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1
Syp, Alina. "Emisje gazów cieplarnianych z rolnictwa w latach 1990-2014." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.2.43.
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Agriculture is the second, after energy sector, emitter of greenhouse gasses (GHG), of which increased concentrations in the atmosphere are caused by human activities. In order to reduce GHG, parties ratifying the Kioto protocol have committed to prepare annual emission reports and pledged to reduce emissions. The aim of the study was to analyse changes of agricultural emissions in the World, the European Union (EU) and Poland in 1990-2014. The research uses the United Nations Food and Agricultural database (FAOSTAT), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chang (UNFCCC) and World Resources Institute (CAIT) databases. The analysis shows that in the World, in the examined period the total GHG emissions increased by 85%, whereas in agriculture by 15%. However, the EU as a member of Annex I parties had reduced total and agricultural emissions by 24% and 23%, respectively. The reduction of emissions was the result of the implementation of pro-environmental regulations.
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Szymańska, E., and Ja Maj. "Structural changes in the agriculture in Poland in the years 1990–2016." AGRARIAN ECONOMY 11, no. 3 (November 15, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/agrarecon2018.03.067.
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Creed, Gerald W. "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria." Slavic Review 54, no. 4 (1995): 843–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501396.
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When Bulgarians elected a parliament dominated by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in their first, free postcommunist election, they were considered the mavericks of eastern Europe. As Misha Glenny critically points out, “Bulgaria bucks the trend” was a recurrent phrase in English-language reports of the 1990 contest. But four years later, after an intervening non-socialist government, a second socialist victory seemed to be following trends set in Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. In a front-page article in The New York Times several months before Bulgaria's 1994 election, the east European trend towards embracing ex-communists is described as beginning in Lithuania, with no mention of Bulgaria's earlier socialist victory and its continual socialist electoral strength. Then, following the election, the Washington Post reported that the results “brought the fourth former Communist Party to power in Eastern Europe, after Hungary, Poland and Lithuania.“
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Halamska, Maria. "The Evolution of Family Farms in Poland: Present Time and the Weight of the Past." Eastern European Countryside 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0002.
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AbstractThe author provides an analysis of family farming in Poland during the period 1990-2012, with special attention towards the close links of ownership and the operation of the farm by family members. The weight of various factors is given close attention, including the historical context of the farm, current conditions, and future intentions for the farm.The historical context acknowledges and stresses the importance of the late abolition of serfdom made by the partitioning powers, various agricultural reforms during the period 1919-1944, and the period 1948-1989 (when family farming was incorporated into a deficient centrally planned economy). This latter period saw family farms developing specific mechanisms of functioning, which can be seen two decades later. Analysis of the period 1990-2012 is based on data of the Central Statistical Office, the present study, and other published materials. The data series includes individual farms of more than 1 ha, based on family labour.Separated are two sub-periods: the post-communist transformation period from the early 1990s, and the period 2002-2012. The latter almost coincides with the accession to the EU. In the first period, the article outlines the process of creating duality in Polish agriculture. This describes a group of family farms where the household strongly reacted to the market and became larger and modernised (professional – 1/3 of the total) and small, extensive and producing mainly for own consumption (semi-subsistence – 2/3). In the second period, the functioning and transformation of households taking place under the CAP are examined. Modernisation is primarily seen on the professional farm. Specific mechanisms can be seen that provide fairly stable functioning of semisubsistence farms, independent of the market, with non-farm incomes and agricultural social security. These farms resisted collectivisation and stopped and hindered modernisation during the communist period, and this post-communist transformation now requires a doubly controlled modernisation process.
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Mikołajczyk, Jarosław. "INVESTMENTS IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN THE YEARS 2004-2014 FROM THE MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8350.
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The aim of this work was to present and to assess real changes in the size of investments in Polish agriculture in the years 2004-2014. Analyses show that a considerable, nominal and evident increase in expenditure in the researched period is seen both from the macroeconomic perspective (on the scale of agriculture in the whole country) and on the scale of a single farm. The revival of investment activities in agriculture after the stagnation period in the years 1990-2004 is a positive and desired phenomenon. This phenomenon is connected not only with Poland entering the European Union, but also with the availability of non-returnable investment resources.
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Kopij, Grzegorz. "Population expansion of the Hoopoe Upupa epops in Silesia, SW Poland." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 85, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2015.238.
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A total of 258 breeding pairs of the Hoopoe were recorded in Silesia (c. 42,000 km2), SW Poland, during the years 2004- 2008. This is almost twice more than during the years 1978-1987 (136 pairs). This increase was rather unexpected. After a transformation in the agriculture, which took place in Poland in the 1990’s, large areas of meadows and pastures, which constitute main foraging grounds of the Hoopoe, have been abandoned and cattle faming has been greatly reduced. However, climate changes (warming effect), which were recorded in this region in meantime, could have been in other way conducive for this species.
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Jędrejek, Anna, and Zuzanna Jarosza. "CHANGES IN GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE. THE CASE OF POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7739.
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The purpose of this paper was to show the changes in greenhouse gases emissions in the years 1990- 2016 from agriculture in Poland in the context of changes in emissions and legislation in the European Union. Fluctuations in the values of methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the reporting period were also presented. The conducted analysis shows that total GHG emissions in 2016 were reduced by 36.2%, methane by 41.8% and nitrous oxide by 26.9% in comparison to 1990. The main factors causing changes in the level of total GHG emissions and specific gases were differences in the number of livestock and the usage of mineral fertilizers. null
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Grontkowska, Anna. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SET-ASIDE AND FALLOW LAND SCALE IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIII, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5715.
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Changes in land management methods constantly occur, caused by natural, economic, social and demographic conditions. This paper aims to determine changes in set-asides and fallow land in Poland, in the years 1990-2020, and determine the spatial diversity of this phenomenon. The study was based on available statistical data for the studied period. The study shows that, before 2004, the share of fallow land was much more significant. After Poland acceded to the European Union, land left without cultivation decreased considerably with a simultaneous increase in the area of land used for agriculture. The results show that the share and number of hectares of fallow area decreased. The provinces of Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Opole and Wielkopolskie were characterized by the lowest percentage of fallow land in the agricultural area of the province. In contrast, the provinces of Podkarpackie, Lubuskie, Świętokrzyskie, Małopolskie, Śląskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie had the highest percentage of fallow land.
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Szwed, M., G. Karg, I. Pińskwar, M. Radziejewski, D. Graczyk, A. Kędziora, and Z. W. Kundzewicz. "Climate change and its effect on agriculture, water resources and human health sectors in Poland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2010): 1725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1725-2010.
