Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agriculture – Poland – 1990-

Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture – Poland – 1990-'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Agriculture – Poland – 1990-"

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Syp, Alina. "Emisje gazów cieplarnianych z rolnictwa w latach 1990-2014." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.2.43.

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Agriculture is the second, after energy sector, emitter of greenhouse gasses (GHG), of which increased concentrations in the atmosphere are caused by human activities. In order to reduce GHG, parties ratifying the Kioto protocol have committed to prepare annual emission reports and pledged to reduce emissions. The aim of the study was to analyse changes of agricultural emissions in the World, the European Union (EU) and Poland in 1990-2014. The research uses the United Nations Food and Agricultural database (FAOSTAT), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chang (UNFCCC) and World Resources Institute (CAIT) databases. The analysis shows that in the World, in the examined period the total GHG emissions increased by 85%, whereas in agriculture by 15%. However, the EU as a member of Annex I parties had reduced total and agricultural emissions by 24% and 23%, respectively. The reduction of emissions was the result of the implementation of pro-environmental regulations.
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Szymańska, E., and Ja Maj. "Structural changes in the agriculture in Poland in the years 1990–2016." AGRARIAN ECONOMY 11, no. 3 (November 15, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/agrarecon2018.03.067.

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Creed, Gerald W. "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria." Slavic Review 54, no. 4 (1995): 843–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501396.

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When Bulgarians elected a parliament dominated by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in their first, free postcommunist election, they were considered the mavericks of eastern Europe. As Misha Glenny critically points out, “Bulgaria bucks the trend” was a recurrent phrase in English-language reports of the 1990 contest. But four years later, after an intervening non-socialist government, a second socialist victory seemed to be following trends set in Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. In a front-page article in The New York Times several months before Bulgaria's 1994 election, the east European trend towards embracing ex-communists is described as beginning in Lithuania, with no mention of Bulgaria's earlier socialist victory and its continual socialist electoral strength. Then, following the election, the Washington Post reported that the results “brought the fourth former Communist Party to power in Eastern Europe, after Hungary, Poland and Lithuania.“
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Halamska, Maria. "The Evolution of Family Farms in Poland: Present Time and the Weight of the Past." Eastern European Countryside 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0002.

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AbstractThe author provides an analysis of family farming in Poland during the period 1990-2012, with special attention towards the close links of ownership and the operation of the farm by family members. The weight of various factors is given close attention, including the historical context of the farm, current conditions, and future intentions for the farm.The historical context acknowledges and stresses the importance of the late abolition of serfdom made by the partitioning powers, various agricultural reforms during the period 1919-1944, and the period 1948-1989 (when family farming was incorporated into a deficient centrally planned economy). This latter period saw family farms developing specific mechanisms of functioning, which can be seen two decades later. Analysis of the period 1990-2012 is based on data of the Central Statistical Office, the present study, and other published materials. The data series includes individual farms of more than 1 ha, based on family labour.Separated are two sub-periods: the post-communist transformation period from the early 1990s, and the period 2002-2012. The latter almost coincides with the accession to the EU. In the first period, the article outlines the process of creating duality in Polish agriculture. This describes a group of family farms where the household strongly reacted to the market and became larger and modernised (professional – 1/3 of the total) and small, extensive and producing mainly for own consumption (semi-subsistence – 2/3). In the second period, the functioning and transformation of households taking place under the CAP are examined. Modernisation is primarily seen on the professional farm. Specific mechanisms can be seen that provide fairly stable functioning of semisubsistence farms, independent of the market, with non-farm incomes and agricultural social security. These farms resisted collectivisation and stopped and hindered modernisation during the communist period, and this post-communist transformation now requires a doubly controlled modernisation process.
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Mikołajczyk, Jarosław. "INVESTMENTS IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN THE YEARS 2004-2014 FROM THE MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8350.

