Relevant bibliographies by topics / AHS STEEL

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'AHS STEEL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "AHS STEEL"

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Punyamueang, Suttirat, and Vitoon Uthaisangsuk. "Determination of Stress-Strain Curve of Dual Phase Steel by Nanoindentation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.195.

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The advanced high strength (AHS) steels, for example, dual phase (DP) steels, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels and complex (CP) steels principally exhibit multiphase microstructure features. Thus, mechanical behavior of the constituent phases significantly affects the resulting overall properties of such AHS steels. Novel material characterization techniques on micro- and nano-scale have become greatly more important. In this work, stress-strain response of the DP steel grade 1000 was determined by using the Nanoindentation testing. The DP steel showed the microstructure containing finely distributed martensite islands of about 50% phase fraction in the ferritic matrix. The nano-hardness measurements were firstly performed on each individual phase of the examined steel. In parallel, finite element (FE) simulations of the corresponding nano-indentation tests were carried out. Flow curves of the single ferritic and martensitic phases were defined according to a dislocation based theory. Afterwards, the load and penetration depth curves resulted from the experiments and simulations were compared. By this manner, the proper stress-strain responses of both phases were identified and verified. Finally, the effective stress-strain curve of the investigated DP steel could be determined by using 2D representative volume element (RVE) model.
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Peraprutchaya, Yachita, and Surasak Suranantchai. "Finite Element Simulation of Forming Process for Automotive Components from Advanced High Strength Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 257 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925702010.

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Advance high strength (AHS) steel has been widely used in the automotive industry and order to reduce the weight of automotive components that effect to reduce fuel consumption, but vehicles maintain safety. However, forming process with AHS steel has many problems which the main defect was spring-back. Therefore, the usage of finite element (FE) method simulation with kinematic hardening materials model sustains and improve production processes. Yoshida-Uemori (Y-U) model is the one of kinematic hardening materials model that show the great capability for prediction of elastic recovery behavior. Consequencely, this work has been research on AHS steel as the NSC980D grade for automotive components in the drawing process and applied FE simulation with Y-U model to improve the production process. Moreover, NSC980D steel was inspected in tension-compression and tensile tests were proceeded. As a result, material parameters from testing simulate with designed die and improvement were shown. Finally, comparing FE simulation forming with experiment forming, showed FE simulation with Y-U model is suitable for prediction and process improvement.
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Panich, Sansot, Vitoon Uthaisangsuk, Surasak Suranuntchai, and Suwat Jirathearanat. "Determination of Damage Criterion Using a Hybrid Analysis for Advanced High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.200.

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Advanced High Strength (AHS) steels have been increasingly applied in the automotive industries due to their distinguished mechanical properties. Microstructures of these steels play an important role and are designed by constituent phases with distinct characteristics. AHS steels exhibit sophisticated damage mechanisms that complicate the prediction of material formability. In this work, Ductile Crack Initiation Locus (DCIL) was developed for describing failure behavior of dual phase steel sheet. A hybrid experimental and numerical analysis was used to determine the DCIL. Tensile tests of various sample geometries were experimentally carried out and crack initiation occurred during forming was identified by the Direct Current Potential Drop (DCPD) method. Then, FE simulations of the corresponding tests were performed to evaluate local stress triaxialities and equivalent plastic strains of the critical area. The damage curves for both crack initiation and localized necking were obtained. Additionally, the von Mises, Hill48 and Yld2000-2d yield criterion were defined in the calculations in order to examine effect of yield model on the resulted curves. To verify applicability of the damage curves, Nakazima test of uniaxial sample was taken into account.
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Jabłońska, M. B. "Mechanical Properties and Fractographic Analysis of High Manganese Steels After Dynamic Deformation Tests." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0207.

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Abstract Since few years many research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels for manufacturing of parts for automotive and railway industry. Some of these steels belong to the group of AHS possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. The article presents the dynamic mechanical properties of two types of high manganese austenitic steel with using a flywheel machine at room temperature with strain rates between 5×102÷3.5×103s?–1. It was found that the both studied steels exhibit a high sensitivity Rm to the strain rate. With increasing the strain rate from 5×102 to 3.5×103s?–1 the hardening dominates the process. The fracture analysis indicate that after dynamic test both steel is characterized by ductile fracture surfaces which indicate good plasticity of investigated steels.
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Venturini, Roberto, Paolo Daniele Avancini, Nicola Barbier, and Alessandro Rizzi. "Arvedi ESP Technology - The Hot Rolling of HS and AHS Thin Gauge Steel Strips." Materials Science Forum 854 (May 2016): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.854.42.

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After 5 years from start-up, Arvedi ESP Technology has achieved outstanding performances in terms of production, products and quality. The technology has proved particularly suitable for the production of thin gauge strips (< 2 mm). This paper presents the experiences in the production of high strength and advanced high strength steels, such as micro-alloyed S550MC, dual phase DP600 and ferritic bainitic HR60 in thin gauge strips on the ESP line of Acciaieria Arvedi S.p.A. in Cremona. Some aspects of the industrial production process for these steel grades are highlighted on the basis of casting and rolling parameters and microstructural and mechanical investigation.
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Julsri, Weerapong, and Vitoon Uthaisangsuk. "Study of Effect of Varying Clearances on the Springback of Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012008.

