Journal articles on the topic 'Agro-waste Feedstock'
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Pandit, Soumya, Nishit Savla, Jayesh M. Sonawane, Abubakar Muh’d Sani, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya, Ashutosh Kumar Rai, Dipak A. Jadhav, Sokhee P. Jung, and Ram Prasad. "Agricultural Waste and Wastewater as Feedstock for Bioelectricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Advances." Fermentation 7, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030169.
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In recent years, there has been a significant accumulation of waste in the environment, and it is expected that this accumulation may increase in the years to come. Waste disposal has massive effects on the environment and can cause serious environmental problems. Thus, the development of a waste treatment system is of major importance. Agro-industrial wastewater and waste residues are mainly rich in organic substances, lignocellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and they have a relatively high amount of energy. As a result, an effective agro-waste treatment system has several benefits, including energy recovery and waste stabilization. To reduce the impact of the consumption of fossil energy sources on our planet, the exploitation of renewable sources has been relaunched. All over the world, efforts have been made to recover energy from agricultural waste, considering global energy security as the final goal. To attain this objective, several technologies and recovery methods have been developed in recent years. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of them. This review describes the power generation using various types of agro-industrial wastewaters and agricultural residues utilizing MFC. It also highlights the techno-economics and lifecycle assessment of MFC, its commercialization, along with challenges.
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Black, Mairi J., Amitava Roy, Edson Twinomunuji, Francis Kemausuor, Richard Oduro, Matthew Leach, Jhuma Sadhukhan, and Richard Murphy. "Bottled Biogas—An Opportunity for Clean Cooking in Ghana and Uganda." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133856.
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Anaerobic digestion (AD) can bring benefits in terms of effective management of organic waste, recovery of nutrients and energy recovery, and is consistent with circular economy principles. AD has been promoted and implemented worldwide, but at widely differing scales, influenced by the availability and location of feedstocks. In developing countries, feedstock arises from small- to medium-scale agriculture and agro-processing operations, as well as from household and municipal waste. Biogas produced from residues from agro-processing facilities may be used for on-site heat and power, but the lack of a gas and electricity grid infrastructure can limit opportunities to distribute gas or generated electricity to wider users. This paper presents the findings of the first study to consider novel technologies for small-scale and low-cost biogas clean-up into biomethane, and compression into small bottles, suitable as a clean cooking fuel. The paper reports on the initial evaluation of biomethane for cooking in Ghana and Uganda.
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Abdullah, Nur Athirah, Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani, Masita Mohammad, Muhammad Hanif Sainorudin, Nilofar Asim, Zahira Yaakob, Halim Razali, and Zeynab Emdadi. "Nanocellulose from agricultural waste as an emerging material for nanotechnology applications – an overview." Polimery 66, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2021.3.1.
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It has been shown that in the last decades nanotechnology plays a key role not only in science but more and more often in industry as well. Recent research has shown that agricultural waste is a possible feedstock to produce nanocellulose which can be used for different applications, such as a biosensor, semiconductor and reinforcing agent. The use of agro-waste as a precursor not only offers advantages for raw material costs, but also for the climate, low processing costs, availability and convenience. It also helps to address environmental issues, such as illness, foul odor and concerns with indoor use. Different processes, such as chemical treatment, mechanical treatment and chemo-mechanical treatment, have been used to extract nanocellulose from agro-waste. This article highlights the latest technologies used to acquire agro-waste nanocellulose, as well as existing advances in and applications of nanocellulose technologies.
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Spalvins, Kriss, Ilze Vamza, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Single Cell Oil Production from Waste Biomass: Review of Applicable Industrial By-Products." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0071.
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Abstract Single cell oil (SCO) is an attractive alternative source of oil, which, depending on the fatty acid composition, can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production, as an ingredient for pharmaceuticals or as a source of essential fatty acids for human and animal consumption. However, the use of SCO is limited due to use of relatively expensive food or feed products in the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. In order to reduce SCO production costs, the use of cheaper feedstock such as biodegradable agro-industrial wastes are necessary. At the same time, the microbial treatment of biodegradable wastes ensures the neutralization of environmentally harmful compounds and reduces the negative impact on the environment. Oleaginous microorganisms are capable of fermenting a variety of industrial by-products, waste products and wastewaters, however further discussion on properties of the waste materials is necessary to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate waste materials for SCO production. Thus, this review compares various industrial waste products that can be used as cheap feedstock for the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. Industrial waste products, by-products and wastewaters are compared according to their global availability, current use in competing industries, required pre-fermentation treatments, oleaginous microorganism cell concentrations and SCO yields.
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Ibrahim, Haruna, Shamsudeen Jibia, Ismail Mohammed, and Suleiman Magaji. "Biochemicals synthesis from dead leaves of Acacia auriculiformis over zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide." Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjst20220303022.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the biochemicals and biofuel feedstocks in the waste leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. A 50g mass of pulverized dead leaves of the tree were hydrolytically extracted using ZnCl2 and NaOH catalysts at 100oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered with sheet cloth and 4g of each sample was analyzed with GC-MS. The highest fatty acid yield was 235.74 g over ZnCl2 and 222.82 g over NaOH. The highest yields of other prominent chemicals found were 28.17g furan methanol over ZnCl2, 14.18g spathulenol over NaOH, 55.55g Phytol over ZnCl2, 15.94g caryophyllene over NaOH, 15.2g hydroxylamine octyl over ZnCl2, 12.33g stigmasterol over NaOH and 16.85g Methyl a-D-galactopyranoside over NaOH. The biochemicals extracted from the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis are important chemical feedstocks for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agro-allied, and food industries. Keywords: biochemicals, dead leaves, feedstock, synthesis, Acacia auriculiformis
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Gómez, James A., Luis G. Matallana, and Óscar J. Sánchez. "Towards a Biorefinery Processing Waste from Plantain Agro-Industry: Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment of Single-Cell Protein, Natural Fibers, and Biomethane Production through Process Simulation." Fermentation 8, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110582.
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The plantain agro-industry generates different residues in the harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the design of processes for valorization is required. The aim of this work was to design and techno-economically evaluate the processes for the production of single-cell protein, natural fibers, and biomethane from plantain residues by process simulation in the framework of the design of a future biorefinery for valorization of these residues. The processes were simulated using SuperPro Designer. The scale size was calculated at 1,267,071 tons for the processing of plantain lignocellulosic waste (pseudostems) and 3179 tons for the processing of starchy waste (rejected unripe plantain fruits). The results obtained suggest that the best alternative for the valorization of plantain residues corresponded to the production of natural fibers, with a net present value of $29,299,000. This work shows that waste from the plantain agro-industry exhibits high potential as a feedstock for the production of value-added products. In addition, the process flowsheets simulated in this work can be integrated into the basic design of a biorefinery processing plantain waste.
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Angadam, Justine O., Mahomet Njoya, Seteno K. O. Ntwampe, Boredi S. Chidi, Jun-Wei Lim, Vincent I. Okudoh, and Peter L. Hewitt. "Nepenthes mirabilis Fractionated Pitcher Fluid Use for Mixed Agro-Waste Pretreatment: Advocacy for Non-Chemical Use in Biorefineries." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070726.
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This study determined whether it is feasible to pretreat mixed agro-waste of different particle sizes using the pitcher fluid of Nepenthes mirabilis (N. mirabilis), which is known to digest leaf litter due to the enzyme cocktail contained in the fluid. This is due to the need for the holocellulolysis (a source of fermentable sugars) of mixed agro-waste to produce fermentable hydrolysates. The pitcher fluid was fractionated (<3 kDa, ˃3 kDa, <10 kDa, ˃10 kDa) and slurrified with the mixed agro-waste, i.e., 25% (w/w) for each waste—orange peels, apple peels, maize cobs, grape pomace, and oak plant leaf litter of various particle sizes, i.e., >75 µm x < 106 µm and >106 µm. The process of producing a high concentration of total reducible sugars (TRSs) with the lowest production of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) was determined to be a particle size of >106 µm, pretreatment for 72 h, and an enzyme fraction of <10 kDa, whereby 97 g/L of TRSs were produced with a significantly lower TPCs load (1 g/L). Furthermore, the <10 kDa showed preferable physico-chemical properties, with the highest reduction-oxidation potential including acidity. Several enzymes, i.e., β-1,3-Glucanase, Putative peroxidase 27, Thaumatin-like protein, among others, were identified in the <10 kDa fraction, i.e., enzymes known to perform various functions in plant-based waste. Therefore, there is a need for the renewable energy industry to consider solely using pitcher fluids to pretreat mixed agro-waste for fermentable hydrolysates’ production, which can be used as liquid feedstock for the bioenergy and/or biorefinery industries for environmental pollution reduction.