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Abstract. Multi-model ensemble climate projections in the ENSEMBLES Project of the EU allowed the authors to quantify selected extreme-weather indices for Poland, of importance to climate impacts on systems and sectors. Among indices were: number of days in a year with high value of the heat index; with high maximum and minimum temperatures; length of vegetation period; and number of consecutive dry days. Agricultural, hydrological, and human health indices were applied to evaluate the changing risk of weather extremes in Poland in three sectors. To achieve this, model-based simulations were compared for two time horizons, a century apart, i.e., 1961–1990 and 2061–2090. Climate changes, and in particular increases in temperature and changes in rainfall, have strong impacts on agriculture via weather extremes – droughts and heat waves. The crop yield depends particularly on water availability in the plant development phase. To estimate the changes in present and future yield of two crops important for Polish agriculture i.e., potatoes and wheat, some simple empirical models were used. For these crops, decrease of yield is projected for most of the country, with national means of yield change being: –2.175 t/ha for potatoes and –0.539 t/ha for wheat. Already now, in most of Poland, evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation during summer, hence the water storage (in surface water bodies, soil and ground) decreases. Summer precipitation deficit is projected to increase considerably in the future. The additional water supplies (above precipitation) needed to use the agro-potential of the environment would increase by half. Analysis of water balance components (now and in the projected future) can corroborate such conclusions. As regards climate and health, a composite index, proposed in this paper, is a product of the number of senior discomfort days and the number of seniors (aged 65+). The value of this index is projected to increase over 8-fold during 100 years. This is an effect of both increase in the number of seniors (over twofold) and the number of senior-discomfort days (nearly fourfold).
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Bielecka, Elzbieta, Agnieszka Jenerowicz, Krzysztof Pokonieczny, and Sylwia Borkowska. "Land Cover Changes and Flows in the Polish Baltic Coastal Zone: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132088.
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Detecting land cover changes requires timely and accurate information, which can be assured by using remotely sensed data and Geographic Information System(GIS). This paper examines spatiotemporal trends in land cover changes in the Polish Baltic coastal zone, especially the urbanisation, loss of agricultural land, afforestation, and deforestation. The dynamics of land cover change and its impact were discussed as the major findings. The analysis revealed that land cover changes on the Polish Baltic coast have been consistent throughout the 1990–2018 period, and in the consecutive inventories of land cover, they have changed faster. As shown in the research, the area of agricultural land was subject to significant change, i.e., about 40% of the initial 8% of the land area in heterogeneous agriculture was either developed or abandoned at about equal rates. Next, the steady growth of the forest and semi-natural area also changed the land cover. The enlargement of the artificial surface was the third observed trend of land cover changes. However, the pace of land cover changes on the Baltic coast is slightly slower than in the rest of Poland and the European average. The region is very diverse both in terms of land cover, types of land transformation, and the pace of change. Hence, the Polish national authorities classified the Baltic coast as an area of strategic intervention requiring additional action to achieve territorial cohesion and the goals of sustainable development.
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Musiał, Wiesław, and Kamila Musiał. "DEANIMALISATION PROCESSES IN THE POLISH CARPATHIANS – PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5912.
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This paper addresses a current issue regarding the increasing problem of a decreasing cattle population in the Polish Carpathians. The problem exacerbated after 1990, as a result of changes in prices of the means of production and agricultural products. It intensified even further after Poland joined the EU. The decrease in cattle population is observed in all districts in the Carpathians. This article includes a diagnosis of four such districts: two with the highest decrease (Łańcut: -67.0% and Sucha: -52.6%) and two with the smallest decrease in cattle population (Bieszczdy: -8.1% and Wadowice: -11.5%). Expert assessments were used to this end. The article includes a definition and analysis of the deanimalisation process and an indication of the consequences of this process in agriculture, in the local environment and in the broadly understood ecological context. It follows from the research that favourable natural conditions, good for breeding ruminants, largely determine high cattle density but, at the same time, these conditions do not impact the decrease in the cattle population to such an extent. The decrease is related to the low concentration of herds, generational changes and the disappearance of local dairy markets. As a result of progressing deanimalisation, abandoned meadows and pastures, as well as part of arable lands, are being permanently lost. Instead, these lands become overgrown with invasive plant species and shrubbery.
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Wysocka, Ewa. "Ewolucja regulacji prawnych w bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce." Studia Iuridica 72 (April 17, 2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7646.
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Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
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Blažek, P., and M. Kubalek. "Comparison of agrarian political parties in selected Central European states after 1989." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 12 (March 1, 2012): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5366-agricecon.
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This study deals with the founding and development of agrarian political parties and movements in selected postcommunist states (with the emphasis put on the Czech party system in the early 1990‘s). The topic is discussed from the point of view of classic political science theories, namely the historical conflict approach of Stein Rokkan and Seymour Martin Lipset, complemented with Derek Urwin’s theory regarding emergence of agrarian parties as a means of defense of country against urbanization. The results of research into the urban – rural cleavage and its influence on the genesis of agrarian political parties in selected post-communist countries after 1989 seem to support the above mentioned theories (even though those were originally formulated for a much earlier period when the Western party systems were first coming into existence. These can be applied also to the Czech environment, where several profession-based political parties were established in the early 1990’s, some of which were concerned with the defense of peasants’ and farmers’ interests. The attempts to create profession-based parties in the Czech political system were destined to fail for several reasons. The first was a striking ideological profiling of the bipolar party spectrum, causing general parties to pick up the themes and voters concerned with economic recession, and radicalization of electorate. The second reason lied in the diminishing numbers of potential voters, a result of agriculture modernization and general urbanization of society, which caused that the city-country conflict was reflected in the election results only marginally. The result was similar to other post-Soviet states, with a specific exception of Poland: agrarian parties and movements lost their former influence.
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Kowalczyk, Stanisław, and Mariola Kwasek. "Agricultural sector in economy of Poland in 1950-2020." Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development 2, no. 2 (2020): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2002077k.
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Agriculture constitutes one of the first and foremost forms of conscious and organised human activity. Its importance for the society and for the economy stems from its main purpose, namely to meet one of the basic human needs - to satisfy hunger. The period of almost 70 years under consideration brought about exceptional change in the case of Polish agriculture. It consisted of a systematic decline in the potential of agriculture in the economy. The factor that is specific to agriculture - land, evolved relatively the least. Land allocated for agricultural purposes reduced for about one quarter. Much deeper changes have taken place in the other two factors, universal from the point of view of the sectoral application, namely work (human resources) and capital. In the post-war period, trade in agri-food products, albeit small, remained of great importance for the development of Polish agriculture and the entire economy. The nature of the links in this area has also undergone significant changes. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, the balance in foreign trade in agri-food products has been positive and has been growing steadily. This means that foreign customers are becoming increasingly interested in agricultural and food products from Poland. The strategic directions of development for Polish agriculture are the production of bovine meat, poultry meat, eggs, milk and milk products, butter, sugar, fruits, vegetables, pulses, potatoes and cereals. Food consumption has also undergone dynamic changes. The main goal of the paper is to define the position of agriculture in the national economy at various stages of development, as well as changing external conditions, including political, social and economic, which affect this position.
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Durydiwka, Małgorzata. "Ecological agriculture in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-1996-070125.