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The aim of this work was to present and to assess real changes in the size of investments in Polish agriculture in the years 2004-2014. Analyses show that a considerable, nominal and evident increase in expenditure in the researched period is seen both from the macroeconomic perspective (on the scale of agriculture in the whole country) and on the scale of a single farm. The revival of investment activities in agriculture after the stagnation period in the years 1990-2004 is a positive and desired phenomenon. This phenomenon is connected not only with Poland entering the European Union, but also with the availability of non-returnable investment resources.
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Kopij, Grzegorz. "Population expansion of the Hoopoe Upupa epops in Silesia, SW Poland." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 85, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2015.238.

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A total of 258 breeding pairs of the Hoopoe were recorded in Silesia (c. 42,000 km2), SW Poland, during the years 2004- 2008. This is almost twice more than during the years 1978-1987 (136 pairs). This increase was rather unexpected. After a transformation in the agriculture, which took place in Poland in the 1990’s, large areas of meadows and pastures, which constitute main foraging grounds of the Hoopoe, have been abandoned and cattle faming has been greatly reduced. However, climate changes (warming effect), which were recorded in this region in meantime, could have been in other way conducive for this species.
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Jędrejek, Anna, and Zuzanna Jarosza. "CHANGES IN GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE. THE CASE OF POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7739.

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The purpose of this paper was to show the changes in greenhouse gases emissions in the years 1990- 2016 from agriculture in Poland in the context of changes in emissions and legislation in the European Union. Fluctuations in the values of methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the reporting period were also presented. The conducted analysis shows that total GHG emissions in 2016 were reduced by 36.2%, methane by 41.8% and nitrous oxide by 26.9% in comparison to 1990. The main factors causing changes in the level of total GHG emissions and specific gases were differences in the number of livestock and the usage of mineral fertilizers. null
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Grontkowska, Anna. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SET-ASIDE AND FALLOW LAND SCALE IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIII, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5715.

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Changes in land management methods constantly occur, caused by natural, economic, social and demographic conditions. This paper aims to determine changes in set-asides and fallow land in Poland, in the years 1990-2020, and determine the spatial diversity of this phenomenon. The study was based on available statistical data for the studied period. The study shows that, before 2004, the share of fallow land was much more significant. After Poland acceded to the European Union, land left without cultivation decreased considerably with a simultaneous increase in the area of land used for agriculture. The results show that the share and number of hectares of fallow area decreased. The provinces of Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Opole and Wielkopolskie were characterized by the lowest percentage of fallow land in the agricultural area of the province. In contrast, the provinces of Podkarpackie, Lubuskie, Świętokrzyskie, Małopolskie, Śląskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie had the highest percentage of fallow land.
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Szwed, M., G. Karg, I. Pińskwar, M. Radziejewski, D. Graczyk, A. Kędziora, and Z. W. Kundzewicz. "Climate change and its effect on agriculture, water resources and human health sectors in Poland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2010): 1725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1725-2010.

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Abstract. Multi-model ensemble climate projections in the ENSEMBLES Project of the EU allowed the authors to quantify selected extreme-weather indices for Poland, of importance to climate impacts on systems and sectors. Among indices were: number of days in a year with high value of the heat index; with high maximum and minimum temperatures; length of vegetation period; and number of consecutive dry days. Agricultural, hydrological, and human health indices were applied to evaluate the changing risk of weather extremes in Poland in three sectors. To achieve this, model-based simulations were compared for two time horizons, a century apart, i.e., 1961–1990 and 2061–2090. Climate changes, and in particular increases in temperature and changes in rainfall, have strong impacts on agriculture via weather extremes – droughts and heat waves. The crop yield depends particularly on water availability in the plant development phase. To estimate the changes in present and future yield of two crops important for Polish agriculture i.e., potatoes and wheat, some simple empirical models were used. For these crops, decrease of yield is projected for most of the country, with national means of yield change being: –2.175 t/ha for potatoes and –0.539 t/ha for wheat. Already now, in most of Poland, evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation during summer, hence the water storage (in surface water bodies, soil and ground) decreases. Summer precipitation deficit is projected to increase considerably in the future. The additional water supplies (above precipitation) needed to use the agro-potential of the environment would increase by half. Analysis of water balance components (now and in the projected future) can corroborate such conclusions. As regards climate and health, a composite index, proposed in this paper, is a product of the number of senior discomfort days and the number of seniors (aged 65+). The value of this index is projected to increase over 8-fold during 100 years. This is an effect of both increase in the number of seniors (over twofold) and the number of senior-discomfort days (nearly fourfold).
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Bielecka, Elzbieta, Agnieszka Jenerowicz, Krzysztof Pokonieczny, and Sylwia Borkowska. "Land Cover Changes and Flows in the Polish Baltic Coastal Zone: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132088.

