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Azibo, Balgah Roland, Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi, and Gertrud Buchenrieder. "Understanding and Building on Indigenous Agro-Pastoral Adaptation strategies for Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences from Rural Cameroon." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v6i1.5391.
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Rural communities in the Sub-Sahara African region have become focal points for climate adaptation especially in the agricultural sector. This is due to their significant involvement in agro-pastoral activities which constitute the lifeblood of most of the economies of this region, with about 85% of the indigenous populations relying on it for their survival. Both long and short term climatic oscillations have succeeded, and will continue to disrupt crop and livestock output thus signaling threats to food security. Although the communities have either consciously or unconsciously made use of some indigenous adaptation strategies, they are judged to be weak at the moment. This requires the designation of context-specific agro-pastoral adaptation frameworks. Using focus group discussions (FGDs) of 6 agro-pastoral groups (10 representatives each) in this region, complemented by content analysis, field surveys and the extensive review of literature on case studies for other SSA communities, we analyze current indigenous adaptation mechanisms in the agro-pastoral sector and attempt to construct an indigenous adaptation framework for rural agro-pastoral communities in Cameroon. Our analysis of data leads us to conclude that current adaptation measures rely mainly on crop diversification and mixed farming. Although these methods are good, the scale of operation and the degree of diversification is still low to climate-proof the agro-pastoral sector. Furthermore, these changes are introduced in the midst of poor farming practices such as slash and burn and related systems. Current indigenous adaptation strategies are weak and are correlated with income levels, level of farmers involvement in organizations, knowledge and perception. We recommend the effective engagement of agro-pastoral stakeholders as key in developing an adaptable framework, based on their knowledge of current adaptation strategies.
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Ahmed Mohammed, Abdulla. "ADOPTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS’ FATTENING PACKAGE IN AGRO-PASTORAL AREAS, DUGDA DAWA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9.2015.2940.
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Many studies were conducted to identify determinants of adoption of crop base technologies and practices and improved seeds, and while few studies concerned on evaluation of extension services in terms of the clients’ need and interest or adoption of livestock technologies in agro-pastoral and pastoral context. In fact, livestock extension services in general in developing countries are less prioritized and thus livestock based technology services are rarely extended. Common livestock technologies which are promoted to livestock raisers are focused on feed, veterinary services, and improved management practices through the extension services of agricultural/pastoral offices and livestock development units. The case hereunder, is about agro-pastoralists extension services evaluative perception and small ruminant fattening package adoption. Hence, this study investigates agro-pastoralists’ perception on the extension services, small ruminant fattening package and intensity of adoption of small ruminants’ fattening package. The study is undertaken in DugdaDawaWoreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The Woreda has agro-pastoral and pastoral production system. The data were collected from 151 randomly selected pastoralists and agro-pastoralists using structured interview schedule. Secondary data were collected from different sources to supplement the data obtained from the survey. In addition to quantitative data qualitative data also gathered. Prior to formal survey an informal survey was also undertaken by using group discussion and interview with key informants. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage mean, standard deviation, Chi-square tests and t-test were employed. The Tobit model was also employed to determine factors influencing intensity of small ruminant fattening package adoption. This study identifies agro-pastoralists and pastoralists are poorly addressed and their need and interests are not considered in any extension programmes. The Tobit model output showed that, agro-pastoralists intensity of adoption of small ruminant fattening package is influenced by: perception on the availability of improved breed, perception on resources based conflicts, current management practices, total livestock holding of HHs and credit use and availability for veterinary purposes. Future extension activities and agencies, promoting fattening package in agro-pastoral and pastoral areas, should focus on targeting agro-pastoralists with low perception on the availability of better breed, information and demonstration on the improved management practices, revision of credit supply criteria, making awareness and demonstration of the significant importance of small ruminants in the agro-pastoral and pastoral income and livelihoods contribution is important.
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Kavana, Pius Yoram, Anthony Z. Sangeda, Ephraim J. Mtengeti, Christopher Mahonge, John Bukombe, Robert Fyumagwa, and Stephen Nindi. "Herbaceous plant species diversity in communal agro-pastoral and conservation areas in western Serengeti, Tanzania." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 5 (November 30, 2019): 502–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)502-518.
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Agro-pastoralism involves the growing of crops and keeping of livestock as a livelihood strategy practiced by communities in rural areas in Africa and is highly dependent on environmental factors including rainfall, soil and vegetation. Agro-pastoral activities, e.g. livestock grazing and land clearing for crop cultivation, impact on environmental condition. This study evaluated the impacts of agro-pastoral activities on herbaceous plant species diversity and abundance in western Serengeti relative to conservation (protected) areas. A vegetation survey was conducted along the grazing gradients of ten 4 km transects from within village lands to protected areas. A total of 123 herbaceous species belonging to 20 families were identified. Higher herbaceous species diversity and richness were found in protected areas than in communal grazing lands. Similarly, the number of perennial herbaceous species was higher in the former than the latter, while occurrence of annuals was higher in the village areas. This observation indicates poor rangeland condition in village communal grazing lands as compared with protected areas. It is obvious that current agro-pastoral activities have contributed to a reduction in herbaceous species diversity in village lands in western Serengeti. However, the array of pasture species, especially desirable perennial species, still present in communal grazing areas, suggests that rejuvenation of these areas is possible. Resting of grazing land is recommended to reverse the trend towards diversity reduction and ensure future availability of feed resources for grazing animals in village lands.
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Kadambi, Hemanth. "Agro-Pastoralism, Archaeology and Religious Landscapes in Early Medieval South India." Medieval History Journal 24, no. 1-2 (May 2021): 207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09719458211054593.
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Agro-pastoralism has been an important economic subsistence among diverse communities in the semi-arid climate and dry-deciduous ecology of the Deccan for the last four millennia. Recent research that looks at the entanglements of human-animal-environment relations in South Asian archaeology and history have highlighted the complex histories that prompt a reconsideration of the contexts within which political authority articulated in medieval India. This essay demonstrates the presence of non-elite agro-pastoral groups based on the evidence from my archaeological survey. I then present results from a limited study the Early Chalukya inscriptions to identify agro-pastoral activities. In addition, I employ limited architectural and iconographic analysis and argue that the non-Brahmanical religious affiliations of pastoral groups played a role in shaping the political and sacred landscapes of the Early Chalukya polity (ca. 550–750 ad) in the Deccan plateau of South India. A related aim in this essay is to highlight the productive engagement of archaeological investigations with ‘conventional’ history research. I suggest that the medieval period of Indian archaeology is a potent arena for such interdisciplinary research.
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Asfaw, Dagmawe Menelek, Atinkugn Assefa Belete, Abibual Getachew Nigatu, and Getnet Mamo Habtie. "Status and determinants of saving behavior and intensity in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities of Afar regional state, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): e0281629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281629.
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Saving is a crucial tool for enhancing the livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, but due to a number of factors, its status and intensity are still in their infancy. Because of this, the current state of saving practices, their causes, and the size of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities are all examined in this study. A multi-stage sampling process was used to determine the 600 typical selected households. In order to assess the data, a double hurdle model was used. From the descriptive analysis result, only 35% of pastoral and agro-pastoral groups were savers. In comparison to their counterparts, households who have access to credit, are financially literate, engage in non-farm activities, cultivate crops in addition to livestock husbandry, use informal financial institutions, are educated, and wealthier are more likely to be savers and eager to save a larger amount of property. Households with more livestock and who live far away from formal financial institutions, on the other hand, are less likely to be savers and save only a small fraction of their income. Male-headed families are more likely to participate in saving decisions, whereas female-headed households must save more than their male counterparts once they have opted to save. Instead of relying on ineffective monetary policy (changing interest rates), any concerned bodies should emphasize mixed farming practices, establish financial institutions nearby to improve saving habits, provide non-farm training, and empower women in order to close the gap between savers and non-savers and mobilize resources to save and invest. Furthermore, raise awareness of financial institutions’ products and services, as well as provide credit.
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Mung’ong’o, Henry George. "Agro-pastoralist Resilience: Emerging Challenges towards Innovated Pathways of Climate Change Effects in Semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts, Tanzania." African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies 4, no. 1 (August 18, 2022): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajasss.v4i1.2.