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Sikora-Gaca, Małgorzata. "Agriculture and Rural Development as a Main Objective of Polish Cooperation and Development Aid for the Republic of Moldova." Historia i Polityka, no. 38 (45) (December 14, 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.036.
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Agriculture and development of rural areas are important sectors of Polish-Moldovan cooperation and development aid. Importantly, both of them constitute structural problems, similar to those which faced agriculture in Poland in the 1990s. Through Polish aid and development cooperation, various measures are initiated which increase the competitiveness of Moldovan agricultural production, improve sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, bring technological innovations in agricultural farms, ensure modernization of rural infrastructure, providing support to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and agricultural consultants, along with professional activation of the Republic’s residents.
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Gostkowski, Michał, Tomasz Rokicki, Luiza Ochnio, Grzegorz Koszela, Kamil Wojtczuk, Marcin Ratajczak, Hubert Szczepaniuk, Piotr Bórawski, and Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska. "Clustering Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185612.
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The main purpose of this paper is to assess energy consumption with a breakdown into main sectors of the countries that belong to the Visegrad Group. The specific objectives aim to determine changes in energy absorption, its productivity, structure by sectors and to show the similarities of the Visegrad Group countries to the other EU states in terms of the sectoral energy absorption structure. All members of the Visegrad group, i.e., Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, were purposefully selected for the study as of 31 December 2018. The research period covered the years 1990–2018. The sources of gathered information were the literature on the subject and OECD data. The following methods were used for the analysis and presentation of materials: explanations, tabular and graphical depictions, descriptive statistics, dynamics indicators, and cluster analysis performed with the following methods: k-means, hierarchical agglomerative clusters and DIvisive ANAlysis (DIANA). There is a limited number of previous studies on the relationship between the national level of economic development and energy consumption in different sectors of industry. Additionally, there are no such analytical projects concerning EU states. The article fills the research gap in this area. It was established that the dynamics of productivity growth over the nine years (2010–2018) was similar in the countries of the Visegrad group and on average for the EU. This means that the members of the Visegrad group did not actually improve their energy efficiency as compared to the EU average. The reason may be the increasingly faster implementation of modern technologies in developed economies of Western Europe as compared to the developing countries, which include the members of the Visegrad group. The conversion of the economy had a very large impact on changing the structure of energy absorption by sector. Industry and agriculture lost their importance. On the other hand, the transport and service sectors benefited. As a result of the cluster analysis, all EU (European Union) states were divided into four groups. Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary found themselves in one group, along with most Western European countries. This may mean that the economies of these states have become unified with highly developed economic systems. Slovakia found itself in the group of states with a greater importance of industry. The study complements the contribution to the theory. From a practical point of view, it shows the impact of economic transformation on changes in energy consumption in individual sectors, which may be a model of transition in this area.
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Wysokinska, Zofia Maria. "Foreign Trade in Environmental Products; The WTO Regulations and Environmental Programs." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850043. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1076.
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The aim of this paper is to present some aspects related to the Multilateral Trade Regulations and transnational and national environmental programs, from the point of view of their implications for foreign trade in environmental products. It should be noted that the elimination of trade barriers increases the efficiency of the world economic system by enabling countries to specialize in those sectors in which they possess economic advantages, which includes those sectors in which they possess favorable natural environmental conditions. In the latter half of the 1990’s one could observe a rapid and dynamic increase in the environmental protection industry’s share in the world economy. The overall global value of production in the environmental protection industry was estimated at 550 billion USD in the year 2001. In relative terms, this environmental market is not as large as the steel or agriculture markets, but roughly the same size as the pharmaceuticals and information technology markets. The environmental policy in the “old” and also “new” EU countries contributes to the achievement of the main goals of the global sustainable development strategy via the development of cleaner production and by the support for foreign trade in environmental friendly goods. The results of the empirical foreign trade analysis of trade in environmental products which are presented in the paper cover 11 countries of the OECD, including the USA, seven “old” EU member states, and one “new” member state - Poland . It is based on an international comparable database for environmental friendly goods, calculated by the author according to the OECD requirements (OECD-EUROSTAT, WTO, 1999). The analysis enables the author to present some important trends in foreign trade affecting the main exporters and importers of environmental goods in the USA and the EU. The analysis is also related to some regulations issued by the Committee for Trade and Environment of the WTO, with special reference to the conclusions of the Fourth and Fifth Ministerial Conferences in Doha and Cancun. The paper will also examine the effects of environmental measures on market access within the multilateral liberalization process.
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Janek, Sebastian, Andrei Hanchar, and Zbigniew Warzocha. "Horizontal Integration of Farmers on the Example of Agricultural Producer Groups in North-East Poland." Olsztyn Economic Journal 16, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.7316.
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Increasing horizontal integration in agriculture, by creating groups of agricultural producers, may accelerate the modernization of Polish agriculture and increase its competitiveness. The aim of the research was to find out about the state and conditions affecting the functioning of agricultural producer groups in North-East Poland in the years 2000-2021. As part of the research, data on the characteristics of the groups were analyzed, i.e. their specializations, scope of activities, personal composition, and legal forms. Moreover, the amount of financial aid obtained from RDP was defined. The article uses information contained in legal acts, literature on the subject, as well as secondary data from the ARMA. Based on the research, a short duration of the created groups has been noticed. Out of 170 entities created, 24 of them were active at the time of the study, with a total of 3,142 members. Most of them collaborated in dairy groups in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (1940).
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Nalej, Marta. "Agricultural land cover changes in metropolitan areas of Poland for the period 1990–2012." Miscellanea Geographica 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2016-0005.
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Abstract Agricultural land covers more than half the area of metropolitan areas in Poland, and is therefore particularly prone to the influences of the processes associated with their development. The aim of the study was to analyse changes in agricultural land cover within the metropolitan areas of Poland for the years 1990–2012; and to capture their dynamics, types and directions. The percentage share of the total study area, for each of the forms of agricultural land cover and their changes were traced, with the spatial distribution of the changes also being determined. The results of the study show that in metropolitan areas, agricultural land cover is undergoing transformations that do not result in the loss of agricultural lands, or that involve a decrease in surface area due to their change into anthropogenic forms of land cover. The greatest transitions occurred between 2000 and 2006 and were observed in the outer zones of metropolitan areas.
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Zgłobicki, Wojciech, Kamil Karczmarczuk, and Bogusława Baran-Zgłobicka. "Intensity and Driving Forces of Land Abandonment in Eastern Poland." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 3500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103500.
