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Relevant bibliographies by topics / AHRI 210/240

Academic literature on the topic 'AHRI 210/240'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "AHRI 210/240"

1

Shen, Bo, and Moonis R. Ally. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Replacement for R410A in Two-Speed Heat Pumps for Cold Climates." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215666.

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Heat pumps (HPs) are being developed with a new emphasis on cold climates. To lower the environmental impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, alternate low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants must also replace the exclusive use of the refrigerant R410A, preferably without re-engineering the mechanical hardware. In this paper, we analyze the performance of four low-GWP alternative refrigerants (R32, R452B, R454B, and R466A) relative to the conventional R410A and draw conclusions on the relative performances for providing heating in cold climates based on the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) 210/240 standard for two-speed heat pumps. The simulations are carried using the Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE/ORNL) Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM), a well-known heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) modeling and design tool in the public domain and the HVAC research and development community. The results of the simulation are further scrutinized using exergy analysis to identify sources of systemic inefficiency, the root cause of lost work. This rigorous approach provides an exhaustive analysis of alternate low-GWP refrigerants to replace R410A using available compressors and system components, without compromising performance.

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LI, QUBO, DEMISS A. AMIBE, and NORBERT MÜLLER. "USING WATER VAPOR AS REFRIGERANT IN MULTISTAGE VARIABLE SPEED TURBO COMPRESSOR TO IMPROVE SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO OF AIR CONDITIONING." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, no. 02 (June 2011): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511000491.

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An air conditioning system using water as refrigerant (R718) that compresses water vapor with multistage stage variable speed axial compressor with intercooling between stages by water injection is considered. Four stage compression with flash intercooling resulted in 50% improvement of coefficient of performance (COP) at full load compared to conventional refrigerants like R134a. The energy efficiency of an air conditioning unit is specified by seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). SEER is defined as the ratio of cooling output of an air conditioner measured and electrical energy consumption as per AHRI 210/240 during cooling season. The SEER is computed after determining the evaporator cooling capacity and the electrical energy demand of the compressor at each bin temperature using assumed compressor isentropic efficiency, mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency and multiplying by the weight of each bin temperature to determine the total for the cooling season. As a result of multistage compression, best part load performance of water as a refrigerant and operation of compressor near design point at part load due to variable speed drive, 50%–60% improvement in SEER is obtained compared to the best available in the market using conventional refrigerants such as R134a with single stage compression.

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3

Siregar, I. H., Suharyana, A. Khakim, D. Siregar, and A. R. Frida. "Estimation of weekly 99Mo production by AHR 200 kW." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 776 (November 2016): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/776/1/012088.

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4

López, Rick. "Kristine Ibsen . Maximilian, Mexico, and the Invention of Empire . Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press. 2010. Pp. viii, 210. $55.00." American Historical Review 116, no. 4 (October 2011): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.4.1172.

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AR, Khairan, Resi Rizki Nanda, Andika Prajana, and Mulyadi Abdul Wahid. "RANCANG BANGUN GAME EDUKATIF “MUSLIMAH ADVENTURE” SEBAGAI MEDIA DAKWAH MEMANFAATKAN APLIKASI SCRATCH 2.0." Jurnal Phi; Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Fisika Terapan 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/p-jpft.v1i1.6497.

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Penelitian dengan tajuk musliman adventure ini, dilakukan untuk membuat game dengan tema petualangan bagi muslimah menggunakan aplikasi scratch 2.0 dengan metode Riset and Development (R&D) dengan tahapan pengembangan game adalah: analisis, desain, pengembangan, implementasi, dan pengujian. Selain itu, untuk memastikan bahwa game yang dirancang sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, penulis melakukan pengujian kelayakan serta penerimaan game oleh ahli media dan mahasiswa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh hasil kelayakan materi sebesar 4.24 dengan kategori sangat layak. Sedangkan ahli media memberikan penilaian sebesar 4.33 dengan kategori sangat layak. Adapun angket yang disebarkan pada mahasiswi, diperoleh skor rata-rata 4.07 dengan prediket baik. Didasarkan pada hasil pengujian tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa game dengan tema muslimah advanture ini layak untuk dijadikan media dakwah bagi mahasiswi Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh.