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B. Shah, Jinesh, and Janak B. Valaki. "A Comprehensive Review on Feasibility of Different Agro Residues for Production of Bio-Oil, Bio-Char and Pyro-Gas." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 35, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2023-35(1)-08.
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Burning of post-harvest non-edible agro residues (biomass) are the major source of environmental and soil pollution, affecting the lives of millions of people, especially in certain demography of developing countries like India. Non edible agro residues contain toxic structural constituents, making it unsuitable for cattle feed. However, due to its cellulosic and lignocellulosic constituents, it has the potential to be used as a promising feedstock to develop value added energy products. Authors in this review paper have comprehensively reviewed the technological aspects related to conversion of agro residues into value added energy products like bio-oil, bio-char, and pyro gas. Various non-edible agro residues like Cotton stalk, castor stalk, Maize stalk, Rice straw, Rice husk, Corn cob, Sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw etc., have been reviewed for its potential as feedstock material for thermo chemical conversion to obtain energy products like bio-oil, bio-char, and pyro-gas. Different physio-chemical properties, its chemical characterization methods, different bio-oil upgradation techniques, Techno-economic analysis (TEA), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) have been reviewed for different thermo-chemical conversion processes. The reviewed works reveal that byproducts derived from pyrolysis of non-edible agro residues have potential to be used as biofuels. Bio-oils after upgradation may be used as fuel, bio-char with appropriate pulversing may be used as soil nutrient, and pyro-gas may be used as energy gas or carrier gas for process industries. LCA of different processes for different agro residue-based biofuels indicate that conversion of biomass into energy fuels is an sustainable, and economical solution for the environment point of view and economic point of view through pyrolysis process as compare to the other conversion processes because pyrolysis process can accommodate agro waste and produce bio-char and pyro-gas along with bio-oil having capacity to generate good revenue.
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Drescher, Adrian, and Marlene Kienberger. "A Systematic Review on Waste as Sustainable Feedstock for Bioactive Molecules—Extraction as Isolation Technology." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081668.
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In today’s linear economy, waste streams, environmental pollution, and social–economic differences are increasing with population growth. The need to develop towards a circular economy is obvious, especially since waste streams are composed of valuable compounds. Waste is a heterogeneous and complex matrix, the selective isolation of, for example, polyphenolic compounds, is challenging due to its energy efficiency and at least partially its selectivity. Extraction is handled as an emerging technology in biorefinery approaches. Conventional solid liquid extraction with organic solvents is hazardous and environmentally unfriendly. New extraction methods and green solvents open a wider scope of applications. This research focuses on the question of whether these methods and solvents are suitable to replace their organic counterparts and on the definition of parameters to optimize the processes. This review deals with the process development of agro-food industrial waste streams for biorefineries. It gives a short overview of the classification of waste streams and focuses on the extraction methods and important process parameters for the isolation of secondary metabolites.
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Villegas-Méndez, Miguel Ángel, Julio Montañez, Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel, Iván Salmerón, Apostolis Koutinas, and Lourdes Morales-Oyervides. "Coproduction of Microbial Oil and Carotenoids within the Circular Bioeconomy Concept: A Sequential Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation Approach." Fermentation 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8060258.
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The main objective of integrative biorefinery platforms is to propose efficient green methodologies addressed to obtain high-value compounds with low emissions through biochemical conversions. This work first screened the capacity of various oleaginous yeast to cosynthesize high-value biomolecules such as lipids and carotenoids. Selected strains were evaluated for their ability to coproduce such biocompounds in the waste-based media of agro-food (brewer’s spent grain, pasta processing waste and bakery waste). Carbon and nitrogen source feedstock was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of the agro-food waste, where up to 80% of total sugar/starch conversion was obtained. Then, the profitability of the bioprocess for microbial oil (MO) and carotenoids production by Sporobolomyces roseus CFGU-S005 was estimated via simulation using SuperPro Designer®. Results showed the benefits of establishing optimum equipment scheduling by identifying bottlenecks to increase profitability. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the impact of MO price and batch throughput on process economics. A profitable process was achieved with a MO batch throughput of 3.7 kg/batch (ROI 31%, payback time 3.13 years). The results revealed areas that require further improvement to achieve a sustainable and competitive process for the microbial production of carotenoids and lipids.
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Sergeev, Aleksandr. "WORKING PROCESS OF SB-2 DRYER (DOZA-AGRO LLC) IN THE COMPOSITION OF FUEL PELLETS PRODUCTION LINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/13.
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Waste-free wood processing technologies are conditioned by the economic and environmental aspects of human activity. One of the stages of such technologies is processing of wood waste into fuel pellets, for the production of which appropriate lines are used. They include a large number of different machines. The article presents the results of studies of the working process of SB-2 dryer produced by Doza-Agro LLC, which is a part of these lines. The paper presents its scheme and describes the principle of operation, evaluates the efficiency of the dryer working process depending on the feedstock parameters. Work process of the drying drum was carried out in the conditions of IP Kabanov, IP Bratchikov, Penza-Pellet LLC, Togliatinsky Pellet Plant LLC, Promlesilim LLC, Maslyaninsky LLC, Ekolesprom LLC, Bryansk Broiler LLC, Tandem VP LLC. The influence of feedstock moisture content, temperature of the feedstock and the particle size has been determined. The particle size was estimated by their surface area. The efficiency of the dryer was evaluated by its productivity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible one and obtained under optimal conditions. After processing statistical information, a second-order regression model has been obtained, which characterizes the drying process of crushed material the SB-2 dryer. It was revealed that feedstock moisture content has the greatest influence on the working process of SB-2 dryer. The drying process of crushed wood material differs from the drying process of chips. Namely, the temperature of the dryer has the smallest effect on the performance when drying the crushed material. When drying the shavings, their size has the smallest effect.
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Karaeva, Julia V., Svetlana S. Timofeeva, Svetlana I. Islamova, and Alexander V. Gerasimov. "Pyrolysis kinetics of new bioenergy feedstock from anaerobic digestate of agro-waste by thermogravimetric analysis." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 3 (June 2022): 107850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107850.
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Maniscalco, Marco, Giulia Infurna, Giuseppe Caputo, Luigi Botta, and Nadka Tz Dintcheva. "Slow Pyrolysis as a Method for Biochar Production from Carob Waste: Process Investigation and Products’ Characterization." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248457.
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The zero-waste city challenge of the modern society is inevitably addressed to the development of model’s waste-to-energy. In this work, carob waste, largely used in the agro-industrial sector for sugar extraction or locust beangum (LBG) production, is considered as feedstock for the slow pyrolysis process. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in 2012, the world production of carobs was ca. 160,000 tons, mainly concentrated in the Mediterranean area (Spain, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, and Greece). To evaluate the biomass composition, at first, the carob waste was subjected to thermo-gravimetric analysis. The high content of fixed carbon suggests that carobs are a plausible candidate for pyrolysis conversion to biochar particles. The thermal degradation of the carob waste proceeds by four different steps related to the water and volatile substances’ removal, degradation of hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose degradation, and lignin decomposition. Considering this, the slow pyrolysis was carried out at three different temperatures, specifically, at 280, 340, and 400 °C, and the obtained products were characterized. Varying the processing temperature, the proportion of individual products’ changes with a reduction in the solid phase and an increase in liquid and gas phases, with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. The obtained results suggest that carob waste can be considered a suitable feedstock for biochar production, rather than for fuels’ recovery.
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Bolzonella, David, Davide Bertasini, Riccardo Lo Coco, Miriam Menini, Fabio Rizzioli, Anna Zuliani, Federico Battista, Nicola Frison, Aleksandra Jelic, and Giovanna Pesante. "Toward the Transition of Agricultural Anaerobic Digesters into Multiproduct Biorefineries." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020415.
