Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture – Pennsylvania'
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1
Durrenberger, E. Paul. "Community Supported Agriculture in Central Pennsylvania." Culture Agriculture 24, no. 2 (September 2002): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.2002.24.2.42.
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Pate, Michael Lynn, and Serap Görücü. "Agricultural Work-Related Fatalities to Non-Working Youth: Implications for Intervention Development." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 1 (2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13691.
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Highlights Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace.A total of 69 fatalities were recorded, with the largest proportion of fatalities (74%) involving children <5 years old. Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace.Most victims (75%, n = 52) were male. Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace.The process of identifying different injury patterns associated with non-work-related child activity has increased our understanding of how safety professionals and community members may help prevent these fatalities. Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace.The cases presented warrant investigation and commitment to environment modifications as well as parental enforcement to limit child exposure to worksite hazards. Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace. Abstract. This article presents data for agricultural work-related fatal injuries to non-working youth (<18 years old) in Pennsylvania. Cases were identified from the Pennsylvania Farm Fatality (PA-FF) database for the period 2000-2018. The circumstances of the death in each incident were reviewed from news clippings, death certificates, and other reports available to determine the victim’s status as a bystander, passenger, or other non-working child. The study identified 69 agricultural work-related fatalities to non-working youth in Pennsylvania. Incidents were coded as non-working accomplice (26), non-working accomplice extra rider (14), non-working attendant (25), and ambiguous (4). Fatalities to children <5 years old accounted for 74% of the non-working youth fatalities, and most (75%) of the victims were male. Plain Sect community members (Anabaptists) comprised 78% of the cases. Children contribute significantly to the overall burden of agricultural work-related fatal injuries in Pennsylvania, especially as bystanders. From the review of the data, we conclude that fatal injuries to non-working children on farms are preventable. The process of identifying different injury patterns associated with non-work-related child activity has increased our understanding of how safety professionals and community members may help prevent these fatalities. Many researchers have noted a variety of intervention efforts that show potential for providing safer farm and home environments but will need long-term commitments in various capacities. Keywords: Agriculture, Bystander, Child, Fatality, Passenger, Safety, Workplace.
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Larson, Janelle M., Jill L. Findeis, and Stephen M. Smith. "Agricultural Adaptation to Urbanization in Southeastern Pennsylvania." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 30, no. 1 (April 2001): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000526.
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Most agricultural output in the northeastern United States comes from counties that have experienced significant development. A mail survey, with 300 responses, was conducted in southeastern Pennsylvania to determine farmer adaptation to urbanization in this region. Despite development, traditional agriculture still predominates. Changes in land use were examined using multinomial logit models. Results show that changes in population density and farm preservation policies have an influence, as increased population density reduced total land operated and having land in an agricultural security area increased it. Both differential assessment and agricultural security areas increased the cultivation of traditional, land extensive crops.
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Gawryla, Rosalina, and Kevin Curry, Jr. "Science Citizenship through Secondary Agricultural Education." Journal of Agricultural Education 63, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.04039.
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Global society has major scientific challenges to solve over the coming decades including climate change and food insecurity. Considering school-based agricultural education can play an important role in developing scientifically literate and civically engaged citizens to help address these challenges, this study sought to describe and compare Pennsylvania agricultural education students’ science literacy, civic engagement, and science citizenship. In addition, the purpose of this study was to determine which variables of science literacy and civic engagement best predicted students’ science citizenship. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study utilized a questionnaire adapted from three existing instruments to measure science literacy, civic engagement, and science citizenship. Data was collected from a proportionate stratified random sample of Pennsylvania agricultural education programs for a total of (n = 197) students. The multiple linear regression model was found to be a significant predictor of students’ science citizenship and explained 57.8% of the variance. Civic skills efficacy, civic participation, value of science, science skills, and civic duty were significant predictors of students’ science citizenship. Recommendations from results include incorporating civic education that builds students civic skills into agricultural education curriculum, educating pre-service agriculture teachers how to incorporate civic engagement into their programs, and further research to determine the extent to which agriculture teachers currently support students’ civic engagement in their programs
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Campagnolo, Enzo Riccardo, Cara Bicking Kinsey, Amanda Beaudoin, and Jonah Long. "Assessment of Awareness and Preparedness of Pennsylvania Veterinarians to Recognize and Respond to Foreign Animal Diseases." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2016-0007.