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Agricultural land is an important natural resource and forms the basis for food production. Global and local socio-economic and environmental changes are often the driving forces of changes in land cover and land use. Land abandonment in rural areas is one of the processes observed in Europe today and usually leads to increased afforestation. The intensity of this process in Central Europe is linked to the political and economic changes that took place at the end of the 20th century. The study objective was to identify the natural and socio-economic factors of this process in Lublin Province—a major region of agricultural production in Poland. From 1990 to 2018, over 130,000 ha were excluded from agricultural use, which represents 7% of the arable land in 1990. Land abandonment showed considerable spatial differences when comparing different counties: its magnitude ranged from 4% to 13% of the county area. At the same time, due to the specific type of land use in the province (small farm holdings divided into several fields), the intensity of land abandonment was underestimated when based on overview data (CORINE). It was observed that the intensity of this process was correlated with the natural conditions (topography, soils) for agricultural production and the socio-economic characteristics (area of arable land, forest cover changes, farm size) of the counties as well as the absorption of Common Agricultural Policy funds.
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Pierzgalski, Edward, and Jerzy Jeznach. "Measures for soil water control in Poland." Journal of Water and Land Development 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-007-0007-5.
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Measures for soil water control in Poland Polish water resources depend on precipitations, which are variable in time and space. In dry years the water balance is negative in central parts of Poland but sudden thaws and downfalls may result in periodical water excess and dangerous floods almost in the entire country. The retention capacity of artificial reservoirs in Poland permits to store only 6% of the average annual runoff, which is commonly considered insufficient. Another method to increase retention is soil water control. About fifty percent of soils in Poland consist of light and very light sandy soils with low water capacity. Loams and organogenic soils cover approximately 25% and 8.5% area of the country, respectively. Almost half of agricultural lands (48%) have relatively good water conditions, but the rest requires soil water control measures. An increase of the soil water content could be achieved by changes of soil properties, water table control and soil water management. Modernization and reconstruction of drainage and irrigation systems, which were built mainly in the period 1960-1980, is needed.
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Kozak, Małgorzata, and Rafał Pudełko. "Impact Assessment of the Long-Term Fallowed Land on Agricultural Soils and the Possibility of Their Return to Agriculture." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020148.
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Agricultural land abandonment is a process observed in most European countries. In Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, it was initiated with the political transformation of the 1990s. Currently, in Poland, it concerns over 2 million ha of arable land. Such a large acreage constitutes a resource of land that can be directly restored to agricultural production or perform environmental functions. A new concept for management of fallow/abandoned areas is to start producing biomass for the bioeconomy purposes. Production of perennial crops, especially on poorer soils, requires an appropriate assessment of soil conditions. Therefore, it has become crucial to answer the question: What is the real impact of the fallowing process on soil, and is it possible to return it to production at all? For this purpose, on the selected fallowed land that met the marginality criteria defined under the project, physicochemical tests of soil properties were carried out, and subsequently, the results were compared with those of the neighboring agricultural land and with the soil valuation of the fallow land, which was conducted during its past agricultural use. The work was mainly aimed at analyzing the impact of long-term fallowing on soil pH, carbon sequestration and nutrient content, e.g., phosphorus and potassium. The result of the work is a positive assessment of the possibility of restoring fallowed land for agricultural production, including the production of biomass for non-agricultural purposes. Among the studied types of fallow plots, the fields where goldenrod (Solidago L.—invasive species) appeared were indicated as the areas most affected by soil degradation.
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Pepliński, Benedykt. "REGIONAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7353.
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The aim of the analysis was to determine changes in the level of spatial concentration of production in Poland in the years 1990-2020. The analysis includes output and commodity production, the production of basic agricultural raw materials, the livestock of cattle, cows, pigs, hens and animals converted to LU, and changes in the level of yield and milk yield of cows. The study used data from the Central Statistical Office and the Local Data Bank. In order to limit short-term variability, especially in crop production, five-year averages for the beginning and end of the period were used in most of the analyses. The analysis was carried out for the currently binding administrative division including 16 voivodships. The research has shown large changes in the spatial distribution of agricultural production in Poland. First of all, the Wielkopolskie Voivodship gained in the production of agricultural raw materials, as it increased its share in the majority of plant and animal agricultural products, the Mazowieckie Voivodship, which specialized in animal production (except pork), and the Podlaskie Voivodship, with the production of milk and beef livestock, developed above average. On the other hand, the importance of voivodeships from South-Eastern Poland decreased, as animal production was marginalised, and plant production declined as a result of the greater exclusion of land from agricultural production and a higher decline in crop yield. In the case of the provinces of Western Poland, there was also a significant reduction in the livestock production, but the importance of that region in crop production increased, mainly due to a higher-than-average increase in crop yield in Poland.
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Pepliński, Benedykt. "CHANGES IN THE LOCATION OF COW HERDS IN POLAND IN LIGHT OF SINCLAIR’S LOCATION THEORIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7952.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the location of cow herds around 11 biggest Polish cities in 1960, 1973, 1996 and 2010. Membership of districts was determined based on the smallest distance between the district’s capital and one of the 11 central cities. The area surrounding the cities was split into eight 25-kilometer rings; the last (eighth) ring constitutes territories located over 175 km away from the nearest central city. Calculations were based on cow numbers and area of agricultural land at a district level. This allowed to specify cow density per 100 hectares of agricultural land. The study found that changes occurred in the distribution of cow numbers in territories surrounding central cities. Semi-peripheral areas located around the biggest central cities witnessed a reduction in cow density. This suggests that these territories are anticipated to be used for urban development purposes. These processes gained momentum only after 1990. Conversely, this trend was not observed in agglomerations with a population of less than one million. Milk production was mainly relocated to peripheral areas (located 50 to 124 km away from central cities defined in this study). The intensification of environmental measures in Europe suggests that action be taken to slow down the territorial concentration of cow herds in Poland. This study also confirmed the theory by Sinclair who claimed that animal production should be located in remote areas.
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Kołodziejczak, Anna. "Regionalna specjalizacja produkcji rolnej w Polsce = Regional specjalization of agricultural production in Poland." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 57 (2020): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.57.4.
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Agricultural production is subject to continuous economic and structural changes. Since the 1990s economic and organizational factors have exerted greater influence on agricultural production than environmental conditions. An important determinant affecting farming production was Poland’s accession to the EU, where agriculture was covered by Common Agricultural Policy. Proportion of plant products does not go directly to the market; it is processed on farms into animal products. At the same time, however, what has been developing for years are unfavorable relations between crop and animal products. The reasons for this state of affairs are complex. One of the ways to improve the results of agricultural production is specialization. This is quite a broad concept, embracing the research issue concerning agricultural production structure and directions of agricultural production, especially regarding commercial production which are defined in literature as directions of agricultural specialization (Kulikowski 2003). The aim of the study is to present changes in the regional specialization of crop and livestock production taking place in Poland in the years 2004‑2019. An attempt was made to answer the question in which agricultural production does a given region specialize and to what extent? The following research hypothesis was adopted: changes in the specialization of agricultural production in the regions are influenced by farmers benefiting from direct payments and other forms of financial aid under the Common Agricultural Policy. For the research on the regional specialization of agricultural production, the location quotient based on the share of crop and livestock commodity production in commodity production was used. The location quotient, apart from providing a static picture of the situation for comparative analyzes, allows for comparisons with regard to the dynamics of the specialization index, and to indicate differences in the dynamics of changes in individual agricultural production specializations. In the investigated period, crop production which is more dependent on climate conditions than animal breeding was much more diversified (changed over time). Western voivodships achieved a high level of specialization in plant production. It resulted from the agrarian structure of these regions, where large farms dominated. The lack of specialization in plant production was typical of the following voivodships: Podlaskie, Warmińsko-mazurskie and Wielkopolskie. With regard to animal production, the situation was different. The share of commercial animal production in the general commercial output was primarily affected by an apparent increase in the share of commercial milk production. This concerned north-eastern voivodships: Podlaskie and Warmińsko-mazurskie, which specialized in beef production as well. Wielkopolskie Voivodship also reached a high level of specialization not only in beef but mainly in pork production.
