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Schmitz, Peder K., and Hans J. Kandel. "Using Canopy Measurements to Predict Soybean Seed Yield." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 3260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163260.
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Predicting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield is of interest for crop producers to make important agronomic and economic decisions. Evaluating the soybean canopy across a range of common agronomic practices, using canopy measurements, provides a large inference for soybean producers. The individual and synergistic relationships between fractional green canopy cover (FGCC), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, and a normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) measurements taken throughout the growing season to predict soybean seed yield in North Dakota, USA, were investigated in 12 environments. Canopy measurements were evaluated across early and late planting dates, 407,000 and 457,000 seeds ha−1 seeding rates, 0.5 and 0.8 relative maturities, and 30.5 and 61 cm row spacings. The single best yield predictor was an NDVI measurement at R5 (beginning of seed development) with a coefficient of determination of 0.65 followed by an FGCC measurement at R5 (R2 = 0.52). Stepwise and Lasso multiple regression methods were used to select the best prediction models using the canopy measurements explaining 69% and 67% of the variation in yield, respectively. Including plant density, which can be easily measured by a producer, with an individual canopy measurement did not improve the explanation in yield. Using FGCC to estimate yield across the growing season explained a range of 49% to 56% of yield variation, and a single FGCC measurement at R5 (R2 = 0.52) being the most efficient and practical method for a soybean producer to estimate yield.
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Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, John Finnan, Mark Sterling, and Chris Baker. "A calibrated oat lodging model compared with agronomic measurements." Field Crops Research 255 (September 2020): 107784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107784.
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Enciso, Juan, Carlos A. Avila, Jinha Jung, Sheren Elsayed-Farag, Anjin Chang, Junho Yeom, Juan Landivar, Murilo Maeda, and Jose C. Chavez. "Validation of agronomic UAV and field measurements for tomato varieties." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 158 (March 2019): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.02.011.
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HOCKETT, E. A. "RELATIONSHIP OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-040.
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The number of adventitious roots of two- and six-row barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under irrigation at Bozeman, Montana in 1970 and 1971, was related to yield and other agronomic characteristics. Adventitious roots were counted shortly before heading and at maturity and correlated with 15 agronomic characteristics. Adventitious root number was not correlated with yield of barley, except for two out of six cases in two-row barley. Roots per tiller, per plant and per square metre were all positively correlated with each other. The number of kernels per spike increased as roots per tiller increased but decreased with a high number of tillers per plant. Kernel plumpness and numbers of tillers were negatively correlated in two-row barley, but not in six-row barley. Cultivars differed significantly in yield and adventitious root number. Six-row barley had more roots per tiller but fewer tillers per square metre than two-row barley. Roots per tiller and roots per square metre measurements had the best repeatability between years for six-row barley, but no root measurements were consistent over years for the two-row type. Tillers per plant measurements for both two-row and six-row barleys and tillers per square metre for just two-row barley were consistent over years. Tiller and root number interact and are usually positively related. The genetic variation for root number shown here could be used in crosses for selection of superior genotypes.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, adventitious roots, subcrown internode, yield components, seeding rate
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Duru, Michel, Pablo Cruz, and Jean Pierre Theau. "A simplified method for characterising agronomic services provided by species-rich grasslands." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 5 (2010): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09296.
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In order to encourage farmers and their advisors to promote species-rich grasslands, the agronomic services they can provide should be demonstrated. Methods based on functional ecology are promising, but difficult to use in an applied context. Thus, we aimed to construct a simplified method, tailored for non-researchers, for assessing grassland agronomic services. We assess them by focusing on the grass species that was coupled to a leaf dry matter content (LDMC) database. These simplifications are supported by several hypotheses tested in our paper: (i) trade-offs between agronomic properties; (ii) mass ratio hypothesis; and (iii) functional convergence and divergence between grass and dicotyledonous species. The results were based on 37 vegetation records taken in the south of France (central Pyrenees, from 650 to 1250 m. a.s.l.) for calculating the proportion of grass species and the aggregated LDMC of grass species (LDMCgw), weighting species values by their abundance. LDMC of grass species was taken from field measurements and from a database. The two methods were compared. The latter avoids tedious field measurements, and we found that it was at least as good as the former for assessing agronomic productivity and quality, and the same was true for a LDMC diversity index. Reducing the list of grass species to the two dominant ones did not significantly alter the LDMCgw. There were significant differences between the grass and dicotyledonous components coexisting within a plant community for the digestibility of the plant components (higher for dicots) and in the date at which ceiling yield occurred (earlier for dicots), but no significant effect for productivity. For assessing agronomic services, we proposed corrections based on the grass : dicotyledon ratio. The hypotheses used for designing the method were verified. Finally, agronomic services such as herbage productivity and quality provided by species-rich grasslands can be evaluated by recording dominant grass species and the proportion of grass in the herbage. However, taking account of the difference in sensitivity to the environment for agronomic properties and plant species composition, the main use of the method is for ranking plant communities within a given area and a given year, rather than for providing absolute values of these agronomic properties.
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Edenborn, S. L., A. J. Sexstone, Y. Sutanto, and J. A. Chapman. "Relationships among Contrasting Measurements of Microbial Dynamics in Pasture and Organic Farm Soils." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/537459.
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Soil bacteria exhibit short-term variations in community structure, providing an indication of anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), community level physiological profiling (CLPP), and culture-dependent DGGE (CD DGGE) fingerprinting of the 16S rRNA gene were used to compare microbial communities in organic farm and pasture soils subjected to differing agronomic treatments. Correlation analyses revealed significant relationships between MBC, PMN, and data derived from microbial community analyses. All measures separated soil types but varied in their ability to distinguish among treatments within a soil type. Overall, MBC, PMN, and CLPP were most responsive to compost and manure amendments, while CD DGGE resolved differences in legume cropping and inorganic fertilization. The results support the hypothesis that culturable soil bacteria are a responsive fraction of the total microbial community, sensitive to agronomic perturbations and amenable to further studies aimed at linking community structure with soil functions.
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Barmeier, Gero, Bodo Mistele, and Urs Schmidhalter. "Referencing laser and ultrasonic height measurements of barleycultivars by using a herbometre as standard." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 12 (2016): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16238.
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Assessment of plant height is an important factor for agronomic and breeder decisions; however, current field phenotyping, such as visual scoring or using a ruler, is time consuming, labour intensive, costly and subjective. For agronomists and plant breeders, the most common method used to measure plant height is still a meter stick. In a 3-year study, we have adopted a herbometre similar to a rising plate meter as a reference method to obtain the weighted plant height of barley cultivars and to evaluate vehicle-based ultrasonic and laser distance sensors. Sets of 30 spring barley cultivars and 14 and 60 winter barley cultivars were tested in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The herbometre was well suited as a reference method allowing for an increased area and was easy to handle. The herbometre measurements within a plot showed very low coefficients of variation. Good and close relationships (R2 = 0.59, 0.76, 0.80) between the herbometre and the ultrasonic distance sensor measurements were observed in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, demonstrating also increased values of heritability. Hence, both sensors were able to differentiate among barley cultivars in standard breeding trials. For the sensors, we observed a 4-fold faster operating time and 6-fold increase of measurement points compared with the herbometre measurement. Based on these results, we conclude that distance sensors represent a powerful and economical high-throughput phenotyping tool for breeders and plant scientists to estimate plant height and to differentiate cultivars for agronomic decisions and breeding activities potentially being also applicable in other small grain cereals with dense crop stands. Particularly, ultrasonic distance sensors may reflect an agronomically and physiologically relevant plant height information.
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GARNSWORTHY, P. C., J. WISEMAN, and K. FEGEROS. "Prediction of chemical, nutritive and agronomic characteristics of wheat by near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Agricultural Science 135, no. 4 (December 2000): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699008382.