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Supahar, Supahar, and Zuhdan Kun Prasetyo. "PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN KINERJA KEMAMPUAN INKUIRI PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN FISIKA SMA." Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan 19, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/pep.v19i1.4560.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan instrumen penilaian kinerja kemampuan inkuiri mata pelajaran fisika peserta didik SMA. Instrumen terdiri atas empat paket perangkat tes yang masing-masing terdiri atas 30 butir tes termasuk 9 butir bersama yang telah divalidasi oleh ahli pendidikan fisika, ahli fisika, ahli pengukuran, dan praktisi. Instrumen diujicobakan pada 2015 peserta didik. Model respon butir politomus empat kategori digunakan untuk menganalisis data hasil uji coba menurut Partial Credit Model (PCM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, berdasarkan kriteria batas terendah dan tertinggi mean INFIT MNSQ, yaitu 0,77 dan 1,30 butir tes semuanya fit dengan model PCM. Tingkat kesulitan butir-butir tes berada pada rentang antara -0,83 sampai +0,84 yang berarti butir-butir tes dalam kategori baik karena nilainya di antara -2,0 dan +2,0. Fungsi informasi total tes relatif tinggi untuk kemampuan antara -2,5 sampai +2,5. Dengan demikian, instrumen yang dikembangkan dapat digunakan untuk meng-ukur kemampuan inkuiri mata pelajaran fisika siswa SMA. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan inkuiri peserta didik pada mata pelajaran fisika SMA di DIY berada di atas kemampuan rata-rata.Kata kunci: kemampuan inkuiri, mata pelajaran fisika SMA, Penilaian kinerja.______________________________________________________________ DEVELOPING ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE INQUIRY ABILITIES IN PHYSICS SUBJECT OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSAbstract The research was to develop an assessment instrument of performance for the inquiry ability of physic subject of senior high school students. The instrument consisted of four package sets of test and each of the sets consisted of 30 test items, including 9 items that had been validated by the expert of physic education, the expert of physic, the expert of measurement and the practitioner. The instrument was tested to 2,015 learning participants. The four-category politomous item response model was implemented for the data analysis of the experiment results according to the Partial Credit Model (PCM). The results of the research showed that based on the criteria of the lowest benchmark and the highest benchmark of mean INFIT MNSQ, was 0.77 and 1.30, all of the test items had been fit with the PCM model. The difficulty level of the test items was between -0.83 and +0,84 which implied that the test items belonged to the good category because the value of the test items was between -2.0 and +2.0. The informative function of the total tests was relatively high for ability between -2.5 to +2.5. Thereby, the instrument developed can be used for measuring the inquiry ability of the physic subject of the senior high school students. The results of measurement showed that the inquiry ability of the learning participants in physic subject within the senior high schools in DIY was above average. Keywords: inquiry ability, physic subject in senior high schools, performance assessment

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Zhu, Yadongyang, Jun Lin, Fa Zhao, Zubin Chen, Feng Sun, and Hao Lv. "A least squares method based on quaternions to derive absolute orientation of geophones with AHRS." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 15, no. 6 (September 17, 2018): 2614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-2140/aadd2f.

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Manni, Giorgia, Marco Gargaro, Antonella Turco, Giulia Scalisi, Davide Matino, Matteo Pirro, and Francesca Fallarino. "Statins regulates inflammatory macrophage phenotype through the activation of AhR." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 167.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.167.19.