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Anaerobic digestion allows for the proper management of agro-waste, including manure. Currently, more than 18,000 anaerobic digestion plants are under operation in EU, 80% of which are employed in the rural context. Tariff schemes for power generation from biogas produced during anaerobic digestion of agricultural feedstocks in Germany, Italy and Austria are coming to an end and new approaches are needed to exploit the existing infrastructures. Digesters in the rural context can be implemented and modified to be transformed into sustainable multi-feedstock and multi-purpose biorefineries for the production of energy, nutrients, proteins, bio-chemicals such as carboxylic acids, polyesters and proteins. This paper describes how the transition of agricultural anaerobic digesters into multi-products biorefineries can be achieved and what are the potential benefits originating from the application of a pilot scale platform able to treat cow manure and other crop residues while producing volatile fatty acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, microbial protein material, hydrogen, methane and a concentrated liquid stream rich in nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.
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Sinha, G., S. Tiwari, and S. K. Jadhav. "Simultaneous Sachharification and Fermentation of Rice Residues and its Comparative Analysis for Bioethanol Production." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.14188.
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Energy consumption has inflated steadily over the last century because the world population has fully grown and additional countries became industrialised. Bioethanol is an alcohol produced by fermentation of plant biomass, containing carbohydrate and its production depends upon feedstock availability, variability, and sustainability. The selection of feedstock and its pretreatment is an important part of bioethanol production process. In present work, the exploration of the potential of agro-waste rice residues such as, rice bran and rice husk was done, because it contains sufficient amount of carbohydrate which can be ferment into bioethanol. The aim of the research was also to investigate how different pretreatment methods with moderate conditions differ in hydrolysis and fermentation efficiencies. Pretreatment plays an important role in the hydrolysis of cellulose and lignocellulose. It was found that biological pretreatment was a most effective method in terms of production of bioethanol and it enhances the production as well as fermentation efficiency.
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Mushtaq, Faisal, Abdul Sami Channa, Ramli Mat, and Farid Nasir Ani. "Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass Resources for Bio-Oil Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.307.
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The agro-industrial sector of many countries generates considerable quantity of waste biomass and potential exploitation of this reside is necessary for economic and environmental reasons. Pakistan is an agricultural based country with widespread amount of crop residue generated annually. This study utilized rice husk, sawdust and bagasse residues to investigate the effects of microwave absorber loading on process temperature, pyrolysis products, and bio-oil composition using multimode microwave pyrolysis system operated at 300W and 2.54GHz. The results indicated that pyrolysis process temperature depends on the type of waste residue and microwave absorber loading. The maximum bio-oil yield of 22.41wt%, 33.61wt% and 19.1wt% were produced at 75wt% microwave absorber loading from rice husk, sawdust and bagasse, respectively. The D-Allose of 21.95 %area, dodecanoic acid of 71.22 %area and octasiloxane of 74.50 %area under GC-MS in rice husk, sawdust and bagasse bio-oils, respectively suggests potential use as chemical feedstock. Keywords: Waste biomass; microwave absorber; microwave assisted pyrolysis; process temperature; product distribution; bio-oil composition
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Toldrá-Reig, Fidel, Leticia Mora, and Fidel Toldrá. "Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103644.
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The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.
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Bertacchi, Stefano, Stefania Pagliari, Chiara Cantù, Ilaria Bruni, Massimo Labra, and Paola Branduardi. "Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Cinnamon Waste Material as Feedstock for the Microbial Production of Carotenoids." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031146.
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In the context of the global need to move towards circular economies, microbial cell factories can be employed thanks to their ability to use side-stream biomasses from the agro-industrial sector to obtain additional products. The valorization of residues allows for better and complete use of natural resources and, at the same time, for the avoidance of waste management to address our needs. In this work, we focused our attention on the microbial valorization of cinnamon waste material after polyphenol extraction (C-PEW) (Cinnamomum verum J.Presl), generally discarded without any additional processing. The sugars embedded in C-PEW were released by enzymatic hydrolysis, more compatible than acid hydrolysis with the subsequent microbial cultivation. We demonstrated that the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides was able to grow and produce up to 2.00 (±0.23) mg/L of carotenoids in the resulting hydrolysate as a sole carbon and nitrogen source despite the presence of antimicrobial compounds typical of cinnamon. To further extend the potential of our finding, we tested other fungal cell factories for growth on the same media. Overall, these results are opening the possibility to develop separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) bioprocesses based on C-PEW and microbial biotransformation to obtain high-value molecules.
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Verma, Lipika, Dristi Verma, Shubhra Tiwari, and Shailesh Kumar Jadhav. "Production of Bioethanol from Rice straw by Saccharomyces cerevisiae." NewBioWorld 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/nbw-jaab.2020-2-2-1.
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The world is gaining a lot of interest in the production of bioethanol from various biobased, agricultural waste sources in order to reduce net carbon dioxide emissions and lower the global dependence on fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic materials were a good choice as a feedstock for ethanol production considering their incredible accessibility and their ethanol yields. Rice straw is one of the major agro-waste which is produced during rice processing. This demonstrates the potential of using such waste materials for further processing, particularly in the production of bioethanol. The goal of this research is to make bioethanol from rice straw. For fermentation, rice straw hydrolysate was produced and inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After fermentation, the fermented samples were qualitatively checked for the confirmation of bioethanol production and quantitatively estimated by the specific gravity method. Effects of various parameters like temperature, incubation period, and inoculum were also optimized to enhance bioethanol production. The highest bioethanol was obtained when 1% inoculum size was taken at 30℃ for 72 h.
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Brito, Paulo. "ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM WASTES BY THERMAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES." Applied Researches in Technics, Technologies and Education 16, no. 2 (2018): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/artte.2018.02.012.
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The sustainable energy will play a key role in the future of the planet, not only because in 20 years Biomass is expected to deliver around 30% of total energy consumption, but also because BioEnergy, produced mainly through combustion and gasification of agro-industrial waste, woody materials and forest crops, is expected to be fundamental for sustainable energy production. Problems related to the emissions of greenhouse gases, lack of fossil natural resources and the increasing price of fuels have progressively encouraged research and adoption of new technological strategies for energy production from renewable sources and application of waste-to-energy (WTE) concepts. Syngas obtained from gasification of biomass and industrial wastes constitutes an interesting resource for energy generation because it has lower impacts for the environment compared to traditional technologies and allows for the valorisation of waste residues as feedstock. This work presents the scope, potential and technologies related to the use of biomass resources with a focus on thermal gasification of wastes.
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Carvalho, Aparecida Selsiane Sousa, Erica Cruz, Vanessa Vicente Vieira Andrade, Josilene Lima Serra, Marco Antonio Martins, Meire Lelis Leal Martins, and Luana Pereira de Moraes. "Agroindustrial co-products and waste cooking oil in the production of lipases by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-3." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (January 12, 2022): e56416. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.56416.
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The present study investigated the potential lipase production for Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-3 using the agro-industrial co-products: orange flour (OF) and grape flour (GF) blend waste cooking oil (WCO). The OF was selected due to its best source for lipase production observed in preliminary tests. Therefore, OF was tested at different fermentation times at 50°C using the statistical design Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) allied to the response surface. An optimal region was found with lipolytic activity of 0.349 U mL-1 with OF and WCO filters around (0.50% w v-1) and between (0.55 and 0.75% w v-1), respectively, and the fermentation time at the central point (42h). Data supplied a method to produce lipase using orange flour and frying oil, as a way to reuse these waste as feedstock to obtain employable lipase and lower production costs with biotechnological applications in industrial sector
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Sakovich, G. V., V. V. Budaeva, А. А. Korchagina, Yu А. Gismatulina, N. V. Kozyrev, and А. G. Vakutin. "Oat-hull cellulose nitrates for explosive compositions." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524874391-395.