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Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used in the flour milling industry for rapid determination of moisture and protein in wheat. However, these measurements give little indication of the nutritive value of wheat when fed to poultry or pigs. Accurate estimates of nutritive value require specialist facilities and are time-consuming and costly. Accordingly, prediction from chemical or NIRS measurements would be of some considerable benefit. In the current study 160 samples of wheat, representing 24 different varieties, were used to generate NIRS calibration equations for chemical, nutritive and agronomic characteristics. Predictions of chemical constituents in wheat were very accurate. Coefficients of determination (r2) were 0·94 for dry matter, 0·90 for crude protein, 0·97 for ash, 0·78 for starch and 0·98 for oil. True metabolizable energy in broiler chickens was predicted more accurately (r2 = 0·52 for adult birds, 0·74 for young birds) than apparent metabolizable energy (r2 = 0·45). Digestible energy (r2 = 0·17) and nitrogen digestibility (r = 0·22) in pigs were not predicted very accurately on a smaller subset (n = 33). Agronomic characteristics were predicted very accurately (r2 = 0·98 hardness, 0·80 bushel weight, 0·99 thousand-grain weight). Predictions of nutritive value of wheat from chemical or agronomic characteristics are very inaccurate, since coefficients of determination vary from zero to 0·25. It is concluded that NIRS can accurately estimate the chemical composition of wheat, but accurate prediction of nutritive value is reduced by animal variation. Nevertheless, NIRS is potentially more reliable for assessing nutritive value than chemical composition or agronomic characteristics.
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Vitharana, U. W. A., M. Van Meirvenne, D. Simpson, L. Cockx, and G. Hofman. "Agronomic consequences of potential management zones delineated on the basis of EM38DD measurements." Near Surface Geophysics 6, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2008003.
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Sojka, R. E., G. A. Lehrsch, S. J. Kostka, J. L. Reed, A. C. Koehn, J. A. Foerster, Arlean Rohde, Craig A. Martin, Gerald E. Otis, and S. W. Dean. "Soil Water Measurements Relevant to Agronomic and Environmental Functions of Chemically Treated Soil." Journal of ASTM International 6, no. 1 (2009): 101497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai101497.
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Jogloy, S., J. C. Wynne, and M. K. Beute. "Inheritance of Late Leafspot Resistance and Agronomic Traits in Peanut1." Peanut Science 14, no. 2 (July 1, 1987): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-2-9.
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Abstract Twenty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) populations in F2 generation from an M x N mating design involving five late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum)-resistant female parents and four adapted male parents were evaluated for late leafspot resistance with a detached leaf culture technique. Agronomic traits were evaluated in the field. Objectives were 1) to identify the best parent for agronomic traits and the best source of resistance to late leafspot, 2) determine the correlations among components of resistance, 3) determine the correlations of resistance and agronomic traits, and 4) estimate heritability of late leafspot resistance. General combining ability was highly significant for agronomic traits and for most measurements of late leafspot resistance. Specific combining ability was significant for pod length and seed size. Of the male parents, NC 6 and NC 7 produced the best progenies for both agronomic traits and late leafspot resistance. Components of resistance to late leafspot among resistant female parents were not significantly different. NC 17090 produced the best progenies for pod yield and seed yield. NC 17135 produced progenies with good agronomic traits. Correlations among components of resistance to late leafspot indicated that lines with increased latent period, decreased lesion number, lesion size and defoliation, and reduced spore production can be selected. However, high yielding plants tended to be susceptible to late leafspot. Broadsense heritability for components of resistance was low to moderate (0.13–0.68). Narrow-sense heritability for parameters of resistance was consistently low (0.0–0.128). Selection for late leafspot resistance in the F2 populations was not effective.
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King, Graham J. "Progress of Apple Genetic Mapping in Europe." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 749B—749. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.749b.
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The progress of the European Apple Genome Mapping Project will be described. Five populations segregating for a range of agronomic genes have been established in six European countries. Isozyme systems, RFLPs, RAPDs, and other PCR-based markers are being used to construct a unified genetic linkage map. Genotypic and phenotypic measurements have been precisely defined and standardized among participants. Phenotypic measurements for many agronomic traits are being replicated in different geographical locations over several years. Statistical and genetic analyses are aimed at defining components of genetic variation that account for “genes” manipulated by apple breeders. The segregation of fungal and insect resistance genes, tree habit, juvenility, budbreak, and many fruit characters has been scored. Markers have been identified linked to and flanking scab and mildew resistance genes. RAPD markers have been converted to codominant PCR-based markers for selection purposes. The JoinMap program has been extended for linkage analysis of crosses between heterozygous parents. A method for mapping QTLs in outcrossing species has been developed, together with software that is able to contend with dominant markers and missing data. Associated research is being carried out on the genetics and diversity of fungal resistance genes, fruit quality, and the socioeconomic aspects of apple production. The relational database, APPLE-STORE, has been designed and implemented for combined management of agronomic and genetic information. Synteny of linkage groups between Malus and Prunus has been established.
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Adeniji, OT, PM Kusolwa, and SWOM Reuben. "Genetic diversity based on agronomic and fruit quality traits in gboma eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i1.36156.
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Solanum macrocarpon L is a fruit and leaf vegetable in sub-Sahara Africa. The genetic diversity of the crop remains largely unexploited consequently there is a dearth of genetic information on agronomic and fruit quality traits. Agronomic and fruit quality variability and association among traits were evaluated. Twenty – six accessions were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Measurements taken on agronomic and fruit quality traits were subjected to a combined analysis of variance, Principal Component Analysis and grouping using Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average using option Ward’s. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) among the accessions for all the traits, while Genotype by Year Interaction (GYI) showed insignificant effects for most traits except plant height at flowering and maturity and seed yield. High broad sense heritability suggested the preponderance of both additive and non-additive genetic action for agronomic and fruit quality traits. The percentage contribution of agronomic traits toward the genetic diversity was maximum in plant height at flowering and plant height at maturity. Positive correlation coefficients was recorded between days to 50% flowering and fruit infructescence/plant (r = 0.45, P≤ 0.05). Dendogram analysis revealed three distinct groups with overlap of traits and no relationship between geographic location and phenotypic diversity. Hybridization among MM 268, MM 10256, MM 150 and MM 10161 may bring together gene constellations for earliness, fruit yield and delayed time to fruit browning. Superior genotypes are recommended for use in hybridization schemes for variety development and the subsequent molecular characterizationBangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(1): 25-38, March 2018
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Nóbrega, Daiane Da Silva, José Ricardo Peixoto, Michelle Souza Vilela, Fábio Gelape Faleiro, Karolline De Paula Silva Gomes, Rosa Maria De Deus De Sousa, and Isadora Nogueira. "Agronomic descriptors and ornamental potential of passion fruit species." Ornamental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i3.1053.
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Brazil has great variability, being one of the centers of origin of the genus Passiflora. Passion fruit has a multiple and diversified uses, being little explored as an ornamental plant in the country. The objective of this work was to characterize four passion fruit genotypes (two hybrid materials from the experimental field of passion fruit breeding program of the University of Brasília, and two passion fruit cultivars - BRS Sertão Forte and BRS Mel do Cerrado, both of them from Brazil), based on official and validated morphoagronomic descriptors for the identification of morphological aspects and ornamental potential, under field conditions, in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design, with four treatments, four replications, and six plants per plot. Plants were analyzed weekly regarding the characteristics of the branches, leaf blade, petiole, and flowers, with 24 measurements of each structure in the four treatments, which were recorded using a digital camera. Flowers presented pronounced size and color, colored branches, and leaves of varying sizes and shapes. All materials studied showed commercial ornamental potential to be explored as new options for ornamental climbing plants.
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Jensen, Manfred, Kerstin Linke, Andreas Dickhäuser, and G. Benno Feige. "The Effect of Agronomic Photosystem-II Herbicides on Lichens." Lichenologist 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0134.
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AbstractThe sensitivity of Hypogymnia physodes, Lobaria pulmonaria and Peltigera aphthosa to six photosystem II herbicides and to DBMIB was tested in the laboratory by chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen-exchange measurements. In addition, experiments with freshly isolated photobiont cells from H. physodes and L. pulmonaria were performed. Generally, the lichens were most sensitive to the urea herbicides diuron and isoproturon, whereas the triazines atrazine, terbuthylazine, and simazine and the triazinone metamitron were less inhibitory. Among the three lichen species investigated, H. physodes was the most sensitive to the urea herbicides. For the other agents, no significant differences between lichen species could be found. The highest pI50 values obtained from dose response curves were around 6.5 for isolated photobionts, but most values for lichen thalli were in the range 5–6. Thus, there is no particular sensitivity of green algal lichen photobionts to photosystem II herbicides as compared to other algae, higher plant chloroplasts or protoplasts. In nature, we observed recovery from (damaging) treatment with 10−5 mol diuron 1−1 for H. physodes within weeks. Therefore, damage to lichens from the use of photosystem-II herbicides in agriculture is probably only of very local occurrence.