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Gradziuk, Piotr. "The Potential of Straw for Energy Purposes in Poland." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 12, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1073.
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The paper presents the results of studies aimed at determining the potential of the use of straw for energy in Poland. The results of this analysis have been presented in a dynamic approach for the years 1975–2011, and in a territorial (by voivodship) approach for the years 1999–2011. These studies demonstrate that since 1983 straw harvests have exceeded the requirements of agricultural production. During the years 1983–1990, the average surplus over agricultural consumption amounted to 4 971 thousand tons, and recently, during the years 2007–2011, already 15 190 thousand tons. The quantity of these surpluses varies greatly by region, as it depends on the structure of land tillage, crop structure, farm size, as well as the type of livestock and the manner of husbandry. The greatest potential for using straw for energy-related purposes was noted in the following voivodships: Wielkopolskie, Lubelskie, Zachodniopomorskie, and Kujawsko-Pomorskie.
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Roszkowska-Mądra, Barbara, Renata Przygodzka, and Adam Sadowski. "A Range and Reasons of Farmland Withdrawal from Agricultural Use in Poland." EU agrarian Law 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2017-0005.
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Abstract The aim of this paper was to analyze reasons and a range of changes in agricultural land areas due to allocation them for non-agricultural purposes across a period of 1990-2015 in Poland. This phenomena has not been sufficiently considered till now. Lack of this knowledge does not allow effective reduction of the decline of agricultural land by appropriate legislation and administrative action, especially on urban areas. In Poland, a significant proportion of agricultural land is allocated annually for non-agricultural purposes, which is connected with their permanent withdrawal from agricultural production. The permanent decline in the area of agricultural land in the country has been observed since the beginning of the systemic transformation. The dominant direction of the land withdrawal for non-agricultural purposes is their allocation to housing construction. In 1995 the Law on the protection of agricultural and forest land was introduced. This law includes strengthened economic tools for the protection of agricultural land in the form of mandatory charges for the withdrawal of agricultural land showing the best soil quality. This has led to a significant reduction in agricultural land use withdrawal. However, accelerated regional development following the accession of Poland to the EU and, then, the need to expand technical infrastructure resulted in several amendments to the 1995 Act, significantly weakened the protection of agricultural and forest land. It seems that the land as the unrepeatable good should be strictly covered by more respect and protection than ever before, especially in areas with the highest production value.
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Lesyk, Oksana. "Formation of legal regulation of land relations in Poland (1919–1921)." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.3.2020.10.
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The article is devoted to the historical and legal analysis of the problems of formation of legal regulation of land relations inPoland (1919–1921).The first important normative legal acts of Poland concerning the legal regulation of land relations are analyzed, in particular theLand Law of 1920 and the Constitution of 1921. It is noted that the Law on Land Reform, adopted on July 15, 1920, consisted of threeparts: 1) Land stock (Articles 1-5); 2) Compulsory redemption and redemption price (Articles 6-22); 3) parcelling (Articles 23–37). Thelaw of 1920 provided for: 1) an increase in the amount of land subject to alienation and intended for parcelling and settlement; 2) divisionof all state and state-acquired lands from its former owners; 3) compensation for landed and ecclesiastical lands that exceeded themaximum norm, in the amount of half of their average market price (Article 13); 4) forced redemption of movable and immovable agriculturalequipment (it should be noted that agricultural buildings were purchased at a price as of August 1, 1914, ie at the beginning ofthe First World War; the owner of several estates had the right to keep no more than one estate – Article 2 and 14); 5) the possibility ofobtaining a loan to purchase land in the amount of up to 75% of the value of the site; 6) the provision of land primarily to non-agriculturaland small farmers, with priority for war invalids and farm workers (Article 29); 7) transfer of the state parcelling fund to the disposalof the Main Land Administration – a special body for the implementation of land reform (Article 4); 8) deprivation of the rightto land of peasants who evaded military service and / or participated in the occupation of agricultural lands (this, in fact, applied toUkrainians in Galicia who opposed the Polish government). It was established that the following were subject to forced redemption:1) lands “unfairly” distributed before the revival of the Polish state (as we understand, this also refers to lands that the government ofthe Western Ukraine began to distribute as a result of its own reform);2) arbitrarily parceled lands without the permission of the competent authorities; 3) land acquired in the period from August 1,1914 to September 14, 1919 by persons for whom agriculture was not a professional occupation; 4) land appropriated for the purposeof usurious profits; 5) lands that have changed their owner more than twice during the war, except in the case of the death of the owneror the transfer of a plot for road construction; 6) land necessary for the livelihood of cities and industrial centers; 7) abandoned anduncultivated lands.
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Rosner, Andrzej, and Monika Wesołowska. "Deagrarianisation of the Economic Structure and the Evolution of Rural Settlement Patterns in Poland." Land 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120523.
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Since the Second World War, Poland has been undergoing an intensive process of transformation of the economic structure of rural areas, manifested, among other things, in the change in the occupational make-up of its inhabitants. The development of non-agricultural methods of management in rural areas has led to the emergence of multifunctional rural areas, where the role of agriculture as a source of income for the inhabitants is decreasing. There is a process of deagrarianisation of the economic structure, which has been indicated by many researchers as an unavoidable process, connected with the changes taking place in rural areas. One of the effects of this process are changes in rural settlement patterns. The aim of this article is to present the spatial effects of the deagrarianisation process in the Polish countryside, expressed in the changes in the rural settlement network. The authors used the statistical database of the Central Statistical Office (over 41 thousand records) to draw up the classification of rural areas by the nature of changes in population numbers in the period 1950–2011, which was compared with the research carried out as part of the Monitoring of Rural Development in Poland. The study confirmed that the factor behind the evolution of the rural settlement network is the process of decreasing agricultural demand for labour. As a consequence, there is a polarisation of localities into multifunctional rural localities, mainly headquarter villages and local government offices, and those with a predominantly agricultural function. On a supra-local scale, a process of polarisation of rural areas between a growing suburban population and a reducing peripheral location around large and medium-sized towns has been observed.
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Kišš, Vladimír, Andrej Tárník, and Ján Čimo. "COMPARISON OF METEOROLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT IN THE NITRA RIVER BASIN IN 2014–2020." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 21, no. 1 (May 26, 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/asp.fc/2022.21.1.17.