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Abstract Foreign animal diseases (FADs) are recognized as a threat to agriculture, with potential devastating effects on our nation’s livestock and poultry industries. As weapons of bioterrorism, FADs also represent a threat to our nation’s homeland security. Veterinarians play a vital role in protecting our nation’s agricultural resources through their ability to identify and promptly respond to FADs, some of which are of public health concern. Veterinarians working in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess their awareness of FADs and their preparedness to recognize and respond to potential cases. Two hundred thirty-seven veterinary practitioners completed an online questionnaire which included demographic and practice characteristics, federal accreditation status, awareness of FAD history in the United States, awareness of current FAD threats, training, and professional experiences with FADs. In the analysis, we identified topics respondents were most familiar, and those which they feel pose the greatest disease threat. We also assessed respondents’ interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs. Results of this survey indicate that most participating Pennsylvania veterinarians are familiar with FADs and have had educational exposure to FADs either during their formal veterinary education or through the United States Department of Agriculture veterinary accreditation program. However, the majority feels unprepared to recognize FADs. Most survey respondents expressed an interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs, and were willing to travel to receive the training.
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Majewski, John. "Who Financed the Transportation Revolution? Regional Divergence and Internal Improvements in Antebellum Pennsylvania and Virginia." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 4 (December 1996): 763–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017460.
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Comparing investment in transportation companies in Albemarle county, Virginia, and Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, I analyze why nineteenth-century internal improvements revolutionized the northern economy, but only seemed to increase the South's dependence upon plantation agriculture. In both counties local investors and financed early improvements.
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Carnes, Laura M., and Heather D. Karsten. "Building diverse community networks for sustainable food systems: Guiding philosophies of the Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ajaa200349.
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AbstractThe Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) is a grassroots organization that facilitates the exchange of sustainable farming practices among its members, creates marketing opportunities for local farmers, and promotes consumer awareness and support for sustainable agriculture. Interviews with PASA's board members and staff, content analyses of PASA's literature, and a mail survey and spatial analysis of PASA's members—who include both farmers and members who do not farm—were used to examine members' characteristics, why they value being members, and the philosophies and strategies that guide the organization's successes. Results indicate that by embracing a broad definition of sustainable agriculture, PASA promotes profitable and environmentally sound farming practices to a diversity of farmers. Networking with a broad cross-section of local and regional organizations and institutions has enabled PASA to use the expertise of community leaders and share fundraising to develop marketing opportunities for farmers. Linking sustainable agriculture with priorities of community economic development has brought farmers to urban planning tables, increased inner city access to fresh, local food, and increased the economic viability of local farmers. PASA's experiences exemplify the opportunities and tensions involved with networking with mainstream institutions to gain greater support for the sustainable agriculture community. PASA provides one model of how sustainable agriculture organizations can play an integral role in supporting sustainable agriculture.
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Orzolek, Michael D., Cathy Thomas, Robert D. Berghage, and Paul R. Heller. "Development of a Greenhouse IPM Program in Pennsylvania." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 847E—847. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.847e.
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The dramatic reduction in available greenhouse insecticides and the potential for increased insect resistance has necessitated a change in insect control techniques. Because of the large acreage of greenhouse production in Pennsylvania and the need for a more environmentally effective method of controlling insects in greenhouses, an aggressive Integrated Pest Management research program was initiated and has been on-going since 1989. Our objectives were to develop a bibliography of major insect pests; to determine effectiveness of parasitoids on greenhouse and silverleaf whitefly, western flower thrip, and aphids; to reduce pesticide usage; and to comply with worker protection standards. The program was implemented by a joint venture among the Pennsylvania State Univ. faculty and technical staff, grower cooperators, the Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, and the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association. The IPM program was started with an active scouting and monitoring program in commercial houses to determine threshold levels. Control measures were implemented with biological controls, cultural management, and lastly chemical. In addition, the implementation of the results of this research to commercial growers has resulted in the formation of a Greenhouse Crop Management Association. Results of the 5-year research program are discussed.