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Climate change and its variability threaten food security globally, making life uncertain, especially among agro-pastoral communities living in fragile semi-arid areas. This trend has necessitated the exploration of the potential designed and developed pathways and the emerging challenges which reduce the adaptive capacity of agro-pastoralists. This study investigates innovative pathways and challenges facing agro-pastoral communities in adapting to climate change and variability effects on crops and livestock production in semiarid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts. A mixed-method research approach under a correlation case study design was employed. Primary data were collected using a household survey which sampled 362 households, Focus Group Discussion (n=6), In-depth interviews (key informants) and field visits. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used in analysing and presenting the findings. The study results indicate that agro-pastoral communities have observed a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature trends that were linked to reduced livestock, cereals and pulses crop production thus affecting the agro- pastoral community’s food security status. The study identified innovative pathways as a response to reduced livestock, cereal and pulse crops production which includes growing drought-tolerant crops, practising intercropping, livestock seasonal mobility, traditional grazing management system through by-laws, pastures rotational uses and traditional water reservoirs (Mboutu). Furthermore, the study identified several challenges to overcoming declining livestock production and crop yields, which include inadequate financial capital (91%), droughts (85.4%), unpredicted weather patterns, (74.7%), emergency of new AJASSS Volume 4, Issue No. 1, 2022 page 20 livestock diseases (50.3%), a lack of reliable weather information (44.2%), low livestock prices(40%), insufficient and delayed delivery of agricultural equipment (37%). All these challenges reduced the resilience capacity of agropastoralists. To ensure the sustainability of fragile dryland communities, this study recommends purposeful institutional intervention plans and increased income diversification as well as more capacity-building activities for increased awareness of climate change adaptation practices in semiarid areas of Tanzania which will increase agro-pastoralists resilience.
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Bass, Bryon. "Early Neolithic communities in southern Dalmatia: Farming seafarers or seafaring farmers?" European Journal of Archaeology 11, no. 2-3 (2008): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957109106376.
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Palaeoenvironmental data and vegetation histories derived from local datasets are examined in the light of Early Neolithic agro-pastoral activities and resource exploitation in the southeastern Adriatic Sea. Palynological evidence is summarized from three locations within the study area and compared to contemporaneous archaeological evidence. Coastal marine archaeological assemblages in the study area indicate that Early Neolithic inhabitants expended significant energy on terrestrial and marine hunting and gathering, and long distance maritime travel, well after the regional introduction of agro-pastoralism.
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Łach, Janusz, and Igor Bojko. "Polaniarstwo jako istotny wyróżnik w badaniach nad typologią krajobrazów pasterskich Karpat Zachodnich." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4519.
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The article is an attempt to use the method of landmark and determinants in research on the typology of pastoral and agricultural landscapes in the area of the Beskids range the Western Carpathians. The paper analyzes the structure and form of economic activities in the mid-forest clearing, allowing to define mountain landscapes. The Beskids landscape due to the varied morphology, terrain cover and the Vlachs cultural element is considered to be particularly valuable in terms of landscape. The definition of the natural and cultural aspects of the Beskids landscapes made it possible to separate, in the type of rural landscapes – the pastoral subtype, the pastoral and agricultural landscape called as the agro-shepherd.
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Yang, Lixiao, Stéphanie Horion, Chansheng He, and Rasmus Fensholt. "Tracking Sustainable Restoration in Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northwest China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 5031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245031.
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Large-scale ecological restoration (ER) projects have been implemented in northwest China in recent decades as a means to prevent desertification and improve ecosystem services. However, previous studies have demonstrated adverse impacts in the form of widespread soil water deficit caused by intensive ER activities. Understanding the role of climate change and ER efforts in vegetation dynamics and soil moisture consumption is essential for sustainable ecosystem management. Here, we used the break for additive season and trend (BFAST) method to analyse spatial patterns in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) variation over the agro-pastoral ecotone of northwest China (APENC) for 2000–2015. From the combined use of generalized additive modelling (GAM) and residual-trend analysis (RESTREND), we distinguished and quantified the effects of climate and human management on vegetation and soil water dynamics. Approximately 78% of the area showed vegetation variations representing a significant change in NDVI, of which more than 68% were categorized as abrupt changes. Large areas of the abrupt change type, interrupted increase and monotonic increase in NDVI were observed before 2006, and small areas of the change type of negative reversals were observed after 2012. Anthropogenic activity was found to be the major driving factor of variation in vegetation (contribution rate of 56%) and soil moisture (contribution rate of 78%). The vegetation expansion, which was mainly related to the large number of ER programs that started in 2000, was found to increase soil moisture depletion. By comparing areas where anthropogenic activities had a high contribution rate to vegetation increase and areas where soil moisture consumption was severely increased, we identify and discuss hotspot areas of soil moisture consumption caused by the ER programs. The current methodological workflow and results represent a novel foundation to inform and support water resource management and ecological-restoration-related policy making.
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Probo, Massimiliano, Marco Pittarello, Michele Lonati, and Giampiero Lombardi. "Targeted grazing for the restoration of sub-alpine shrub-encroached grasslands." Italian Journal of Agronomy 11, no. 4 (December 7, 2016): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.775.
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The decline of agro-pastoral activities has led to a widespread tree and shrub-encroachment of former semi-natural meso-eutrophic grasslands in many European mountain regions. Temporary night camp areas (TNCA) and mineral mix supplements for targeted cattle were arranged over shrub-encroached areas to restore grassland vegetation within the Val Troncea Natural Park (Italy). From 2011 to 2015, their effects on vegetation structure and pastoral value of forage were assessed along permanent transects. Four years after treatments, both practices were effective in reducing the shrub cover and increasing the cover and average height of the herbaceous layer, but changes were more remarkable within TNCA. Moreover, the arrangement of TNCA decreased the cover of nanophanerophytes and increased the cover of graminoids and high quality species, as well as the overall forage pastoral value. In conclusion, TNCA were the most effective pastoral practice to contrast shrub-encroachment and increase herbage mass and forage quality of sub-alpine grasslands.
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Forbes, Hamish. "The Identification of pastoralist sites Within the context of estate-based agriculture in ancient Greece: beyond the ‘Transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016233.
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The present ‘transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate is here set within the context of a broadly based anthropological approach to pastoralism. Certain constant features of the relationship of pastoralists to their landscape are identifiable, although many aspects of pastoral strategies are variable over time and space and across socio-economic groups. The control of much of the pastoral exploitation of the landscape in antiquity by wealthy estate owners is one important difference from the present day. The resulting observations are applied to the archaeological record of isolated rural sites now widely known from surface survey projects. It is argued that the tendency to assume that pastoralists are archaeologically invisible has meant that these very visible sites have been ignored as possible pastoral bases. The location of a number of these sites suggests that pastoralism was a major element in the activities focused on them in antiquity.
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Muwanga, S., R. N. Onwonga, S. O. Keya, and E. Komutunga. "Influence of Agro-pastoral Activities on Land Use and Land Cover Change in Karamoja, Uganda." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 9 (August 15, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n9p266.
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The land use and/or land cover changes (LULCC) caused mainly by human beings for their benefits play a pivotal role in a global environment, resulting in significant ecosystem changes. Iriiri, Matany and Rengen sub-counties in Karamoja sub-region of Uganda have undergone rapid LULCC in the past three decades. Nevertheless, the extent to which these changes have occurred have not been quantified. Establishing the extent of LULCC in the study area between 1986 and 2015 formed our objective. Supervised LANDSAT image classification for years 1986, 1996, 2005 and 2015 was done using ENVI 4.7 software. The classification resulted into six land use classes; Bareland, Farmland, Woodland, Grassland, Settlement, and Wetland. The area under each LULCC was subjected to a change detection analysis using Arc-GIS (ESRI, 2009) in ten years strata. The results revealed that settlement in Iriiri expanded significantly (p < 0.05) by 71.3%, while farmland increased by 45%. Woodland and grassland significantly (p < 0.05) declined by 68% and 30% respectively. Bareland increased by 56%, while wetland decreased by 54%. Woodland and grassland significant (p < 0.05) shrunk by 87% in Matany and Rengen sub-counties. Farmland expanded significantly (p < 0.05) by 147% and Woodland shrunk significantly (p < 0.05) by 79% in Rengen sub-county. Generally, farmland and settlement increased while woodland and grassland shrunk due increased human population and farming. Expansion of farming is partially due to increased human settlement to pursue agriculture following advocacy by the government of Uganda. The removal of natural vegetation is expected to negatively impact soil quality by exposing it to agents of erosion. However, the extent of these impacts is unknown. Hence, further studies on LULCC and their impact on soil quality at sub-counties level are crucial in guiding land use policy and sustainable management practices in the area.
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Rustamani, Kashif. "AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLANATION OF THE CHANGING LIVELIHOOD OF AGRO-PASTORAL COMMUNITIES IN SINDH, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i01.187.