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Detecting land cover changes requires timely and accurate information, which can be assured by using remotely sensed data and Geographic Information System(GIS). This paper examines spatiotemporal trends in land cover changes in the Polish Baltic coastal zone, especially the urbanisation, loss of agricultural land, afforestation, and deforestation. The dynamics of land cover change and its impact were discussed as the major findings. The analysis revealed that land cover changes on the Polish Baltic coast have been consistent throughout the 1990–2018 period, and in the consecutive inventories of land cover, they have changed faster. As shown in the research, the area of agricultural land was subject to significant change, i.e., about 40% of the initial 8% of the land area in heterogeneous agriculture was either developed or abandoned at about equal rates. Next, the steady growth of the forest and semi-natural area also changed the land cover. The enlargement of the artificial surface was the third observed trend of land cover changes. However, the pace of land cover changes on the Baltic coast is slightly slower than in the rest of Poland and the European average. The region is very diverse both in terms of land cover, types of land transformation, and the pace of change. Hence, the Polish national authorities classified the Baltic coast as an area of strategic intervention requiring additional action to achieve territorial cohesion and the goals of sustainable development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture – Poland – 1990-"

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O'Hagan, Patrick. "EU agricultural policy making towards Poland, 1989-1995, and its applications for policy network theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361953.

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YARASHYNSKAYA, Aksana. "The performance of agriculture in transition economies : evidence from Poland and Belarus, 1990-2004." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/40748.

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Defence date: 18 May 2015
Examining Board: Professor Govanni Federico, EUI and University of Pisa, Supervisor; Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI; Professor Vicente Pinilla,University of Zaragoza; Professor/Academic Director, Alexei Pikulik, European University of St.Petersburg/Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies.
This thesis contributes to the existing literature on the agricultural reforms that took place in Central and Eastern European countries during the transformational period (1990-2004) and on the agricultural development in Europe in general in the long-term (1960-2004). The study explores the history of the agricultural transformations in Poland and Belarus through a detailed analysis of the agricultural production and productivity dynamics, aiming to answer (i) whether the reforms succeeded or failed in terms of agricultural production and agricultural productivity; and (ii) what were the determinants of the agricultural reforms' success or failure. The research is centered on a comparative analysis of Polish and Belarusian agricultural performance, but it also incorporates the other CEE countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Russia and Ukraine), as well as the advanced Western European economies.
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Books on the topic "Agriculture – Poland – 1990-"

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Szczęsny, Roman. Struktura przestrzenna rolnicwa Polski w 1995 roku =: Spatial structure of Poland's agriculture in 1995. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania, 1997.

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Szczęsny, Roman. Przemiany struktury przestrzennej rolnictwa Polski 1989-1992 =: Structural transformations of the spatial structure of agriculture in Poland 1989-1992. Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN, 1995.

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1965-, Mitchell Karen, and Institute for European Environmental Policy., eds. Agriculture and nature conservation in Central and Eastern European countries: Proceedings of a seminar held at Dębe, Poland, 12-14 May 1996. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy, 1997.

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Szczęsny, Roman. Poziom produkcji towarowej rolnictwa indywidualnego w Polsce: Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie i przemiany w latach 1960-1988 = Level of the commercial production of individual farming in Poland : spatial differentiation and transformations between 1960 and 1988. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa IGiPZ PAN, 1993.

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Drąg, Zbigniew. Think Locally, Act Globally. Polish farmers in the global era of sustainability and resilience. Edited by Krzysztof Gorlach. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/k7195.199/20.20.15508.