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Trauger, Amy, Carolyn Sachs, Mary Barbercheck, Kathy Brasier, and Nancy Ellen Kiernan. "“Our market is our community”: women farmers and civic agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA." Agriculture and Human Values 27, no. 1 (January 19, 2009): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-008-9190-5.
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Musser, Wesley N. "Extension Programs in Crop Insurance: A Maryland Case Study." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 1 (April 2008): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500002112.
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Many states have crop insurance extension programs. This activity has been stimulated with the availability of funds to support extension from the Risk Management Agency (RMA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Several new RMA programs were established under the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000. The Targeted States Program is quite important for the Northeast. This program serves states that were traditionally underserved by crop insurance. It is available in all 12 northeastern states, plus Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. The Targeted States Program funds one program in each state. A total of $4.5 million in funding is available each year. Amounts for state programs range from $157,000 in Rhode Island to $754,000 in Pennsylvania, which is a considerable amount of funding.
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Wheeler, Alfred G. Jr. "Thomas J Henry: longtime friend, colleague, and preeminent heteropterist." ZooKeys 796 (November 15, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.796.30926.
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Tom Henry came to the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry (Harrisburg), in 1972). He recently had earned a B.S. degree in Entomology from Purdue University and was hired to identify insects, mainly those submitted by the bureau’s plant inspectors in different areas of the state. It did not take long for his entomological colleagues in Harrisburg to recognize his remarkable talents as a taxonomist.
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Sánchez, Elsa, Maria Gorgo-Gourovitch, and Lee Stivers. "Creating a Sense of Belonging for Hispanic Farmers and Farmworkers in Agricultural Programming." HortTechnology 29, no. 4 (August 2019): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04336-19.
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Hispanics residing in the United States are playing a larger role in agriculture. For example, in Pennsylvania, this group comprises the largest increase in new farmers, according to the 2012 Census of Agriculture. Efforts to connect with this population can be improved. Hispanic farmers and farmworkers face access barriers to agricultural programming that need to be addressed to more effectively “reach and teach.” Over a 1-year period, 22 to 25 agricultural educators attended a three-workshop training series focused on increasing knowledge and skills for planning, designing, advertising, and delivering agricultural programs inviting to Hispanic farmers and farmworkers. The workshop series included an expert on the science of inclusion, a specialist in Latino community studies, and several representatives from organizations with long histories of connecting with Hispanic farming audiences. Through guided activities and facilitated discussion, participants developed strategies for creating programming welcoming to the Hispanic farming community. This workshop series was highly rated by participants. After the first workshop, one participant stated that it was the best diversity workshop he had attended in his 22-year career. In a follow-up survey 1 year after the final workshop, the majority of respondents had made efforts to build relationships through agricultural programming for Hispanic farmers and farmworkers. Here, we are providing the methods we employed to serve as a model for others working to connect with this or other underserved or nontraditional farming audiences.
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Dabbert, Stephan, and Patrick Madden. "The transition to organic agriculture: A multi-year simulation model of a Pennsylvania farm." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 1, no. 3 (1986): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001028.