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Abstract The springback of metal sheets shows a significant effect on the forming results of automotive structural parts. The components of new vehicles often have complex shapes, for which more precise forming procedures are required in order to achieve their desired geometries. Such springback occurrence is highly critical in the case of advanced high strength (AHS) steels. In this work, a V-shape stamping test was carried out for the AHS steel sheets grade 980 with an initial thickness of 1 mm. In parallel, the corresponding finite element (FE) simulations were conducted. Hereby, the Yoshida-Uemori (Y-U) kinematic hardening model was applied for describing the plastic deformation and elastic recovery of material. The parameters of the Y-U model were obtained from a tension-compression test and afterwards verified by using the 1-element model. The predicted bend angles of the formed samples fairly agreed with the experimentally measured results. Furthermore, the effect of defined die clearance at the corner of the formed sample on the magnitude of springback was numerically studied. It was found that the reduction of clearance of 10% led to obviously decreased shape deviations in the V-shape forming test.
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Jabłońska, Magdalena, and Rafał Michalik. "Studies on the Corrosion Properties of High-Mn Austenitic Steels." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.75.

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Institute of Materials Science at Silesian University of Technology since 6 years conducts researches to learn about the new dedicated for automotive, railway and military industries. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. It is a new type of steel possessing both a high strength and a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behaviour. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industries. In the paper the of the three grades of high-manganese steels of was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution and in an “acid rain” solution with pH=3.5 environments using polarization experiments. The results of corrosion tests and analysis of show that a higher polarisation resistance and lower values of corrosion current density are observed for all studied steels in 3.5% NaCl solution. Spontaneous passivation ability has been shown only for one grade of high-manganese steel in 3.5% NaCl.
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Jabłońska, Magdalena, Grzegorz Niewielski, and Rudolf Kawalla. "High Manganese TWIP Steel - Technological Plasticity and Selected Properties." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.87.

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Over the last few years national as well as international research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, are characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect which is a new type of steel possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industry. The article presents the results of researches of TWIP-type austenitic steel in case of determination some of the more important parameters for continuous casting simulation process and the results of tests regarding the influence of strain parameters on sensitivity to plastic forming and deformation strengthening. It has been shown that the researched steel reaches a zero plasticity temperature at 1250°C. The deformation tests indicate its good workability of hot processing within the temperature range of 1100 ÷ 800°C. The relation between yield stress and strain during the hot deformation is typical for the presence of dynamic recrystallization processes. The tested steel has good formability and high mechanical properties, especially when being deformed at a high strain rate. Analysis of the substructure of researched steel was indicate presence of mechanical twinning.
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Ji, Jing, Weichen Wang, Liangqin Jiang, Hongguo Ren, Qingqin Wang, Wenyu Xuan, and Yingchun Liu. "Bearing Capacity of UHPC-Filled High-Strength Elliptical Steel Tube Composite Columns with Encased High-Strength H-Shape Steel Subjected to Eccentrical Load." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081272.

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In order to investigate the bearing capacity of composite columns composed of ultra-high performance concrete, (UHPC)-filled high-strength elliptical steel tube with encased high-strength H-shape steel (HUCFESTCs) were subjected to eccentric load. Forty-four HUCFESTCs were designed with varying parameters: yield strength of the steel tube (fy), yield strength of the H-shape steel (fy1), concrete-cube compressive strength (fcu), steel tube thickness (t), eccentricity (e), slenderness ratio (λ), the section area of the H-shape steel (AHS), and long–short axis ratio (ψ). Based on a bilinear elastic–plastic constitutive model of steel that considered stress hardening and a nonlinear constitutive model of UHPC, 44 HUCFESTCs models were established by ABAQUS software. The influence of different parameters on the ultimate bearing capacity of the HUCFESTCs was analyzed. The whole process of HUCFESTCs under eccentric load was studied, and the typical failure modes of HUCFESTCs are described. The results show that the main failure mode of the HUCFESTCs subjected to eccentrical load is bulging outward of the steel tube, the buckling of the H-shape steel, and crushing of the concrete in the middle part of the column and the inner part of the H-shape steel. The stiffness of HUCFESTCs increases gradually with the increase in fy, t, and e. The ultimate eccentrical compression bearing capacity of HUCFESTCs improves gradually with increases in fy, t, fy1, AHS, ψ, and fcu, but it decreases gradually with increases in λ and e. By using statistical regression and introducing the reduction coefficient of eccentricity, the calculation formula for the eccentric bearing capacity of HUCFEST columns is developed, which can provide a basis for the application of HUCFESTCs in practical engineering.
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Panich, Sansot, and Vitoon Uthaisangsuk. "Effects of Anisotropic Yield Functions on Prediction of Forming Limit Diagram for AHS Steel." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.257.