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Cellulose nitrates similar in basic properties to high-viscosity lacquer-grade Colloxyline were synthesized by esterification of pulp with mixed acid. The pulp was isolated from the easily renewable domestic feedstock - oat hulls - the agro-industrial waste. The cellulose nitrate test samples were comparatively evaluated. Infrared and 13C NMR spectroscopies confirmed the chemical structures were identical. It was established by differentiated scanning calorimetry and ampule chromatography that the samples had a high chemical purity. The cellulose nitrates were found to have satisfactory impact and friction sensitivities of 50 mm and 1200 kgf/cm2 and exhibit a good chemical compatibility and a high chemical stability when blended with plasticizers. The findings suggest that it is advisable to use oat-hull cellulose nitrates as the component of composite explosives.
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Howari, Haidar, Mohd Parvez, Osama Khan, Aiyeshah Alhodaib, Abdulrahman Mallah, and Zeinebou Yahya. "Multi-Objective Optimization for Ranking Waste Biomass Materials Based on Performance and Emission Parameters in a Pyrolysis Process—An AHP–TOPSIS Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 3690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043690.
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The current era of energy production from agricultural by-products comprises numerous criteria such as societal, economical, and environmental concerns, which is thought to be difficult, considering the complexities involved. Making the optimum choice among the various classes of organic waste substances with different physio-chemical characteristics based on their appropriateness for pyrolysis is made possible by a ranking system. By using a feasible model, which combines several attributes of decision-making processes, it is possible to select the ideal biomass feedstock from a small number of possibilities based on relevant traits that have an impact on the pyrolysis. In this study, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique model based on the weight calculated from the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) tool has been applied to obtain a ranking of different types of agro-waste-derived biomass feedstock. The technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is used to examine the possibilities of using/utilizing locally available biomass. From this point of view, multi-criteria are explained to obtain yield maximum energy. The suggested approaches are supported by the experimental findings and exhibit a good correlation with one another. Six biomass alternatives and eight evaluation criteria are included in this study. Sawdust is the highest-ranking agricultural waste product with a closeness coefficient score of 0.9 out of the six biomass components that were chosen, followed by apple bagasse with 0.8. The hybrid approach model that has been built can be evaluated and validated for the ranking method using the Euclidian distance-based approximation. This study offers a unique perspective on decision-making, particularly concerning thermo-chemical conversion.
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Prempeh, Clement Owusu, Steffi Formann, Thomas Schliermann, Hossein Beidaghy Dizaji, and Michael Nelles. "Extraction and Characterization of Biogenic Silica Obtained from Selected Agro-Waste in Africa." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 10363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110363.
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Increased amounts of available biomass residues from agricultural food production are present widely around the globe. These biomass residues can find essential applications as bioenergy feedstock and precursors to produce value-added materials. This study assessed the production of biogenic silica (SiO2) from different biomass residues in Africa, including cornhusk, corncob, yam peelings, cassava peelings and coconut husks. Two processes were performed to synthesize the biogenic silica. First, the biomass fuels were chemically pre-treated with 1 and 5% w/v citric acid solutions. In the second stage, combustion at 600 °C for 2 h in a muffle oven was applied. The characterization of the untreated biomasses was conducted using Inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting ashes from the combustion step were subjected to ICP, nitrogen physisorption, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD). ICP results revealed that the SiO2 content in the ashes varies between 42.2 to 81.5 wt.% db and 53.4 to 90.8 wt.% db after acidic pre-treatment with 1 and 5 w/v% acid, respectively. The relative reductions of K2O by the citric acid in yam peel was the lowest (79 wt.% db) in comparison to 92, 97, 98 and 97 wt.% db calculated for corncob, cassava peel, coconut husk and cornhusk, respectively. XRD analysis revealed dominant crystalline phases of arcanite (K2SO4), sylvite (KCl) and calcite (CaCO3) in ashes of the biomass fuels pre-treated with 1 w/v% citric acid due to potassium and calcium ions present. In comparison, the 5 w/v% citric acid pre-treatment produced amorphous, biogenic silica with specific surface areas of up to 91 m2/g and pore volumes up to 0.21 cm3/g. The examined biomass residues are common wastes from food production in Africa without competition in usage with focus application. Our studies have highlighted a significant end-value to these wastes by the extraction of high quality, amorphous silica, which can be considered in applications such as catalyst support, construction material, concrete and backing material.
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HUNG, HUANG CHAI, DAYANG SALWANI AWANG ADENI, QUEENTETY JOHNNY, and MICKY VINCENT. "Production of bioethanol from sago hampas via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)." Nusantara Bioscience 10, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100407.
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Huang CH, Adeni DSA, Johnny Q, Vincent M. 2018. Production of bioethanol from sago hampas via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). Nusantara Bioscience 10: 240-245. Sago hampas is an inexpensive, renewable and abundant agro-industrial residue that can be exploited to produce bioethanol. In this study, ethanol production was performed via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) on fresh sago hampas at 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% (w/v) feedstock loadings with the aid of amylolytic enzymes, cellulolytic enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, under anaerobic condition for five days with a constant agitation of 150 rpm and ambient temperature. Results obtained indicated that SSF with 5.0% (w/v) sago hampas loading produced the highest ethanol yield at 17.79 g/L (79.65% Theoretical Ethanol Yield, TEY), while SSF using 2.5% and 7.5% (w/v) sago hampas produced ethanol at only 8.38 g/L (75.00% TEY) and 23.28 g/L (69.48% TEY), respectively. Total biomass reduction was recorded between 66.3% to 71.3% by the end of the SSF period. This study demonstrated that fresh sago hampas is a promising feedstock for bioethanol production as yields are generally high for all the substrate loadings tested. Moreover, bioethanol production using fresh sago hampas may assist in reducing pollution caused by sago waste accumulation.
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Dlangamandla, Nkosikho, Seteno Ntwampe, Justine Angadam, Elie Itoba-Tombo, Boredi Chidi, and Lukhanyo Mekuto. "Integrated Hydrolysis of Mixed Agro-Waste for a Second Generation Biorefinery Using Nepenthes mirabilis Pod Digestive Fluids." Processes 7, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020064.
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To sustainably operate a biorefinery with a low cost input in a commercial setting, the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass must be undertaken in a manner which will impart environmental tolerance while reducing fermenter inhibitors from the delignification process. The challenge lies with the highly recalcitrant lignin structure, which limits the conversion of the holocelluloses to fermentable total reducing sugars (TRS). Due to these challenges, sustainable and innovative methods to pre-treat biomass must be developed for delignocellulolytic operations. Herein, Nepenthes mirabilis digestive fluids shown to have ligninolytic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities were used as an enzyme cocktail to hydrolyse mixed agro-waste constituted by Citrus sinensis (orange), Malus domestica (apple) peels, cobs from Zea mays (maize) and Quercus robur (oak) yard waste. The digestive fluids contained carboxylesterases (529.41 ± 30.50 U/L), β-glucosidases (251.94 ± 11.48 U/L) and xylanases (36.09 ± 18.04 U/L), constituting an enzymatic cocktail with significant potential for the reduction in total residual phenolic compounds (TRPCs), while being appropriate for holocellulose hydrolysis. Furthermore, the maximum TRS obtainable was 310 ± 5.19 mg/L within 168 h, while the TRPCs were reduced from 6.25 ± 0.18 to 4.26 ± 0.09 mg/L, which was lower than that observed when conventional methods were used. Overall, N. mirabilis digestive fluids demonstrated an ability to support biocatalytic processes with minimised cellulases hydrolysis interference. Therefore, the digestive enzymes in N. mirabilis pods can be used in an integrated system for feedstock hydrolysis in a second generation biorefinery.
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Morales, Maria A., Alejandro Maranon, Camilo Hernandez, Veronique Michaud, and Alicia Porras. "Colombian Sustainability Perspective on Fused Deposition Modeling Technology: Opportunity to Develop Recycled and Biobased 3D Printing Filaments." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030528.
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In the context of the preservation of natural resources, researchers show a growing interest in developing eco—friendly materials based on recycled polymers and natural fiber biocomposites to minimize plastic and agroindustrial waste pollution. The development of new materials must be integrated within the circular economy concepts to guarantee sustainable production. In parallel, fused deposition modeling, an additive manufacturing technology, provides the opportunity to use these new materials in an efficient and sustainable manner. This review presents the context of plastics and agro-industrial fiber pollution, followed by the opportunity to give them added value by applying circular economy concepts and implementing these residues to develop new materials for the manufacture of fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique feedstock. Colombian perspective is highlighted since 3D printing technology is growing there, and Colombian biodiversity represents a high reservoir of materials. Also, recycling in Colombia promotes compliance with the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Wahab, Roswanira Abdul, Jacob Adikwu Gowon, and Nursyafiqah Elias. "On the Renewable Polymers from Agro-industrial Biomass: A Mini Review." Journal of the Indonesian Chemical Society 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34311/jics.2019.02.1.24.