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AbstractPrior research has shown that an established organic farm can be as profitable as a conventional farm under certain circumstances. However, organic farming systems often require a transition period before they are fully established after a changeover from conventional farming. Yields may decrease and recover only slowly during this transition period and less profitable crop rotations may be required to establish an organic system. Previous studies have ignored the income trend during the transition phase, and comparisons of organic and conventional farms have been faulted for lack of similarity in management and other resources. The study reported here used a multi-year simulation model to investigate the trend in income of a 117-hectare crop-livestock farm in Pennsylvania (called the Kutztown farm) during this transition process. A baseline model of the Kutztown farm under conventional management (CONB) was found to earn an income (returns over cash operating cost) of $61,900. The transitional models developed were an upper-yield case assuming no yield decline during the transition (TRANS) and a lower-yield case assuming severe yield decline in the first year after the change-over from conventional management and a subsequent linear recovery of yields over a three-year period (TRANS-L). Income was found to be severely depressed by a yield decline during the transitional phase. The first year of TRANS-L resulted in a 43% reduction in income. The scenario without a yield decline (TRANS) resulted in a 13% lower income compared to the baseline (CONB) model. Both transitional models led to an established organic situation with stable organic yields and an income of $57,400 or 7% less than under conventional management. It was found to be more profitable to sell the crops and purchase manure than to feed the crops to beef in a fattening enterprise. At small herd sizes (100 head) the reduction in income caused by the feeding operation was moderate ($1,300), but with a larger operation (213 head) the income sacrifice increased tenfold.
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Trauger, Amy. "‘Because they can do the work’: women farmers in sustainable agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA." Gender, Place & Culture 11, no. 2 (June 2004): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369042000218491.
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Bily, Devin, Ekaterina Nikolaeva, Tracey Olson, and Seogchan Kang. "Phytophthora spp. Associated with Appalachian Oak Forests and Waterways in Pennsylvania, with P. abietivora as a Pathogen of Five Native Woody Plant Species." Plant Disease 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-21-0976-re.
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To document the distribution of potentially harmful Phytophthora spp. within Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture collected 89 plant, 137 soil, and 48 water samples from 64 forested sites during 2018 to 2020. In total, 231 Phytophthora strains were isolated using baiting assays and identified based on morphological characteristics and sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Twenty-one Phytophthora spp. in nine clades and one unidentified species were present. Phytophthora abietivora, a recently described clade 7a species, was recovered from diseased tissue of 10 native broadleaved plants and twice from soil from 12 locations. P. abietivora is most likely endemic to Pennsylvania based on pathogenicity tests on six native plant species, intraspecific genetic diversity, wide distribution, and recoveries from Abies Mill. and Tsuga Carrière plantations dating back to 1989. Cardinal temperatures and morphological traits are provided for this species. Other taxa, in decreasing order of frequency, include P. chlamydospora, P. plurivora, P. pini, P. cinnamomi, P. xcambivora, P. irrigata, P. gonapodyides, P. cactorum, P. pseudosyringae, P. hydropathica, P. stricta, P. xstagnum, P. caryae, P. intercalaris, P. ‘bitahaiensis’, P. heveae, P. citrophthora, P. macilentosa, P. cryptogea, and P. riparia. Twelve species were associated with diseased plant tissues. This survey documented 53 new plant-Phytophthora associations and expanded the known distribution of some species.
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R. George, Daniel, Jennifer L. Kraschnewski, Liza S. Rovniak, Lindsay Vaughn, and Judy Dillon. "Barriers to sustaining customer participation in hospital-based farmers’ markets: insights from employees." Journal of Hospital Administration 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v4n3p20.
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92 farmers’ markets are located on hospital campuses in the United States but no known studies have evaluated factors influencing employee use of on-site markets. We examine modifiable barriers that reduced employee participation in a hospital-based market at Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center. 360 employees of Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center who used a weekly on-site seasonal market less than twice annually were sent an online survey, and frequency of response data were analyzed. Most frequently referenced barriers to participation were: location/access to the market, personal work schedules, cost of market products, and hours of operation, while top perceived benefits were support of local agriculture, health benefits, atmosphere/environment, and affordability. Hospital markets using value-based marketing campaigns to promote local economic and individual health benefits of participation, maximize convenience and access, and incentivize attendance are likely to sustain employee participation. These modifiable features may be relevant to worksite markets in diverse regions.
