AND FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 1 (January 1989): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12181-1.

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AbstractLaboratory tests with selected carbamate, organophosphorus, and pyrethroid insecticides demonstrated that the pyrethroid permethrin has the best potential for controlling newly hatched larvae of Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. and Free. Permethrin possessed high crawling contact toxicity (toxicity of insecticide deposits on foliage when contacted by crawling larvae) and direct contact toxicity to first-instar larvae and exhibited long residual effectiveness on potted, white spruce trees. Chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, mexacarbate, and methomyl had high crawling contact toxicity but short residual activity. Azinphos-methyl appeared to possess long residual effectiveness but relatively low crawling contact toxicity. Aminocarb and thiodicarb exhibited short residual effectiveness and relatively low toxicity. In field trials, an aerial application of permethrin (70 g/ha) at egg hatch resulted in an 81% population reduction and limited the destruction of tree leaders to 9%. Leader destruction was greater than 19% after treatments of permethrin at 35 g AI/ha or aminocarb at 180 g AI/ha or aminocarb twice at 90 g AI/ha. Leader destruction in an untreated plantation was 51%.
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Ban, Choongjin, Joon-Bum Park, Sora Cho, Hye Rin Kim, Yong Joon Kim, Hyungjin Bae, Chinhan Kim, et al. "Characterization of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Flavonoids as Neuroexocytosis Regulators." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081829.

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Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) is known as a potential source of bioactive flavonoids, such as quercetin, arresting the neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-zippering. Here, the GBL flavonoids were isolated in two different manners and then examined for their bioactivity, physicochemical stability, and biocompatibility. The majority of flavonoids in the non-hydrolyzed and acidolyzed isolates, termed non-hydrolyzed isolate (NI) and acidolyzed isolate (AI) hereafter, were rich in flavonol glycosides and aglycones, respectively. Glycosidic/aglyconic quercetin and kaempferol were abundant in both NI and AI, whereas a little of apigenin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin were found in AI. NI was more thermostable in all pH ranges than quercetin, kaempferol, and AI. NI and AI both inhibited neurotransmitter release from differentiated neuronal PC-12 cells. NI and AI showed 1/2–1/3 lower EC50/CC50 values than quercetin and kaempferol. The NI and AI exhibited no toxicity assessed by the tests on chorioallantoic membranes of hen’s eggs, removing toxicological concerns of irritation potential. Moreover, GBL isolates, particularly AI, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the use below the CC50 levels. Taken together, these results suggest that GBL isolates that are rich in antioxidant flavonoids are effective anti-neuroexocytotic agents with high stability and low toxicity.
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Alford, Adam, Thomas P. Kuhar, George C. Hamilton, Peter Jentsch, Grzgorz Krawczyk, James F. Walgenbach, and Celeste Welty. "Baseline Toxicity of the Insecticides Bifenthrin and Thiamethoxam on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Collected From the Eastern United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz361.

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Abstract Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species in the United States that attacks a wide variety of agricultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, agronomic crops, and ornamental plants. Populations of H. halys adults were collected from four and six states in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and tested using topical applications to establish baseline levels of susceptibility to two commonly used insecticides, bifenthrin and thiamethoxam. A Probit-estimated (95% fiducial limits) LD50 and LD99 of 2.64 g AI/L (1.2–3.84 g AI/L) and 84.96 g AI/L (35.76–716.16 g AI/L) for bifenthrin, and a LD50 and LD99 of 0.05 g AI/liter (1.14E-5–0.27 g AI/L) and 150.11 g AI/L (27.35–761,867 g AI/L) for thiamethoxam, respectively. These baseline levels can be used for future insecticide resistance monitoring in H. halys.
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Kuhar, Thomas P., Helene B. Doughty, Erin M. Hitchner, and Anna V. Chapman. "Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Acetamiprid on Asparagus Beetle." Plant Health Progress 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2006-0818-01-rs.

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The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi L., is a major pest of asparagus in the United States. Commercial growers typically apply a foliar insecticide in the spring to kill adults before they can oviposit on asparagus spears. However, very few new insecticides have been registered on the crop in the last twenty years, and many chemicals have lost their registrations due to enactment of the Food Quality Protection Act. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, acetamiprid, to control all life stages of the asparagus beetle. Laboratory toxicity assays revealed that acetamiprid is highly toxic to asparagus beetle eggs and larvae. LC50 levels were 8.95 mg ai/liter for eggs and 0.012 mg ai/liter for larvae. Field efficacy trials in Virginia showed that acetamiprid applied at 0.112 kg ai/ha significantly reduced the numbers of asparagus beetle adults, eggs, and larvae on asparagus equal to or greater than that of the insecticide standard, methomyl. Acetamiprid also provided excellent control of aphids on spears, equal to or greater than that of methomyl. Accepted for publication 3 May 2006. Published 18 August 2006.
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Truong, D. H., M. J. Rieder, and W. Dantor. "Artificial intelligence (AI) in prediction of beta-lactam antibiotic toxicity." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 73, no. 2 (February 2003): P10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9236(03)90392-4.