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The question of the agro-pastoral economy is un-scrutinized within the academic discourse of Pakistan. These communities rely on herding and subsistence agriculture, the former playing a significant role in the socio-economic aspects of life. The late twentieth century marked an era of revolutionized technologies that touched the ground of developing countries, the best-known example is the green revolution. Before the green revolution, most parts of southern Sindh relied on rainwater to cultivate food crops with rudimentary technologies. The modes of production were comprised of livestock and pastoralism. The market-based economic intervention was only gaining roots. Presently, in the region specifically, rains per year have become scarcer, underground water resources such as tube wells are also disappearing. The paper questions that how the climate changes in the locale of study have resulted in a change in economic activities and the social lives of agro-pastoral communities. The present study is an attempt to document, and inform about the social change, to reach a wider level of audience and scientific community. This research is based on empirical evidence. The techniques are more similar to those used in anthropology or ethnology. Data collection and fieldwork are conducted in Southern Sindh known as Wahi Pandhi, which is located in the Dadu district of Sindh. The main economic activity of the area is agriculture and pastoralism. The geography and mode of livelihood in the region are found to be unique in terms of economic, socio-political, and cultural aspects. It not only gives us a vantage point to understand the livelihood of the agro-pastorals, but also puts us in a position to form a better policy for these communities. The present study will provide basic policy recommendations to help these communities which are marginalized by their way of subsistence and location in the country. Keywords: Agro-pastoral communities, ethnography, livelihoods, Sindh, Pakistan
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Kiptoo, Laxmana Peter, Henry Rono, and Francis Kerre. "The nature of food insecurity and agro-pastoral production in the Kerio river basin." Journal of Policy and Development Studies (JPDS) 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jpds.v2i1.331.
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This paper encompasses a study that was conducted to assess the nature of food insecurity and agro-pastoral production in Kerio Valley, a semi-arid basin in north-western Kenya. The study targeted 2600 households in the region from which a sample of 387 households was obtained using Yamane's (1967) sample size determination formula. Both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through a questionnaire that also incorporated and adapted the phased index of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), respectively. The study established that 67 per cent of the households experienced inadequate access to food, and 87.2 per cent of the households experienced inadequate access to preferred food. More so, 75 per cent of the households had been engaged in subsistence agricultural production with the use of limited technology. The key occupation for most of the households (74%) reported was agro-pastoral activities. The study concluded that the nature of agricultural production was among the drivers of food insecurity in the Kerio Basin. The study recommends a need to pay more attention to resilient and transformative agricultural production.
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Mohamed, Abduselam Abdulahi. "Pastoralism and Development Policy in Ethiopia: A Review Study." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.562.
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Pastoralism is a culture, livelihoods system, extensive use of rangelands. It is the key production system practiced in the arid and semi-arid dryland areas. Recent estimates indicate that about 120 million pastoralists and agro-pastoralists life worldwide, of which 41.7% reside only in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Pastoralists live in areas often described as marginal, remote, conflict prone, food insecure and associated with high levels of vulnerability. Pastoral communities of Ethiopia occupy 61% of the total land mass and 97% of Ethiopian pastoralists found in low land areas of Afar, Somali, Oromiya, and SNNPR. In spite pastoral areas have significance role in national economy, yet very little consideration was given to pastoral development and policy makers often neglect them, focusing on the interests of agriculture and urban people. The constitution of Ethiopia gives pastoral communities the right to free land grazing, fair use of natural resources, have market access and receive fair price, and not displaced from their own lands. However, pastoralists have faced new problems in recent years, including competition for water and pasture; unrepresented in socio-economic and political activities, ethnic based conflicts, poverty, and uneven drought and climate changes. The government of Ethiopia began large scale efforts to develop the pastoral areas and initiated different projects, but pastoral development policies and strategies seem to be state centrally-driven. In Ethiopia the current nature of pastoralism and pastoral communities’ life style is changing. Therefore, government needs to develop policies and strategies which are based on local customs and practical knowledge.
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Rey, Tony, Frederic Leone, Stéphanie Defossez, Monique Gherardi, and Fleurice Parat. "Volcanic hazards assessment of Oldoinyo Lengai in a data scarcity context (Tanzania)." Territorium, no. 28(II) (July 7, 2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_28-2_6.
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The objective of our study is to establish an assessment of four volcanic hazards in a country threatened by the eruption of the OlDoinyo Lengai volcano. The last major eruption dates back to 2007-2008 but stronger activity in 2019 has revived the memory of volcanic threats to the Maasai and Bantu communities and human activities (agro-pastoral and tourism). The methods chosen have had to be adapted to the scarce and incomplete data. The volcanic hazards and their probability of occurrence were analysed on the basis of data available in the scientific literature and were supplemented by two field missions combining geography and hydro-geomorphology. Our study enabled us to map the hazards of ash fall, lava flows, lahars and avalanches of debris. Each hazard was spatialised by being ascribed an intensity. They are sometimes synchronous with the eruption sometimes they occur several months or years after a volcanic eruption. The results are the first step towards developing a volcanic risk management strategy, especially for the pastoral communities living around Lengai and for the growing tourist activities in this area.
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Kirui, Agnes Cheptoo. "Vulnerability of agro-pastoral community resulting from oil exploration activities at Lokichar-Kochodin basin in Turkana county." Journal of Policy and Development Studies (JPDS) 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jpds.v4i1.210.
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Take-over of land from the pastoral communities in Turkana County for oil exploration and development has primarily affected the livelihoods of communities living in the region due to exposure to hazardous risks. This study has highlighted research that was conducted to determine the nature of vulnerability of households residing in the Lokichar-Kochodin basin, an oil mining plant. Employing a cross-sectional survey research design, the author collects both qualitative and quantitative data using questionnaires, focus group discussion (FGD) guides, and key informant interview (KII) guides for which analysis was performed using (SPSS) Version 21 and Nvivo, respectively. The study finds that oil-related activities cost native individuals and their households their land, health, and general livelihoods, increasing their vulnerability to life loss. Reduced livelihood opportunities, droughts and disease burden, the exposure of socio-economic endowment, and risk/erosion of household occupations are among other aspects identified in this study. Therefore the study recommends the resettlement of the displaced households in line with plans that comply with international directives and laws to ensure a sustainable future for the pastoral communities.
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Dai, Luwei, Haiping Tang, Yunlong Pan, and Dalin Liang. "Enhancing Ecosystem Services in the Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone Based on Local Sustainable Management: Insights from Duolun County in Northern China." Land 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060805.
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Ecosystem and associated ecosystem services (ESs) in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China (APTZNC) are sensitive to climate change and human activities. Essential to designing targeted policy interventions toward achieving sustainability in the APTZNC is a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal changes in ESs and their drivers. This study identified the spatiotemporal changes in six ESs in Duolun County from 2000 to 2017. The impacts of drivers—temperature, precipitation, wind speed, vegetation cover (FVC), land use/cover (LULC), soil type, altitude, and slope—on the changes in the ESs in the county and its ecological production zones were then explored. The results indicated that the six ESs improved during the study period. The drivers influencing changes in ESs over time exhibited similarities across regions. Although FVC contributed to improvements in the food supply, grass production, carbon sequestration, and soil wind erosion (SLwind), it also reduced water yield, which may exacerbate the water shortage in arid and semi-arid areas. In regions where the ecology was in the recovery phase, especially in slope farmland, the inhibition of soil water erosion (SLwater) by FVC was easily offset by the higher SLwater potential from increased precipitation. The decrease in wind speed improved the regional ESs, whereas the increase in temperature posed a threat to SLwind. The drivers affecting the spatial patterns of ESs varied among zones. Across the three zones, the greater influential drivers of ESs were FVC and LULC. The impacts of topographic drivers and soil type on the distribution of ESs should also be noted in the agro-zone and agro-pastoral zone, respectively. Our study advocated that ES management should be adjusted to local conditions, and differentiated planning policies should be implemented in line with the ecological characteristics in the APTZNC, which will contribute to regional ecological sustainable development.
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Liu, Wenchao, Mei Liu, Wenhui Jia, Xiaoyi Miao, and Meihong Ma. "Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Pattern Change and Driving Force of Land Use in Agro Pastoral Ecotone in Northern Shanxi." E3S Web of Conferences 350 (2022): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235001025.
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Land use change is a considerable representation of mutual effect between human and natural activities. Northern Shanxi is located in the northern agro pastoral ecotone, which the land use pattern changes violently. This paper focuses on the dynamic change characteristics of cultivated land and grassland in the agro pastoral ecotone of northern Shanxi from 2000 to 2015, and explores the main driving factors of their change. It can provide support for land planning and management and relevant policy-making in northern Shanxi and promote regional sustainable development. The results showed that: ➀ There was a close interrelation between the change of cultivated land and grassland I n northern Shanxi, and the whole showed the opposite dynamic change trend. ➁The main land transfer type of cultivated land and grassland is construction land. And grassland is also the main transfer type of cultivated land. And cultivated land contributes greatly to the growth of grassland area. ➂Economic factors are the main driving force which affecting the area change of cultivated land and grassland, followed by the benefit factors of agricultural development, and finally the labor factors. ➃Economic factors can explain the shift of cultivated land and grassland in different districts and counties in northern Shanxi. The benefit factor of cultivated land development plays a negative driving role on cultivated land, the benefit of grassland development plays a promoting role on the growth of grassland area, and the driving force of labor factor is relatively small.