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Hower, Arthur A., and Sandy Alexander. "Potato Leafhopper Control, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.167.
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Abstract Tests were conducted at The Pennsylvania State University farm at (I) University Park and on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at (II) Rock Springs. 40 by 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the four replications. In experiment I potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps take randomly across each plot with a 15 inch dia sweep net 10 days after the stubble spray on 28 Jul, but before the foliar sprays were applied on that same date. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 3, 11, 18, and 26 Aug. This latter date was 39 and 29 days from the stubble and foliar sprays, respectively. Alfalfa height at the time of the foliar sprays was 6 to 8 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal of water per acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens.
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Hanson, James C., Dale M. Johnson, Steven E. Peters, and Rhonda R. Janke. "The Profitability of Sustainable Agriculture on a Representative Grain Farm in the Mid-Atlantic Region, 1981–89." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 19, no. 2 (October 1990): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002154.
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A long-term whole-farm analysis compared conventional and low-input farming systems. Data from a nine-year agronomic study at the Rodale Research Farm, Kutztown, Pennsylvania, were used to analyze profitability, liquidity, solvency, and risk on a representative commercial grain farm. Conventional and low-input farms participating in government programs are the most profitable scenarios, followed by conventional and low-input farms not participating in government programs. All farms increased their net worth. The low-input approach is advantageous for risk-averse farmers using a safety-first criterion.
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Moore, Stephen R. "Energy efficiency in small-scale biointensive organic onion production in Pennsylvania, USA." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no. 3 (April 12, 2010): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000098.
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AbstractModern agriculture relies heavily on fossil energy for food production. Reducing fossil energy and replacing that energy with renewable energy is critical in attaining a sustainable food system. Hand-scale intensive food production offers a reduction in fossil energy and an increased use of renewable human-based energy. Using biointensive production techniques, onions (Allium cepa) were grown in Pennsylvania, USA. A life-cycle analysis was performed to monitor energy utilization. Individual human labor tasks were evaluated using the factor method. This method accounts for the type and duration of physical activity. The average yield of eight onion varieties utilizing biointensive production in standard-sized beds (9.3 m2;100 ft2) was 160.2 kg. The US average for mechanical onion production is 46.1 kg/9.3 m2 (100 ft2). The energy efficiency ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 51.5, 0.03 MJ kg−1 and 32.2 kg MJ−1 (MJ=megajoule), respectively. When defined within common boundaries, these three relationships: energy input, energy output and yield productivity allow researchers, farmers and policy-makers to select production systems and/or practices that better manage fossil and renewable energy for food production. Current mechanized agriculture has an energy efficiency ratio of 0.9. With most energy being supplied by fossil fuels. The energy efficiency for biointensive production of onions in our study was over 50 times higher than this value (51.5) and 83% of the total energy required is renewable energy. Biointensive production offers a viable energy use alternative to current production practices and may contribute to a more sustainable food system.
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Sellmer, James C., Nancy Ostiguy, Kelli Hoover, and Kathleen M. Kelley. "Assessing the Integrated Pest Management Practices of Pennsylvania Nursery Operations." HortScience 39, no. 2 (April 2004): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.2.297.
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A mail survey was conducted in 2000 to determine awareness and use of integrated pest management (IPM) practices by nurseries in Pennsylvania. Survey participants were randomly selected from the Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, list of certified nurseries. Participants answered questions pertaining to awareness of common practices, frequency that IPM practices were employed, and specifics on monitoring and pest management decision-making processes. Responses were analyzed by Cluster Analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago), which resulted in the formation of three distinct segments. The segments were labeled “IPM Savvy” (nursery managers who were more likely to employ IPM practices); “Part-time IPMers” (nursery managers who employed some IPM strategies and were interested in future adoption of IPM practices); and “Reluctant IPMers” (nursery managers who were least likely to employ IPM strategies). The “Part-time IPMers” and “Reluctant IPMers” segments represent a substantial part of the industry (51%), who continues to have concerns about the cost, efficacy, and implementation of IPM practices into their businesses. Overall, Pennsylvania growers are aware of IPM practices; however, maintaining permanent records of pests identified and pest management strategies employed remain low. Continued education is warranted to enhance pest monitoring skills and recordkeeping along with demonstrable evidence to the cost effectiveness and marketing benefits that the implementation of IPM practices offer the nursery operators.