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In this study, experimental and numerical analyses of Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) for Advanced High Strength (AHS) steel grade 980 were performed. Forming limit curve was first determined by means of the Nakazima stretch-forming test. Then, analytical calculations of the FLD based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) model were carried out. Different yield criteria, namely, Hill’48 (r-value and stress-based), Yld89 (r-value and stress-based) and Barlat2000 (Yld2000-2d) were investigated. The strain hardening law according to Swift was applied. To identify parameters of each model, uniaxial tension, balanced bi-axial bulge test and in-plane biaxial tension test were performed. As a result, predicted plastic flow stresses and plastic anisotropies of the AHS steel by various directions were evaluated. In addition, effects of the anisotropic yield functions, strain rate sensitivities, imperfection values and work hardening coefficient on the predicted FLD were studied and discussed. It was found that the FLD based on the Yld2000-2d yield criterion was in better agreement with the experimental curve. Accuracy of the FLD predictions based on the M-K theory, especially in the biaxial state of stress, significantly depended on the applied yield criteria, for which yield stresses and r-values of different loading directions were required.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AHS STEEL"

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Vápeník, Martin. "Stanovení hodnoty společnosti Moravia Steel a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16592.

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The contents of this work was to determine the value of Moravia Steel a.s. on the basis of income, namely the discounted free cash flow to firm (FCFF). In particular parts of the work I have reviewed the financial health of the company, defined the market, carried out strategic analysis, defined operationally necessary and unnecessary assets, created a financial plan for the company, provided the cost of capital, computed free cash flow and ultimately determine the value of the company. To determine the value of the company I used two periods, the first discount the cash flows each year and summed up, the second period is called continuing value. The sum of the values I get the value of the company.
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Kim, Hyunok. "Prediction and elimination of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSS)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204515296.

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Falk, Johannes. "Fracture prediction of stretched shear cut edges in sheets made of Dual-Phase steel." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13956.

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Dual-Phase (DP) steels, part of the group of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), are used by car manufactures due to its large strength to weight ratio. The high strength of the DP steel does have a negative impact on the formability during sheet metal forming and stretch forming, e.g. fractures often appear in shear cut edges during forming of blanks made of DP steel.   The main objective with this thesis is to develop a new punch for Volvo Cars that concentrates the strain to the sheared edges of a test specimen made from different types of DP steel. This is done to be able to measure and obtain maximum fracture strain during stretch forming tests in a press. The newly developed test method is called CTEST (Concentrated Trim Edge Strain Test).   The tests are performed with DP steel specimens with three different qualities of the shear cut edges; fine cut, medium cut and worn cut. DP steels tested are DP600GI, DP600UC and DP800GI from three different suppliers. 10 different types of DP steels are tested in this study with different thickness. Thickness of specimens tested are 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm and all specimens tested have a lengthwise (RD) rolling direction.   The quality of the sheared cut edge has a great impact to the formability and maximum fracture strain of the specimen. A specimen with a fine cut endures higher fracture strain than medium cut and a worn cut for all types of DP steel with different thickness. A 1 mm thick specimen endures a lower fracture strain than 1.5 mm and 2 mm specimen for all cut qualities.   Further, the impact of the orientation of the burr zone of a shear cut edge is studied. With the burr zone facing upwards from the CTEST punch the formability of the specimens is decreased compared to a burr zone facing downwards, especially for a worn cut specimen with micro cracks and imperfections in the edge surface.   ARAMIS Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system is used to analyze the specimen edges during press experiments. The ARAMIS results unveil that several small fractures appear in the sheared edges of a specimen just before the specimens split into two pieces. This phenomenon was seen for specimen with worn and medium shear cut qualities.   Finite Element (FE) simulations of the CTEST is performed in AutoForm to determine maximum values of the true strain for the three different cut qualities. The simulation in AutoForm does show a slightly higher value of the force and press depth than the value from the press test before maximum fracture strain in reached. The small fractures seen in ARAMIS just before the specimen split into two pieces cannot be seen in the simulation in AutoForm.
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Groseclose, Adam Richard. "Forming of AHSS using Servo-Presses." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408548321.

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Císař, Likáš. "Stavebně technologický projekt výrobní haly RZ INDUSTRY a.s.,Zaječí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225444.

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This thesis addresses the technological process of building production halls and SS INDUSTRI Hare. In this work the author deals with the description of the most important stages of construction technology. More attention is given to drátkobetonové floors and steps of construction steel buildings. Finally he was taken into account in the way of material resources and ensuring the continuity of time stages.
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JIANG, ZHUOYING. "A Study of the Fate and Effect of Steel Sheet Surface Oxides on Galvanizing Bath Management." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1395924244.

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Gibbs, Parker Kenneth. "Strain Path Effect on Austenite Transformation and Ductility in TBF 1180 Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7127.

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TBF 1180 steel was studied under various conditions focusing on the correlation of ductility and amount of retained austenite. Samples were prepared from sheet stock and then strained using limiting dome height tooling (LDH), a standard uniaxial test frame, and a tensile stage for use in an electron microscope. The steel was observed in plane, biaxial, and uniaxial strain to determine its effect on retained austenite transformation and ultimately, ductility. Retained austenite was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an electron backscatter detector (EBSD) to distinguish the different phases present. Initial austenite levels were around 5% by volume and was quickly reduced as the sample was strained. The biaxial samples were the slowest to transform, having about 2.5% austenite at .05 effective strain, which allowed the specimen to reach an effective strain of .3 with 1.1% austenite remaining. In contrast, the plane strain samples had the fastest rate of transformation having only 1.2% austenite at .05 effective strain and .7% austenite at a final effective strain of .18. Both forms of uniaxial, (in-situ and ex-situ), were near identical, as expected, and exhibited an austenite transformation curve between that of the plane and biaxial curves. The uniaxial austenite level at .05 strain was 2.1% and was able to reach about .15 strain with a final austenite percentage around 1%. It was concluded that the biaxial strain path had the greatest ductility due in part to its slower austenite transformation rate while plane and uniaxial strain paths were not as ductile with their faster austenite transformation rates.
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Aykas, Berk. "Evaluation of Edge Fracture in Flanging Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) Using the Double Bending Test." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557210237260137.