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Hume, D. E., and J. C. Sewell. "Agronomic advantages conferred by endophyte infection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13383.
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Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are key grasses of sown pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Ryegrass in naturalised pastures, and in sown seed, is widely infected with Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, with toxic endophyte strains occasionally causing toxicosis in livestock. Endophyte infection is also beneficial in sown grasslands, assisting ryegrass hosts to overcome biotic stresses, and tall fescue hosts to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. We review the literature for Australia and present new data, to examine the agronomic effects of endophyte. Frequency of endophyte infection in old, perennial ryegrass pastures and ecotype-based cultivars is high and, in all pastures, increases with time, providing evidence for endophyte-infected plants having an agronomic advantage over endophyte-free plants. Within a cultivar, agronomic field experiments have compared endophyte-infected with endophyte-free swards. Endophyte significantly improved ryegrass establishment in seven of 19 measurements taken from 12 trials. In mature ryegrass pastures, over half of the experiments found advantages to endophyte infection. Tall fescues infected with a selected endophyte (‘AR542’) had improved agronomic performance relative to endophyte-free in a majority of experiments, and on occasions, the endophyte was essential for tall fescue persistence. Cultivar × endophyte interactions occurred but were inconsistent. In high-stress environments, endophyte was more important for agronomic performance than difference between cultivars. The relative importance of cultivar and endophyte is discussed, with elite cultivars that are adapted to the region and are infected with elite endophytes being the best avenue to capture the benefits and minimise detrimental endophyte effects on livestock. The major drivers are likely to be insect pests and drought, but evidence is limited.
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Dhawale, N. M., V. I. Adamchuk, S. O. Prasher, P. R. L. Dutilleul, and R. B. Ferguson. "Spatially Constrained Geospatial Data Clustering for Multilayer Sensor-Based Measurements." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2 (November 11, 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-187-2014.
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One of the most popular approaches to process high-density proximal soil sensing data is to aggregate similar measurements representing unique field conditions. An innovative constraint-based spatial clustering algorithm has been developed. The algorithm seeks to minimize the mean squared error during the interactive grouping of spatially adjacent measurements similar to each other and different from the other parts of the field. After successful implementation of a one soil property scenario, this research was to accommodate multiple layers of soil properties representing the same area under investigation. Six agricultural fields across Nebraska, USA, were chosen to illustrate the algorithm performance. The three layers considered were field elevation and apparent soil electrical conductivity representing both deep and shallow layers of the soil profile. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB, R2013b. Prior to the process of interactive grouping, geographic coordinates were projected and erroneous data were filtered out. Additional data pre-processing included bringing each data layer to a 20 × 20 m raster to facilitate multi-layer computations. An interactive grouping starts with a new “nest” search to initiate the first group of measurements that are most different from the rest of the field. This group is grown using a neighbourhood search approach and once growing the group fails to reduce the overall mean squared error, the algorithm seeks to locate a new “nest”, which will grow into another group. This process continues until there is no benefit from separating out an additional part of the field. Results of the six-field trial showed that each case generated a reasonable number of groups which corresponded to agronomic knowledge of the fields. The unique feature of this approach is spatial continuity of each group and capability to process multiple data layers. Further development will involve comparison with a more traditional k-means clustering approach and agronomic model calibration using a targeted soil sampling.
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Levitan, Nathaniel, and Barry Gross. "Utilizing Collocated Crop Growth Model Simulations to Train Agronomic Satellite Retrieval Algorithms." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121968.
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Due to its worldwide coverage and high revisit time, satellite-based remote sensing provides the ability to monitor in-season crop state variables and yields globally. In this study, we presented a novel approach to training agronomic satellite retrieval algorithms by utilizing collocated crop growth model simulations and solar-reflective satellite measurements. Specifically, we showed that bidirectional long short-term memory networks (BLSTMs) can be trained to predict the in-season state variables and yields of Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) maize crop growth model simulations from collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 500-m satellite measurements over the United States Corn Belt at a regional scale. We evaluated the performance of the BLSTMs through both k-fold cross validation and comparison to regional scale ground-truth yields and phenology. Using k-fold cross validation, we showed that three distinct in-season maize state variables (leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and specific leaf area) can be retrieved with cross-validated R2 values ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 for significant portions of the season. Several other plant, soil, and phenological in-season state variables were also evaluated in the study for their retrievability via k-fold cross validation. In addition, by comparing to survey-based United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) ground truth data, we showed that the BLSTMs are able to predict actual county-level yields with R2 values between 0.45 and 0.6 and actual state-level phenological dates (emergence, silking, and maturity) with R2 values between 0.75 and 0.85. We believe that a potential application of this methodology is to develop satellite products to monitor in-season field-scale crop growth on a global scale by reproducing the methodology with field-scale crop growth model simulations (utilizing farmer-recorded field-scale agromanagement data) and collocated high-resolution satellite data (fused with moderate-resolution satellite data).
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Jedmowski, Christoph, Ahmed Ashoub, Osama Momtaz, and Wolfgang Brüggemann. "Impact of Drought, Heat, and Their Combination on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Yield of Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum)." Journal of Botany 2015 (November 5, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/120868.
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The impact of (long-term) drought acclimation and (short-term) heat stress and their combination on fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves (OJIP) and grain yield was tested using pot-grown plants of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) originating from Northern Egypt. Concerning agronomic traits, the main effect of drought was decreased biomass accumulation and grain yield, while heat specifically affected floral development. The treatments caused specific inhibitions of photosystem II (PSII) functionality. While heat stressed plants showed a reduction of maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (φP0), an indication of effects on oxygen evolving complex (OEC) functionality, and the connectivity of PSII units, these features were entirely missing in drought acclimated plants. Drought caused a reduction of the Performance Index (PIabs) and of the relative amplitude of the IP-phase of the OJIP induction curve (ΔVIP). Individuals suffering from a combination of drought and heat showed a better ability to recover photosynthetic electron transport after the relief of stress in comparison to heat stressed plants. However, this improved capacity to recover was not accompanied by an increased grain yield. Thus, we conclude that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements provide valuable physiological data; however, their use in agronomic studies for the prediction of agronomic traits should be done with some precaution.
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Guenser, Josépha, Emilie Bourgade, Marc Vergnes, Thierry Dufourcq, and Séverine Mary. "Assessment of biodiversity and agronomic parameters in two Agroforestry vineyards." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001013.
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Sustainability of agricultural production systems is nowadays considered as a major challenge to face. Viticulture is particularly affected by environmental issues, especially because of its consumption in pesticides. Besides, the social demand in environment-friendly products is increasing, and the reputation of wines produced under Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) is also built on the specificity of natural characteristics and resources such as soil, which has to be preserved. Biodiversity loss is largely admitted among the scientific community, and landscape simplification is known as a major driver in this process. Agroforestry, which combines trees with crops, could be a seducing response to biodiversity loss in agro-ecosystems, but the possibility of negative interactions between trees and vines (competition for water, nutrients, light) has to be considered. The Vitiforest project aims to assess south west of France agroforestry vineyard plots by spatializing different parameters in the domain of agronomy, ecology, micro-climate and economy. Field measurements were undertaken at different distances from the intercropped lines of trees in two agroforestry vineyard plots, in order to test potential effects of the trees. Arthropods were collected periodically with pitfall traps (for ground-dwelling individuals) and with D-vac system (aspiration of vine leaves). Pest insects (Empoasca vitis) were collected by specific yellow sticky traps. Data collected to describe biodiversity in these agroforestry systems was total arthropods abundances, abundances per order, carabidae richness and abundances. Nitrogen status was assessed by using Greenseeker® device, through the NDVI index. Our observations show that intercropped trees have no direct effects on vine nutrition. Slight effects on pests insects repartition were found, but these effects are inconstant according to experimental site and year of observation. The same trend is observed for arthropods abundances in the plots.
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Easton, H. S., M. Z. Z. Jahufer, C. Flay, J. Schmidt, M. P. Rolston, J. A. K. Trethewey, D. L. Ryan, and M. J. Faville. "Environment and ryegrass genetics - multisite trial of advanced breeding populations." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.455.