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Aim of the study: Droughts are one of the more costly natural hazards on a year-to-year basis. Their impacts are significant and widespread, affecting many economic sectors and people at any one time (WMO & GWP, 2016). In our paper we will focus on the comparison of meteorological drought (precipitation) and agricultural drought (available soil water) in the Nitra River basin, Slovakia. Material and methods: Data from the Nitra River Basin were provided from the meteorological stations (Svinná, Bystričany, Solčany, Veľké Ripňany, Jelenec and Pribeta ) of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The meteorological drought is defined as a period with no precipitation (Petrovič, 1960). Agricultural drought was determined as the value below the amount of water storage in the soil profile (0.20 m) accessible to plants. Results and conclusions: We focused on the comparison of meteorological drought and the number of days with both type of drought is from year 2014 increasing. The worst year was 2018 in every meteorological station, when the agricultural drought was with short interruptions from sprig to winter. This trend can also be seen in the countries neighbouring Slovakia - Poland, Hungary or Czech Republic.
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Głębocki, Benicjusz, Ewa Kacprzak, and Tomasz Kossowski. "Multicriterion Typology of Agriculture: A Spatial Dependence Approach." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0021.
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Abstract At the turn of the 21st century Polish agriculture intensively changed as the consequence of: 1) the socio-economic transformation that started in 1989, 2) the general transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy and 3) Poland’s accession in 2004 to the European Union. In this paper, we try to describe, in a synthetic way, the spatial heterogeneity of development of agriculture in Poland. For this purpose we identified the types of contemporary Polish agriculture. We applied the measures of global (Moran 1950) and local (LISA) spatial autocorrelation devised by L. Anselin (1995) and used their calculations in classification methods. Our dataset consists of 69 variables and 3,069 spatial units at the LAU2 level. As the result of the analysis we identified 20 types of agriculture in Poland and presented their characteristic features. We have paid particular attention to a spatial distribution of identified types. We concluded that the distribution is not only a result of natural or socio-economic conditions and local spatial relationships, but also to a greater extent is still affected by historical conditions (mainly partitions and changes of borders after the First and Second World Wars).
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Krukowska, Renata, and Mirosław Krukowski. "Landscape Changes Related to the Development of Tourism – The Example of the Recreational Area of Lake Białe and Lake Glinki." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0016.
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Abstract Introduction . The article contains an analysis of landscape changes taking place as a result of the development of tourism in the areas of Lake Białe and Lake Glinki (eastern Poland). Material and methods . The paper refers to the results of research covering the years of 1960-1990 and shows the changes in space that took place until 2017. In the first stage of the research, the methods of analysis of archival materials and land use plans were used. In the last period, remote sensing methods were applied – the orthophotomap from 2017 and cadastral data were used to classify land use. Results. In the first period of the development of the recreational region (until 1990), a decrease in the area of meadows and pastures, forest areas and arable land was noticed in favour of areas occupied for collective and individual recreational buildings. The most recent changes in the landscape show a decreasing importance of the agricultural function (mainly a decrease in the arable land area) and an increase in colonisation space, related to summer buildings and areas with a recreational function (wooded areas). Conclusions. With a view to further development of tourism in the area of Lake Białe and Lake Glinki, particular emphasis should be placed on harmonising land use and spatial development.
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Nyćkowiak, J., J. Leśny, L. Merbold, S. Niu, E. Haas, R. Kiese, K. Butterbach-Bahl, and J. Olejnik. "Direct N2O emission from agricultural soils in Poland between 1960 and 2009." Regional Environmental Change 14, no. 3 (October 18, 2013): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0543-2.
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Grala, Dariusz T. "The Agricultural Reform of 1981 and the Competition for Resources Between Peasant Farms and State-Owned Farms in the 1980s." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 100–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2020-0005.
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Abstract In the economy of the Polish People’s Republic in the field of agriculture, the key resources which were a subject of competition included: land; production assets (machines, devices, tools for agricultural production, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals) and people necessary to work on farms and for farms. The command economy of the times of the People’s Republic of Poland was an example of an economy of permanent shortages, which increased in times of crises of the entire system. The collapse of 1979-1982 was such a socio-economic crisis. The Trade Union of Independent Farmers’ “Solidarity”, which was part of the great social protest movement in 1980-1981, forced a change in the communist regime’s approach to the peasantry and, together with other pressure groups, contributed to the implementation of the agricultural reform covering the entire sphere of agriculture and not only its state farm segment. The reform of 1981, initiated by the Rzeszów-Ustrzyki agreements, gradually changed the living situation of farmers and, above all, led to changes in the profitability of agricultural production and the legalization of trade in meat products at marketplaces as well as the release of prices for food products in 1989. Peasant farms won the competition with state-owned farms for capital resources – new production factors, and they expanded their land acreage (land factor). Farmers, however, were losing competition for workers in confrontation with industry and services in cities and state-owned farms, where farm workers could count on very generous social benefits.
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Barabasz-Krasny, Beata. "Vegetation differentiation and secondary succession on abandoned agricultural large-areas in south-eastern Poland." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biorc-2016-0005.
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Abstract In Poland, the largest stretches of abandoned agricultural areas were formed at the end of the 1980s, along western and eastern borders, among others, in Przemyśl Foothills (Pogórze Przemyskie). Therefore, the research on the diversity of plant communities from abandoned agricultural areas as well as main directions and the rate of succession after the cessation of management was undertaken in the vicinity of twelve municipalities in south-eastern Poland. This research revealed that the dominating direction of changes of the abandoned agricultural area vegetation was vanishing of plant groups with segetal and meadow species and spreading of shrub communities. A general increase in the forestation rate of the researched abandoned agricultural areas from 10-40% of the area in 1970-1971 to about 30-70% in 2003-2004 may be the evidence of the occurrence intensity of those phenomena.
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Paull, John, and Pawel Bietkowski. "Stanisław Karłowski (1879-1939): Pioneer of Biodynamic Farming and Organic Agriculture in Poland." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): 358–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.97.12692.