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Plant biomass is the most abundant natural resources on earth. However, current strategies for the utilization of agricultural biomass is far from efficient, thus environmental issues related to incompetent management of biomass prevail. Innovative handling of surplus biomass can yield several rewards, which includes renewability and sustainability of the commodity as feedstock for industrial and energy purposes. In fact, an array of different parts of a plant or agro-industrial biomass, for instance, shell, husks, wood, and leaves were successfully converted into advanced carbon materials, for use as absorbent, catalyst enzyme support, electrode, etc. In this review, an extensive literature survey related to areas of renewable sources of biopolymer in both the agricultural and industrial sectors were performed. Information on their industrial value and uses, the fundamentals of their extraction alongside the benefits and major drawbacks of their utilization, are also highlighted. We aim to show that the smart utilization of unwanted agro-industrial biomass encompasses a portion of a bigger scheme that intelligently uses biomass to complement current agricultural advancements that create smart crops and growing them using cleverly designed technology. The best part of this “Waste to Wealth” concept is that every part of the crop is fully utilized. However, a set of clear criteria must be in place to ensure a sustained momentum, so that the green approach of responsible biomass utilization will be fully embraced by nations worldwide.
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Procentese, Alessandra, Maria Elena Russo, Ilaria Di Somma, and Antonio Marzocchella. "Kinetic Characterization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Apple Pomace as Feedstock for a Sugar-Based Biorefinery." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051051.
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The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from biomass feedstock in the sugar-based biorefinery chain is penalized by enzyme cost and difficulty to approach the theoretical maximum cellulose conversion degree. As a consequence, the process is currently investigated to identify the best operating conditions with reference to each biomass feedstock. The present work reports an investigation regarding the enzymatic hydrolysis of apple pomace (AP). AP is an agro-food waste largely available in Europe that might be exploited as a sugar source for biorefinery purposes. A biomass pre-treatment step was required before the enzymatic hydrolysis to make available polysaccharides chains to the biocatalyst. The AP samples were pre-treated through alkaline (NaOH), acid (HCl), and enzymatic (laccase) delignification processes to investigate the effect of lignin content and polysaccharides composition on enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis tests were carried out using a commercial cocktail (Cellic®CTec2) of cellulolytic enzymes. The effect of mixing speed and biomass concentration on the experimental overall glucose production rate was assessed. The characterization of the glucose production rate by the assessment of pseudo-homogeneous kinetic models was proposed. Data were analysed to assess kinetic parameters of pseudo-mechanistic models able to describe the glucose production rate during AP enzymatic hydrolysis. In particular, pseudo-homogeneous Michaelis and Menten, as well as Chrastil’s models were used. The effect of lignin content on the enzymatic hydrolysis rate was evaluated. Chrastil’s model provided the best description of the glucose production rate.
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Kumari, Khushbu, Raushan Kumar, Nirmali Bordoloi, Tatiana Minkina, Chetan Keswani, and Kuldeep Bauddh. "Unravelling the Recent Developments in the Production Technology and Efficient Applications of Biochar for Agro-Ecosystems." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030512.
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Considerable interest is being shown in using biochar production from waste biomass with a variety of disciplines to address the most pressing environmental challenges. Biochar produced by the thermal decomposition of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions is gaining popularity as a low-cost amendment for agro-ecosystems. The efficiency of biochar formation is affected by temperature, heating rate, feedstock type, particle size and reactor conditions. Properties such as pH, surface area and ash content of produced biochar increases with increasing temperatures. Biochar produced at lower heating rates may have high porosity and be beneficial for morphological changes in the soil. Biochar can help to enhance soil health and fertility as well as improve agricultural yield. As a result, biochar can assist in increasing food security by promoting sustainable agricultural systems and preserving an eco-friendly environment. Biochar is also widely being used as a sorbent for organic and inorganic pollutants, owing to its large surface area, allowing it to be immobilized from soil with ease. The functional groups and charges present on the surface of biochar play an important role in pollutants removal. This review focuses on the mechanisms of biochar production using different waste materials as a feed stock, factors that influence biochar quality as well as application of biochar in agricultural soil and their reclamation as well. This article also discusses knowledge gaps and future perspectives in the field of biochar-based toxic-pollution remediation.
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Beggio, Giovanni, Andrea Schievano, Tiziano Bonato, Pierre Hennebert, and Alberto Pivato. "Statistical analysis for the quality assessment of digestates from separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and agro-industrial feedstock. Should input feedstock to anaerobic digestion determine the legal status of digestate?" Waste Management 87 (March 2019): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.040.
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Cusenza, Maria Anna, Maurizio Cellura, Francesco Guarino, and Sonia Longo. "Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Energy Valorization of the Residual Agro-Food Industry." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175491.
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This study assesses the potential environmental impacts related to the energy valorization of agro-food industry waste thought the Life Cycle Assessment methodology (ISO 14040). The system examined consists of a real anaerobic digester coupled with a combined anaerobic digester and heat and power plant (AD-CHP) operating in Sicily. The analysis accounts for all the impacts occurring from the delivery of the biomass to the AD-CHP plant up to the electricity generation in the CHP. The main outcomes of the study include the eco-profile of the energy system providing electricity and the assessment of the contribution of each life cycle phase aimed at identifying the potential improvement area. The obtained results highlight that the direct emissions associated with the biogas combustion process in the CHP account for 66% of the impact on climate change, and feedstock transport contributes 64% to the impact on mineral, fossil fuels, and renewable depletion. The contribution to the impacts caused by the electricity consumption is relevant in many of the environmental categories examined. It ranges from a minimum of about 22% for climate change up to 82% for freshwater ecotoxicity. Then actions aimed at reducing electricity consumption can significantly improve the environmental performances of the energy system examined.
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Sergeev, Aleksandr. "RESEARCH RESULTS OF DOSA-AGRO GRANULATOR WORKING PROCESS IN THE PRODUCTION LINES OF FUEL PELLETS." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/12.
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High heat content, renewability and low price of wood waste makes them a promising type of fuel. Production of fuel pellets enables transition to low-waste work of timber enterprises. The maximum productivity of pellet production line is primarily limited by the productivity of the granulator. The aim of the work is to identify the dependence of performance patterns of a press granulator with a DG series radial matrix in the production of fuel granules on the lignin content. The influence of the feedstock type and die diameter of the press granulator matrix on its performance has been evaluated. The granulator scheme and the principle of its operation are presented in the article. Doza-Agro LLC accumulated information on the operation of a press granulator with a radial matrix of the DG series as part of the production lines for the production of fuel pellets of the TP, TP-P and TP-S series operating in various regions of Russia. As a result of processing the accumulated information, an empirical equation is constructed. It describes the effect of the die matrix diameter and the lignin content in the raw material on the performance of press granulator. It has been revealed that its productivity is more affected by the lignin content. Its decrease in hardwood from 24% to 18% leads to a decrease in productivity by 20%, decrease in coniferous wood from 30% to 27% - by 15%. Reducing the diameter of the matrix die from 8 mm to 6 mm and lignin content from 26 to 20% reduces the granulator’s productivity by 32%.
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Abdudeen, Asarudheen, Mohamed Y. E. Selim, Manigandan Sekar, and Mahmoud Elgendi. "Jatropha’s Rapid Developments and Future Opportunities as a Renewable Source of Biofuel—A Review." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020828.