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Allen, Quentin Scott. "Microstructural Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement and Successive Recovery in Advanced High Strength Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6617.

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Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, and are often exposed to hydrogen environments in processing. In order to study the embrittlement and recovery of steel, tensile tests were conducted on two different types of AHSS over time after hydrogen charging. Concentration measurements and hydrogen microprinting were carried out at the same time steps to visualize the hydrogen behavior during recovery. The diffusible hydrogen concentration was found to decay exponentially, and equations were found for the two types of steel. Hydrogen concentration decay rates were calculated to be -0.355 /hr in TBF steel, and -0.225 /hr in DP. Hydrogen concentration thresholds for embrittlement were found to be 1.04 mL/100 g for TBF steel, and 0.87 mL/100g for DP steel. TBF steel is predicted to recover from embrittlement within 4.1 hours, compared to 7.2 hours in DP steel. A two-factor method of evaluating recovery from embrittlement, requiring hydrogen concentration threshold and decay rate, is explained for use in predicting recovery after exposure to hydrogen. Anisotropic hydrogen diffusion rates were also observed on the surface of both steels for a short time after charging, as hydrogen left the surface through <001> and <101> grains faster than grains with <111> orientations. This could be explained by differences in surface energies between the different orientations.
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Alaoui, Mouayd Amine. "Oxidation, pickling and over-pickling mechanisms of high silicon alloyed steel grades." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066020.

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Les mécanismes d'oxydation, de décapage et sur-décapage d'un acier bas carbone est d'un acier fortement allié au silicium (1,6 et 3.2 % en masse de silicium) ont été étudiés. Le suivi de l'oxydation par thermogravimétrie et la caractérisation de la calamine des aciers fortement alliés au silicium a montré un effet très marquant de passivation de la couche de silice. Les calamines des échantillons modèles sont composées de couches d'hématite, magnétite et wüstite partiellement décomposée en fer et magnétite pour l'acier bas carbone. Pour l'acier au silicium, la fayalite est présente à l'interface acier/wüstite sous forme de grains ou d'une couche interne. Le suivi du potentiel de circuit ouvert pendant le décapage et sur-décapage de ces échantillons a montré un potentiel de corrosion stable et anodique pour les oxydes de fer et une chute drastique de ce potentiel au contact de l'acide avec le métal. Le suivi du taux de dissolution totale par ICP-AES combiné avec des mesures de courant de corrosion par la méthode de Tafel a montré une contribution importante de la dissolution électrochimique par oxydation de la wüstite et la magnétite et réduction de Fe3+ issu de la dissolution chimique de l'hématite et la magnétite. La fayalite est libérée dans la solution par dissolution de la wüstite ou du métal adjacents. Après le contact acide/metal, toutes les dissolutions sont exclusivement électrochimiques par corrosion du métal et réduction de la magnétite (cas des calamines industrielles). La spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique a été utilisée pour la première fois pour ce type d'étude. L'estimation des valeurs de capacité a montré un comportement pseudo passif pour la couche d’hématite et d’électrode poreuse pour la wüstite
Oxidation, pickling and over-pickling mechanisms of a low carbon steel and a high alloyed steel (1.6 and 3.2 wt.% Si) were investigated. The monitoring of oxidation with thermogravimetry and characterization of scale showed a very important passivating effect of the silica layer. Model scales are composed of layers of hematite, magnetite and partially decomposed wüstite into iron and magnetite for the low carbon steel. For the silicon steel, fayalite is present in the steel/wüstite interface as grains or an internal layer. Open circuit potential measurements during pickling and over-pickling of these samples showed a stable and anodic corrosion potential for iron oxides and a significant potential jump once the acid reaches the metal. The monitoring of the total dissolution rate with ICP-AES coupled with corrosion current measurements with the Tafel method showed an important contribution of electrochemical dissolution by oxidation of wüstite and magnetite and reduction of Fe+3 from chemical dissolution of hematite. Fayalite is liberated in the solution by dissolution of the surrounding wüstite or metal. After the contact acid/metal, all dissolutions are exclusively electrochemical by corrosion of the metal and reduction of magnetite (case for industrial scales). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used for the first time for this kind of studies. The estimation of the capacitance values showed a passive like behaviour for hematite and a porous electrode one for wüstite
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Books on the topic "AHS STEEL"

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Günther, Hans-Peter, ed. Use and Application of High-Performance Steels for Steel Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed008.