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The monograph should be seen as an attempt to present changes affecting the category of family farm owners in Poland over the last 70 years, since the end of World War II. These changes brought significant social transformations, including the dismantling of the landowner class (who had large agricultural farms in their possession), moving the state border westward and changing the multiethnic Polish society into one close to ethnic homogeneity. The main goal of this reflection is to recount ways in which family farms coped with various unfavorable forces and factors in order to remain in operation. One could say that the entire study can be viewed as a manifestation of the well-known phrase that served as the title of the James C. Scott book (1990): Domination and the Arts of Resistance. The monograph presented here refers to these analyses stemming from another edition of sociological research, completed within the framework of the MAESTRO project financed by the National Science Center of Poland. The main goal of the project was to depict the functioning of agricultural family farms as the traditional sector of agriculture in Poland in the contemporary context of globalization processes. The farms were examined in terms of the principles of sustainable development as well as flexibility and resilience in reaction to various crises. The monograph is divided into four essential parts. The first part is devoted to the theoretical issues and methodological groundwork for the entire publication. The second part of the book aims to capture the changes that took place from 1994 to 2017, which was an adequate period to encompass the changes and metamorphoses that mostly happened as a result of two things: the regime transformation which began in 1990, and Poland’s accession to the European Union on May 1, 2004. The third part deals with the crucial issues of regional variations, mostly in regard to life strategies and strategies of operating agricultural farms. Finally, there is a fourth part which places the focus on select themes, such as rural lifestyles, food safety and security, farmers’ utilization of new computer and IT resources, and the potential for socio-political mobilization.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Poland. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0013.

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The chapter on Poland focuses on two questions. Why, in contrast to all other state-socialist countries, did the church’s capacity for integration actually increase rather than decrease despite persecution and discrimination during the communist period? And why has this capacity also remained more or less constant (albeit to a lesser extent) in the period since the end of communist rule? The authors have identified four key factors in the remarkable resistance of the Polish Catholic Church during the period of communist persecution: the fusion of religious and national values, the specific conflict dynamics of the church’s struggle with the state, the structural conservatism of agricultural production in Poland, and the actions of Pope John Paul II. Explanations for the surprising stability of religiosity in Poland after 1990 point to the behaviour of the Church itself, to the internal pluralization of Catholicism, and to the impact of a homogeneous religious culture.
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Book chapters on the topic "Agriculture – Poland – 1990-"

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Bochenek, Zbigniew, and Katarzyna Dabrowska-Zielinska. "Monitoring Agricultural Drought in Poland." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0022.

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Poland is situated in the Great European Plain between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian and Sudety mountains. Its territory includes lowlands (91.3%), highlands (7.7%), and mountains (1%). Most of Poland’s soils are light soils of podsolic origin, which are usually of poor quality. It is for this reason that only 25% of the agricultural land, which accounts for 60% of the total territory and engages about 12% of population, is used for producing wheat, barley, sugar beets, rape seed, and vegetables. Average yields of main crops in Poland are lower than in the majority of West European countries. But the higher harvest areas put Poland sixth in Europe in the production of wheat, second in the production of rye and potatoes, and fourth in the production of sugar beet. The variation in the production of these crops during 1990–2000 is shown in figure 13.1. Private farms cover about 84% of the total agricultural land. About 55% of the farms have an individual area < 2 ha. Liquidation of state farms and substantial reduction in the number of cooperative and collective farms have impacted the size of individual farms and increased their importance in agricultural production and Polish export. Since 1980, the average area of individual farms increased from 6.5 to 7.8 ha. Poland is located in the region where precipitation exceeds transpiration. But since the 1960s, annual rainfall has gradually decreased by about 70 mm (Slota et al., 1992). Due to the shortage of precipitation, high temperature fluctuations in the spring, and cool weather during summertime, yields of the main crops have decreased and drought frequency has increased, particularly during the last decade. Drought usually begins in western Poland, moves through the central part, and eventually reaches eastern side (between 51°N and 54°N), which is highly susceptible to droughts. Regions located above 54°N are in the zone of Baltic Sea climate characterized by higher rainfall (600–700 mm) and hence are less prone to drought than the rest of Poland.
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Korbonski, Andrezj. "Victim or Villain: Polish Agriculture Since 1970." In Background to Crisis: Policy and Politics in Gierek's Poland, 271–97. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429050640-10.