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Developing a genomic selection (GS) strategy for ryegrass requires field data for training GS models and to gain insight into how ryegrass agronomic performance varies, within and among populations and across locations. Families from five perennial ryegrass breeding populations are being evaluated in eight trials in Northland, Waikato, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu and Canterbury to establish a data set for development of a genomic selection model. Statistically robust variances are evident among families within populations, both for visual scoring of herbage bulk and dry matter measurements. Multi-trial analysis of data showed significant (P
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Fortuna, Ann-Marie, Patrick J. Starks, Amanda M. Nelson, and Jean L. Steiner. "Prediction of Soil Carbon Fractions Using a Field Spectroradiometer Equipped with an Illuminating Contact Probe." Soil Systems 3, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040071.
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This research compared the accuracy of laboratory reference measurements of soil C and N fractions with soil reflectance spectra acquired using a portable field spectroradiometer with an illuminating contact probe. Soil samples were taken from eight, 1.6 ha watersheds, located in El Reno, Oklahoma on native warm season grasslands and agronomic managements with landform complexes serving as replicates within and among treatments. Soil samples were taken from 0–30-cm. Measurements included total soil organic carbon (TSOC), total soil nitrogen (TSN), residual C of acid hydrolysis (RCAH), and particulate organic matter C (POMC) and N (POMN). Soil reflectance in the 350 to 2500 nm region was correlated with individual laboratory measurements. Each reference dataset was divided into model development data (70%) and model validation data (30%). Calibrated models were applied to validation datasets. Statistical analysis revealed that prediction efficiencies of soil reflectance models were highly quantitative. Coefficients of determination (R2) were near 1 (≥0.90) and ratios of predicted values to the measured standard deviation (RPD) were >2, indicative of good predictive models. The field spectroradiometer enabled us to parameterize soil spatial variability and soil reflectance measurements, reducing the resources required to acquire edaphic measurements.
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Wetzstein, Hazel Y., and S. Edward Law. "Measurements of Ambient Ozone Concentrations Show Elevated Levels within Commercial Greenhouses." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 976B—976. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.976b.
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Ozone is a highly oxidizing phytotoxic air pollutant, whose effects are documented to adversely affect crop growth and productivity. In contrast to the large body of published work investigating the effects of atmospheric ozone on outdoor agronomic and forestry crops, relatively few studies have addressed the effects of ozone exposure on greenhouse-grown crops. Outdoor concentrations of ozone can commonly attain concentrations in the 50–150 ppb range, which are known to detrimentally impact plant growth. The objective of this study was to characterize ozone exposure in commercial greenhouses as a prelude to the determination of dose–response effects on specific greenhouse crops and the development of ozone abatement methods, if appropriate. This study documented the levels and diurnal fluctuations in atmospheric ozone concentrations over two annual June–October “ozone seasons.” Measurements were taken every 10 min. for both indoor and outdoor ozone concentration, solar radiation, and temperature. Unexpectedly, indoor ozone concentrations often exhibited elevated levels that were 25% to 35% higher than outdoor concentrations, even in well-ventilated houses. These findings suggest that additional ozone production may occur within the greenhouse environment. Evaluations of causative factors and ozone effects on commercial crop production are warranted.
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Fenilli, Tatiele A. B., Klaus Reichart, Osny O. S. Bacchi, Paulo C. O. Trivelin, and Durval Dourado-Neto. "The 15N isotope to evaluate fertilizer nitrogen absorption efficiency by the coffee plant." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79, no. 4 (December 2007): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652007000400015.
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The use of the 15N label for agronomic research involving nitrogen (N) cycling and the fate of fertilizer-N is well established, however, in the case of long term experimentation with perennial crops like citrus, coffee and rubber tree, there are still shortcomings mainly due to large plant size, sampling procedures, detection levels and interferences on the system. This report tries to contribute methodologically to the design and development of 15N labeled fertilizer experiments, using as an example a coffee crop fertilized with 15N labeled ammonium sulfate, which was followed for two years. The N of the plant derived from the fertilizer was studied in the different parts of the coffee plant in order to evaluate its distribution within the plant and the agronomic efficiency of the fertilizer application practice. An enrichment of the fertilizer-N of the order of 2% 15N abundance was sufficient to study N absorption rates and to establish fertilizer-N balances after one and two years of coffee cropping. The main source of errors in the estimated values lies in the inherent variability among field replicates and not in the measurements of N contents and 15N enrichments of plant material by mass-spectrometry.
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Dekemati, Igor, Barbara Simon, Igor Bogunovic, Szergej Vinogradov, Maimela Maxwell Modiba, Csaba Gyuricza, and Márta Birkás. "Three-Year Investigation of Tillage Management on the Soil Physical Environment, Earthworm Populations and Crop Yields in Croatia." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050825.
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The aim of this study was to determine the environmental suitability of conservation tillage systems. A 3-year experiment was conducted in Croatia, to study the effects of different tillage treatments on soil properties, with the following: deep (DC), shallow tine cultivation (SC) and ploughing (P). Soil penetration resistance (SPR) was significantly greater in P compared to DC in all three years. In 2016, it was found at 30–40 and 40–50 cm; in 2017 at 10–20 cm; in 2018 at 0–10 and 10–20 cm. However, SC was significantly greater at 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm compared to P and DC in 2017. The greater surface coverage in DC and SC (>30%) as compared to P (<1%) provided significantly higher soil moisture content (SMC) in maize (2016) and soybean (2018). In 2017, SMC in SC was significantly lower than in P and DC. Regarding all the 3 years, the agronomic structure in DC and SC had significantly greater crumb ratio compared to P, whereas P had significantly higher dust ratio than DC and SC. Throughout the 15 measurements, DC provided the most favorable soil habitat (11 occasions out of 15). In 2017, the earthworm abundance was significantly higher in DC compared to SC. In all the three years, DC resulted the highest yield, however the difference was not significant. Higher surface coverage and SMC positively impacted the ratio of agronomic structure (decreased dust and increased crumb ratio) and earthworm abundance. It can be concluded that DC and SC provided greater soil coverage which positively affected SPR, SMC, agronomic structure and earthworm abundance as compared to P.
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VandenBygaart, A. J., and D. A. Angers. "Towards accurate measurements of soil organic carbon stock change in agroecosystems." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-106.
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In response to Kyoto Protocol commitments, countries can elect agricultural carbon sinks to offset emissions from other sectors, but they need to verify soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change. We summarize issues we see as barriers to obtaining accurate measures of SOC change, including: soil depth, bulk density and equivalent soil mass, representation of landscape components, experimental design, and the equilibrium status of the SOC. If the entire plow depth is not considered, rates of SOC storage under conservation compared with conventional tillage can be overstated. Bulk density must be measured to report SOC stock on an area basis. More critical still is the need to report SOC stock on an equivalent mass basis to normalize the effects of management on bulk density. Most experiments comparing SOC under differing management have been conducted in small, flat research plots. Although results obtained from these long-term experiments have been useful to develop and validate SOC prediction models, they do not adequately consider landscape effects. Traditional agronomic experimental designs can be inefficient for assessing small changes in SOC stock within large spatial variability. Sampling designs are suggested to improve statistical power and sensitivity in detecting changes in SOC stocks over short time periods. Key words: Soil organic carbon change, agroecosystems, experimental design, sampling depth
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Letchamo, W., T. Kireeva, and A. Shmakov. "A Comparative Study of Rhodiola rosae under Cultivation and Natural Growing Conditions." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 482b—482. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.482b.
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Rhodiola rosae L., from the Crassulacea family, is a perennial widely known in Russian folk and official medicine for its adaptogenic properties. The extracts from the roots of Rhodiola rosae is known to be a better alternative to ginseng because of its better effects, safety for people having high blood pressure, cardiac and kidney problems, pregnancy, and minors. Rhodiola is collected mostly from the wild, and this practice has resulted in the decimation of the wild population in Altai mountains and in southern Siberia. The objective of this investigation was to find the best method of production and guarantee the availability of the raw material without compromising the quality. Plants were studied under naturally growing conditions and brought into cultivation. We used seeds to propagate. Morphological traits, flowering, leaf area, shoot and root yield, and content of salidroside (biologically active component in the root) were measured in 50 plants. The measurements were taken during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd years of the cultivated plants, while parallel measurements were taken from the same place of naturally growing plants. Plants under natural conditions did not receive any agronomic treatment, while normal agronomic practices were given for plots under cultivation. We found significant difference an all measured parameters. Though higher root yield was obtained from cultivated plants, the concentration of salidroside was found to be higher naturally grown plants. With the increasing age of the cultivated plants, however, the concentration of salidroside significantly increased. The total yield of salidroside, g/m2 was found to increase consistently each year for cultivated variants compared to plots under natural growth.