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<p>New steel production processes have led to a remarkable improve­ment in steel products within the last few years, and now allows steels to be produced according to the desired mechanical and chemical properties. High-Performance Steel (HPS) is the designa­tion given to this new generation of steels that offer higher performance not only in terms of strength but also toughness, weld­ability, cold formability and corrosion resistance, compared to the traditionally used mild steel grades.</p> <p>The development of HPS goes with today's increased demand for slender lightweight structures, as for example in bridge design and the design of high-rise buildings, where there is a strong require­ment to use high-strength materials in combination with good execution and fabrication properties. However, on the structural engineering side there is a need for knowledge on these new steel grades, and quite often design codes do not provide sufficient information to fully exploit the advantageous properties of HPS.</p> <p>The present volume provides an overview of the development and application of HPS on an international level. This is done by giving information on, for example, the production process, the chemical and mechanical properties, the relevant design and fabrication standards and on recent research results. Approximately fifteen included examples of realised applications aim to provide detailed information based on existing technical solutions, and to point out the major benefits when using HPS in comparison to mild steels.</p> <p>The document is thus not a monograph but an assembly of contri­butions from different countries. lt is separated into chapters related to different countries, namely the USA, Canada, Japan and Europe, all of them providing a state-of-the-art report on HPS.</p>
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Hart, Leisa. Abs of steel: Flatter, firmer abs in just four weeks. Arlington, Tex: Summit Pub. Group, 1995.

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Guisewite, Cathy. Abs of steel, buns of cinnamon: A Cathy collection. Kansas City, Mo: Andrews McMeel, 1997.

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Priya, Preeti. Market selection decision scorecard: Integrating multivariate techniques and AHP. Anand: Institute of Rural Management, Anand, 2010.

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Branch, Ontario Waste Management. Industrial waste diversion program: The reduction of lead in steel flue dust using a batch leaching process. [Toronto?]: Ministry of Environment, 1991.

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Abraham, T. Stress corrosion cracking tests on high-level-waste container materials in simulated tuff repository environments. Washington, D.C: Division of Waste Management, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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Tuhfatullin, Boris. Nonlinear problems of structural mechanics. Methods of optimal design of structures. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1201340.

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The textbook discusses methods of optimal design of structures, including methods for minimizing the functions of one and several variables; methods for solving linear and nonlinear programming problems; examples of optimal design of flat steel frames with elements made of rolled and composite I-beams. It is intended for students studying in the specialty 08.05.01 "Construction of unique buildings and structures", undergraduates studying in the training program 08.04.01.24 "Modern technologies of design and construction of buildings and structures", studying the discipline "Nonlinear problems of structural mechanics", as well as for postgraduates of the direction 08.06.01 " Engineering and construction technologies. Construction of buildings and structures", studying the discipline "Construction Mechanics".
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Ranzi, Gianluca, ed. Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.

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<p>Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used throughout the world for buildings and bridges. A distinguishing feature of this form of construction is the combination of concrete and steel components to achieve enhanced structural performance. <p>The time-dependent response of concrete and its infl uence on the service behaviour and design of composite structures are the main focus of this SED. For the fi rst time, a publication combines a state-of-the-art review of the research with the available design specifi cations of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and USA. This publication intends to enhance the awareness of the service response of composite structures and of the latest research and standards’ developments. It is aimed at designers and researchers alike. <p>The review of research available in open literature is provided and arranged according to structural typologies, i. e. slabs, beams, and columns. It serves as background information for current service design rules and provides insight into the most recent research advancements. The review of available design guidelines presents the similarities and differences of the recommended service design procedures infl uenced by concrete time effects. Selected case studies of building and bridge projects show possible design approaches and the rationale required when dealing with the time-dependent response and design of composite structures. The authors of this publication are design engineers and academics involved in the service design and research on the time-dependent response of composite structures.
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Fern, Cohen, and Grolier Club, eds. Steel & roses: American prints in the Hersh Cohen Collection & botanical books in the Fern Cohen Collection. New York: The Grolier Club, 2011.

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Roberts, George, George Krauss, and Richard Kennedy. Tool Steels. 5th ed. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.9781627083584.

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Tool Steels, Fifth Edition provides tutorial explanations along with engineering data on the production, selection, and use of tool steels and related materials. The first six chapters cover topics of a general nature including tool steel classifications and selection factors, primary production processes, the effects of alloying on microstructure and phase composition, and the theory and practice of tool steel heat treatments. The chapters that follow cover specific types or families of tool steels including water-hardening, low-alloy special-purpose, shock-resisting, oil- and air-hardening cold-work, high-carbon high-chromium cold-work, hot-work, and high-speed types as well as mold steels. Each chapter presents information and data on composition, microstructure, processing, properties, and performance. The current edition also includes two new chapters, one on surface modifications and one that provides guidelines for troubleshooting tool steel manufacturing and performance problems. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-599-0, follow this link.
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Book chapters on the topic "AHS STEEL"

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Haynie, Fred H. "Environmental Factors Affecting Corrosion of Weathering Steel." In ACS Symposium Series, 163–71. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0318.ch009.

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Yang, Yuan, Chuantao Xiao, and Ye Yang. "Study on Comprehensive Corrosion of X70 Steel by AHP." In Proceedings of the International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference 2020, 301–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1123-0_29.

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McCauley, W. L., and D. Apelian. "Viscosity of Fluxes for the Continuous Casting of Steel." In ACS Symposium Series, 215–22. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0301.ch016.