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Brumberg, Abraham. "A Review of Some Recent Issues of the Biuletyn Żydowskiego InstytutuHistorycznego." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14, 352–57. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0026.

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This chapter provides selective reviews of some articles that appeared in Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego (BŻIH), the quarterly journal of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. It looks at the articles published between 1993 and 1997 in particular. The chapter first examines the persistence of antisemitic and other ethnic stereotypes in Europe and particularly in Poland. It then turns to the history of the ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’ in Poland and of how Polish communism gradually assimilated the ‘teachings’ of this slander. From there, the chapter explores other topics, including Polish Radio, the National Democratic Party (the Endecja), illegal emigration, journalism, pogroms, German responsibility for the Holocaust, Jewish foreign relations, and Jewish agriculture. The chapter's conclusion is devoted to an examination of how Jewish topics, from communal and religious life in medieval Poland to the Holocaust, are presented in elementary and secondary school textbooks.
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Basista, Jakub. "Andrzej Jezierski (Ed.) Historia Polski w liczbach: Ludność, terytorium." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 11, 337–38. Liverpool University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774051.003.0026.

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This chapter addresses History of Poland in Figures: Population, Territory, which was edited by Andrzej Jezierski. It is to be published in several volumes devoted to land and population, agriculture and forestry, mining and industry, education and culture, trade, finances, the army, and religion. In August of 1994, the first of these was published. The statistical presentation on land and population is divided into three parts, each following the same pattern, which corresponds to three periods in Polish history: the years before 1795, 1795–1918, and 1918–90. Each part contains research statistics for the period, followed by tables, graphs, and maps. The volume closes with an extensive bibliography of sources and publications. Readers of Polin may be especially interested in the statistical data on the Jewish population of Poland, which is well represented for the modern period and the Second World War.
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Kogan, Felix N. "NOAA/AVHRR Satellite Data-Based Indices for Monitoring Agricultural Droughts." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0013.

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Operational polar-orbiting environmental satellites launched in the early 1960s were designed for daily weather monitoring around the world. In the early years, they were mostly applied for cloud monitoring and for advancing skills in satellite data applications. The new era was opened with the series of TIROS-N launched in 1978, which has continued until present. These satellites have such instruments as the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the TIROS operational vertical sounder (TOVS), which included a microwave sounding unit (MSU), a stratospheric sounding unit (SSU), and high-resolution infrared radiation sounder/2 (HIRS/2). These instruments helped weather forecasters improve their skills. AVHRR instruments were also useful for observing and monitoring earth surface. Specific advances were achieved in understanding vegetation distribution. Since the late 1980s, experience gained in interpreting vegetation conditions from satellite images has helped develop new applications for detecting phenomenon such as drought and its impacts on agriculture. The objective of this chapter is to introduce AVHRR indices that have been useful for detecting most unusual droughts in the world during 1990–2000, a decade identified by the United Nations as the International Decade for Natural Disasters Reduction. Radiances measured by the AVHRR instrument onboard National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites can be used to monitor drought conditions because of their sensitivity to changes in leaf chlorophyll, moisture content, and thermal conditions (Gates, 1970; Myers, 1970). Over the last 20 years, these radiances were converted into indices that were used as proxies for estimating various vegetation conditions (Kogan, 1997, 2001, 2002). The indices became indispensable sources of information in the absence of in situ data, whose measurements and delivery are affected by telecommunication problems, difficult access to environmentally marginal areas, economic disturbances, and political or military conflicts. In addition, indices have advantage over in situ data in terms of better spatial and temporal coverage and faster data availability. The AVHRR-based indices used for monitoring vegetation can be divided into two groups: two-channel indices, and three-channel indices.
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Yudelman, M. "Water and Food in Developing Countries in the Next Century." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0010.

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The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).
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Witkowski, Gregory R. "Collectivization at the Grass Roots Level: State Planning and Popular Reactions in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and the GDR, 1948–1960." In The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe, 467–96. Central European University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789633860489-016.

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Singh, Ashbindu. "International Activities Related to Dryland Degradation Assessment and Drought Early Warning." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0045.