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Rodewald, Amanda D., Richard H. Yahner, and J. Brawn. "Avian Nesting Success in Forested Landscapes: Influence of Landscape Composition, Stand and Nest-Patch Microhabitat, and Biotic Interactions." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.1018.
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AbstractAlthough area and isolation effects on avian communities in highly fragmented landscapes are well known, importance of landscape composition in more forested landscapes remains poorly understood. We determined if the type (agriculture and silviculture) and extent (percentage within 1 km radius) of disturbance within forested landscapes influenced avian nesting success, and then examined if differences in stand-level habitat structure, nest-patch microhabitat, distance of nests to habitat edges, brood parasitism rates, and nest-predator abundance were potential underlying mechanisms of observed associations between landscape composition and nesting success. We monitored active songbird nests (n = 341), surveyed Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and nest predators, and measured stand-level and nest-patch microhabitat from May–July 1998 and 1999. Each of 10 study sites was located within contiguous mature forest in central Pennsylvania and contained either agricultural or silvicultural disturbances (n = 5 each). Sites of the two landscape types had similar ranges of disturbance within 1 km (21–55% for agriculture, 18–51% for silviculture). Daily nest survival for all species combined (94.0 ± 0.55 in agriculture and 96.9 ± 0.87 in silviculture) and midstory-canopy nesters (93.8 ± 0.97 in agriculture and 97.4 ± 0.75 in silviculture) were greater within forested landscapes disturbed by silviculture than by agriculture, but rates did not significantly differ between landscapes for ground nesters (92.2 ± 1.32 in agriculture and 94.6 ± 1.63 in silviculture) or understory nesters (95.4 ± 1.60 in agriculture and 95.0 ± 1.47 in silviculture). Nest survival was not significantly associated with disturbance extent. Rates of brood parasitism were low, with only 11% of nests containing cowbird eggs or young. Neither nest fate nor differences in daily nest survival between the two landscape types were explained by variation in brood parasitism rates, stand-level or nest-patch habitat characteristics, or distance of nests to edges. Instead, the lower nest success within forested landscapes disturbed by agriculture was best explained by greater abundances of some avian and small mammalian predators (American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos] and squirrels) in those landscapes in one or both years. Results suggest that landscape composition within forested landscapes significantly influences avian nesting success by altering interactions between nest predators and nesting birds.
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Lane, David, Allison Chatrchyan, Daniel Tobin, Kaila Thorn, Shorna Allred, and Rama Radhakrishna. "Climate change and agriculture in New York and Pennsylvania: risk perceptions, vulnerability and adaptation among farmers." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 3 (January 14, 2018): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000710.
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AbstractClimate change impacts on agriculture have been intensifying in the Northeastern United States. In order to encourage the adoption of climate change adaptation and mitigation practices by farmers, it is critical to understand their perspectives on the risks they face and actions they are taking. However, very few empirical studies have considered how farmers are interpreting and responding to climate impacts, risks and opportunities in the Northeast. This study investigates farmer views and decisions related to climate change using data from six farmer focus groups conducted across New York and Pennsylvania. The study examined how farmers perceived climate impacts on their farms, the practices they are willing to adopt, and how perceived risks and vulnerability affect farmers’ decision-making related to adaptation and mitigation strategies. Although farmers articulated concern regarding climate impacts, they also made clear that other business pressures, such as profitability, market conditions, labor availability or government regulations were often more critical issues that affected their decision-making. Decisions about adopting climate change adaptation and mitigation practices vary widely, and personal experience with extreme weather and changing seasons affected decision-making. The findings from this study provide improved understanding of farmers’ needs and priorities, which can help guide land-grant researchers, extension and policymakers in their efforts to develop and coordinate a comprehensive strategy to address climate change impacts on agriculture in the Northeast.