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Biofuel is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels since it is renewable and biodegradable—it is mainly made from edible and non-edible sources. Globally, the usage of renewable biofuels is expected to rise quickly. The rising production and use of biofuel has prompted an examination of its environmental impact. Biodiesel is a fatty acid methyl ester generated from sustainable lipid feedstock that substitutes petroleum-based diesel fuel. Non-food oils, such as Jatropha, waste cooking oil, and by-products of vegetable oil from refineries provide inexpensive feedstock for biodiesel manufacturing. Due to its increased oil yield, adequate fatty acid content, tolerance to various agro-climatic conditions, and short gestation period, Jatropha may be one of the most promoted oilseed crops worldwide. Furthermore, Jatropha can provide several economic and agronomic advantages because it is a biodegradable, renewable plant. This study examines whether Jatropha can be considered as the most preferable biofuel in the future. The study begins with an overview of current fuels, including their classifications, dynamic changes in consumption, advantages, and cross-examining the limitations to identify the significance of bringing an alternate fuel. Then we elaborate on the outlook of the Jatropha crop, followed by evaluating its availability, opportunity, and advantages over other biofuels. Subsequently, the extraction methods, including the transesterification process and integration methods for improving the efficiency of Jatropha fuel, are also reviewed in the paper. We also assess the current stage of Jatropha cultivation in different countries with its challenges. The review concludes with future perspectives and directions for research.
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Sych, N. V., V. M. Vikarchuk, L. I. Kotyns’ka, N. N. Tsyba, L. A. Kupchyk, and A. O. Lysenko. "Chemical activation of walnut shells with calcium acetate. Mesoporous structure and adsorption efficiency of ovalbumin." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp13.03.330.
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The paper considers an approach to the processing of waste of agro-industrial raw materials due to chemical activation. To obtain a sorption material, waste was used, which is the shell of Juglansregia walnuts. The aim of the work was to develop adsorbents from walnut shells with a large proportion of mesopores, to determine the parameters of the porous structure and to study their adsorption capability to absorb egg albumin as a marker of medium molecular toxins of a protein nature. Activated carbon samples with a high mesopore content (550 m2/g) were obtained by combined activation of the feedstock. The sorption of one of the obtained samples and, for comparison, the medical product SORBEX was studied by the spectrophotometric method, and its effectiveness was proved in the absorption of egg albumin from aqueous solutions. The significant capability of the obtained sample to sorb protein (35–38 mg/g) was shown, it has been assumed that in the process of sorption, macromolecules are concentrated near the inlets into the pores of the adsorbent. It can be stated that the adsorption of albumin increases in proportion to the increase in the specific surface area of the mesopore. Using the obtained sorption isotherms, the parameters of adsorption processes were calculated. Adsorption isotherms were calculated using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. It is shown that the maximum adsorption values calculated using the Langmuir equation are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Selvaggi, Roberta, Francesca Valenti, Biagio Pecorino, and Simona M. C. Porto. "Assessment of Tomato Peels Suitable for Producing Biomethane within the Context of Circular Economy: A GIS-Based Model Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105559.
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Biomass is seen as one of the most dominant future renewable energy sources. In detail, agro-industrial by-products represent a cheap, renewable, and abundant feedstock useful for several new products, including biochemical, biomaterials, and above all biogas, which are taking on an ever-increasing role in Italy. In this context, the tomato chain was analysed aiming at estimating the amount of processed tomato and the related waste production as a new suitable resource for producing biofuel as a new frontier within the context of a circular economy. Due the importance of the tomato industry, this research aims at filling gaps in the knowledge of the production and yield of the by-products that are useful as biomass for energy use in those territorial areas where the biomethane sector is still developing. This aim could be relevant for planning the sustainable development of the biomethane sector by reducing both soil consumption for dedicated energy crops and GHG emissions coming from the biomass logistic supply. The achieved results show the localization of territorial areas highly characterized by this kind of biomass. Therefore, it would be desirable that the future policies of development in the biomethane sector consider the availability and the distribution of these suitable biomasses within the territory.
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Ignatowicz, Katarzyna, Gabriel Filipczak, Barbara Dybek, and Grzegorz Wałowski. "Biogas Production Depending on the Substrate Used: A Review and Evaluation Study—European Examples." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020798.
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Biogas production is the most important and promising alternative for replacing fossil fuels in an environmentally friendly manner. Along with the many renewable energy sources available, biogas production occupies an irreplaceable position due to the undeniable availability of biomass and the need to manage agro-commercial waste. The article reviews the current state of technology used in the production of biogas for selected European examples in terms of methane fermentation efficiency and actual energy production. The novelty of the article is its description of innovative trends that have great potential to play an important role in this field in the near future. The development of the biogas industry in Europe is evident, although the dynamics vary from country to country. Different models are presented, which are based on the different types of feedstock used for biogas production and the proportion of substrates used in co-digesters. Of course, Germany is the undisputed pioneer in the use of this renewable energy source. Nevertheless, the efforts to improve energy self-reliance and environmental impacts are reflected in the growing number of operational biogas plants in other European countries, which provides hope for rapid progress toward the complete abolition of the conventional exploitation of fossil fuels.
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Sarmiento-Vásquez, Zulma, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Susan Grace Karp, and Carlos Ricardo Soccol. "Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates through Soybean Hull and Waste Glycerol Valorization: Subsequent Alkaline Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Fermentation 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8090433.
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Alkaline pretreatment and sequential enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean hull were investigated to obtain fermentable sugars for polyhydroxyalkanoates production along with residual glycerol as low-cost carbon sources. Soybean hull is composed of approximately 32% cellulose, 12% hemicellulose, 6% lignin, and 11% protein. Alkaline pretreatment was carried out with 2% NaOH concentration, 10% (w/v) biomass loading, and 60 min incubation time in an autoclave at 120 °C. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) tool was employed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process, where the variables of biomass loading, enzymes’ concentration, and time were considered. The maximum total reducing sugars concentration obtained was 115.9 g∙L−1 with an enzyme concentration of 11.5 mg protein/g dry substrate for enzyme preparation B1, 2.88 mg protein/g dry substrate for XylA, and 57.6 U/g dry substrate for β-glucosidase, after 42 h at 45 °C, and pH was 4.5. Subsequently, the saccharification step was conducted by increasing the processing scale, using a 1 L tank with stirring with a controlled temperature. Implementing the same enzyme concentrations at pH 4.5, temperature of 45 °C, 260 mL working volume, and incubation time of 42 h, under fed-batch operation with substrate feeding after 14 h and 22 h, a hydrolysate with a concentration of 185.7 g∙L−1 was obtained. Initially, to verify the influence of different carbon sources on Cupriavidus necator DSMz 545 in biomass production, batch fermentations were developed, testing laboratory-grade glucose, soybean hull hydrolysate, and waste glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel processing available in large quantities) as carbon sources in one-factor-at-a-time assays, and the mixture of soybean hull hydrolysate and waste glycerol. Then, the hydrolysate and waste glycerol were consumed by C. necator, producing 12.1 g∙L−1 of biomass and achieving 39% of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHB) accumulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that soybean hull hydrolysate has been used as a carbon source to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the results suggest that this agro-industrial by-product is a viable alternative feedstock to produce value-added components.
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Ngangyo Heya, Maginot, Ana Leticia Romo Hernández, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Luis Fernando Ibarra Pintor, Lourdes Díaz-Jiménez, Michel Stéphane Heya, Lidia Rosaura Salas Cruz, and Artemio Carrillo Parra. "Physicochemical Characteristics of Biofuel Briquettes Made from Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Pericarp Wastes of Different Particle Sizes." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031035.
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Pecan nut (Carya illinoensis) pericarp is usually considered as a waste, with no or low value applications. Its potential as a densified solid biofuel has been evaluated, searching for alternatives to generating quality renewable energy and reducing polluting emissions in the atmosphere, based on particle size, that is an important feedstock property. Therefore, agro-industrial residues from the pecan nut harvest were collected, milled and sieved to four different granulometry: 1.6 mm (N° 12), 0.84 mm (N° 20), 0.42 mm (N° 40), and 0.25 mm (N° 60), used as raw material for biofuel briquette production. The carbon and oxygen functional groups in the base material were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proximate analyses were performed following international standards, for determining the moisture content, volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content, and calorific value. For the biofuel briquettes made from base material of different particle sizes, the physical characteristics (density, hardness, swelling, and impact resistance index) and energy potential (calorific value) were determined to define their quality as a biofuel. The physical transformation of the pecan pericarp wastes into briquettes improved its quality as a solid biofuel, with calorific values from around 17.00 MJ/kg for the base material to around 18.00 MJ/kg for briquettes, regardless of particle size. Briquettes from sieve number 40 had the highest density (1.25 g/cm3). Briquettes from sieve number 60 (finest particles) presented the greater hardness (99.85). The greatest susceptibility to swelling (0.31) was registered for briquettes with the largest particle size (sieve number 20). The IRI was 200 for all treatments.