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Massey, Joseph H., C. Mark Stiles, Josh W. Epting, R. Shane Powers, David B. Kelly, Taylor H. Bowling, C. Leighton Janes, and Dean A. Pennington. "Long-term measurements of agronomic crop irrigation made in the Mississippi delta portion of the lower Mississippi River Valley." Irrigation Science 35, no. 4 (April 27, 2017): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0543-y.
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Rufo, Rubén, Jose Miguel Soriano, Dolors Villegas, Conxita Royo, and Joaquim Bellvert. "Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Ground-Based RGB Indices to Assess Agronomic Performance of Wheat Landraces and Cultivars in a Mediterranean-Type Environment." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061187.
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The adaptability and stability of new bread wheat cultivars that can be successfully grown in rainfed conditions are of paramount importance. Plant improvement can be boosted using effective high-throughput phenotyping tools in dry areas of the Mediterranean basin, where drought and heat stress are expected to increase yield instability. Remote sensing has been of growing interest in breeding programs since it is a cost-effective technology useful for assessing the canopy structure as well as the physiological traits of large genotype collections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a 4-band multispectral camera on-board an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and ground-based RGB imagery to predict agronomic traits as well as quantify the best estimation of leaf area index (LAI) in rainfed conditions. A collection of 365 bread wheat genotypes, including 181 Mediterranean landraces and 184 modern cultivars, was evaluated during two consecutive growing seasons. Several vegetation indices (VI) derived from multispectral UAV and ground-based RGB images were calculated at different image acquisition dates of the crop cycle. The modified triangular vegetation index (MTVI2) proved to have a good accuracy to estimate LAI (R2 = 0.61). Although the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that grain yield and number of grains per square meter (NGm2) were the agronomic traits most suitable to be predicted, the R2 were low due to field trials were conducted under rainfed conditions. Moreover, the prediction of agronomic traits was slightly better with ground-based RGB VI rather than with UAV multispectral VIs. NDVI and GNDVI, from multispectral images, were present in most of the prediction equations. Repeated measurements confirmed that the ability of VIs to predict yield depends on the range of phenotypic data. The current study highlights the potential use of VI and RGB images as an efficient tool for high-throughput phenotyping under rainfed Mediterranean conditions.
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Fallovo, Carlo, Valerio Cristofori, Emilio Mendoza de-Gyves, Carlos Mario Rivera, Roberto Rea, Simone Fanasca, Cristina Bignami, Youssef Sassine, and Youssef Rouphael. "Leaf Area Estimation Model for Small Fruits from Linear Measurements." HortScience 43, no. 7 (December 2008): 2263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2263.
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Accurate and nondestructive methods to determine individual leaf areas of plants are a useful tool in physiological and agronomic research. Determining the individual leaf area (LA) of small fruit like raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), redcurrant (Ribes rubrum L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.), and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) involves measurements of leaf parameters such as length (L) and width (W) or some combinations of these parameters. A 2-year investigation was carried out during 2006 (on seven raspberry, seven redcurrant, six blackberry, five gooseberry, and two highbush blueberry cultivars) and 2007 (on one cultivar per species) under open field conditions to test whether a model could be developed to estimate LA of small fruits across cultivars. Regression analysis of LA versus L and W revealed several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual small fruit leaves. A linear model having LW as the independent variable provided the most accurate estimate (highest R 2, smallest mean square error, and the smallest predicted residual error sum of squares) of LA in all small fruit berries. Validation of the model having LW of leaves measured in the 2007 experiment coming from other cultivars of small fruit berries showed that the correlation between calculated and measured small fruit berries LAs was very high. Therefore, these models can estimate accurately and in large quantities the LA of small fruit plants in many experimental comparisons without the use of any expensive instruments.
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Lazaridi, Efstathia, George K. Papadopoulos, and Penelope J. Bebeli. "Andean Lupin Phenology and Agronomic Performance under Different Planting Dates in a Mediterranean Climate." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10122020.
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Andean lupin in Europe has regained interest in recent years due to its high seed protein and oil content and its potential use for food, feed as well as a crop used in biorefineries. A search for suitable germplasm in combination with a determination of appropriate agronomical practices such as planting date are needed for commercial farming in new areas. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of six selected L. mutabilis accessions in a Mediterranean area using two different planting dates for two consecutive experimental years. A split plot design with accessions as subplots and planting dates as main plots was used. Measurements such as days to flowering, plant height, total number of pods and seeds per plant, seed yield and seed crude protein content were taken. All accessions performed better when cultivation started not later than the end of autumn since high temperatures occurred during late spring shortened the growth cycle and reduced yield. Earlier cultivation applied, in the middle of autumn, did not enhance significantly seed yield production. Among the accessions, LIB223 was characterized by the highest seed crude protein content in the early planting treatment, while accessions with prolonged growth cycle (LIB209, LIB214 and LIB223) produced higher seed yield than other accessions and could be further studied as promising breeding material for cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions tested.
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Plaza, Javier, Marco Criado, Nilda Sánchez, Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez, Carlos Palacios, and Francisco Charfolé. "UAV Multispectral Imaging Potential to Monitor and Predict Agronomic Characteristics of Different Forage Associations." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091697.
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The capability of UAVs imagery to monitor and predict the evolution of several forage associations was assessed during the whole growing cycle of 2019–20. For this purpose, eight different forage associations grown in triplicate were used: vetch-barley-triticale (VBT), vetch-triticale (VT), vetch-rye (VR), vetch-oats (VO), pea-barley-triticale (PBT), pea-triticale (PT), pea-rye (PR) and pea-oats (PO). Six biophysical parameters were monitored through six vegetation indices on seven measurements dates distributed along the growing cycle. The experiments were carried out on the organic farm “Gallegos de Crespes” located in the municipality of Larrodrigo (Salamanca, Spain). The results obtained in the exploratory and the correlation analysis suggested that a predictive model (PLS regression) could be performed. Overall, vetch-based associations showed slightly higher values for both the field parameters and the vegetation indices than pea-based ones. Correlations were very strong and significant for each association throughout their growing cycle, suggesting that the evolution of the associations would be monitored from the spectral indices. Integrating these multispectral observations in the PLS model, the agronomic parameters of forage associations were predicted with a reliability of more than 50%. A single combination of VNIR (or even only visible) bands was able to feed the regression model, leading to a successful prediction of the agronomic parameters.
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Mayers, JD, RJ Lawn, and DE Byth. "Agronomic studies on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the dry seasons of the tropics. I. Limits to yield imposed by phenology." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 7 (1991): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9911075.
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An analysis was undertaken of the development, growth and seed yield of irrigated soybean crops grown during the dry season of the semi-arid tropics in north-western Australia, to establish yield potentials and identify major climatic or physiological constraints. Ten tropically adapted genotypes were grown at three sowing times, using agronomic management practices designed to maximize productivity and minimize constraints due to water supply, fertility, weeds and insects. In addition to phenology, seed yield, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and seed and plant morphological traits, measurements were made at the beginning and end of flowering of DM accumulation, leaf area development and interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Harvest indices were generally large, but maximum seed yields were only c. 3 t ha-1, apparently because of inadequate biomass production. The analysis of growth and development suggested that DM accumulation during the vegetative phase was limited primarily by cumulative PAR interception by the crop canopy rather than the efficiency of conversion of intercepted PAR. In turn, both cumulative PAR interception, and canopy leaf area development, were constrained by precocious flowering, induced by the comparatively short-day/warm temperature conditions of the dry season. It was concluded that yield improvement strategies for the dry season will need to be based on agronomic and/or breeding strategies to enhance canopy development and improve biomass production.
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Conner, R. L., S. F. Hwang, S. M. Woods, K. F. Chang, D. J. Bing, H. Su, D. W. McAndrew, and L. M. Yager. "Influence of agronomic traits on the expression of tissuespecific resistance to mycosphaerella blight in field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-213.