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Abstract Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase competitive inhibitors, that lower blood cholesterol, but also exert potent anti-inflammatory effects. The xenobiotic receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), plays crucial role in the control of inflammatory responses. Evidences suggest that selected statins promote the transcription of the main AhR target gene, cytochrome P450 family 1 (Cyp1a1). Macrophages are essential components of innate and adaptive immunity, characterized by AhR expression and activity. Based on these evidences, we investigated potential AhR-mediated immune regulatory properties of statins in Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages (BMDM). We found that BMDM activation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFa induced the inflammatory marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which was completely prevented in BMDMs treated with TNFa in combination with specific statins, namely, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. We confirmed high AhR expression in BMDM that was increased upon treatment with TNFa. We investigated the ability of different statins to activate AhR using a luciferase reporter assay cell lines and in BMDCs. We found that selected statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, activated AhR in a dose dependent manner, an activation prevented in cells expressing selected AhR mutants. Notably, AhR deficient BMDMs, expressed undetectable levels of the main statin target protein HMG-CoA, which was instead highly expressed in wild type BMDMs. These data demonstrate that natural or synthetic statins can play regulatory roles in macrophages. Moreover, our results suggest a potential involvement of AhR in statin-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages.

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Watt, Alan J. "William S. Clayson . Freedom Is Not Enough: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement in Texas . Austin: University of Texas Press. 2010. Pp. x, 210. $55.00." American Historical Review 117, no. 1 (February 2012): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.117.1.239.

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Aliyah, Nur, Muhammad Sjaiful, and Sukring Sukring. "Analisis Hukum dan Akibatnya Terhadap Pengalihan Hak Atas Harta Warisan Tanpa Persetujuan Seluruh Ahli Waris (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka Nomor 17/Pdt.G/2017/PN KKA)." Halu Oleo Legal Research 2, no. 3 (December 13, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/holresch.v2i3.15508.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengalihan Harta Warisan tanpa persetujuan seluruh Ahli Waris sah menurut Hukum Perdata (BW) dan menelaah hukum melindungi hak-hak Ahli Waris berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka Nomor: 17/Pdt.G/2017/PN Kka. Metode penelitian ini bersifat preskripsi analisis. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh gambaran secara rinci dan sistematis tentang keabsahan pengalihan hak atas Harta Warisan tanpa persetujuan seluruh Ahli Waris menurut Hukum Perdata (BW) serta Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka Nomor: 17/Pdt.G/2017/PN Kka. Berdasarkan kasus yang telah diputus di Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka Nomor: 17/Pdt.G/2017/PN Kka. Kronologi perkara adalah salah seorang ahli waris melakukan balik nama Sertifikat Hak Milik Nomor 210 yang merupakan harta warisan milik bersama tanpa sepengetahuan ahli waris yang lain. Ahli waris yang merasa dirugikan mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka dan gugatan Para Penggugat diterima, yang menyatakan bahwa balik nama Sertifikat hak Milik atas nama Nokke menjadi Muh. Aliyas Nokke adalah tidak sah dan merupakan Tindakan Melawan Hukum. Hakim menetapkan bahwa Para Penggugat adalah benar merupakan Ahli Waris dari Nokke, serta sita jaminan yang diletakkan oleh Pengadilan Negeri Kolaka atas obyek sengketa adalah sah dan berharga.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AHRI 210/240"

1

Werner, Edith Benedicta Maria. "Learning Finite State Machine Specifications from Test Cases." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B3D7-E.

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Schenk, Franz. "An Active Domain Node Architecture for the Semantic Web." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B3B7-3.

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Dittmar, Jörg. "Modellierung dynamischer Prozesse mit radialen Basisfunktionen." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B4DD-9.

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Engster, David. "Local- and Cluster Weighted Modeling for Prediction and State Estimation of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B4FD-1.

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Wei, Wei. "Theoretical Studies of the Dynamics of Action Potential Initiation and its Role in Neuronal Encoding." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B5CA-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "AHRI 210/240"

1

Amibe, Demiss A., Qubo Li, and Norbert Mu¨ller. "Multi Stage Variable Speed Turbo Compressor for Enhancing Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio of Air Conditioners Using R718 as Refrigerant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22502.