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Greenlees, Matthew, and Richard Shine. "Ontogenetic shift in toxicity of invasive cane toads facilitates learned avoidance by native predators." Aquatic Invasions 14, no. 3 (2019): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.3.05.

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Goldvaser, Hadar, Domen Ribnikar, Tristan Alexandra Barnes, David W. Cescon, Alberto Ocana, and Eitan Amir. "Toxicity of extended adjuvant aromatase inhibitors therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.549.

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549 Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a gold standard adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with breast cancer. A number of randomized trials (RCTs) have reported modest improvements in breast cancer outcomes from extending treatment with AI beyond the initial 5 years after diagnosis. However, less in known about the toxicity of extended AI compared with no therapy. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE to identify RCTs that compared extended AI to placebo or no treatment. The search was supplemented by a review of abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium meetings between 2013 and 2016. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CI), absolute risks, and the number needed to harm (NNH) associated with one adverse event were computed for prespecified safety and tolerability outcomes including cardiovascular disease, bone fractures, second cancers (excluding new breast cancer), treatment discontinuation due to adverse events and death without recurrence. Results: Seven trials comprising 16349 patients met the inclusion criteria. Longer treatment with AI was associated with increased odds of cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.40, P=0.05; NNH = 122) and bone fractures (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.16 - 1.55, P < 0.001; NNH = 72). Compared to control, longer AI therapy was associated with a higher odds of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.25 - 1.68, P < 0.001; NNH = 20). Longer AI therapy did not influence the odds of second cancers (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.73-1.18, P = 0.56). There was a numerical excess of death without recurrence with longer AI therapy, but this was not statistically significant (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.9 - 1.36, P = 0.34). Conclusions: Longer durations of AI use are associated with increased cardiovascular events and bone fracture. There is a numerical, but non-statistically significant excess of deaths without breast cancer recurrence among patients receiving longer AI therapy. These data should be taken into account when considering extended adjuvant AI therapy for breast cancer patients.
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Arumugam, Saranya, and Ramanathan Thiruganasambantham. "STANDARDIZED SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACT OF ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS (LINN.) LEAVES INHIBITS THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-Α IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-ACTIVATED MURINE RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGE CELLS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25230.

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Objective: Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal mangrove plant used in the treatment of inflammation. Previous phytochemical studies have identified 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) from the leaves of A. ilicifolius. In the present study, we attempted to standardize the supercritical CO2 leaf extract of A. ilicifolius (SCFE-AI) for BOA content and investigate the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitory effect of SCFE-AI and BOA on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The acute oral toxicity of SCFE-AI and BOA was also established.Methods: SCFE-AI was standardized for BOA content using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The cytotoxicity of SCFE-AI and BOA was evaluated using MTS colorimetric method. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of SCFE-AI and BOA on TNF-α production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells was quantified using ELISA method. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline No. 423.Results: The amount of BOA was found 0.8% w/w of SCFE-AI. The RAW 264.7 cell viability was unaffected by SCFE-AI and BOA treatments within a concentration range <1000 mg/ml after 24 h incubation. SCFE-AI decreased the production of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner compared to BOA. The LD50 value for SCFE-AI was found to be >2000 mg/kg and ranges from 300 to 2000 mg/kg with BOA.Conclusion: The HPTLC chromatogram could serve as an analytical tool for authentication and quantification of BOA content. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of A. ilicifolius might be through the inhibition of TNF-α production.
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Tal, Abraham, Yuval Benyamini, and Baruch Rubin. "Differential Toxicity of Tralkoxydim inHordeumSpecies." Weed Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038057.

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In greenhouse studies, tralkoxydim applied POST at 100 to 300 g ai/ha during the three-to four-leaf stage of development were differentially toxic to threeHordeumspecies. Tralkoxydim severely injured wall barley by cessation of growth and death of the whole plant.Hordeum spontaneum, barley, and wheat were less affected by the herbicide in declining order, respectively. However, 4 wk after treatment, full recovery was observed in barley and wheat, but not inH. spontaneum, as reflected in the shoot fresh weight. Tralkoxydim could be considered as a selective herbicide in wheat and barley fields for the control of wall barley.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ai toxicity"

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Islam, Mohammed Anowarul. "Responses of accessions of Austrodanthonia spp. to factors associated with soil acidity." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/502.