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Stanisław Karłowski (1879-1939) was one of the great champions of Biodynamic farming during its formative years. After an illustrious career as an international banker, in 1920 he purchased the Szelejewo Estate in Poland comprising 1,724 hectares. Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) presented his Agriculture Course at Koberwitz (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in the summer of 1924. Rudolf Steiner called for farming to be based on natural and biological principles and the farm to be considered as an organism. His seminal course laid the grounds for the subsequent development of Biodynamic and organic farming. Stanisław Karłowski encountered Biodynamics in 1929. He converted his Szelejewo Estate to Biodynamics, thereby creating what was, at the time, likely the largest Biodynamic (BD) farm in Europe, and perhaps the world (c.f. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer’s farm, Loverendale, Netherlands, was 320 hectares). Stanisław Karłowski published a series of seven booklets (in Polish) promoting the practice of Biodynamics (including a translation of Ehrenfried Pfeiffer); these are believed to be the first Biodynamics publications in Polish. Stanisław Karłowski ran courses on Biodynamics at his Estate and made BD preparations available. He engaged in lively debate and advocacy for Biodynamics in Poland’s ‘Agricultural Gazette’. He implemented Rudolf Steiner’s injunction to test the ideas of the Agriculture Course and he published his results and observations in ‘Demeter’, the leading Biodynamics journal of the time. With a leading Polish Anthroposophist artist, Franciszek Siedlecki, he developed advertising material for Biodynamic bread from his Szelejewo Estate. Stanisław Karłowski was a member of Rudolf Steiner’s ‘Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners’, the ‘inner sanctum’ of those pioneering the development of Biodynamics in its gestational years of the turbulent interwar period. He founded an association to progress biological farming practices. The breadth and depth of Stanisław Karłowski’s dedication to Biodynamics flags him as an exceptional member of the Experimental Circle. He brought to the task an economic viewpoint, the attention to detail of a banker, and the independence of thought of a non-Anthroposophist. Within weeks of the German invasion of Poland, Stanisław Karłowski was executed by a Nazi firing squad in the town square of Gostyń, his wife was deported, his beloved Szelejewo Estate was appropriated by the Nazis, and Poland was extinguished as a sovereign state. The present paper establishes Stanisław Karłowski as a pre-eminent pioneer and champion of Biodynamic and organic agriculture.
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Adamowicz, Mieczysław, Selahettin Eraktan, Janusz Gudowski, and Władysław Piskorz. "Adjustment of Agriculture to the Requirements of Market Economy. Observations from Turkey and Poland in 1991." Miscellanea Geographica 5, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-1992-050126.
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Małolepszy, Eligiusz, Daniel Bakota, and Arkadiusz Płomiński. "Sport in Agricultural Schools in Poland in the Years 1975–1998. Outline of the Issues." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Pedagogika 23 (2014): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/p.2014.23.41.
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Kupchyk, O. "POLAND IN FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN THE EARLY 1920’s." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.8.
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The article reveals the circumstances under which the Ukrainian SSR established trade relations with the Republic of Poland in the early 1920s. The contractual legal framework and organizational forms of the Ukrainian SSR's trade activity in Poland have been clarified. The Poles have a greater interest in trade with neighboring Soviet Ukraine than Russia. Persons of sales representatives were established (I. Khurgin, I. Ruzhytsky). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Warsaw in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian SSR is revealed. The place of the Polish market in export-import operations of the Soviet Ukraine has been determined. It is found that, in accordance with the Protocol of the Additional Protocol to the Riga Peace Treaty, concluded on March 18, 1921, the Polish Government reserved the right to «normalize» the transit of German and Austrian goods passing through the Polish territory. Instead, during the negotiations in June 1921 on the conclusion of a trade agreement, the Polish government insisted that the Ukrainian SSR should be bound by the obligation of «the greatest facilitation of Poland’s trade in Ukraine». They planned to implement this by introducing customs tariffs favorable to Poles. Because of this, the trade agreement was not concluded. It is stated that in Warsaw the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office started operating in October 1921. Then the Soviet traders established the interest of the Polish metallurgical plants in Silesia in the Ukrainian iron ore (due to the small amount of iron in the Polish ore). They investigated the interest of these plants to Ukrainian scrap (due to lack of Polish) and anthracite coal. At the same time, they determined that Poles were competitors in the timber trade. Due to the importance of the Free City of Danzig as a center for international trade, the bulk of the export goods of the Ukrainian SSR was directed to this city (market and port), not Warsaw. The Danzig Division and the Danzig Warehouses of the sales office operated in Danzig. It has been investigated that during the 1921–1921 years, the Polish market of the Ukrainian Soviet Union bought both Polish and foreign goods. Imports from Poland at that time consisted of cereals (until 1922), agricultural and agricultural machinery and tools, clothing and footwear, haberdashery, electrical goods, stationery. Ukrainian exports consisted of metals, coal, wood, minerals, livestock waste, medicinal plants. Participation of the Soviet Ukraine representatives in the Eastern Fair in Lviv in the autumn of 1922 is covered. It was established that the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office in Warsaw operated until the end of 1922, when the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office was formed.
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Świtalska, Alicja. "THE PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE CONTEXT OF SPATIAL PLANNING AFTER THE YEAR 1995 IN POLAND." space&FORM 25, no. 1 (April 27, 2016): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2016.25.c-05.
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Bartkowiak-Bakun, Natalia, Luiza Ossowska, Dorota Janiszewska, and Grzegorz Kwiatkowski. "Agricultural and Tourist Functions in Rural Areas and the Level of Local Development: The Case of Poland." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIII, Special Issue 2 (November 1, 2020): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1920.
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Orzechowska, Beata, Liliana Bezpalko, Małgorzata Lis, and Janusz Boratyński. "Eradication of Rinderpest from Poland in 1921-1922." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 72 (November 11, 2018): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7305.
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Due to Rinderpest disease (cattle plague) in Poland, over 40,000 cattle died within the three months of the first half of 1920. Stopping the epizooty of rinderpest (pestis bovum; cattle plague; Typhus bovum contagiosus) spreading from Russia should be considered one of the greatest scientific, organizational and economic achievements of the reviving Polish statehood. Rinderpest is a highly contagious, viral disease caused by the Rinderpest virus, which leads to the death of over 90% of infected animals. Rinderpest virus damages lymphoid cells and the epithelial cell layer of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genital tract and external- -secretory glands (lacrimal glands, mucous glands, salivary glands). Within a few days after infection, animals begin presenting symptoms of sepsis and dehydration caused by necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. In order to stop the epizooty of bovine disease, the Ministry of Agriculture and State Goods ordered Dr. Feliks Jaroszyński to organize a rinderpest field station. The station was established in the forester’s lodge, in Michałówka near Puławy. The station produced anti-rinderpest serum and a rinderpest vaccine. In the peak period of operation, 2000 L of vaccine was produced each month. Vaccination of cattle carried out in the area endangered by rinderpest prevented the epidemic in 1922 and protected Poland and Europe from enormous losses. Knowledge about this unprecedented scientific, organizational and economic enterprise is not widely known, which neglects Poland’s pioneering contribution to preventing the epidemic of rinderpest. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced in 2010 that the world is free of the disease caused by the Rinderpest virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus.
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Karbowiak, Grzegorz, Krzysztof Solarz, Marek Asman, Zbigniew Wróblewski, Kateryna Slivinska, and Joanna Werszko. "Phoresy of astigmatic mites on ticks and fleas in Poland." Biological Letters 50, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2013-0007.