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Land degradation usually occurs on drylands (arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas). According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification held in Paris in 1994 (UNCCD, 1999), drylands are defined as those lands (other than polar and subpolar regions) where the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration falls within the range of 0.05–0.65. Land degradation causes reduction in the biological or economic productivity of those lands that may support cropland, rangelands, forest, and woodlands. Land degradation threatens culturally unique agropastoral and silvopastoral farming systems and nomadic and transhumance systems. The consequences of land degradation are widespread poverty, hunger, migration, and creation of a potential cycle of debt for the affected populations. Historical awareness of the land degradation was cited, mainly at the local and regional scales, by Plato in the 4th century B.C in the Mediterranean region, and in Mesopotamia and China (WRI, 2001). The occurrence of the “dust bowl” in the United States during the 1930s affected farms and agricultural productivity, and several famines and mass migrations, especially in Africa during the 1970s, were important landmarks of land degradation in the 20th century. It is estimated that more than 33% of the earth’s land surface and 2.6 billion people are affected by land degradation and desertification in more than 100 countries. About 73% of rangelands in dryland areas and 47% of marginal rain-fed croplands, together with a significant percentage of irrigated croplands, are currently degraded (WRI, 2001). In sub-Saharan Africa, land degradation is widespread (20–50% of the land) and affects some 200 million people. This region experiences poverty and frequent droughts on a scale not known anywhere else in the world. Land degradation is also severe and widespread in Asia, Latin America, as well as other regions of the globe. Continuous land degradation is accelerating the loss of agricultural productivity and food production in the world. Over the next 50 years, food production needs to triple in order to provide a nutritionally adequate diet for the world’s growing population. This will be difficult to achieve even under favorable circumstances.
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Roberts, Patrick. "Introducing Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity." In Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0005.

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Friedrich Wöhler was referring to the field of organic chemistry during the early 1800s when he wrote the above but his comments would not be out of place in the context of embarking upon a global study of past and present human relationships with tropical forests. Dense vegetation, difficulty of navigation, issues of preservation, political and health concerns, poisonous plants, animals, and insects, and the prospect of carrying out sampling or excavation in high humidity have all meant that our knowledge of human history and prehistory in these environments is under-developed relative to temperate, arid, or even polar habitats. There have been theoretical questions as to what kind of human activity one would even expect to find in tropical forest environments, which seem hostile to human foraging (Hart and Hart, 1986; Bailey et al., 1989) let alone thriving agricultural or urban settlements (Meggers, 1971, 1977, 1987). This has, until relatively recently, left the state of archaeological tropical forest research in a similar position to popular conceptions of these environments—untouched, primeval wilderness. Public ideas of an archaeologist investigating a tropical forest are probably synonymous with someone in a shabby-looking leather hat being chased, if not by a large stone boulder then by a group of Indigenous people with blowpipes, as they wade through dense undergrowth and vines while clutching a golden discovery that has been lost to the western world for thousands of years (Spielberg, 1981). The more recent development of the best-selling Uncharted video game series has done little to change these ideas amongst the next generation of media consumers, with players taking on the role of Francis Drake’s mythical ancestor in search of long lost treasure, frequently hidden within caves and ruins surrounded by vines and dense canopies (Naughty Dog et al., 2016). The idea of treasure hidden within tropical forest is also not a modern conception. The long-term myth of El Dorado, a city covered in gold, fuelled exploration of the tropical forests of South America by renowned individuals, including Sir Walter Raleigh, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries (Nicholl, 1995).
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"Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla­ tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa­ tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump­ tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re­ sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agriculture – Poland – 1990-"

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Gorbunova, Julia, Julia Gorbunova, Boris Chubarenko, Boris Chubarenko, Dmitry Domnin, Dmitry Domnin, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Jens Christian Refsgaard. "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOAD ON THE PREGOLYA RIVER BASIN (VISTULA LAGOON CATCHMENT) FROM THE ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b94681d1a25.68574351.