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Stearns, Dan T., David J. Beattie, Charles W. Heuser, and Perry M. Morgan. "Providing Students with Tools to Increase Their Academic Success." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 901A—901. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.901a.
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In an elective course titled “Be A Master Student”, freshmen in The Pennsylvania State Univ.'s College of Agricultural Sciences were introduced to subjects ranging from university policies and procedures to skill enhancement in note-taking, test-taking, and time management techniques. A broad knowledge of agricultural sciences at local, state, national, and international levels was developed with the goal to relate agriculture to individual and societal needs. Mentoring relationships between students and faculty developed, not only with course instructors, but also with other faculty through required interviews and one-on-one discussions. Two volunteer faculty instructors taught 20 students per section. The number of sections has increased from four in 1990 to 13 in 1994. More than 70% of incoming freshmen opted to schedule the course in 1994. Student surveys indicated that >90% of those who enrolled would recommend the class to a close friend. Performance tracking shows that studentswho enrolled in the class maintained higher grade point averages than students who did not enroll. A higher rate of retention also has been documented for students who complete “Be A Master Student”!
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Schewe, Rebecca L., and Bernadette White. "Who Works Here? Contingent Labor, Nonfamily Labor, and Immigrant Labor on U.S. Dairy Farms." Social Currents 4, no. 5 (January 9, 2017): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496516686539.
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Using a survey of dairy farmers in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Florida, this study examines labor patterns on U.S. dairy farms by analyzing employment of nonfamily and immigrant labor, as well as labor precarity and contingency. We build upon and connect two divergent theoretical frames: first, the contradictory class location of family farmers, and second, the neoliberal rise of precarious and contingent labor. We move beyond the family/nonfamily farm binary often found in examinations of the class location of family farmers, including the interplay of family and nonfamily labor, demonstrating that farm size is an equally important component of labor relations to farm ownership structure. Farms’ labor relations more accurately exist on a continuum between “family” and “industrial” that reflects both ownership structure and farm size. Extending the study of precarious and contingent labor into the agricultural sector, we suggest that high rates of overtime work may be a unique form of labor precarity in agriculture, not just part-time work. Scholars must acknowledge that labor precarity and contingency may take different forms across diverse sectors.
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Wilson, Lowell L., Carolyn L. Stull, Richard G. Warner, D. W. Cassard, and L. W. Luther. "Welfare Concerns of Special-Fed Veal in the United States11Supported in part by agricultural research funds administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture." Professional Animal Scientist 10, no. 2 (June 1994): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31936-7.
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Barbercheck, Mary, Kathryn Brasier, Nancy Ellen Kiernan, Carolyn Sachs, and Amy Trauger. "Use of conservation practices by women farmers in the Northeastern United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 1 (November 28, 2012): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000348.