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Mycosphaerella blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes, is the most destructive disease of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in western Canada. A 3-yr field study conducted at two field locations examined the effect of differences in lodging, growth stage and maturity on disease development among field pea cultivars that possess different forms of partial resistance. Significant differences in disease development, measured as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and as disease severity on the leaves, stems and pods were observed among the field pea cultivars. These measurements of disease development were only influenced by differences in crop maturity in 2005. Only cultivars that were either intermediate or late maturing had low disease severity ratings or AUDPC values. Differences in the degree of lodging had a small inconsistent effect on the mycosphaerella blight ratings. These results suggest that differences in maturity should be considered in order to avoid inadvertent selection for late maturity while evaluating field pea lines or cultivars for mycosphaerella blight resistance. Key words: Mycosphaerella pinodes, field pea, Pisum sativum, maturity, lodging.
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Ouedraogo, M., O. D. Smith, C. E. Simpson, and D. H. Smith. "Early and Late Leaf Spot Resistance and Agronomic Performance of Nineteen Interspecific Derived Peanut Lines1." Peanut Science 21, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-2-7.
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Abstract Nineteen selected interspecific peanut lines with resistance to leaf spot [Cercospora arachidicola Hori and/or Cercosporidium personatum (Berk, and Curt.) Deighton] were field tested 3 yr for disease reaction and productivity with and without foliar fungicide protection. Measurements included severity ratings of leaf spot every 2 wk based on the Florida leaf spot disease rating scale, and pod yield. Area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) and pod yield losses were calculated. Differences among the interspecific lines in AUDPC values were significant, and one line had values equal to or lower than that of Southern Runner. One-half of the lines were equal in yield (P=0.01) to Southern Runner. Yields among lines averaged 1 to 50% higher with, as compared to without, chlorothalonil application. Yield losses of individual entries varied significantly from 1 yr to another and incongruous with the AUDPC pattern. Correlations between the AUDPC and yield loss were significant (P=0.01) for the 1989 and 1990, but not for the 1988 data. Results of the study indicate that resistance to both C. arachidicola and personatum were incorporated from the wild species parents into productive, runner-type breeding lines, and that the resistance to personatum was equal to or better than that of Southern Runner. Additional effort will be required to transfer levels of leaf spot resistance observed in the wild species parents into successful cultivars.
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Ingram, Sam, Matthew H. Poore, and Daniel H. Poole. "24 Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.044.
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Abstract Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) pastures to non-toxic infected tall fescue (NE) for profitability, animal and agronomic performance without compromising soil health is needed to transition to NE in the southeast U.S. Three renovation strategies were evaluated for impact on soil health, profitability, and animal and agronomic performance in a replicated field trial located in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Soil samples were taken prior to renovation to establish baseline soil health measurements for each strategy. Data were analyzed using proc GLM of SAS v9.4. Thirty-two Angus and Angus cross steers (initial BW 425 ± 27) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments during the first season of renovation. Average daily gain for cattle grazing the first season of cover crops was greatest (P < 0.001) with 3-CM (0.8 kg/d), 3-SM (0.8 kg/d), in comparison to C and 1-SM (-0.1 kg/d). Gain per hectare differed among treatments (P < 0.001) with 3-SM and 3-CM being greater than C and 1-SM (179, 154, -24, -43 kg/ha, respectively). Within the two-month grazing period, yield different during the month of August (P < 0.001), with 3-SM being the highest (4511 kg/ha) in comparison to 3-CM (3275 kg/ha), 1-SM (2922 kg/ha), and C (2644 kg/ha), while yield was highest (P <0.001) for 3-CM in September (2931 kg/ha) in comparison to all other treatments. Data suggest agronomic and animal performance for 3-CM and 3-SM were improved compared to C and could partially alleviate initial renovation costs.
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Ingram, Sam, Matthew H. Poore, and Daniel H. Poole. "147 Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.084.
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Abstract Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) pastures to non-toxic infected tall fescue (NE) for profitability, animal and agronomic performance without compromising soil health is needed to transition to NE in the southeast U.S. Three renovation strategies were evaluated for impact on soil health, profitability, and animal and agronomic performance in a replicated field trial located in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Soil samples were taken prior to renovation to establish baseline soil health measurements for each strategy. Data were analyzed using proc GLM of SAS v9.4. Thirty-two Angus and Angus cross steers (initial BW 425 ± 27) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments during the first season of renovation. Average daily gain for cattle grazing the first season of cover crops was greatest (P < 0.001) with 3-CM (0.8 kg/d), 3-SM (0.8 kg/d), in comparison to C and 1-SM (-0.1 kg/d). Gain per hectare differed among treatments (P < 0.001) with 3-SM and 3-CM being greater than C and 1-SM (179, 154, -24, -43 kg/ha, respectively). Within the two-month grazing period, yield different during the month of August (P < 0.001), with 3-SM being the highest (4511 kg/ha) in comparison to 3-CM (3275 kg/ha), 1-SM (2922 kg/ha), and C (2644 kg/ha), while yield was highest (P < 0.001) for 3-CM in September (2931 kg/ha) in comparison to all other treatments. Data suggests agronomic and animal performance for 3-CM and 3-SM were improved compared to C and could partially alleviate initial renovation costs.
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Santillano-Cázares, Jesús, Fidel Núñez-Ramírez, Cristina Ruíz-Alvarado, María Cárdenas-Castañeda, and Iván Ortiz-Monasterio. "Assessment of Fertilizer Management Strategies Aiming to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat Grown Under Conservation Agriculture." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (December 16, 2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120304.
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Sustainable crop production systems can be attained by using inputs efficiently and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) parameters are indirect measurements of sustainability of production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected nitrogen (N) management treatments on wheat yields, grain and straw N concentration, and NUE parameters, under conservation agriculture (CA). The present study was conducted at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), in northwest, Mexico. Seventeen treatments were tested which included urea sources, timing, and methods of fertilizer application. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare groups of treatments and correlation and regression analyses were used to look at the relationships between wheat yields and NUE parameters. Contrasts run to compare wheat yields or agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) performed similarly. Sources of urea or timing of fertilizer application had a significant effect on yields or AEN (p > 0.050). However, methods of application resulted in a highly significant (p < 0.0001) difference on wheat yields and agronomic efficiency of N. NUE parameters recorded in this study were average but the productivity associated to NUE levels was high. Results in this study indicate that wheat grew under non-critically limiting N supply levels, suggesting that N mineralization and reduced N losses from the soil under CA contributed to this favorable nutritional condition, thus minimizing the importance of N management practices under stable, mature CA systems.
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Smith, Brendan J., John A. Kirkegaard, and Geoff N. Howe. "Impacts of Brassica break-crops on soil biology and yield of following wheat crops." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03104.
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Biofumigation refers to the allelopathic effects of brassicas on non-desirable soil organisms in a rotation cropping system. These effects are additional to non-hosting of root diseases, responsible for much of the break-crop effect observed in a following cereal crop. We investigated the biofumigation impacts of canola on take-all disease and rhizosphere microorganisms of following wheat crops. The biofumigation potential of the canola was tested by comparing effects of Brassica and non-Brassica break-crops and by using canola varieties with differing levels of root glucosinolates, the precursors of isothiocyanates, which are thought to be the primary biofumigant molecules released by brassicas. There was no evidence that biofumigation was related to superior growth of wheat following brassicas compared with non-Brassica break-crops, nor among the wheat crops following canola varieties with differing root glucosinolate levels. However, the break-crop effect was evident in agronomic, take-all, and some rhizosphere microbial measurements of the wheat–wheat rotations compared with fallow–wheat or break-crop–wheat rotations. Thus the break-crop effect was the primary advantage conferred by the brassicas. Any additional biofumigation effect on yield or disease was not significant in our study and does not appear to be influenced by root glucosinolate content. For broad-acre cropping with current canola or mustard varieties, and adequate grass weed control, the agronomic characteristics of canola varieties chosen should take precedence over their biofumigation potential.
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Ravindran, V., and Wayne L. Bryden. "Amino acid availability in poultry—in vitro and in vivo measurements." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 5 (1999): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98174.