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Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila S., Kristen Hopper, Morteza Djamali, Philippe Ponel, Franҫois Demory, Frauke Rostek, Kazuyo Tachikawa, et al. "Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years." Holocene 26, no. 10 (July 28, 2016): 1676–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616646841.
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Dietre, Benjamin, Christoph Walser, Werner Kofler, Katja Kothieringer, Irka Hajdas, Karsten Lambers, Thomas Reitmaier, and Jean Nicolas Haas. "Neolithic to Bronze Age (4850–3450 cal. BP) fire management of the Alpine Lower Engadine landscape (Switzerland) to establish pastures and cereal fields." Holocene 27, no. 2 (August 19, 2016): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616658523.
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Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near the village of Ardez in the Lower Engadine Valley (Switzerland) since the Late Neolithic Period. Pollen, charcoal particles and non-pollen palynomorphs preserved in the Saglias and Cutüra peat bog stratigraphies were quantified and the results compared with the regional archaeological evidence. Anthropogenic deforestation using fire started around 4850 cal. BP at Saglias and aimed at establishing first cultivated crop fields (e.g. cereals) and small pastoral areas as implied by the positive correlation coefficients between charcoal particles and cultural and pastoral pollen indicators, as well as spores of coprophilous fungi. Pressure on the natural environment by humans and livestock continued until 3650 cal. BP and was followed by reforestation processes until 3400 cal. BP because of climatic deterioration. Thereafter, a new, continuous cultivation/pastoral phase was recorded for the Middle to Late Bronze Age (3400–2800 cal. BP). After rather minor human impact during the Iron Age and Roman Period, intensive agriculture was recorded for the Medieval Period. The area around Ardez was used for crop cultivation from about 1000 cal. BP until the start of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (600 cal. BP). Despite a land-use reorganisation, the following gradual decrease in agricultural activities led to the extant mixture of a cultivated, grazed and forested landscape in the Lower Engadine. In addition, this study demonstrates the excellent value of the fungus Gelasinospora as a highly local marker of past and today’s fire incidents, as well as of the use of micro-charcoals from pollen slides and macro-charcoals (>150 µm) from pollen sample residues for the reconstruction of short- and long-term fire histories.
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Zhang, Li, and Xin Jin. "Effects of Land Use Change on the Ecosystem Services Value in an Agro-Pastoral Ecotone." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1997.
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Human activities and the demand for biomass and biobased energy can lead to changes in land use. Songyuan City is a typical farming-pastoral ecotone in northeast China, to investigate the land use change in this area, the Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images in 2000, 2010 and 2019 were analyzed. The land use in the ecotone in 2030 was predicted, as well as the changing characteristic of its ecosystem services value (ESV). The results showed that paddy field has had the highest annual growth rate and the ESV has increased by 338.6 million Chinese Yuan (CNY) in the past 19 years. The areas of dry field, paddy field, water bodies, wetland, and building land showed an upward trend with the dry field having the most growth of 49,596 hm2, whereas the areas of forestland, meadowland, and unused land showed a downward trend; and ESV increases from 3.5714 billion CNY in 2010 to 3.6236 billion CNY in 2030. Accuracy check and sensitivity analysis indicated a reliable result, which could provide reference to the ecologically sustainable development.
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Guo, Min, and Shijun Wang. "Remote Sensing Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment of Landscape Patterning in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northeast China." Complexity 2021 (March 9, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8851543.
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The agro-pastoral ecotone, an ecological transition zone connecting adjacent areas of agricultural planting area and grassland animal husbandry, has three features: a complex natural condition, relatively pronounced population pressure, and a fragile ecological environment. In this study, we conducted an ecosystem risk assessment in the western part of Jilin Province, China, based on multiscale and multitemporal remote sensing images and land-use data. Furthermore, we focused on land-use change from 1995 to 2015 by applying the dynamic change information survey method and carrying out a transfer track analysis. The results revealed three main findings. (1) The ecological risk index at the scale of 3 km × 3 km harbors significant spatial correlation. (2) The ecological risk index of unutilized land, forest land, and grassland is relatively high for each, and their anti-interference ability is weak, while the ecological risk index of construction land and water area is the lowest. (3) Human interference, e.g., construction activities and cultivated land occupation, is the leading factor driving the exacerbation of ecological risk and frequent land-use type conversions. At the study period’s end, a trend of slight contraction in the high-risk areas was found, indicating that land-use regulation and land protection policies have had significantly positive impact upon the lands’ ecological value. The overall study identified a reasonable research scale for eco-environmental risk assessment and discerned relationships between regional land-use changes through geospatial analysis. Moreover, our findings can help provide practical case study information applicable to similar regions with agro-pastoral ecotones.
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OLADUNJOYE, B. G., A. A. BUSART, A. W. ADEKOYA, V. O. OKORUWA, and J. A. OLANITE. "A SURVEY OF DAIRY PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN THE DERIVED SAVANNAH OF OYO STATE SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v28i2.1905.
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The study was conducted to find out dairy production practices among Agro-pastoral Fulani women in the derived Savannah of Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected, using structured questionnaire from 120 Fulani women in three Local Government areas namely: 0yo West, Atiba and Ogbomosho North respectively. The study revealed that the main dairying activities are milking of cattle, processing and marketing of dairy products. The most preferred dairy products are wara (local cheese), ghee and butter. Marketing was done exclusively by self or in combination with intermediaries ("middlemen"). Main reasons for engagement in dairying activities are: Income generation, cultural and husband's wish. Constraints mostly encountered are bad roads, inadequate transport facilities and inadequate supply of raw milk from the cattle in dry season. Sources of agricultural information include; friends/neighbours, radio broadcasts, and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Programme, Ibadan.
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Kavana, Pius Yoram, Ephraim J. Mtengeti, Anthony Sangeda, Christopher Mahonge, Robert Fyumagwa, and Bukombe John. "How does agro-pastoralism affect forage and soil properties in western Serengeti, Tanzania?" Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)120-133.
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The impacts of agro-pastoral activities on soil properties, plus nutritive value and residual standing biomass of herbaceous plants in areas of different land uses in western Serengeti, were evaluated. Vegetation and soil were sampled along 4,000 m transects laid across fallow land, areas grazed only by livestock, mixed grazing (livestock and wildlife) and wildlife grazing only. A total number of 123 plant species were encountered during sampling. Analyses of soil and vegetation samples were conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture laboratories. The estimated average density of grazing animals encountered was 160 TLU/km2 on transects within livestock-dominated grazing lands, 129 TLU/km2 for mixed grazing and 83 TLU/km2 for wildlife grazing only. Results indicated that ADF, IVDMD, IVOMD, ME and TDN in residual herbaceous forage at flowering were significantly (P<0.05) affected by land use type but CP, NDF and ADL were not affected. Soil pH, OC, CEC, C:N ratio and Ca differed significantly (P<0.05) between land use types. An overall evaluation indicated that regardless of climatic conditions, residual biomass of herbaceous plants in western Serengeti is determined by intensity of grazing, soil C:N ratio and concentrations of Ca and P in the soil. We conclude that agro-pastoral practices conducted in western Serengeti affected residual standing biomass of herbaceous plants and soil properties. We recommend that grazing pressure in communal grazing lands be reduced by either reducing number of grazing animals or duration of grazing in a particular grazing area, and specific studies be conducted to establish stocking rates appropriate for specific communal grazing lands in villages.
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Brouziyne, Youssef, Lahcen Benaabidate, Aziz Abouabdillah, Rachid Bouabid, and Abdelghani Chehbouni. "Modeling hydrologic processes and potential responses to climate change in an agro-silvo-pastoral watershed in the Mediterranean area." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-151-2020.
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Abstract. Precipitation changes and water use patterns are two factors affecting the water quantity; obviously, hydrologic processes are always linked to many elements in the watershed scale, so to understand water management issues it is fundamental to analyze the different elements of hydrologic processes occurring in the watershed. In this study, the “SWAT” model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has been used to simulate the water balance for the present climate conditions on a semi arid watershed located in the central North of Morocco (R'dom). The study watershed covers an area of 1993 km2, and is hosting farming, pasture and forestry related activities. The water stress situation in the R'dom watershed can be summarized as limited resource facing increasing water demand. SWAT model was first run and calibrated under current climate; and was driven with downscaled climate simulations to generate future hydrological projections for R'dom watershed in the 2031 to 2050 horizon under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. The results of the study showed that the water balance in R'dom watershed is dominated by evapotranspiration and the water resources distribution within the watershed is uneven and follows a decreasing gradient matching the flow direction. The main results of climate change scenarios showed that R'dom watershed will undergo significant decrease of water resources availability with more economic impact under the scenario RCP8.5 as all areas hosting the economical activities will be affected and the highest changes of water yield should be under this scenario.