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Papastefanakis, Nikolaos, Chryssa Bouki, Michail S. Fountoulakis, Christos Tsompanidis, Theofanis Lolos, Nikolaos Zotos, Nikitas Mavrakis, and Thrassyvoulos Manios. "Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Pig and Cow Manure with a Solar Dried Mixture of Food Waste and Olive Mill Wastewater." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030091.
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Biogas production through anaerobic digestion is a well-established practice worldwide combining waste treatment and energy production at the same time. One of the challenges of this technology is to increase the yield of biogas production and secure the disposal of the effluent of anaerobic reactors. It is well known that various organic residues such as cheese whey, olive mill wastewater, as well as food waste from hotel units, could be combined with other materials (animal manures, sewage sludge, etc.) in order to increase biogas production through co-digestion. However, their high seasonal variation and high transport costs is a barrier for their use. Solar drying process can be a very attractive technology for volume reduction in order to decrease the storage and the transportation cost. Moreover using solar energy may well be an alternative solution for reduction of drying process costs. In this study, co-digestion of pig manure (PM) and cow manure (CM) with solar dried mixture of food waste (FW) and olive mill wastewater (OMW), named as biobooster, was studied in an attempt to improve biogas production of existing on—farms plants which co-digest manure with other farm waste. The effect of biobooster in biogas production was investigated using three lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR) (3 L working volume) (D1–D3) under mesophilic conditions (37 ± 2 °C) with a hydraulic retention time of 20 days. Initially, all reactors were inoculated with anaerobic sludge originating from sewage treatment plant of the city of Heraklion, and contained 19.6 g/L TS, 10.8 g/L VS and 17.5 g/L COD. Three types of influent feedstock were utilized: D1: PM (95%) + CM (5%) (VSin = 33.58 ± 4.51 g/L), D2: PM (95%) + CM (5%) + Biobooster (1%) (VSin = 41.07 ± 7.16 g/L), D3: PM (100%) + Biobooster (1%) (VSin = 8.48 ± 0.87 g/L). The experiments showed that the addition of biobooster to pig and cow manure significantly increased biogas production by nearly 65% as value of 662.75 ± 172.50 mL/l/d compared to that with pig and cow manure alone (402.60 ± 131.89 mL/l/d). The biogas production in D3 reactor was 242.50 ± 56.82 mL/l/d. This work suggests that methane can be improved very efficiently by adding a small portion (20% increase of VS) of dried agro-industrial by-products in the inlet of digesters of existing on—farms plants.
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Djukic-Vukovic, Aleksandra, Ljiljana Mojovic, Dusanka Pejin, Maja Vukasinovic-Sekulic, Marica Rakin, Svetlana Nikolic, and Jelena Pejin. "New trends and challenges in lactic acid production on renewable biomass." Chemical Industry 65, no. 4 (2011): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110114022d.
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Lactic acid is a relatively cheap chemical with a wide range of applications: as a preservative and acidifying agent in food and dairy industry, a monomer for biodegradable poly-lactide polymers (PLA) in pharmaceutical industry, precursor and chemical feedstock for chemical, textile and leather industries. Traditional raw materials for fermentative production of lactic acid, refined sugars, are now being replaced with starch from corn, rice and other crops for industrial production, with a tendency for utilization of agro industrial wastes. Processes based on renewable waste sources have ecological (zero CO2 emission, eco-friendly by-products) and economical (cheap raw materials, reduction of storage costs) advantages. An intensive research interest has been recently devoted to develop and improve the lactic acid production on more complex industrial by-products, like thin stillage from bioethanol production, corncobs, paper waste, straw etc. Complex and variable chemical composition and purity of these raw materials and high nutritional requirements of Lare the main obstacles in these production processes. Media supplementation to improve the fermentation is an important factor, especially from an economic point of view. Today, a particular challenge is to increase the productivity of lactic acid production on complex renewable biomass. Several strategies are currently being explored for this purpose such as process integration, use of Lwith amylolytic activity, employment of mixed cultures of Land/or utilization of genetically engineered microorganisms. Modern techniques of genetic engineering enable construction of microorganisms with desired characteristics and implementation of single step processes without or with minimal pre-treatment. In addition, new bioreactor constructions (such as membrane bioreactors), utilization of immobilized systems are also being explored. Electrodialysis, bipolar membrane separation process, enhanced filtration techniques etc. can provide some progress in purification technologies, although it is still remaining the most expensive phase in the lactic acid production. A new approach of parallel production of lactic bacteria biomass with probiotic activity and lactic acid could provide additional benefit and profit rise in the production process.
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Yelatontsev, Dmitry A., and Anatoly P. Mukhachev. "SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ION EXCHANGERS DERIVED FROM NON-WOOD CELLULOSE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206311.6237.
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A rational scheme for the processing of large-scale agro-industrial waste – walnut shells Juglans Regia L. and apricot kernels Prunus Armeniaca L. was proposed. At first stage, the raw material was delignificated using liquid ammonia to remove hemicelluloses and lignin. Isolated non-wood pulp is chemically modifying to increase sorption and ion exchange properties. For the synthesis of anion exchangers, cellulose was aminated using pyridine or trimethylamine after preliminary treatment consequentially with formalin and C2H5OH in HCl medium. As a result, we obtained high and weakly-basic ion exchangers with nitrogen content of 10.3–11.5% and high exchange capacity towards various classes of inorganic anions. For synthesis of cation exchangers, cellulose was treated with solution consisting of 20% H3PO4, 40% CO(NH2)2, and 40% H2O. Consequently, we obtained phosphorus-containing high-acidic cation exchangers with exchange capacity towards heavy metal of 5.5–8.6 mmol∙cm–3. Both types of ion exchangers have a high capacity towards uranium: anion exchanger – 4.25 mmol∙cm–3 and cation exchanger – 4.94 mmol∙cm–3, respectively. Average total yield of ion exchangers related to weight of air-dry feedstock was 90%. Synthesized ion exchangers characterized by IR spectroscopy. Presence of amine functional groups –NH2 in aminated cellulose and phosphate ester groups –OPO(OH)2 in phosphorylated cellulose was established. Specific surface area and total static exchange capacity of synthesized ion exchangers were established. An environmentally friendly method for the disposal of spent solutions from the synthesis of cation exchangers was proposed. It allows getting a liquid complex fertilizer containing 17% N and 13.9% P2O5. Usage of this fertilizer for grain crops feeding increases plants length by 40–75%, as well as overall biomass increase by 20–30%.
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Pradhan, Snigdhendubala, Ali H. Abdelaal, Kamal Mroue, Tareq Al-Ansari, Hamish R. Mackey, and Gordon McKay. "Biochar from vegetable wastes: agro-environmental characterization." Biochar 2, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00069-9.
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AbstractConsidering the global issue of vegetable wastes generation and its impact on the environment and resources, this study evaluated the conversion of four largely produced vegetable wastes (cauliflower, cabbage, banana peels and corn cob residues) into biochar. Each waste was tested individually and as a combined blend to assess feedstock influences on biochar properties. In addition, various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 600 °C and two particle size fractions (less than 75 µm, 75–125 µm) were considered. Biochars were characterized for various properties that can influence the biochars’ effectiveness as a soil amendment. It was found that pyrolysis temperature was the most dominant factor on biochar properties, but that individual feedstocks produced biochars with different characteristics. The biochars had characteristics that varied as follows: pH 7.2–11.6, ECE 0.15–1.00 mS cm−1, CEC 17–cmolc kg−1 and ζ-potential − 0.24 to − 43 mV. Based on optimal values of these parameters from the literature, cauliflower and banana peels were determined to be the best feedstocks, though mixed vegetable waste also produced good characteristics. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis was around 400 °C, but differed slightly (300–500 °C) depending on the distinct feedstock. However, smaller particle size of biochar application was always optimal. Biochar yields were in the range of 20–30% at this temperature range, except for corn cobs which were higher. This study demonstrates that pyrolysis of dried vegetable wastes is a suitable waste valorization approach to produce biochar with good agricultural properties.