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An air conditioning system using water as refrigerant (R718) that compresses water vapor with multistage stage variable speed axial compressor with intercooling between stages by water injection is considered. Four stage compression with flash intercooling resulted in 50% improvement of coefficient of performance (COP) at full load compared to conventional refrigerants like R134a. The energy-efficiency of an air conditioning unit is specified by seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). SEER is defined as the ratio of cooling output of an air conditioner measured and electrical energy consumption as per AHRI 210/240 during cooling season. The SEER is computed after determining the evaporator cooling capacity and the electrical energy demand of the compressor at each bin temperature using assumed compressor isentropic efficiency, mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency and multiplying by the weight of each bin temperature to determine the total for the cooling season. As a result of multistage compression, best part load performance of water as a refrigerant and operation of compressor near design point at part load due to variable speed drive, 50–60% improvement in SEER is obtained compared to the best available in the market using conventional refrigerants such as R134a with single stage compression.

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2

Ahmad, Salma, Hanan Nazar, Nouralhuda Alatieh, Maryam Al-Mansoob, Zainab Farooq, Muna Yusuf, and Allal Ouhtit. "Validation of Novel Transcriptional Targets that Underpin CD44-promoted breast cancer cell invasion." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0153.

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Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer worldwide, and metastasis is its worst aspect and the first cause of death. Metastasis is a multistep process, where an invasion is a recurring event. The process of BC cell invasion involves three major factors, including cell adhesion molecules (CAM), proteinases and Growth factors.CD44, a family of CAM proteins and the hyaluronic acid (HA) cell surface receptor, acts as cell differentiation, cell migration/invasion and apoptosis regulator. Rationale: We have previously established a tetracycline (Tet)-OFF-regulated expression system, both in vitro and in vivo (Hill et al, 2006). As a complementary approach, the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 BC cells expressing high levels of endogenous CD44s (the standard form of CD44), was cultured in the presence and absence of 50 µg/ml of HA. RNA samples were isolated from both cell experimental models, and microarray analysis (12K CHIP from Affymetrix) was applied. More than 200 CD44s transcriptional target genes were identified and were sub-divided into groups of genes based on their function: cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, ability to degrade ECM, and cell survival. Hypothesis: Among these 200 identified genes, we selected seven genes (ICAP-1, KYNU, AHR, SIRT1, SRSF8, PRAD1, and SOD2) and hypothesized that based on evidence from literature, these genes are potential novel targets of CD44-downstream signaling mediating BC cell invasion. Specific Aims: Pursuant to this goal, we proposed the following objectives: 1- Structural validation of ICAP-1, KYNU, AHR, SIRT1, SRSF8, PRAD1 and SOD2 as novel transcriptional targets of CD44/HA-downstream signaling at both RNA and Protein level using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot respectively. 2-Functional validation of ICAP-1, KYNU, AHR, SIRT1, SRSF8, PRAD1and SOD2 as novel transcriptional targets that underpin CD44-promoted BC cell migration using wound healing assay after the transfection with siRNA. Innovation/Consclusion: This study validated seven transcriptional targets of CD44/HA-downstream signaling promoting BC cell invasion. Ongoing experiments aim to dissect the signaling pathways that link CD44 activation by HA to the transcription of these seven genes.

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Potts, T. Todd, James M. Hylko, and Terrence A. Douglas. "An Interactive Database Tool for Applying Integrated Safety Management in a Streamlined and Consistent Manner." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4653.