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Pu, Kai-Bo, Ji-Rui Bai, Qing-Yun Chen, and Yun-Hai Wang. "Modified Stainless Steel as Anode Materials in Bioelectrochemical Systems." In ACS Symposium Series, 165–84. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1342.ch008.

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Mansfeld, F., H. Xiao, L. T. Han, and C. C. Lee. "Degradation of Polymer Coatings on Steel Exposed to Seawater." In ACS Symposium Series, 174–98. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0689.ch014.

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Halada, Gary, Prashant Jha, Karl Nelson, Wei Zhao, Chad S. Korach, Aaron Neiman, So-Jeung Lee, and Eric Mintzer. "Formation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Coatings on Stainless Steel." In ACS Symposium Series, 159–71. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1054.ch008.

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Claire, Marne St. "Bob Steele." In Drawing as Language: Celebrating the Work of Bob Steele, 13–24. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-980-5_2.

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Tibbetts, G. G. "Growth of Carbon Fibers in Stainless Steel Tubes by Natural Gas Pyrolysis." In ACS Symposium Series, 335–45. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0303.ch023.

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Didziulis, Stephen V., Michael R. Hilton, and Paul D. Fleischauer. "The Influence of Steel Surface Chemistry on the Bonding of Lubricant Films." In ACS Symposium Series, 43–57. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0485.ch003.

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Berry, B. C., A. U. Shaikh, and T. Viswanathan. "Lignosulfonic Acid-Doped Polyaniline (LIGNO-PANI™) for the Corrosion Prevention of Cold-Rolled Steel." In ACS Symposium Series, 182–95. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0843.ch012.

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Conference papers on the topic "AHS STEEL"

1

Hernandez, Santiago, Arturo Fontan, and Jose Pereiro. "Shape Optimization of Steel Standard Profiles." In 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-1963.

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DRÍMALOVÁ, P. "The Influence of Hydrogen Embrittlement on Mechanical Properties of Advanced High-Strength Structural Steel S960MC." In Quality Production Improvement and System Safety. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902691-8.

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Abstract. A lot of emphasis is currently being paid to research into how hydrogen affects the mechanical properties of advanced high-strength (AHS) steels. The use of AHS steels in the chemical industry and nuclear technology is heavily influenced by the mechanical properties that result from the impact of hydrogen. Hydrogen, an interstitial element, alters fracture behavior and causes the material to fail earlier than it should. The greatest danger occurs after hydrogen has been absorbed when it diffuses and accumulates into defects such grain boundaries, dislocations, and phase boundaries. The crystal structure of the steel enlarges due to tensile stresses, which increases hydrogen diffusion. Cold forming creates a multitude of components, and even a small amount of hydrogen absorption could result in significant residual stresses in the material. The steel can experience a significant reduction in mechanical properties, strength, and ductility up to fracture at a critical hydrogen concentration level. It is impossible to preventively remove components that have been harmed by hydrogen before they are utilized, which is the primary issue with hydrogen embrittlement from a safety perspective.
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d'Ippolito, Roberto, Stijn Donders, Michael Hack, Nick Tzannetakis, Geert Van der Linden, and Dirk Vandepitte. "Reliability-based design optimization of composite and steel aerospace structures." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-2153.

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Hernandez, Santiago, Pablo Loscos, Jose Pereiro, Arturo Fontan, and Juan Perezzan. "A Computer Code for Design Optimization of Steel Portal Frames." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1627.

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Voyiadjis, George, Rashid Abu Al-Rub, and Anthony Palazotto. "Modeling and Simulation of Perforation of Steel Plates by Blunt Projectiles." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-2089.

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Vaclavek, Leo, Pavel Marek, and Lubomir Gajdos. "Probabilistic Safety Assessment of a Steel Pipe with Pre-Existing Crack." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-2290.

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Marek, Pavel, Vit Krivy, and I.-Hong Chen. "Safety Assessment of a Steel Frame Using the LRFD and SBRA Methods." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-2295.

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Ma, Jiayao, Yuan Le, and Zhong You. "Axial Crushing Tests of Steel Thin-Walled Square Tubes with Pyramid Pattern." In 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
18th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
12th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-2615.

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Suleman, Jamil, Andrej Korcak, Fady Barsoum, and Eric Hill. "Acoustic Emission Monitoring and Neural Network Fatigue Life Prediction in Steel Members." In 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
18th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
12th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-3031.

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Abu Al-Rub, Rashid, and Sun-Myung Kim. "Multi-Scale Constitutive and Computational Modeling of Hypervelocity Impact Damage of Steel Targets." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1743.

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Reports on the topic "AHS STEEL"

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Leis. L51845 Database of Mechanical and Toughness Properties of Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010150.