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Abdoulaye, I. M., M. Ayena, A. J. Yabi, H. Dedehouanou, G. Biaou, and M. Houinato. "Incidences socio-économiques et environnementales des infrastructures pastorales et agropastorales installées dans le Borgou au Nord-Est du Benin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 3214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.20.
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Le développement du sous-secteur de l‟élevage qui est d‟une importance capitale dans la lutte contre la pauvreté a suscité la réalisation des ouvrages pastoraux et agropastoraux dans le Borgou, au Nord-Est du Benin en vue d‟améliorer les conditions de vie des populations de cette zone. L‟objectif du présent article est d‟évaluer les effets socio-économiques et environnementaux de ces ouvrages sur les communautés les abritant. A cet effet, les données relatives aux volumes des facteurs de production des activités agricoles menées autour de ces ouvrages, aux volumes des outputs et à leurs prix de vente ; aux caractéristiques socio-démographiques des utilisateurs de ces ouvrages ; aux conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs et au degré de pression sur les essences forestières ont été collectées à l‟aide de questionnaires, de guides d‟entretien et d‟observations directes. Les statistiques descriptives, le test de Student, le test khi 2, la régression linéaire multiple et celle logistique binaire ont été utilisés pour analyser ces données. Les résultats montrent que les ouvrages pastoraux et agropastoraux impactent positivement les communautés. Les barrages et retenues d‟eau aménagés, de par leur existence ont engendré le développement du maraîchage et de l‟agriculture de contre saison. Les producteurs installés aux abords de ces infrastructures hydrauliques gagnent 32 080 F CFA/ha de plus que leurs homologues installés ailleurs. Les éleveurs accédant à ces infrastructures gagnent 1 003 496 F CFA/an de plus que ceux n‟y ayant pas accès. Les fréquences d‟apparition de conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs ainsi que la pression sur les essences végétales à usage animal diminuent avec le traçage des couloirs de passage et la délimitation des aires de pâturage. Cependant, la durabilité des infrastructures hydrauliques et marchandes n‟est pas garantie du fait de défaut de gestion. Les infrastructures de conduite pastorale ne sont non plus respectées tant par les agriculteurs que par les éleveurs. La mise en place d‟un cadre réglementant l‟usage de ces infrastructures serait d‟une grande importance sociocommunautaire pour les localités les abritant.Mots clés : Infrastructures pastorales et agropastorales, conflits, revenu, Borgou. English Title: Socioeconomic and environmental incidences of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures implemented in Borgou, in North-East of BeninThe development of the livestock sector, which plays an important role in the fighting against rural poverty, has led to the implementation of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures in Borgou, in order to improve living conditions of the populations. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental effects of these infrastructures on the communities where they were implemented. For this purpose, the data relating to the quantity of the factors of production of the agricultural activities carried out around hydraulic infrastructures, to the volumes of the outputs and their sales prices; to the socio-demographic characteristics of the users of these infrastructures; to the conflicts between pastoralists and farmers and the degree of pressure on forest species, were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and direct observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, student's t-test, chi-square test, multiple linear and binary logistic regressions. The results show that pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures have a positive impact on communities. The dams and reservoirs by their existence have led to the development of market gardening and off-season farming. Producers located near these hydraulic infrastructures earn 32,080 F CFA/ha more than their homologues installed elsewhere. Breeders accessing to these infrastructures earn 1 003 496 F CFA/year more than those without access. The frequency of conflict between farmers and breeders and the pressure on plant species for animal use decrease with the tracing of corridors and the delimitation of grazing areas. However, the sustainability of hydraulic and market infrastructure is not guaranteed due to management failure. The corridors and grazing areas‟s infrastructure are not respected either by the farmers as by the breeders. The establishment of a framework regulating the use of these infrastructures would be very important to socio-economic development of the localities where they were implemented.Keywords: Infrastructures pastoral and agropastoral, conflict, revenue, Borgou.
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Dendievel, André-Marie, Benjamin Dietre, Hervé Cubizolle, Irka Hajdas, Werner Kofler, Christine Oberlin, and Jean Nicolas Haas. "Holocene paleoecological changes and agro-pastoral impact on the La Narce du Béage mire (Massif Central, France)." Holocene 29, no. 6 (March 11, 2019): 992–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831416.
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A paleoecological study (macrofossils, pollen, cryptogam spores, non-pollen palynomorphs) was performed to investigate environmental changes recorded on the peat deposits of the La Narce du Béage mire (Massif Central, France). We reconstructed the development of a limnogenous mire ecosystem during the Holocene, consequently to the infilling of a small Late Glacial lake. Successions from aquatic flora ( Isoëtes, Nitella opaca/ syncarpa, Botryococcus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Potamogeton, Sparganium) to mire plant species ( Alnus glutinosa, Betula nana, Betula pubescens, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Sphagnum) underlined a gradual eutrophication and acidification during the lowering of the water table. We demonstrated a clear link between these local hydro-ecological changes and the early Holocene climatic warming. Also dealing with archeology, we provided key issues for the identification of human-induced environmental changes. Three phases of ecological disturbances with clearings of the mixed-oak forest and agro-pastoral activities were evidenced at 7700–7300, 6800–6420, and 5500–4250 cal. BP. Our results confirmed early Neolithic (Cardial influences), middle Neolithic (Chassean), and late Neolithic (Ferrières group) frequentations of the Béage Plateau, probably included in large-scale socio-cultural changes (SE France, NW Mediterranean Basin). Later, forest clearings (beech and fir), cultivation, and pastoralism were outlined since the Iron Age (after 2300 cal. BP, that is, 350 BC). Increasing human pressure was especially recorded during the last 1700 years, with rye ( Secale cereale) cultivation and extensive livestock grazing around and on the mire, which is nowadays a protected ‘Natura 2000’ area.
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Daouda, Sanou, Toe Bernadette, Traore Almamy, Kabore Adama, Tamboura H. Hamidou, Belem A. M. Gaston, and Legma Boukari. "ENDOGENOUS PERCEPTIONS AND MEASURES FOR AGROPASTORALISTS’ ADAPTATION IN THE SAHELIAN AREA OF BURKINA FASO." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 10 (June 13, 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i10.2019.377.
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The study was conducted to understand the perceptions and local adaptation strategies of rural sahelian communities in Burkina Faso to climate change on ruminant rearing practices. For this purpose, the study was carried out in the rural commune of Bani by collecting primary from semi-structured interviews with 143 producers and secondary data of temperature, rainfall and their spatial and temporal evolution from 2005 to 2016. Analysis of these data reveals that 67.13% of the producers are male and 32.86% female, with an average age of 55 ± 0.3 years. These respondents were agropastoralists with an average of 3.5 ha of cultivated land, using traditional seeds (100% of respondents) and improved seeds (58.7%) and rearing local breeds of ruminants. For climate change, respondents notified an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall that corroborates the analysis of the meteorological data collected. The consequences of climate change on livestock farmers' resources are food insecurity, lack of pasture, drought and low animal productivity. The local adaptation strategies applied by livestock farmers are the diversification of agro-sylvo-pastoral production (88.11%) and income-generating activities (70%). In the study area, diversification is the strategy adopted by agro-pastoralists to ensure food security and provide income to meet the daily needs of families.
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Zhang, Yanjiang, Qing Zhen, Pengfei Li, Yongxing Cui, Junwei Xin, Yuan Yuan, Zhuhua Wu, and Xingchang Zhang. "Storage of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Spatial Variability in an Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062259.
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Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for the development of ecosystem carbon cycle models and assessment of soil quality. In this study, a total of 732 soil samples from 122 soil profiles (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm) were collected by a combination of fixed-point sampling and route surveys in an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China and the spatial variation of the SOC in the samples was analyzed through classical statistical and geostatistical approaches. The results showed that the SOC contents decreased from 4.31 g/kg in the 0–10 cm to 1.57 g/kg in the 80–100 cm soil layer. The spatial heterogeneity of the SOC exhibited moderate and strong dependence for all the soil layers owing to random and structural factors including soil texture, topography, and human activities. The spatial distributions of the SOC increased gradually from northeast to southwest in the 0–40 cm soil layers, but there was no general trend in deep soil layers and different interpolation methods resulted in the inconsistent spatial distribution of SOC. The storage of SOC was expected to be 25 Tg in the 0–100 cm soil depths for the whole area of 7692 km2. The SOC stocks estimated by two interpolation approaches were very close (25.65 vs. 25.86 Tg), but the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation generated a more detailed map of SOC and with higher determination coefficient (R2); therefore, the IDW was recognized as an appropriate method to investigate the spatial variability of SOC in this region.