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Abstract Phoresy is an association in which a small animal clings to a larger one exclusively for transportation. We searched for phoretic mites on fleas and ticks of small mammals. A total of 169 fleas of 7 species were collected in the Białowieża Forest (E Poland) and in Kosewo G órne (NE Poland) in July and August in 2007 and 2008. Moreover, 20 nymphs and 12 females of Ixodes hexagonus (Leach, 1815) were collected in the beaver farm of the Research Station of Polish Academy of Sciences in Popielno (NE Poland) in April and May 2009. Phoretic mites were found on 26 fleas (15.4%) of the following species: Megabothris walkeri (Rothschild, 1902), Megabothris turbidus (Rothschild, 1909), Ctenophthalmus agyrtes (Heller, 1896), and Hystrichopsylla orientalis (Smit, 1956). The mites were located mainly on abdominal sternites. Among ticks, only one female was positive for mites, whose larvae (hypopi) were found on its legs. A total of 6 species of mites were identified. On I. hexagonus, we found Acarus farris (Oudemans, 1905) (53 larvae), Acarus siro (L., 1758) (2 larvae), Acarus nidicolous (Griffiths, 1970) (1 larva), Caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (Zachvatkin, 1937) (1 larva), and Histiostoma feroniarum (Dufour, 1904) (28 larvae), whereas on fleas, 79 larvae of Acarus nidicolous, 1 male of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781), and 1 unidentified trombiculid larva. The last 2 mite specimens were found on M. turbidus. This is the first report on phoretic association of the flea H. orientalis and the tick I. hexagonus with mites
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Markuszewska, Iwona. "Changes of Agricultural Landscape Pattern – Non-Natural Driving Forces Analyzing Based on the North-Western Region Of Poland." Quaestiones Geographicae 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2013-0001.
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Abstract In this paper, preceding changes and current situation in agricultural landscape pattern were elaborated as well as future transition was discussed. The North-Western Region of Poland was chosen as a study area, however, the research was conducted at the regional level, in provinces of this region including: Lubuskie, Wielkopolskie and Zachodniomomorskie. For analysis statistical data from Common Agricultural Census, containing the last two decades, between 1990-2010, were extracted. Based on established knowledge and proposed approach driving forces of landscape changes were identified. The research deals with the following aspects: 1) identification of underlying trends of landscape changes that took place over the study period, 2) finding driving forces responsible for cause-effect relationships in landscape alteration, 3) recognition of farmers’ reasons for what they took actions leading to landscape changes, and 4) identification of major current and foreseeable future tendencies of modification of landscape pattern. Political, economic and social driving forces, as the most affecting, were recognized and their influence on agricultural landscape structure was analyzed
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Schulte, Janet E. "Poland Spring: A Tale of the Gilded Age, 1860–1900." Agricultural History 81, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-81.4.570.
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Harsányi, Endre, Bashar Bashir, Gafar Almhamad, Omar Hijazi, Mona Maze, Ahmed Elbeltagi, Abdullah Alsalman, Glory O. Enaruvbe, Safwan Mohammed, and Szilárd Szabó. "GHGs Emission from the Agricultural Sector within EU-28: A Multivariate Analysis Approach." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206495.
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Climate mitigation and adaptation planning (CMAP) has recently been implemented across the EU-28 to reduce GHG emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O). Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of GHG emissions from the agricultural sector in the EU-28 from 1990 to 2019, and cluster the EU-28 countries regarding their total GHG emissions. The results emphasize the positive impact of CMAP through a negative trend of the total GHG emissions (−2653.01 thousand tons/year, p < 0.05). Despite the positive and not significant trend of the total CO2 emissions, both CH4 and N2O exhibited a negative and significant trend. At the country scale, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands showed the highest reduction in total GHG emissions, by −282.61thousand tons/year (p < 0.05), −266.40 thousand tons/year (p < 0.05), and −262.91 thousand tons/year (p < 0.05), respectively. The output of the multivariate analysis approach indicates changes in the pattern of GHG emissions between 1990 and 2019, where CO2 emissions decreased in the case of Poland and Czechia. The output of this study highlights the positive impact of CMAP, adopted by EU countries, in minimizing GHG emissions. Despite some fluctuations in CO2 emissions, strategies for attaining carbon neutrality in the agricultural sector, across the European Union, should be pursued.
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Kucher, Lesia. "IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIVE PROJECTS." sj-economics scientific journal 45, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v45i2.273.
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The article presents the results of a study of the impact of digitalization on the management of innovative projects of agricultural enterprises. A bibliometric analysis of the publication activity of scientists in 1970–2019 in the field of digitalization in the world was performed. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the rating positions of Ukraine and Poland according to the World Digital Competitiveness Index and the Networked Readiness Index is carried out. The main directions of the influence of digital technologies on the management of innovative projects in the agricultural sector of the economy are characterized.
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Simoncini, Gabriele. "Ethnic and Social Diversity in the Membership of the Communist Party of Poland: 1918 - 1938." Nationalities Papers 22, S1 (1994): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0090599200022145.
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The Communist movement in interbellum Poland was a small political entity that did not constitute a threat to the power of the state, nor did it become a visible presence since it failed to attract a majority of the working class. The movement, overall, consisted of a number of parties, organizations and groups, usually illegal, but some at times provisionally legal. The Communist Party of Poland - CPP (Komunistyczna Partia Polski - KPP) was the main party, entrusted with the guiding role by the Comintern, and also the umbrella organization and ideological reference point for the Communists throughout the twenty-year existence of the Second Polish Republic. The CPP was originally formed under the name “Communist Workers' Party of Poland” - CWPP, (Komunistyczna Partia Robotnicza Polski-KPRP). In 1920, it briefly took on the designation “Section of the Communist International” of which it was a founding member. By virtue of its name, the Party proclaimed a total proletarian orientation, ignoring the reality of an almost completely agricultural Poland at the time.
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Wyszkowska, Dorota. "Senior economy in Poland." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1330.
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Since the early 1990s, noticeable demographic changes in Poland and throughout Europe have been observed. One of the most important of these is the continuous process of ageing of populations. The transformation of the age structure of a population entails significant changes in the scope and structure of demand for goods and services on the market. Economic entities should thus take the special needs of the elderly into consideration and adjust their production accordingly. This kind of economy, increasingly oriented towards the elderly, is called the senior economy (also known as the silver economy), or, in a narrower sense, the market of goods and services for seniors. The aim of this paper is to present the size and structure of the senior economy in Poland, understood as the market of goods and services for seniors. Figures describing this market come from the survey of the senior economy in Poland from the supply side, which was carried out by Statistics Poland in the years 2017–2018 as an experiment. The presented data refer to the year 2016 unless otherwise stated. This paper also utilises data from the National Health Fund (NFZ), Social Insurance Institution (ZUS), Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS) and Credit Information Bureau (BIK), added there to enhance the characteristics of the Polish market of goods and services for seniors. As the results of the research demonstrate, entities of the national economy in Poland do not yet perceive the elderly as a significant group of customers. It is the non-commercial entities rather than the commercial ones that more often focus their activity on catering to seniors’ needs. The majority of them operate in the health and care sections, which are the areas most often associated with the senior economy.