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�The lower-strength grades of steel used for transmission pipelines into the 60s were much like those used in other steel construction in that era. These steels gained strength by traditional hardening mechanisms through chemistry changes, largely involving carbon and manganese additions. Improvement of these grades, primarily through control of ingot chemistry and steel processing, became necessary when running brittle fracture was identified as a failure mechanism in gas-transmission pipelines in the late 50s. Eventually, this avenue to increasing strength was exhausted for pipeline applications because this approach causes increased susceptibility to hydrogen-related cracking mechanisms as strength increases. For this reason, modern steels differ significantly from their predecessors in several ways, with the transition from traditional C-Mn ferrite-pearlite steels beginning in the mid 60s with the introduction of high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steels. This report presents the results of projects, PR-3-9606 and PR-3-9737, both of which were planned as multi-year projects. The first of these projects initially was conceived to provide broad evaluation of the fitness-for-service of wrinkle bends while the second was conceived to generate mechanical and fracture properties data for use in the integrity analysis of both the pipe body and weld seams in modern gas-transmission pipeline systems. As possible duplication between a joint industry project and the PRCI project became apparent, this project was scaled back to focus on properties of steels used in construction involving wrinkle bends. Consideration also was given to a more modern steel such as might be found in ripple bends, which are formed in bending machines that now have become widely used. The second project likewise was reduced in scope, with a focus on only the pipe body. Because both projects ended being centered on mechanical and fracture properties, both are presented in this combination report.
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Christman. L51577 Prediction of SCC Susceptibility Based on Mechanical Properties of Line Pipe Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010278.

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If a relationship between the deformation properties of a line pipe steel and its stress-corrosion cracking resistance can be established, then steels may be selected or designed for improved stress-corrosion resistance, based on their mechanical properties. Benefit: In this research program three line pipe steels, removed from long-term service, were examined to determine if there is a correlation between their mechanical properties and stress-corrosion cracking resistance. The hypothesis was that the steel with the greatest tendency for strain hardening, under cyclic and monotonic stress conditions would also have the highest threshold stress for stress-corrosion crack initiation. This hypothesis was verified by the laboratory experiments, which showed the steel with the greatest tendency for strain hardening to have the highest resistance to stress-corrosion. Two other steels, with distinctly lower resistance to plastic deformation, had lower threshold stresses for stress-corrosion. This observation is consistent with the present concept of stress-corrosion crack growth, which holds that crack tip dissolution, and hence crack propagation, occurs because localized plastic deformation ruptures passive films or prevents film formation resulting in crack growth. Result: The cyclic strain behavior of these three steels is consistent with their monotonic stress-strain curves. Both Steels A and B showed a point of extreme strain as the cyclic stress was increased. Their monotonic stress-strain curves both showed well pronounced yield points above which a considerable strain accompanied a small stress increment (low strain hardening). For both steels the rapid increase in cyclic strain occurred at approximately the elevated temperature yield point (\45 ksi for Steel A
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Murray, Matthew, Trace Thornton, Stephen Rowell, and Clifford Grey. Dynamic material properties of Grade 50 steel : effects of high strain rates on ASTM A992 and A572 Grade 50 steels. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47445.

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Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on American Society for Testing Materials International (ASTM) A992 and A572 Grade 50 steels at increasing strain rates to determine the material strength properties of structural members subjected to dynamic loadings. The increase in dynamic yield strength and ultimate tensile strength was determined to update design criteria within UFC 3-340-02, which are currently limited to ASTM A36 and A514 steels. The proposed updates will provide the necessary information required to design blast-resistant structures utilizing modern-day structural steels. The dynamic material properties determined by high-rate tensile tests were compared to static values obtained from ASTM E8 standard tensile tests. The comparisons were used to calculate dynamic increase factors (DIFs) for each steel at strain rates from 2E-3 to 2E0 inch/inch/second. The experiments revealed that the A992 steel exhibited an increase in yield strength up to 45% and ultimate tensile strength up to 20% as strain rate increased over the range tested. The A572-50 steel exhibited a similar increase in yield strength up to 35% and ultimate tensile strength up to 20%. The DIF design curves developed during this research will allow engineers to more efficiently design structural steel components of hardened structures for the protection of our nation’s critical infrastructure.
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Parkins. L51806 Effects of Hydrogen on Low-pH Stress Corrosion Crack Growth. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010142.

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There is circumstantial evidence of hydrogen playing a role in, so called, low pH SCC of pipeline steel, but direct evidence for such is lacking. Resolution of this situation is of practical importance because of its implications for modeling. Thus, existing models for high pH SCC of pipelines are based upon a dissolution controlled mechanism of crack growth, but such models will not be applicable to low pH SCC if hydrogen is involved with the latter. Measurements have been made of the permeation of hydrogen into X52 and X60 pipeline steels at various potetials while exposed to a simulated ground water containing different amounts of carbon dioxide, related to the conditions thought to be associated with transgranular stress corrosion cracking of pipelines. As a consequence of these measurements it is now known unequivocally that hydrogen enters the steel for all such solutions over wide ranges of potential, including those most likely involved in the cracking of pipelines, and with such entry enhanced as the amount of carbon dioxide present in the solution increased. For a given set of environmental conditions, it was found that films on the surface of the pipe, such as may exist in service conditions, could hinder, but not prevent, the ingress of hydrogen. Hydrogen in steel is usually regarded as being trapped at dislocations, grain boundaries or interfaces between the matrix and second phase particles and measurements relating to such indicate that the X60 steel contains appreciably fewer traps than the X52 steel for equivalent charging conditions. However, the trapped hydrogen was found to have no significant influence on the ductility of the steels when subsequently tested in air, although the ductility was impaired by thxe continued ingress of hydrogen when equivalent tests were conducted in the presence of the charging solution. No convincing evidence has been obtained for the ingress of hydrogen into the steels facilitating the early stages of plasticity under exposure conditions relating to those involved in low pH stress corrossion cracking. The most probable mechanism of stress corrosion crack growth in pipeline steel in the solutions studied and at potentials likely to obtain in service involves both dissolution and hydrogen ingress to the steel, although the interactions of those two factors in the fracture process remain speculative.
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Woollin. L51821 Evaluation of Weldable 13 Percent Chromium Steels for Linepipe Applications. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010380.