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Bal, Marie-Claude, Christine Rendu, Marie-Pierre Ruas, and Pierre Campmajo. "Paleosol charcoal: Reconstructing vegetation history in relation to agro-pastoral activities since the Neolithic. A case study in the Eastern French Pyrenees." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 1785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.035.
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Bulbulshoev, Umed, Karim-Aly Kassam, and Morgan Ruelle. "Ecology of Time: Calendar of the Human Body in the Pamir Mountains." Journal of Persianate Studies 4, no. 2 (2011): 146–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187471611x600369.
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Abstract Villagers in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan and Tajikistan integrated the human body into the seasons and rhythms of their ecological relations to generate “calendars of the human body.” These calendars illustrate that culture does not exist outside of its ecological foundation (i.e. nature), but is firmly situated within it. Farmers undertook agro-pastoral and hunting activities using their own bodies not only for labor, but as a measure of the changing tempo of the seasons. Their bodies both interacted with life on the land and acted as organic clocks to mark the passage of time. While these calendars are no longer widely used, memory of their usage survives, and words from the calendars marking specific ecological events in local languages are still in use. This paper (1) investigates the historical presence and human ecological significance of a calendar of the human body; (2) illustrates the diversity of these calendars based on the specific context of their use from valley to valley in the region; (3) demonstrates the complex connectivity of the users (agro-pastoralists) within their habitat; and, (4) explores the efficacy of this calendar in developing anticipatory capacity among villagers in order to reduce anxiety associated with climate change. The calendar of the human body not only measures time, but gives it meaning.
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Rius, Damien, Boris Vanniére, and Didier Galop. "Holocene history of fire, vegetation and land use from the central Pyrenees (France)." Quaternary Research 77, no. 1 (January 2012): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.009.
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Located on a mountain pass in the west-central Pyrenees, the Col d'Ech peat bog provides a Holocene fire and vegetation record based upon nine 14C (AMS) dates. We aim to compare climate-driven versus human-driven fire regimes in terms of frequency, fire episodes distribution, and impact on vegetation. Our results show the mid-Holocene (8500–5500 cal yr BP) to be characterized by high fire frequency linked with drier and warmer conditions. However, fire occurrences appear to have been rather stochastic as underlined by a scattered chronological distribution. Wetter and colder conditions at the mid-to-late Holocene transition (4000–3000 cal yr BP) led to a decrease in fire frequency, probably driven by both climate and a subsequent reduction in human land use. On the contrary, from 3000 cal yr BP, fire frequency seems to be driven by agro-pastoral activities with a very regular distribution of events. During this period fire was used as a prominent agent of landscape management.
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Sharma, Harish, Kashmir Singh Pant, Rohit Bishist, Prem Prakash Sharma, and Krishan Lal Gautam. "Agroforestry Systems in North-Western Himalayas, India: An Overview." Agrobiodiversity & Agroecology 02, no. 01 (June 30, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/aa020101.
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The Agroforestry systems practiced traditionally in Himalayan region are witnessed by the trees retained by farmers on their farmland. This traditional sustainable land use may be driven by topographical features, socio-economic conditions, cultural and aesthetic values in the region. For the development of any location-specific agroforestry technology, understanding the basis as well as goals towards which it is to be directed plays an important role. With the time human population has increased, rapid urbanization and industrialization increasing demand an alternate land use system tending to cope with the developmental activities in a sustainable manner. Agroforestry technology acts as a cushion against the ecological hazards associated with the developmental activities. The present article is an overview of the various agroforestry practices prevalent and their structural composition in different agro-ecological zones, along with their potential bio-economic productivity, in Himachal Pradesh of North-Western Himalayan region. Agri-silviculture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, agri-horti-silviculture, horti-silviculture, silvi-pasture, pastoral-silviculture, agri-silvi-pasture, pastoral-silvi-horticulture, etc. are among different agroforestry systems in the region with structural composition varying as per needs and preferences of the farmers and suiting ecological conditions. The production potential in terms of biological productivity ranged between 5.13ton ha-1 and 198.20 ton ha-1. Economically, the benefit and cost ratio of the systems varied from 1.23 to 5.77 depending on the nature of the components associated, expenses incurred, and the returns obtained from the systems. Further, being economically viable the important advantage associated with the agroforestry is the carbon storage potential helping in mitigation and adaptation to the changing climatic conditions. The carbon stock potential among different agroforestry systems varied from 29.72 ton ha-1 to109.93 ton ha-1.
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Sturiale, Luisa, Alessandro Scuderi, Giuseppe Timpanaro, and Benedetto Matarazzo. "Sustainable Use and Conservation of the Environmental Resources of the Etna Park (UNESCO Heritage): Evaluation Model Supporting Sustainable Local Development Strategies." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041453.
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Rural areas are recognized as multifunctional spaces, where traditional agro-silvo-pastoral and other human activities (unrelated rural tourism, ecotourism, processing industries of agricultural and or extractive products, land maintenance, trade in local products, etc.) take place alongside each other. The integrated endogenous development model, established to mitigate the effects of human activity in protected areas, relies on the enhancement of specific resources of individual territories through the active participation of the community to promote local development. This model is intrinsically connected with the model of sustainable development, based on three cornerstones: environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The difficulty in achieving a reasonable balance among these values relates primarily to areas subject to protection (i.e., Parks and Natural Reserves). Ultimately, the environmental culture emphasizes the sustainability of natural resources, obviously in relation to these values and to the vulnerability of these areas. This paper outlines some relationships between environmental protection and the exercise of agricultural activities and other human activities in protected areas by using the theory of “rough sets”. The study aims to show that in the complex context of Etna Park (recognized World Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2013), the model developed by the “rough sets” could provide useful guidance to policy makers to formulate local development strategies according to a model of the sustainable management of protected areas.
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Tielkes, E., B. Cisse, and I. Yossi. "The importance of animal traction and defoliation of pearl millet in a Sahelian agro-pastoral system in the Seno-Bankass, Mali." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 46, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v46i1.499.
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In the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) based agro-pastoral systems in the south-eastern part of Mali weeding is either done by hand or using animal (donkeys, cattle) traction. To feed the draught animals farmers are harvesting fodder. One of these comprise stripped millet leaves. To evaluate these millet production systems including draught animals, and defoliation, qualitative interviews were conducted in eight villages in the Seno-Bankass area (1991) and day-to-day activities were monitored in one village (1992). The existing defoliation practice was compared with results obtained from on-station defoliation trials. These showed that the farmers practice of leaving the upper leaves from stalks with grains in milk stage, and defoliating only plants on manured fields, results in an optimal balance between grain yield reduction and fodder quality of the harvested biomass. It is concluded that the use of animal traction for weeding increases efficiency on manured fields only. Furthermore, a reduction in millet grain yield through partial defoliation can be compensated in at least average rainfall years by the benefits of the obtained good quality fodder by either selling the fodder or feeding it to selected animals.
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Antonelli, Valerio, Emanuela Mattia Cafaro, Raffaele D'Alessio, and Michele Bigoni. "The Roles of Accounting in Agro-Pastoral Settings: The Case of the Landed Estates of Prince Sambiase in the Mid-Eighteenth Century." Accounting Historians Journal 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-10667.
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ABSTRACT International literature on agricultural accounting is yet to pay a significant level of attention to the investigation of the roles that accounting can play in the agricultural domain beyond its traditional function of promoting efficiency and rational decision making. Informed by Miller and Power's (2013) analysis of the functions that accounting can have in different socio-institutional contexts, the paper adds to extant literature by studying the roles of accounting in Prince Sambiase's properties, located in Southern Italy, in the mid-eighteenth century. On his lands agricultural and pastoral activities were managed in a semi-feudal setting, combining serfdom and waged labor, barter and monetary exchange, consumption and production. Based on primary and secondary sources, this study focuses on the property lists, inventories, the double-entry bookkeeping system and workers control practices used on Prince Sambiase's estates to document how they were employed as territorializing, adjudicating, mediating and subjectivizing practices.
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Kengne Fotsing, Joséphine, Samuel Foto Menbohan, Albin Meyer, Alain Leprêtre, and Philippe Usseglio-Polatera. "Relationships between Physico-Chemical Parameters and Taxonomic Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Streams of West Cameroon." Water 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091490.