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The catchment area of the Pregolya River is about 65% of the Vistula Lagoon drainage basin and occupied by Russia and Poland in approximately equal proportions. Nutrient load from the catchment largely controls the eutrophication processes of the lagoon ecosystem. Open statistical data (2011-2014) were used for evaluating the nutrient loads. At present, the nutrient load from the major anthropogenic sources (population, livestock, poultry and crop production) is 53,267 tons N/year and 16,424 tons P/year in the Pregolya River catchment. This results in loads of 23,032 tons N/year and 2,819 tons P/year when the removal of nutrients by the harvest is taken into account. It was found that the load from anthropogenic sources in the Polish part of the catchment higher than in the Russian part by a factor of three times for nitrogen and two times for phosphorus. The reason for this is that Polish territory is relatively more agriculturally developed. In the Kaliningrad Oblast agriculture declined in the 1990-2000's and now about 50% of arable lands are not used, which creates a potential for development. Currently there is a positive trend of the agriculture development and the "Strategy of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad Oblast until 2020" is expected to increase arable land by 70%, the number of cattle and pigs by factors of 3.5 and 9.5, respectively. This creates a potential for significant increases of the nutrients loading and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon. The nutrient load from the anthropogenic sources in the Russian part of the catchment can be compensated greatly by using the manure as organic fertilizer replacing mineral fertiliser, as at present time 40% of available arable land in the Kaliningrad Oblast is sufficient for utilization of all manure originated locally at the maximum fertilization rate recommended by HELCOM. At the same time more than 80% of the wastewater in Kaliningrad Oblast is not sufficiently treated. This poses a great potential for nutrient load reduction. The calculations showed that equipment of Kaliningrad city with the modern treatment facilities will reduce the nutrient load by 1,400 tons N/year and 290 tons P/year.
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Gorbunova, Julia, Julia Gorbunova, Boris Chubarenko, Boris Chubarenko, Dmitry Domnin, Dmitry Domnin, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Jens Christian Refsgaard. "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOAD ON THE PREGOLYA RIVER BASIN (VISTULA LAGOON CATCHMENT) FROM THE ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316662769.

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The catchment area of the Pregolya River is about 65% of the Vistula Lagoon drainage basin and occupied by Russia and Poland in approximately equal proportions. Nutrient load from the catchment largely controls the eutrophication processes of the lagoon ecosystem. Open statistical data (2011-2014) were used for evaluating the nutrient loads. At present, the nutrient load from the major anthropogenic sources (population, livestock, poultry and crop production) is 53,267 tons N/year and 16,424 tons P/year in the Pregolya River catchment. This results in loads of 23,032 tons N/year and 2,819 tons P/year when the removal of nutrients by the harvest is taken into account. It was found that the load from anthropogenic sources in the Polish part of the catchment higher than in the Russian part by a factor of three times for nitrogen and two times for phosphorus. The reason for this is that Polish territory is relatively more agriculturally developed. In the Kaliningrad Oblast agriculture declined in the 1990-2000's and now about 50% of arable lands are not used, which creates a potential for development. Currently there is a positive trend of the agriculture development and the "Strategy of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad Oblast until 2020" is expected to increase arable land by 70%, the number of cattle and pigs by factors of 3.5 and 9.5, respectively. This creates a potential for significant increases of the nutrients loading and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon. The nutrient load from the anthropogenic sources in the Russian part of the catchment can be compensated greatly by using the manure as organic fertilizer replacing mineral fertiliser, as at present time 40% of available arable land in the Kaliningrad Oblast is sufficient for utilization of all manure originated locally at the maximum fertilization rate recommended by HELCOM. At the same time more than 80% of the wastewater in Kaliningrad Oblast is not sufficiently treated. This poses a great potential for nutrient load reduction. The calculations showed that equipment of Kaliningrad city with the modern treatment facilities will reduce the nutrient load by 1,400 tons N/year and 290 tons P/year.
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Ilya Trofimov, Lyudmila Trofimova, and Elena Yakovleva. "100 years of the State Meadow Institute." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-28-76-9-18.