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WESKEM, LLC’s Environmental, Safety and Health (ES&H) Department had previously assessed that a lack of consistency, poor communication and use of antiquated communication tools could result in varying operating practices, as well as a failure to capture and disseminate appropriate Integrated Safety Management (ISM) information. To address these issues, the ES&H Department established an Activity Hazard Review (AHR)/Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) process for systematically identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards associated with project work activities during work planning and execution. Depending on the scope of a project, information from field walkdowns and table-top meetings are collected on an AHR form. The AHA then documents the potential failure and consequence scenarios for a particular hazard. Also, the AHA recommends whether the type of mitigation appears appropriate or whether additional controls should be implemented. Since the application is web based, the information is captured into a single system and organized according to the ≥200 work activities already recorded in the database. Using the streamlined AHA method improved cycle time from over four hours to an average of one hour, allowing more time to analyze unique hazards and develop appropriate controls. Also, the enhanced configuration control created a readily available AHA library to research and utilize along with standardizing hazard analysis and control selection across four separate work sites located in Kentucky and Tennessee. The AHR/AHA system provides an applied example of how the ISM concept evolved into a standardized field-deployed tool yieling considerable efficiency gains in project planning and resource utilization. Employee safety is preserved through detailed planning that now requires only a portion of the time previously necessary. The available resources can then be applied to implementing appropriate engineering, administrative and personal protective equipment controls in the field.

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Victor, UN, RJ Schwab, SJ Ratcliffe, EA Beothy, BE Staley, and GW Pien. "Visceral Fat Measurements and AHI in Women." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5407.

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Brown, BJ, AM Pastva, B. Lo, WM Foster, P. Eu, LG Que, SN Abraham, JR Wright, and DW Zaas. "AHR Is Attenuated in Caveolin-1 Deficient Mice." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5093.

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Fretz, G., KE Bloch, T. Genser, and R. Thurnheer. "Accuracy of AHI Detection by AutoCPAP Devices during Outpatient Treatment." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1264.

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Takeda, K., Y. Shiraishi, J. Domenico, JJ Lucas, C. Schaefer, SD Seiwert, K. Kossen, and EW Gelfand. "ITMN-520 Prevents Allergen-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and Inflammation." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5722.

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Neuville, M., F. Parquin, C. Suberbielle, E. Longchampt, M. Stern, A. Chapelier, and C. Cerf. "Acute Humoral Rejection (AHR): A New Challenge after Lung Transplantation (LT)." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a4600.

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Thatcher, TH, MA Williams, RP Phipps, and PJ Sime. "The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Is a Novel Regulator of Dendritic Cell Function: AhR-Deficient DCs Promote a Th2 Phenotype in Naive Wild-Type T Cells." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a6081.

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Thorne-FitzGerald, MD, UN Victor, G. Maislin, S. Hurley, T. Gislason, A. Pack, E. Arnardottir, et al. "Effect of BMI & AHI on Upper Airway (UA) Soft Tissue (ST) Volumes." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a3598.

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Reports on the topic "AHRI 210/240"

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Saldanha, Ian J., Andrea C. Skelly, Kelly Vander Ley, Zhen Wang, Elise Berliner, Eric B. Bass, Beth Devine, et al. Inclusion of Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions in Systematic Reviews of Intervention Effectiveness: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsguidenrsi.

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Introduction: Nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) are observational or experimental studies of the effectiveness and/or harms of interventions, in which participants are not randomized to intervention groups. There is increasingly widespread recognition that advancements in the design and analysis of NRSIs allow NRSI evidence to have a much more prominent role in decision making, and not just as ancillary evidence to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Objective: To guide decisions about inclusion of NRSIs for addressing the effects of interventions in systematic reviews (SRs), this chapter updates the 2010 guidance on inclusion of NRSIs in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) SRs. The chapter focuses on considerations for decisions to include or exclude NRSIs in SRs. Methods: In November 2020, AHRQ convened a 20-member workgroup that comprised 13 members representing 8 of 9 AHRQ-appointed EPCs, 3 AHRQ representatives, 1 independent consultant with expertise in SRs, and 3 representatives of the AHRQ-appointed Scientific Resource Center. The workgroup received input from the full EPC Program regarding the process and specific issues through discussions at a virtual meeting and two online surveys regarding challenges with NRSI inclusion in SRs. One survey focused on current practices by EPCs regarding NRSI inclusion in ongoing and recently completed SRs. The other survey focused on the appropriateness, completeness, and usefulness of existing EPC Program methods guidance. The workgroup considered the virtual meeting and survey input when identifying aspects of the guidance that needed updating. The workgroup used an informal method for generating consensus about guidance. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. Results: We outline considerations for the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. We describe the strengths and limitations of RCTs, study design features and types of NRSIs, and key considerations for making decisions about inclusion of NRSIs (during the stages of topic scoping and refinement, SR team formation, protocol development, SR conduct, and SR reporting). We discuss how NRSIs may be applicable for the decisional dilemma being addressed in the SR, threats to the internal validity of NRSIs, as well as various data sources and advanced analytic methods that may be used in NRSIs. Finally, we outline an approach to incorporating NRSIs within an SR and key considerations for reporting. Conclusion: The main change from the previous guidance is the overall approach to decisions about inclusion of NRSIs in EPC SRs. Instead of recommending NRSI inclusion only if RCTs are insufficient to address the Key Question, this updated guidance handles NRSI evidence as a valuable source of information and lays out important considerations for decisions about the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. Different topics may require different decisions regarding NRSI inclusion. This guidance is intended to improve the utility of the final product to end-users. Inclusion of NRSIs will increase the scope, time, and resources needed to complete SRs, and NRSIs pose potential threats to validity, such as selection bias, confounding, and misclassification of interventions. Careful consideration must be given to both concerns.