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Tropical rivers are strongly influenced by stormwaters, pollutants and agro-pastoral activities. These systems are no longer able to maintain their native biota. Therefore, it seems important to understand how biological assemblages are driven by environmental gradients at different spatial scales. However, information on the relationships between the distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables remains scarce in Cameroon. To improve our knowledge on the drivers of such distributions, a study was carried out at 11 contrasted sites from three catchments located in West Cameroon. This study aimed at understanding the spatio-temporal variations of 19 taxonomic metrics calculated for the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of these sites sampled during 13 months, concurrently with physico-chemical analyses of water quality. Two hundred and twelve taxa were caught. Diptera(rf-S), Shannon-Wiener diversity, 1–GOLD, total richness, Pielou evenness and Heteroptera(rf-S) revealed their high ability to respond to anthropogenic pressures or disturbances. Conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, total hardness and alkalinity were identified as the main physico-chemical drivers of the taxonomic structure of benthic assemblages. These results will allow further exploration of the implementation of a tool for monitoring the ecological quality of West Cameroon rivers.
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Jiang, Hongen, Cheng-Sen Li, Hongyong Cao, Palidanmu Shading, and Ye-Ming Cheng. "Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211046950.
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As a very important plant resource, wood played varied and important roles in the lives of ancient people. In the present study, wood was discovered in the Yanghai cemetery of the Turpan Basin, which belonged to the Subeixi culture (~1300BC–200AD). By using traditional classification techniques of wood anatomy, four taxa of wood, viz. Populus sp., Salix sp., Picea sp., as well as Betula sp., were identified. Woods of Populus, Salix, and Picea were mainly used for tomb construction, with Poplus sp. also used for tub and plate-making. Furthermore, the wood of Betula sp. was selected for dipper-making. Previous studies have shown that the ancient Yanghai people once led an agro-pastoral lifestyle, engaging in both agricultural activities in the local oasis and animal husbandry practices in the Tianshan Mountains. As trees adapted to the cold, wood of Picea sp. and Betula sp. could have been cut in the Tianshan Mountains during transhumance. Conversely, wood of Populus sp. and Salix sp. could have been cut either locally in the oasis of the Turpan Basin or in the river valleys of the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains far from Yanghai settlements.
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Liu, Hao, Haiguang Hao, Lihui Sun, and Tingting Zhou. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk in the Agro-Pastoral Region in Western China: A Case Study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region." Land 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101829.
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Landscape ecological risk assessment can reflect the impact of landscape pattern on ecological processes and functions, and has become an important method for predicting and measuring the quality and dynamic evolution of the ecological environment. Studying the trend of landscape ecological risk evolution is important for optimizing the regional landscape pattern and maintaining the sustainable development of the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is a typical agro-pastoral region in northern China, which is facing prominent ecological and environmental problems such as soil erosion and land desertification. With the environmental problems becoming more and more serious, the ecological risk also poses increasing potential danger, which becomes one of the bottlenecks restricting regional economic development. This paper selects Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as the study area. Based on land use data in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, the landscape ecological risk assessment model is built from the perspective of landscape ecology, and combines the spatial statistical analysis method and the gravity shift model to explore the spatial–temporal evolution of the spatial distribution characteristics of landscape ecological risk. The results showed that: (1) During the study period, the area of farmland and grasslands has decreased, and the area of forest, water, and settlement has increased; (2) The transformation of land-use types is mainly distributed in the central northern plain and the south valley, where human activities are intensive. The transfer relationship among different land-use types is mainly between grasslands and farmland; (3) The hotspots and aggregation area of landscape ecological risk are mainly distributed along the city belt and irrigated agricultural areas along the Yellow River in the northern Ningxia Plain; (4) From 2000 to 2005, the landscape ecological risk level decreased, and from 2005 to 2015, the landscape ecological risk index continued to rise. We conclude that the natural environment of Ningxia determines the characteristics of the spatial distribution of landscape ecological risk, while the use and modification of land through human activities are the main driving factors of landscape ecological risk change. The results of landscape ecological risk assessment at different scales based on the landscape index will provide support for regional environmental management.
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Mattalia, Giulia, Renata Sõukand, Paolo Corvo, and Andrea Pieroni. "“We Became Rich and We Lost Everything”: Ethnobotany of Remote Mountain Villages of Abruzzo and Molise, Central Italy." Human Ecology 49, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00209-6.
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AbstractProfound socioeconomic changes affected mountains of Central Italy during the last century and many traditional agro-pastoral activities were abandoned. A few ethnobotanical studies in this area have specifically documented local wild plants used decades ago, but without analyzing in-depth how and why Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) has eroded or changed over time. In this study, we 1) document ethnobotanical uses of four high-altitude remote villages of Central Italy, 2) discuss how these uses have changed over time, comparing them with fieldwork that was conducted 40 years earlier; and 3) assess how plant uses have changed across space, particularly whether the remoteness of villages or the occurrence of Sacred Natural Sites (SNS) have affected TEK linked to wild plants. Sixty semi-structured interviews revealed the use of 83 taxa belonging to 35 families. We did not find any relationship between SNS and the richness of TEK, as these SNS were not inhabited by monastic communities that could have shared their scholarly knowledge. There was not a relationship between remoteness and richness of TEK. The common statement emerging from the field, “We became rich and lost everything”, revealed how socio-economic changes resulted in the rapid abandonment of traditional practices, while the ubiquity of pharmacies may have contributed to the erosion of ethnomedicinal knowledge.
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Bernhardson, Wayne. "Campesinos and Conservation in the Central Andes: Indigenous Herding and Conservation of the Vicuña." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 4 (1986): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035359.
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Efforts to protect the wild Vicuña, an endangered relative of the domesticated Llama and Alpaca of the central Andes, and to increase the species' numbers, have been more successful in achieving technical wildlife management goals than in complementing agro-pastoral activities of the indigenous peoples of the region. In both Pampa Galeras National Reserve in Peru and in Lauca National Park in Chile, lack of consultation with native pastoralists, whose lands the reserves occupy, reflects weak commitment to broader social and economic goals on the part of national authorities, as well as the inadequacy of international technical assistance in involving local communities in such projects.Specifically, those projects have neglected to consider the importance of local patterns of land tenure, which are only in small part communal, and of economic differentiation with those communities. At the same time, authorities have controlled or monitored access to such subsistence resources as pasture and fuel for local residents, while failing to offer short-term alternatives for economic opportunity. This is in contrast to the free hand enjoyed by energy and agricultural irrigation projects such as those which benefit Chile's Atacama port of Arica. Continuation of such policies jeopardizes long-term success of wildlife protection as well as the economic future of the region's human inhabitants.
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Bertolino, Maria Anna. "Post-Urban Life in the Italian Alps during a Pandemic." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 9, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v9i2.831.
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In the twentieth century, depopulation in the Italian Alps was the result of the vision of a mountain world as isolated and of the persistence of stereotypes such as that of the 'poor mountain dweller'. At the same time, mountains were exploited by cities in order to be transformed into a place of leisure for mass tourism. Consequently, the agro-pastoral activities related to this world were neglected as a symbol of backwardness. However, over the past decade, the Alps have been affected by return migrations. The interest in rural world comes from the redefinition of the urban-rural gap and the leaving behind of the urbanism paradigm. Although this phenomenon is not new to social scientists, with the onset of COVID-19 it is assuming unexpected dimensions and accelerated developments. Images of escape from cities, when lockdown was announced in Italy on February 2020, clearly demonstrate that new visions of rural territories were emerging in the Western World. This article aims to inquire about the contemporary perception of the Italian Alps and their rediscovery during these pandemic times, to ask ourselves about the nature of this rediscovery, to what extent the representations are affected by a nostalgic attitude and how they can contribute, if well managed, to the development of a new post-urban living model.
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Issiako, Dramane, Ousséni Arouna, Karimou Soufiyanou, Ismaila Toko Imorou, and Brice Tente. "Prospective Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use in The Classified Forest of The Upper Alibori Based on Satellite Imagery." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 8, no. 2 (January 4, 2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.8.2.115-126.
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The dynamics of land cover and land use in the classified forest of the upper Alibori (FCAS) in relation to the disturbance of agro-pastoral activities is a major issue in the rational management of forest resources. The objective of this research is to simulate the evolutionary trend of land cover and land use in the FCAS by 2069 based on satellite images. Landsat images from 2009, 2014 and 2019 obtained from the earthexplorer-usgs archive were used. The methods used are diachronic mapping and spatial forecasting based on senarii. The MOLUSCE module available under QGIS remote sensing 2.18.2 is used to simulate the future evolution of land cover and land use in the FCAS. The land cover and use in the year 2069 is simulated using cellular automata based on the scenarios. The results show that natural land cover units have decreased while anthropogenic formations have increased between 2009 and 2014 and between 2014 and 2019. Under the "absence multi-criteria zoning (MZM)" scenario over a 50-year interval, land cover and use will be dominated by crop-fallow mosaics (88%). On the other hand, the scenario "implementation of a multicriteria zoning (MZE)", was issued with the aim of reversing the regressive trend of vegetation types by making a rational and sustainable management of resources.