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Pasture plants already adapted to acidic soil conditions are required as part of an integrated approach (with lime amelioration) to managing acid soils on the Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of Austrodanthonia species for this purpose. The material evaluated in this study was collected during a previous survey of the distribution of Austrodanthonia on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales. It was hypothesised that the genus Austrodanthonia has a wide range of tolerance to acid soils. A series of experiments that provided information on the growth and physiology of Austrodanthonia in relation to soil acidity, with a view to the identification and eventual domestication of the most promising plant material have been conducted through pot, hydroponics and field investigations. Firstly, soils were acidified or limed to obtain a range of soil pH and Al concentrations. This experiment showed that adding aluminium sulfate and calcium carbonate followed by washing excess salts with water is a simple, rapid and convenient method for adjusting soil pH for pot experiments. The pH of the amended soils remained relatively unchanged eight months after treatment. The experimental set-up also resulted in a wide range of soluble Al (2-52 mg/kg) across the soils. The relative Al-tolerance of 183 accessions from 15 Austrodanthonia species was tested in a pot experiment using a range of soil pH. Emergence, survival and growth of all accessions were drastically reduced by high soil acidity (pH 3.9, P < 0.001). About 11% of plants emerged at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.4 and 5.3, ~72% of plants emerged. Accessions exhibited large variation within and between species in their tolerance to soil acidity. From the species/accessions tested, 49 accessions from eight species were selected for further study (on the basis of being more acid tolerant). Hydroponic experiments conducted in the glasshouse evaluated: (i) formulation of nutrient solution with a stable pH, (ii) effectiveness of the formulation using tap water and deionised water and (iii) estimation of free ion activities of Al and Mn in the nutrient solution and their effects on Austrodanthonia growth. These experiments showed that a NO3-N/NH4-N ratio of 9:4 is the most appropriate ratio to obtain a stable pH 4.0 without affecting plant growth; that there was little difference between tap water and deionised water on the ionic effects of Al and Mn, and plant-size did not play a role on accession survival and that accessions of Austrodanthonia could grow well within a wide range of pH (3.5-5.5), Al (50-250 �M) and Mn (100-2000 �M). Growth of Austrodanthonia accessions declined under high acidity (pH < 3.5) and Al (300 �M), but tolerated high concentrations of Mn (2000 �M). Root-tips stained with hematoxylin grouped accessions in a similar way to the pot and hydroponic experiments for most of the accessions tested. The intensity of root staining with hematoxylin and the differential distribution of Al in the shoots and roots provided an indication that different tolerance mechanisms may be involved with Austrodanthonia accessions. It appears that both exclusion and internal mechanisms may operate for Al- and Mn-tolerance. A field experiment was conducted at Carcoar (33037�S, 149013�E, elevation 800 m) using gradients in soil pH and Al available on-site to grow selected accessions of Austrodanthonia. The accessions exhibited a range of responses to soil acidity. The accession responses to acidity from the pot and hydroponic experiments were similar to those obtained in the field, especially where Al was present as a low Al-challenge. Overall, this study shows that Austrodanthonia exhibits a wide range of acid tolerance between species and accessions within species. Among the species tested, A. duttoniana and A. fulva appeared to have the greatest commercial potential, because of their productivity and acid tolerance. The variability that exists in the accessions may be exploitable in breeding and selection programs for improved cultivars.
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Islam, Mohammed Anowarul. "Responses of accessions of Austrodanthonia spp. to factors associated with soil acidity." University of Sydney. Food and Natural Resources, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/502.