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The overall aim of the project was to demonstrate the ability to produce welds suitable for linepipe applications in nominally weldable 13%Cr stainless steels covering the range of grades being marketed as low cost alternatives to 22%Cr duplex stainless steel. This included the following: (i) Development of welding guidelines giving sound joints in weldable 13%Cr steels, with minimum preheat requirement. (ii) Quantification of the mechanical, corrosion and environmental cracking properties of weldments in weldable 13%Cr steels. (iii) Quantification of the effect of brief PWHT cycles on weldment properties in weldable 13%Cr steels.
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Nessim. L51880 Influence of Higher Design Factor on Structural Integrity of X70 and X80 Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010372.

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Most pipelines in Class 1 areas are currently designed to a utilization factor of 0.72 using steel grades of up to X70. Using higher strength steels and/or a higher design factor can reduce the wall thickness and construction cost of such pipelines. High strength steels tend to have high yield-to-tensile ratios and lower overall post-yield tangent stiffness. This raises concerns about the potential for excessive plastic deformations under high hydrostatic test pressures. Combined with a high design factor, high steel grades will also lead to thinner pipe walls and reduced tolerance to thickness-dependent failure mechanisms such as corrosion, cracks, and dent-gouges. This effort evaluates the ability of a newer pipelines to safely operate at higher yield stresses.
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Koch, Beavers, and Berry. L51491 Effect of Temperature on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pre-Cracked Line-Pipe Steel. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010078.

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Research conducted in the Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Phase of the NG-18 program has demonstrated that a number of factors influence the rate of stress-corrosion cracking. These factors are the susceptibility of the steel, the stress level, and loading amplitude, the chemical environment in contact with the steel surface, the electrochemical potential established on the steel surface, and the temperature of the steel/environment system. The temperature, as was pointed out by Fessler et al., has an effect on crack growth rate, the width of the potential range where stress-corrosion cracking occurs, and the range of strain rates within which stress-corrosion cracking is possible. It was shown that each of these effects can act to decrease the susceptibility of line pipe steel to stress-corrosion cracking. Although the beneficial effects of lowering the temperature on the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of line pipe steels in carbonate/bicarbonate solutions was shown, no data are available concerning the effect on initiation of stress-corrosion cracks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the KISCC and the stress-corrosion crack velocity of line pipe steels. This study was initiated to determine whether lowering the temperature of the environment could prevent a stress-corrosion crack from initiating or could stop existing and propagating cracks.
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Leis, Flamberg, and Rose. BB78ES8 Vintage Line Pipe Properties via Battelle's Archives. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011082.

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Pipeline fitness-for-service and maintenance prioritization both require knowledge of the line pipe�s mechanical properties and fracture resistance. This report presents such information for a broad range of steels, including vintage Grades A and B as well as early X-grades up through X52 produced from 1930 to 1970. Thirty-six data sets for steels over this range of grades were presented in terms of full-range curves for steels produced up through 1960, while results for another ~150 steels produced until 1970 were summarized in tabular format. Strength and toughness (via CVN and/or DWTT) data were presented with pipe vintage, line-pipe geometry, seam type, steel chemistry, and supplier.
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Davis, Eiber, and Parkins. NR199306 Microbial Effects on SCC of Line-pipe Steels in Low-pH Environments. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010963.

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Many sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) exist in low-pH soils and they are known to produce hydrogen sulfide as a natural product of their life cycle. It is believed that hydrogen sulfide promotes the entry of atomic hydrogen into adjacent steel surfaces as a result if corrosion processes. Thus, tests are needed to determine the microbial effects on stress corrosion cracking of line-pipe steels in low-pH environments. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of sulfate reducing bacteria in producing an environment that promotes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in a typical line pipe steel under low pH conditions.
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Leis. L51682 Ductile Fracture and Mechanical Behavior of Typical X42 and X80 Line-Pipe Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010110.

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This report presents the results of Structural Integrity (SI) Task 1.11-1990, which was initiated to develop the properties for a steel that was typical of lower strength early vintage pipe and anothersteel that represents the more recent controlled-rolled high-strength and high-toughness pipe. Samples of X42 and X80 steels were chosen as the basis for study. The approach was to compare the properties for these steels with the behavior assumed in the analysis and embedded in the model formulation. If the behavior of the new materials is compatible with the current formulation then it can be concluded that the model can with minor changes and related validation be extended to a much broader scope of pipeline applications. This report presents the ductile-fracture and mechanical properties needed to implement the ductile-flaw-growth model and then comments on the modifications needed to adapt the model to this broader class of steels by comparison of the results presented with the formulation developed to address the steels in the earlier study.
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