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100 years since the Establishment of the State Meadow Institute the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology celebrates in June 2022. The State Meadow Institute creation was event of the most important state significance. This event is extremely important for rational nature management, increasing soil fertility, obtaining high and sustainable crop yields, and preserving the productive longevity of our lands. In 1922 the Station for the study of forage plants and forage area was transformed into the State Meadow Institute (SMI). 1930 – SMI was transformed into the All-Union Williams Fodder Research Institute. 1992 – transformation into the All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute. 2018 transformation into the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology. Throughout its history, the Institute has proudly borne the name of its founder – W. R. Williams. Such famous scientists as V. R. Williams, A. M. Dmitriev, L. G. Ramensky, I. V. Larin, S. P. Smelov, T. A. Rabotnov, A. A. Zubrilin and many others worked at the Institute. The Institute's works (books, articles) have been published in England, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, USA, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Switzerland, Sweden, and Japan. Scientific and practical achievements of the Institute were awarded 7 times with State prizes of the USSR and the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology, as well as Prizes of the government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Federation, diplomas of Exhibitions and other awards. For services to the country, the Institute was awarded the order of Labor Red Banner.
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Martí Ciriquián, Pablo, and María Cristina García González. "Los procesos de dispersión y concentración territorial en Alicante y su entorno." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7541.

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A lo largo de las últimas décadas se pueden reconocer diversos procesos de dispersión, concentración y creación de nuevas centralidades en el territorio vinculado al área de influencia de la ciudad de Alicante. El análisis de estos procesos y sus relaciones tienen, no sólo interés en sí mismos, sino que ofrecen un conocimiento que permite prever las pautas de evolución en la ocupación futura del suelo. En cualquier caso, para acercarnos a estos procesos es necesario identificar las transformaciones territoriales y sus causas que, en ocasiones, tienen un carácter global aunque estén relacionadas con procesos de ámbito local como son la influencia de las infraestructuras, los elementos de atracción local o los espacios de consumo, ocio y negocio. En los años cincuenta esta zona litoral aparecía como un territorio en el que se situaban poblaciones compactas unidas por débiles infraestructuras y se mantenía una importante ocupación de suelo destinado a agricultura, de la que en la actualidad quedan escuetos testimonios en unas zonas muy concretas situadas entre Alicante y San Juan y entre las ciudades de Elche y Santa Pola. La ocupación de la franja costera en esos años estaba constituida sólo por pequeños núcleos aislados como Santa Pola o Campello. El primer proceso de dispersión urbana del municipio de Alicante se produce a partir de 1960 con la apuesta por el desarrollo turístico junto a la playa de San Juan, que en los años setenta, presenta como imagen destacada el gran crecimiento de la ciudad central y la expansión en el territorio de la urbanización de manera dispersa. En la actualidad, los municipios de San Juan, Muchamiel y San Vicente del Raspeig en el norte de Alicante, han favorecido la creación de importantes superficies destinadas ocupaciones de baja densidad consolidando la superficie de estos municipios como las áreas suburbanas de Alicante por excelencia. En el sur de la ciudad de Alicante, la creación desde los primeros años de la actual década de dos actividades terciarias como la oficina para el registro de marcas, dibujos y modelos de la Unión Europea, y la Ciudad de la Luz, próximos al aeropuerto, convierten a esta zona en una de las de mayor potencialidad de desarrollo. Las urbanizaciones aisladas situadas en enclaves fundamentalmente costeros ha sido uno de los modelos de crecimiento urbano a lo largo de las últimas décadas que sigue produciéndose en los últimos años y en los que destacan la ocupación del litoral hacia el sur de la ciudad de Alicante a lo largo de la carretera nacional 332, basada en el desarrollo de grandes urbanizaciones aisladas. Si hace unos lustros las áreas de gran accesibilidad rodada a que daban lugar las grandes infraestructuras viarias, eran potencialmente espacios destinados a centros comerciales, parques tecnológicos o polígonos industriales a excepción de la carretera hacia Madrid, que mantiene esta actividad industrial, en estos momentos, estos territorios aparecen ocupados por nuevos usos residenciales y de ocio, entre los que destacan los campos de golf. El agotamiento total del suelo para actividades urbanas parece difícil de evitar a tenor de los procesos históricos analizados y los planteamientos de futuro ya presentados y la necesidad de una idea global e integradora de este territorio, hoy en día se convierte en una reivindicación ya irrenunciable.
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