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Pasture plants already adapted to acidic soil conditions are required as part of an integrated approach (with lime amelioration) to managing acid soils on the Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of Austrodanthonia species for this purpose. The material evaluated in this study was collected during a previous survey of the distribution of Austrodanthonia on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales. It was hypothesised that the genus Austrodanthonia has a wide range of tolerance to acid soils. A series of experiments that provided information on the growth and physiology of Austrodanthonia in relation to soil acidity, with a view to the identification and eventual domestication of the most promising plant material have been conducted through pot, hydroponics and field investigations. Firstly, soils were acidified or limed to obtain a range of soil pH and Al concentrations. This experiment showed that adding aluminium sulfate and calcium carbonate followed by washing excess salts with water is a simple, rapid and convenient method for adjusting soil pH for pot experiments. The pH of the amended soils remained relatively unchanged eight months after treatment. The experimental set-up also resulted in a wide range of soluble Al (2-52 mg/kg) across the soils. The relative Al-tolerance of 183 accessions from 15 Austrodanthonia species was tested in a pot experiment using a range of soil pH. Emergence, survival and growth of all accessions were drastically reduced by high soil acidity (pH 3.9, P < 0.001). About 11% of plants emerged at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.4 and 5.3, ~72% of plants emerged. Accessions exhibited large variation within and between species in their tolerance to soil acidity. From the species/accessions tested, 49 accessions from eight species were selected for further study (on the basis of being more acid tolerant). Hydroponic experiments conducted in the glasshouse evaluated: (i) formulation of nutrient solution with a stable pH, (ii) effectiveness of the formulation using tap water and deionised water and (iii) estimation of free ion activities of Al and Mn in the nutrient solution and their effects on Austrodanthonia growth. These experiments showed that a NO3-N/NH4-N ratio of 9:4 is the most appropriate ratio to obtain a stable pH 4.0 without affecting plant growth; that there was little difference between tap water and deionised water on the ionic effects of Al and Mn, and plant-size did not play a role on accession survival and that accessions of Austrodanthonia could grow well within a wide range of pH (3.5-5.5), Al (50-250 �M) and Mn (100-2000 �M). Growth of Austrodanthonia accessions declined under high acidity (pH < 3.5) and Al (300 �M), but tolerated high concentrations of Mn (2000 �M). Root-tips stained with hematoxylin grouped accessions in a similar way to the pot and hydroponic experiments for most of the accessions tested. The intensity of root staining with hematoxylin and the differential distribution of Al in the shoots and roots provided an indication that different tolerance mechanisms may be involved with Austrodanthonia accessions. It appears that both exclusion and internal mechanisms may operate for Al- and Mn-tolerance. A field experiment was conducted at Carcoar (33037�S, 149013�E, elevation 800 m) using gradients in soil pH and Al available on-site to grow selected accessions of Austrodanthonia. The accessions exhibited a range of responses to soil acidity. The accession responses to acidity from the pot and hydroponic experiments were similar to those obtained in the field, especially where Al was present as a low Al-challenge. Overall, this study shows that Austrodanthonia exhibits a wide range of acid tolerance between species and accessions within species. Among the species tested, A. duttoniana and A. fulva appeared to have the greatest commercial potential, because of their productivity and acid tolerance. The variability that exists in the accessions may be exploitable in breeding and selection programs for improved cultivars.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ai toxicity"

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Oh, Jung Hun, Sangkyu Lee, Maria Thor, and Joseph O. Deasy. "Using AI to Predict Radiotherapy Toxicity Risk Based on Patient Germline Genotyping." In Artificial Intelligence in Radiation Oncology, 249–72. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811263545_0012.

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Srivastava, Ruby. "Transformation of Drug Discovery towards Artificial Intelligence: An in Silico Approach." In Density Functional Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99018.

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Computational methods play a key role in the design of therapeutically important molecules for modern drug development. With these “in silico” approaches, machines are learning and offering solutions to some of the most complex drug related problems and has well positioned them as a next frontier for potential breakthrough in drug discovery. Machine learning (ML) methods are used to predict compounds with pharmacological activity, specific pharmacodynamic and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties to evaluate the drugs and their various applications. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) has the capacity to significantly enhance the role of computational methodology in drug discovery. Use of AI in drug discovery and development, drug repurposing, improving pharmaceutical productivity, and clinical trials will certainly reduce the human workload as well as achieving targets in a short period of time. This chapter elaborates the crosstalk between the machine learning techniques, computational tools and the future of AI in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Chakravarty, Poonam, Jigar Pandya, Yagnesh Rathod, and Mohan Raj. "Smart Farming Solution for Crop Disease Prediction and Protection." In Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges, 282–98. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049251122010019.

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Agriculture is the main source of income for Indian citizens with about 60% of the population depending upon agriculture which influences India’s economy. Crop selection and disease management plays a crucial role in the farmer’s economy. Smart farming systems help farmers to increase crop production through automated systems. Crop diseases can be predicted by a comprehensive analysis system. Smart farming system with Artificial Intelligence (AI) observes, and manages Internet of Things (IoT) devices to detect crop diseases by visual symptoms. Smartphone-based AI apps guide farmers for disease diagnosis, thus preventing yield loss. This system will detect plant diseases present on the leaves and provide preventive measures for the detected diseases. The plant leaf images are collected which show symptoms of diseased and healthy plants under maintained conditions to check for fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Machine and Deep Learning can help identify crop diseases based on collected images and datasets pertaining to the crops segmented into Healthy and Diseased Crop. The IoT technology implements specific systems at different levels to predict crop diseases effectively. The different data is accessed easily from the centralized cloud system. The crop diseases are managed with the use of high fungicides due to this soil toxicity increase but this activity system will provide the best recommendations for proper disease management. AI, Image processing, IoT, machine learning, robotics, satellites, cloud computing technologies are improving farmers' crop management practices.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ai toxicity"

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Vassermann, Lucy. "AI Principles in Identifying Toxicity in Online Conversation." In WWW '21: The Web Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442442.3452307.

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Reyero Lobo, Paula. "Bias in Hate Speech and Toxicity Detection." In AIES '22: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3539519.

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