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Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E. "Reconsidering ‘Tokens’: The Neolithic Origins of Accounting or Multifunctional, Utilitarian Tools?" Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000513.
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The origin of record keeping is a key question in the development of social complexity and specialized economies, representing the first step towards the emergence of written communication. Yet the precursors of the world's earliest writing and its initial stages of development remain little understood. Small, geometric clay objects (‘tokens’) appear in the tenth millennium cal.bc, the start of the Neolithic in West Asia, prevailing into the first millennium. It is largely assumed that from their inception clay objects played a crucial role in record keeping, directly evolving into the world's earliest known writing. Utilizing new and previously unpublished Neolithic data comprising almost individually studied 3000 objects, accompanied by information from 56 further Neolithic sites, this article investigates the meaning of Neolithic ‘tokens’. Analysis proves the basis of their predominant interpretation to be incorrect; clay objects appear earlier than previously recognized and arenota necessary component of Neolithic agro-pastoral villages. ‘Tokens’ were multi-functional artefacts; even within a single site clay objects performed multiple roles. Though likely used in simple counting activities, this was not limited to the accounting of agricultural produce. Nor was counting the sole function of clay objects in the Neolithic. Clay objects were notcreatedto administer agricultural produce and there is no evidence to suggest that in the Neolithic they formed part of a unified symbolic system.
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Deshar, Rashila, and Madan Koirala. "Gender-wise contribution in carbon management by high himalayan ethnic group of Gatlang VDC, Rasuwa, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 4 (December 5, 2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v4i0.22723.
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In mountainous country Nepal having large populations of culturally unique indigenous peoples poses threats of glaciers retreat and resource bases change. The indigenous people living in mountain plays the major role in carbon management. Further, the role and responsibilities of men and women varies differently in natural resource conservation and management. However, their participation in decision-making and benefit sharing is poor. The majority of women have unequal access to productive resources and decision-making process. Therefore, study on gender based agro-pastoral activities, their contribution on carbon management and decision-making process were carried out in Tamang ethnic group of Gatlang VDC of Rasuwa district, Nepal. For the purpose, 30 households were selected purposively. Similarly, four focus group discussions were carried out among the separate group of women, men and group consisting both men and women. Carbon management types: input carbon and output carbon activities were studied on men and women. In total, 23 different agro-pastorals related activities were found, among them 57% of work were supported by women, 39% by both men and women, and 4% by men only. With respect to fuel-wood, in average, 10 kg per day fuelwood is necessary for one household. The use of biomass for cooking emits chocking smoke and causes indoor air pollution. All these disadvantages lead to carbon emission which might lead to health deterioration of women by increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders. The average fuel-wood requirement was found to be 840 kg/capita/year which are found to be higher than the other physiographic regions of Nepal. This is due to use of fuel-wood as only source of energy in the study area. Out of total respondent, it was observed that 30% literate men allow their wife to make joint decision on the major household issues. Similarly, 3% literate women respondents took the major decision by their own or jointly with their husbands. On the other hand, 30% illiterate men and 37% illiterate women either didn’t allow their wife or don’t participate in major decision-making process. Further, it is revealed from the chi square test that literacy plays major role in decision making (x2 = 5.625, df =1, p=0.017). Similarly, educated women actively join together with their husband in decision making. Moreover, women have high contribution in carbon input and output activities. Therefore, the women education should be promoted to make their equal and strong participation in decision making, which ultimately contribute in carbon input and output activities, through their greater roles in livestock husbandry and fuel-wood management relative to men. Further, importance of women’s role in carbon management should be given greater prominence.
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Quandt, Amy, and Yunus Antony Kimathi. "Perceptions of the effects of floods and droughts on livelihoods: lessons from arid Kenya." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 03 (May 15, 2017): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-11-2014-0132.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand how people practicing natural resource-based livelihoods in arid Kenya perceive that their livelihoods are being affected by floods and droughts and how to integrate these local perceptions of impacts into larger-scale climate change adaptation initiatives and policy. Design/methodology/approach In Isiolo County, Kenya, 270 households were surveyed in seven communities, six focus group discussions were held and a document review was conducted. Findings The major livelihood practiced in Isiolo is pastoralism (71 per cent), but agriculture and non-agro-pastoral activities also play an important role, with 53 per cent of the respondents practicing more than one type of livelihood. In Isiolo, floods have a large impact on agriculture (193 respondents out of 270), while droughts impact both agriculture (104 respondents) and livestock (120 respondents), and more specifically, cattle-keeping (70 respondents). Research limitations/implications The research may have implications for the importance of using local perceptions of the effects of climate change on livelihoods for larger-scale interventions. It also provides a case study of local perceptions of the effects of floods and droughts on livelihoods in an arid area with natural resource-dependent livelihoods. Practical implications To understand local perceptions and use local perceptions for larger-scale adaptation interventions and policy. Originality/value This paper provides a specific example of a climate change adaptation initiative integrating local perceptions of the impacts of floods and droughts into livelihood-focused interventions.
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de Marques, Ana Alice B., Mauricio Schneider, and Carlos A. Peres. "Human population and socioeconomic modulators of conservation performance in 788 Amazonian and Atlantic Forest reserves." PeerJ 4 (July 14, 2016): e2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2206.
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Protected areas form a quintessential component of the global strategy to perpetuate tropical biodiversity within relatively undisturbed wildlands, but they are becoming increasingly isolated by rapid agricultural encroachment. Here we consider a network of 788 forest protected areas (PAs) in the world’s largest tropical country to examine the degree to which they remain intact, and their responses to multiple biophysical and socioeconomic variables potentially affecting natural habitat loss under varying contexts of rural development. PAs within the complex Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) are broken down into two main classes—strictly protected and sustainable use. Collectively, these account for 22.6% of the forest biomes within Brazil’s national territory, primarily within the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest, but are widely variable in size, ecoregional representation, management strategy, and the degree to which they are threatened by human activities both within and outside reserve boundaries. In particular, we examine the variation in habitat conversion rates in both strictly protected and sustainable use reserves as a function of the internal and external human population density, and levels of land-use revenue in adjacent human-dominated landscapes. Our results show that PAs surrounded by heavily settled agro-pastoral landscapes face much greater challenges in retaining their natural vegetation, and that strictly protected areas are considerably less degraded than sustainable use reserves, which can rival levels of habitat degradation within adjacent 10-km buffer areas outside.
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Momigliano, N., A. Greaves, T. Hodos, B. Aksoy, A. Brown, M. Kibaroğlu, and T. Carter. "Settlement history and material culture in southwest Turkey: report on the 2008–2010 survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia)." Anatolian Studies 61 (December 2011): 61–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008796.
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AbstractThis report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Çaltılar Höyük, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources.
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Zhuge, Wenyi, Yaojie Yue, and Yanrui Shang. "Spatial-Temporal Pattern of Human-Induced Land Degradation in Northern China in the Past 3 Decades—RESTREND Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132258.
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Land degradation is one of the world’s most serious environmental issues. Human activities play an important role in it. Therefore, human-induced land degradation monitoring is of crucial scientific significance in revealing the evolution of land degradation and guiding its governance. Based on the residual trend (RESTREND) approach and using Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 3g and monthly precipitation as data sources, a quantitative evaluation is conducted on the conditions of human-induced land degradation during 1982–2012 in northern China. The results indicate that (1) the “optimal cumulative precipitation-NDVImax” regression model constructed herein can improve the capability of recognizing human-induced land degradation of arid and semiarid areas in the RESTREND approach. Moreover, long time-series NDVI and precipitation data may reduce the uncertainty of quantifying human-induced land degradation. (2) In the past 3 decades, northern China has experienced three stages of human-induced land degradation, i.e., rapid development, overall reversal with local development, and continuous reversion. Human-induced land degradation in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China has shown a rapid restoration trend since the 1990s. (3) It is believed that the dominant factor of land degradation has a significant spatial-temporal scale effect and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, concrete issues should be specifically analyzed to improve our understanding of land degradation development and reversal, the spatial-temporal pattern and the driving forces of land degradation in the past 3 decades in northern China. Climate change may be the main driving force of land degradation. However, the influence of human activities on the development and reversal of land degradation in small areas and in a short time is more remarkable.