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Methodology to evaluate the protein quality or amino acid availability in feed ingredients for poultry using in vitro (enzymic, chemical, or microbiological assays), indirect in vivo (plasma amino acid assays), or direct in vivo (growth or digestibility assays) measurements has been reviewed. The specific applications and limitations of these methods are examined. In vitro assays are useful in providing information on heat damage in selected protein sources under defined conditions, and on relative ranking of different samples, but they cannot form the basis of practical feed formulations. While growth assays remain the only direct means of confirming nutritional relevance of values obtained by other procedures, in vivo digestibility assays appear to be most useful, at present, to estimate amino acid availability. Amino acid digestibility assays in poultry should be based on the analysis of digesta from the terminal ileum rather than excreta, because of the variable and modifying effects of hindgut microflora. Techniques used to estimate endogenous amino acid losses in poultry are discussed. The needs for correction of endogenous losses in amino acid digestibility calculations and the relative merits of apparent and true digestible amino acid systems are still being debated. It is, however, clear that both digestible amino systems are superior to the total amino acid system currently employed to formulate practical diets. Digestible amino acid values are likely to form the basis of poultry feed formulations in the future. In particular, there is an urgent need for more precise information on the variation in digestible amino acid contents of locally grown ingredients and on the factors causing this variation (e.g. variety, location, season, agronomic practices, processing, etc.).
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Nasser, Maurício Dominguez, Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso, Ariel Santivañez Aguilar, and Augusto Zonta. "Soil temperature and agronomic implications in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Scientia Agraria Paranaensis 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18188/sap.v19i1.22578.
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Plants can tolerate a wide range of soil temperature variations, but their development is affected when the soil undergoes higher or lower temperatures of certain extreme values. The aim of this study was to assess the soil temperature of two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily measurements of soil temperature were taken at two weather stations, one in the municipality of Adamantina (soil classified as Podzolic, Dark Red Latosol, Eutrophic, moderate A, of sandy/medium texture) and another in the municipality Monte Alegre do Sul (soil classified as Red Yellow Podzolic, of fine sandy-clayey texture) within a period of 365 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the two municipalities being the treatments, and 12 repetitions determined by monthly averages. The soil temperature at a 3-cm depth in Adamantina reached values above 40°C, values not observed in Monte Alegre do Sul. At a 12-cm depth, there were no differences between the municipalities. In Monte Alegre do Sul, the recorded soil temperatures proved suitable for crops, with better use of organic matter by the soil and greater stability of surface temperature throughout the day compared to Adamantina. In Adamantina, however, the use of agronomic technology is required to ensure greater stability of surface temperature. The temperature throughout the year in the soil surface layer in the Adamantina region in the afternoon was higher than in the Monte Alegre do Sul region, a fact that implies the need of differentiated agronomic technology depending on the cultivation location.
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Montero, F. J., J. A. de Juan, A. Cuesta, and A. Brasa. "Nondestructive Methods to Estimate Leaf Area in Vitis vinifera L." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.696.
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The importance of rapid, nondestructive, and accurate measurements of leaf area (LA) in agronomic and physiological studies is well known, but a search of the literature revealed little information available for grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The results described herein include a comparison of 12 different mathematical models for estimating leaf area in `Cencibel'. The simplest, most accurate regression equations were: LAi = 0.587 LW (R2 = 0.987) and LAi = 0.588 LW (R2 = 0.994), where LAi is leaf area measured using image analysis and LW is leaf length × maximum width. Use of maximum width (W), leaf length (L), petiole length (Lp), and dry weight of leaves (DML) as single variables in the regression equations were not as closely associated with total leaf area, although their R2 values were also highly significant.
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Liu, Sin-Yie, Whi-Koa Wu, Jau-Yueh Wang, Li-Mei Son, Ming-Hong Yen, and Chun-Ching Lin. "Studies on the Agronomic Characteristics, Yield, and Saikosaponin Content of Two Bupleurum Species in Taiwan." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 23, no. 02 (January 1995): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x95000249.
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Two Bupleurum species (Bupleurums spp.), i.e., B. falcatum L. cv. Tainung No. 1 and B. kaoi Liu, Chao, et Chuang, were compared for their differences in seed germination, plant characteristics and root yield, and saikosaponin content. Experimental data showed that the most suitable temperature for seed germination of the two species was 16°C. Two treatments, cold stratification at 4°C for 8 weeks and presoaking by running water for 2 days, resulted in higher germination rates. Tainung No. 1 possessed a higher 1,000-seed weight than B. kaoi. However, field survival rate was higher for B. kaoi than for Tainung No. 1. Results from field experiments also revealed that stem diameter, leaf width and fresh weight of various plant parts except the root were superior for Tainung No. 1 to B. kaoi. On the contrary, tiller number and root diameter and weight of B. kaoi were higher than those of Tainung No. 1. Harvest date and elevation had significant effects on the agronomic performance of the two Bupleurum spp. Measurements of most traits of the 6 month-old plants were superior to those of the 3 and 10 month-old plants. Cultivation at higher elevation (850 m) favored the development of leaf weight and root length, while cultivation at lower elevation (85 m) facilitated the development of plant height, root diameter, and root weight. Analysis of saikosaponin concentration in the root tissue revealed that average contents of 3.19 and 3.80 mg/g, respectively, for plants grown at the elevations of 850 m and 85 m. Comparison between the two species showed no significant difference in saikosaponin content, ranging from 3.45 to 3.55 mg/g.
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Wang, Yingcheng, Hao Ying, Yulong Yin, Hongye Wang, and Zhenling Cui. "Benefits and Trade-Offs of Tillage Management in China: A Meta-Analysis." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081495.
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In China, deep tillage (DT; to >20 cm soil depth) has increased crop yields by improving soil properties, while no-tillage (NT) has been recommended to reduce the labor and machinery costs. Local farmers are willing to adopted rotary tillage (RT; harrowing to 10–15 cm depth) for easy management. However, the effects of these tillage management methods on agronomic productivity, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, and economic return have not been quantified systematically, and their effectiveness remains in question. Here, we present a meta-analysis of the effects of these methods using 665 paired measurements from 144 peer-reviewed studies. The results indicated that DT significantly increased crop yields by 7.5% relative to RT, and even greater increases were observed in regions with low temperatures and with a wheat cropping system. In contrast, NT resulted in a yield reduction of 3.7% relative to RT, however, controlling for the appropriate temperature and long extension duration (>15 yr) could reduce yield losses and even increase the yield. Both DT and NT significantly enhanced SOC sequestration relative to RT. Adoption of DT would lead to both higher total GHG emissions (N2O and CH4) and increased energy costs, while NT reduced GHG emissions. DT management exhibited a positive net profit for all cropping systems; NT decreased the net profit for rice and wheat but increased the profit for maize. Our study highlighted the agronomic, environmental, and economic benefits and trade-offs for the different tillage methods and should enable investors and policymakers to ensure the best tillage management decisions are made depending on the location-specific conditions.
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Goulet, Etienne, and Gérard Barbeau. "Contribution of soil electric resistivity measurements to the studies on soil/grapevine water relations." OENO One 40, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2006.40.2.875.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The classical techniques that allow to quantify the soil water status such as the gravimetric method or the use of neutrons probes do not give access to the volume of soil explored by the plant root system. On the contrary, electric tomography can be used to have a global vision on the water exchange area between soil and plant. The measurement of soil electric resistivity, as a non destructive, spatially integrative technique, has recently been introduced into viticulture. The use of performing equipment and adapted software allows for rapid data processing and gives the possibility to spatialize the variations of soil texture or humidity in two or three dimensions. Soil electric resistivity has been tested for the last three years at the Experimental Unit on Grapevine and Vine, INRA, Angers, France, to study the water supply to the vine in different “terroir” conditions. Resistivity measurements were carried out with the resistivity meter Syscal R1+ (Iris Instruments, France) equipped with 21 electrodes. Those electrodes were lined up on the soil surface in a direction perpendiculary to 5 grapevine rows with an electrode spacing of 0.5 m. and a dipole-dipole arrangement. Resistivity measurements were performed on the same place at different times in order to study soil moisture variations. This experimental set up has permitted to visualise the soil stratification and individualize some positive electric anomalies corresponding to preferential drying ; this desiccation could be attributed to grapevine root activity. The soil bulk subject to the water up-take could be defined more precisely and in some types of soil, available water may even be quantified. Terroir effect on grapevine root activity has also been shown up on two different experimental parcels through electric tomography and first results indicate that it is possible to monitor the effects of soil management (inter-row grassing) or different rootstocks on the water supply to the vine. As soil electric resistivity depends on soil parameters (texture, structure, humidity or temperatures) that explain most of vine development and berry ripening variations, relationships between some physiological variables and electric resistivity measurements have also been tested with promising results. Geophysical techniques such as soil electric resistivity constitute a tool for scientists and recent technological developments are now facilitating the use of these equipments. The measurement of soil electric resistivity could be applied on many agronomic studies. Electric imagery could contribute to a better characterisation of the available soil water content and, as an integrative method, this one could also be used to explain interactions between soil characteristics and vine development. However, electric tomography is not to replace classical methods of water availability measurement but it has to take part to the elaboration of global indices.</p>
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Вараксин, Gennadiy Varaksin, Вайс, Andrey Vays, Шевелев, Sergey Shevelev, Михайлов, Pavel Mihaylov, Жалнина, and Svetlana Zhalnina. "FORECAST OF THE STRUCTURE OF SHELTERBELTS IN THE CENTRAL SIBERIA TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATIONS." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25187.