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Dahm, Philipp, Michelle Brasure, Elizabeth Ester, Eric J. Linskens, Roderick MacDonald, Victoria A. Nelson, Charles Ryan, et al. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer230.

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Objective. To update findings from previous Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)- and American Urological Association (AUA) funded reviews evaluating therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer (CLPC). Sources. Bibliographic databases (2013–January 2020); ClinicalTrials.gov; systematic reviews Methods. Controlled studies of CLPC treatments with duration ≥5 years for mortality and metastases and ≥1 year for quality of life and harms. One investigator rated risk of bias (RoB), extracted data, and assessed certainty of evidence; a second checked accuracy. We analyzed English-language studies with low or medium RoB. We incorporated findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified in the prior reviews if new RCTs provided information on the same intervention comparison. Results. We identified 67 eligible references; 17 were unique RCTs. Among clinically rather than prostate specific antigen (PSA) detected CLPC, Watchful Waiting (WW) may increase mortality and metastases versus Radical Prostatectomy (RP) at 20+ years. Urinary and erectile dysfunction were lower with WW versus RP. WW’s effect on mortality may vary by tumor risk and age but not by race, health status, comorbidities, or PSA. Active Monitoring (AM) probably results in little to no difference in mortality in PSA detected CLPC versus RP or external beam radiation (EBR) plus Androgen Deprivation (AD) regardless of tumor risk. Metastases were slightly higher with AM. Harms were greater with RP than AM and mixed between EBR plus AD versus AM. 3D-conformal EBR and AD plus low-dose-rate brachytherapy (BT) provided a small reduction in all-cause mortality versus three dimensional conformal EBR and AD but little to no difference on metastases. EBR plus AD versus EBR alone may result in a small reduction in mortality and metastases in higher risk disease but may increase sexual harms. EBR plus neoadjuvant AD versus EBR plus concurrent AD may result in little to no difference in mortality and genitourinary toxicity. Conventionally fractionated EBR versus ultrahypofractionated EBR may result in little to no difference in mortality and metastases and urinary and bowel toxicity. Active Surveillance may result in fewer harms than photodynamic therapy and laparoscopic RP may result in more harms than robotic-assisted RP. Little information exists on other treatments. No studies assessed provider or hospital factors of RP comparative effectiveness. Conclusions. RP reduces mortality versus WW in clinically detected CLPC but causes more harms. Effectiveness may be limited to younger men or to those with intermediate risk disease and requires many years to occur. AM results in little to no mortality difference versus RP or EBR plus AD. EBR plus AD reduces mortality versus EBR alone in higher risk CLPC but may worsen sexual function. Adding low-dose-rate BT to 3D-conformal EBR and AD may reduce mortality in higher risk CLPC. RCTs in PSA-detected and MRI staged CLPC are needed.

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