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C., Onuguh I., Ikhuoria E. U., and Obibuzo J. U. "Bioethanol Production From Rice Husk Through Shcf And Sscf Processing Strategies." International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering, no. 21 (January 22, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.21.13.20.
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In many developing countries, there is great quest for achieving sustainable energy from the conversion of the huge biomass of organic wastes into useful biofuels such as bioethanol. Bioethanol is a renewable clean-liquid biofuel produced by fermentation of sugars or converted starch or cellulose from plant based feedstocks. It is conventionally produced from sugar and starch containing feedstocks. However, these feedstocks are unable to meet the global demand of bioethanol production due to their primary food value and legal pursuits against the legitimacy of their schemes. This study investigated and improved on the feasibility of producing bioethanol from rice husk agro-waste generated from rice production. It was first subjected to different physico-chemical pretreatments in order to optimize the hydrolysate sugar yield and identify the most effective process. It was further hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes from Trichoderma ressei micro-organism isolated from the soil. Separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) strategies/methods were adopted using both hydrometer and Pycnometer measurements. The fermentation results revealed that the maximum bioethanol yield through SHCF and SSCF strategies were 4.64 and 6.45 (% w/v dry biomass) respectively. SSCF strategy was more effective as it gave better bioethanol yield and was less time consuming. This study also shows that rice husk agro-waste of no or little commercial value can be utilized in the production of good quality bioethanol with implications for improved waste management, income and efficient energy generation.
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Koller, Martin, and Gerhart Braunegg. "Advanced approaches to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters in a sustainable and economic fashion." EuroBiotech Journal 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2018-0013.
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AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), the only group of “bioplastics”sensu stricto, are accumulated by various prokaryotes as intracellular “carbonosomes”. When exposed to exogenous stress or starvation, presence of these microbial polyoxoesters of hydroxyalkanoates assists microbes to survive.“Bioplastics” such as PHA must be competitive with petrochemically manufactured plastics both in terms of material quality and manufacturing economics. Cost-effectiveness calculations clearly show that PHA production costs, in addition to bioreactor equipment and downstream technology, are mainly due to raw material costs. The reason for this is PHA production on an industrial scale currently relying on expensive, nutritionally relevant “1st-generation feedstocks”, such as like glucose, starch or edible oils. As a way out, carbon-rich industrial waste streams (“2nd-generation feedstocks”) can be used that are not in competition with the supply of food; this strategy not only reduces PHA production costs, but can also make a significant contribution to safeguarding food supplies in various disadvantaged parts of the world. This approach increases the economics of PHA production, improves the sustainability of the entire lifecycle of these materials, and makes them unassailable from an ethical perspective.In this context, our EU-funded projects ANIMPOL and WHEYPOL, carried out by collaborative consortia of academic and industrial partners, successfully developed PHA production processes, which resort to waste streams amply available in Europe. As real 2nd-generation feedstocks”, waste lipids and crude glycerol from animal-processing and biodiesel industry, and surplus whey from dairy and cheese making industry were used in these processes. Cost estimations made by our project partners determine PHA production prices below 3 € (WHEYPOL) and even less than 2 € (ANIMPOL), respectively, per kg; these values already reach the benchmark of economic feasibility.The presented studies clearly show that the use of selected high-carbon waste streams of (agro)industrial origin contributes significantly to the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of PHA biopolyester production on an industrial scale.
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Acquavia, Maria Assunta, Raffaella Pascale, Giuseppe Martelli, Marcella Bondoni, and Giuliana Bianco. "Natural Polymeric Materials: A Solution to Plastic Pollution from the Agro-Food Sector." Polymers 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010158.
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Conventional petroleum-derived plastics represent a serious problem for global pollution because, when discarded in the environment, are believed to remain for hundreds of years. In order to reduce dependence on fossil resources, bioplastic materials are being proposed as safer alternatives. Bioplastics are bio-based and/or biodegradable materials, typically derived from renewable sources. Food waste as feedstock represents one of the recent applications in the research field of bioplastics production. To date, several food wastes have been used as raw materials for the production of bioplastics, including mostly fruit and vegetable wastes. The conversion of fruit and vegetable wastes into biomaterials could occur through simple or more complex processes. In some cases, biopolymers extracted from raw biomass are directly manufactured; on the other hand, the extracted biopolymers could be reinforced or used as reinforcing agents and/or natural fillers in order to obtain biocomposites. The present review covers available results on the application of methods used in the last 10 years for the design of biomaterials obtained from formulations made up with both fruits and vegetables by-products. Particular attention will be addressed to the waste pre-treatment, to the bioplastic formulation and to its processing, as well as to the mechanical and physical properties of the obtained materials.
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Santos, Andre L. F., Danilo U. Martins, Osvaldo K. Iha, Rafael A. M. Ribeiro, Rafael L. Quirino, and Paulo A. Z. Suarez. "Agro-industrial residues as low-price feedstock for diesel-like fuel production by thermal cracking." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 15 (August 2010): 6157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.100.
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Lallement, Audrey, Christine Peyrelasse, Camille Lagnet, Abdellatif Barakat, Blandine Schraauwers, Samuel Maunas, and Florian Monlau. "A Detailed Database of the Chemical Properties and Methane Potential of Biomasses Covering a Large Range of Common Agricultural Biogas Plant Feedstocks." Waste 1, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/waste1010014.
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Agricultural biogas plants are increasingly being used in Europe as an alternative source of energy. To optimize the sizing and operation of existing or future biogas plants, a better knowledge of different feedstocks is needed. Our aim is to characterize 132 common agricultural feedstocks in terms of their chemical composition (proteins, fibers, elemental analysis, etc.) and biochemical methane potential shared in five families: agro-industrial products, silage and energy crops, lignocellulosic biomass, manure, and slurries. Among the families investigated, manures and slurries exhibited the highest ash and protein contents (10.3–13.7% DM). High variabilities in C/N were observed among the various families (19.5% DM for slurries and 131.7% DM for lignocellulosic biomass). Methane potentials have been reported to range from 63 Nm3 CH4/t VS (green waste) to 551 Nm3 CH4/t VS (duck slurry), with a mean value of 284 Nm3 CH4/t VS. In terms of biodegradability, lower values of 52% and 57% were reported for lignocelluloses biomasses and manures, respectively, due to their high fiber content, especially lignin. By contrast, animal slurries, silage, and energy crops exhibited a higher biodegradability of 70%. This database will be useful for project owners during the pre-study phases and during the operation of future agricultural biogas plants.
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Evangelista, Igor Vieira, Adam Gonçalves Arruda, Larissa Soares de Menezes, Janaína Fischer, and Carla Zanella Guidini. "Physicochemical characterization of agro-industrial residues for second-generation ethanol production." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): e33110817151. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17151.
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Ethanol production from renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic materials, is already underway in several countries. The interest in the technology stems from concerns about global warming and the environmental impacts of solid waste disposal. Moreover, the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into ethanol is a value-adding strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of three lignocellulosic materials— rice straw bran, sugarcane bagasse, and corn peel bran—and determine, on the basis of these analyses, their suitability as feedstocks for second-generation ethanol production. Physicochemical characterization included the determination of particle size, moisture, ash, total solids, water activity, crude fat, protein, total extractives, soluble and insoluble lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, hemicellulose, and total carbohydrates. Rice straw bran is composed of 38.33% cellulose and 19.73% hemicellulose, sugarcane bagasse is composed of 27.09% cellulose and 5.61% hemicellulose, and corn peel bran is composed of 55.75% cellulose and 12.93% hemicellulose. The characterization showed the high concentration of cellulose in the residue of the corn peel bran. The results indicate that the three biomasses are suitable raw materials for biofuel production.
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Jingura, Raphael M., Rutendo Matengaifa, Downmore Musademba, and Kumbirai Musiyiwa. "Characterisation of land types and agro-ecological conditions for production of Jatropha as a feedstock for biofuels in Zimbabwe." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 5 (May 2011): 2080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.004.
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