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The study of the structure was based on a series of distribution by the steps of the thickness. Measurements were carried out in forest shelter belts of the southern part of Central Siberia. Plots were laid on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia (Ust- Abakan, Bay, Shirinsky, Shushensky districts), Krasnoyarsk territory (Minusinsk district) and the Republic of Tuva (Kyzylskiy district). Approximation of distribution rows by diameter has been implemented by two functions: normal distribution and Weibull distribution. With respect to protective forest belts for most forest stands, structure by diameter is more adequately approximated by normal distribution, indicating the symmetry rows. But at this, function of Weibull is characterized by high correlation of its ratios with parameters of plantations, in particular with average diameter and normalized variability. Based on the study of the structure of the plantings in diameter, the optimal agro-technical indicators for the cultivation of plantations presented a variety of wood species, were revealed. It is recommended to divide rows into two groups, before forecasting the series. The first category reflects the influence of the internal (growth) processes: growth, mortality, movement of trees on the steps. These rows can be predicted taking into account the average diameter of tree stand and theoretical density (square of nutrition of individual tree). The second group of rows was formed under the influence of external factors (supplement, renewal, felling, and forest fires).These rows are forecasted using the average diameter and standard deviation of trees. For the prediction of the structure of the stands of Siberian larch, silver birch, Siberian elm and black poplar, model based on the Weibull function, were obtained.
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Betancur G., Jorge Andres, Sandra Bibiana Muriel R., and Elena Paola Gonzalez J. "Morphological characterization of the red dragon fruit - Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt – under growing conditions in the municipality of San Jerónimo (Antioquia, Colombia)." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 9019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n1.77735.
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The red dragon fruit Selenicereus undatus is a native fruit from the Americas. Its growing appeal in the international market as an exotic fruit highlights the relevance of the crop for the local economies. In Colombia, the high diversity within the genus and species makes it difficult to have reliable materials for propagation as cultivars. This agronomic challenge requires more studies of the distribution and real diversity within the genus Selenicereus sp. Due to the information aforementioned, the fruit is harvested in small localities as an extraction production system. This project aimed to morphologically characterize the working collection of red dragon fruit under growing conditions in the Municipality of San Jerónimo. It contained 30 accessions from the departments of Antioquia, Córdoba, and Valle del Cauca. Twenty-one characters of cladode, flower, and fruit were quantified to assess the diversity, and a restricted cluster analysis was performed to understand the morphological richness of the materials. As a result, it was observed differences in terms of stems, such as distance between areolas and width of cladode. This was also observed in flowers, in which their total length, the width of petals, the presence of trichomes, the color of calyx and petals, and the color of the stigma were different. Also, differences were recorded in the fruit. Characteristics such as weight and color of its skin were assessed, resulting in fruit size medium to small. Regarding other properties, total soluble solids varied between 11.2 to 15.6 °Brix. 55% of the fruits have measurements that fit market requirements. Finally, three accessions match the requirements of weight and °Brix, to be used as possible genotypes by commercial growers; however, studies about agronomic management strategies that favor an increase in fruit weight must be done.
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Palumbo, Galvao, Nicoletto, Sambo, and Barcaccia. "Diversity Analysis of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources Using Morphological and Qualitative Traits and Molecular Markers." Genes 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110840.
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The European Union (EU) market for sweet potatoes has increased by 100% over the last five years, and sweet potato cultivation in southern European countries is a new opportunity for the EU to exploit and introduce new genotypes. In view of this demand, the origins of the principal Italian sweet potato clones, compared with a core collection of genotypes from Central and Southern America, were investigated for the first time. This was accomplished by combining a genetic analysis, exploiting 14 hypervariable microsatellite markers, with morphological and chemical measurements based on 16 parameters. From the molecular analyses, Italian accessions were determined to be genetically very similar to the South American germplasm, but they were sub-clustered into two groups. This finding was subsequently confirmed by the morphological and chemical measurements. Moreover, the analysis of the genetic structure of the population suggested that one of the two groups of Italian genotypes may have descended from one of the South American accessions, as predicted on the basis of the shared morphological characteristics and molecular fingerprints. Overall, the combination of two different characterization methods, genetic markers and agronomic traits, was effective in differentiating or clustering the sweet potato genotypes, in agreement with their geographical origin or phenotypic descriptors. This information could be exploited by both breeders and farmers to detect and protect commercial varieties, and hence for traceability purposes.
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Coull, Malcolm, Benjamin Butler, Rupert Hough, and Luke Beesley. "A Geochemical and Agronomic Evaluation of Technosols Made from Construction and Demolition Fines Mixed with Green Waste Compost." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040649.
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Construction and demolition fines (C&D-fines) and green waste compost (GWC) are two commonly generated urban waste materials that represent repositories of geochemical value. Here technosols were produced from volumetric mixtures of these materials ranging from 0–100% C&D-fines, with the remaining proportion comprised of GWC. Agronomic assessment was carried out by way of pot and rhizobox plant growth experiments with ryegrass, barley and pea to determine germination, plant mass and rooting behaviours. Geochemical and mineralogical evaluation was achieved by soil pore water solution measurements combined with X-ray powder diffraction analyses respectively, to characterise the technosols and their distinct deviations from a reference agricultural geogenic soil (soil). The results demonstrated that germination, growth and root mass/surface area of vegetation were up to 80-fold greater after 30-days in the technosol composed of equal volumes of the two materials (50% C&D-fines: 50% GWC) compared to the soil. High concentrations of Ca and Mg in pore waters (550–800 mg·L−1) were dominant features of the technosols, in contrast to the soil (<50 mg·L−1), resulting from gypsum and calcite enrichment of the C&D-fines. In contrast, the GWC represented a source of soluble K (450–1000·mg·L−1). Highly elevated Ca concentrations in extended leaching tests of the C&D-fines reflected ongoing gypsum dissolution, whereas soluble Mg and K were rapidly depleted from the GWC. In summary, short-term performance of the technosols as plant growth substrates was strong despite their geochemical and mineralogical distinction from soil. Gleaning additional geochemical value from combining urban wastes in this way is potentially suited to myriad scenarios where geogenic soils are contaminated, sealed or otherwise absent. Further assessment will now be needed to determine the geochemical longevity of the technosols before wider scale applications can be recommended.
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Butts, Christopher L., Ronald B. Sorensen, and Marshall C. Lamb. "Irrigator Pro: Progression of a Peanut Irrigation Scheduling Decision Support System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 5 (2020): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13909.
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HighlightsThe logic used in developing a decision support system for irrigating peanut based on max/min soil temperature is describedLogic to transform decision support system from peanut to irrigate corn and cotton with and without soil sensors.Progression of a decision support system from a desktop program to a web/mobile applicationAbstract. Irrigator Pro is a decision support tool for scheduling irrigation events in peanut. It was deployed in 1995 as a rule-based system using crop history, yield potential, soil type, in-season irrigation/rainfall and maximum/minimum soil temperature. As computing platforms have progressed from desktop personal computers to mobile web-based platforms, Irrigator Pro has been updated and is now deployed as a web-based program and an application for mobile devices. Irrigator Pro not only works for peanuts but has been modified to irrigate both corn and cotton. The irrigation decisions are now based on in-field soil water potential measurements in addition to the traditional checkbook with max/min soil temperatures. Users are individual growers, extension agents, and agronomic consultants. The objective of this manuscript is to document the initial development of Irrigator Pro as an expert system combining data and experiential knowledge and the progression from a checkbook-based decision support system to a hybrid system using observed weather data and soil moisture measurement. The background knowledge, equations, and thresholds for triggering irrigation recommendations are included. Keywords: Decision support system, Irrigation scheduling, Irrigator Pro, Mobile app, Peanut, Soil water potential.