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AbstractWomen are the fastest growing segment of farm operators in the United States, comprising approximately 14% of principal operators and 30% of all operators of the nation's 2.2 million farms. Although several studies have examined the adoption of conservation practices by farmers, no study of which we are aware has focused on the use of conservation practices among women farmers in the US. Therefore, in 2008, we conducted a survey of women farmers in the Northeast US to better understand their use of conservation practices, and how their use is affected by demographic and farm characteristics, and membership in agricultural organizations and networks. We examined the practices related to the type of agricultural organizations, including commodity producer organizations, general farm organizations, women's groups associated with general farm or commodity organizations, farm women's organizations, and sustainable/organic agriculture organizations. Over 85% of the 815 respondents belonged to at least one organization. The most common organizations reported were sustainable/organic agriculture organizations (53.5%) and general farm organizations (50.8%). About one-third of respondents belonged to commodity-based organizations. The states with organized women farmers' networks—Pennsylvania, Maine and Vermont—represented more than half of them. Members of women's and sustainable or organic agriculture organizations tended to be younger, have less farming experience, and to have received more formal agricultural education than did members of commodity-based, general farm and women's agricultural groups within general farm organizations. Our results indicate that organizational membership and participation provide critical networks that support and reinforce the use of conservation practices. Some practices were positively associated with one type of organization while negatively associated with others. For example, compost production/application, crop rotation, manure incorporation, and organic crop and livestock production are more likely among members of sustainable/organic agriculture organizations, but less likely among members of general farm organizations. The converse is true for integrated pest management (IPM) on crop farms. Specific conservation practices had unique sets of variables linked to their use, with farm products being the most frequent predictors. This research serves as a baseline to understand the array of conservation practices used by women farmers in the Northeast US, and some factors associated with their use. The results suggest the need for consideration of the applicability of existing adoption models for women farmers. As women tend to have diversified operations with multiple markets, educational and regulatory programs that attempt to reach women farmers may need to consider the specific types of farms they operate to best match practices to their situations and goals.
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Whitney, Larissa, Kelly Bonneville, Madison Morgan, and Lindsey L. Perea. "Mechanisms of Injury Among the Amish Population in Central Pennsylvania." American Surgeon 88, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00031348211050592.
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Background Individuals presenting with traumatic injury in rural populations have significantly different injury patterns than those in urban environments. With an increasing Amish population, totaling over 33 000 in our catchment area, their unique way of life poses additional factors for injury. This study aims to evaluate differences in mechanism of injury, location of injury, and demographic patterns within the Amish population. We hypothesize that there will be an increased incidence of agriculture-related mechanisms of injury. Methods All Amish trauma patients presenting to our level I trauma center over 20 years (1/2000-4/2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Mechanism and geographic location of injury were collected. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between the age groups. Results There were 1740 patients included in the study with 36.4% (n = 634) ≤ 14 years. Only 10% (n = 174) were ≥ 65 years. The most common mechanism across all ages was falls. However, when separating out the pediatric population ( ≤ 14 years), 27.8% (n = 60) fell from a height on average > 8-10 feet. The most common geographic location of injury was at home in all age groups, except for the 15-24 year group, which was roadways. Discussion The Amish population poses a unique set of mechanisms of injury and thus injury patterns to rural trauma centers. We have found the most common injuries to be falls, buggy accidents, animal-related injuries, and farming accidents across all age groups. Future research and collaboration with other rural trauma centers treating large Amish populations would be beneficial to maximize injury prevention in this population. Level of Evidence Level 3a, epidemiological.
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Saha, Gourab K., Raj Cibin, Herschel A. Elliott, and Heather E. Preisendanz. "Development of a Land Suitability Framework for Sustainable Manure Utilization." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14000.
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HighlightsWe developed a land suitability framework for sustainable manure utilization based on seven water quality-related environmental vulnerability factors.ArcGIS-based decision-support tools were developed that use readily available data for the U.S.The tools can be adapted to any location in the U.S. for any livestock agricultural system.In a case study, 19.9% of the study area was identified as potentially suitable for manure utilization.2%, 33%, and 44% of the potential areas were highly, moderately, and marginally suitable, respectively.Abstract. Intensive livestock agriculture is a significant source of nutrient pollution that contributes to water quality degradation worldwide. This study presents a land suitability framework and accompanying decision-support tools for sustainable manure management. The developed framework identifies potentially suitable areas for manure application in a user-defined area and further classifies the land as highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and unsuitable using seven environmental vulnerability factors considering landscape biophysical characteristics and proximity to streams. The decision-support tools, built in ArcGIS, were applied in a case study in western Pennsylvania. The ArcGIS toolbox, available from ScholarSphere (https://doi.org/10.26207/99tk-sn24), classified 2% of the case study area as highly suitable for manure application and 21% as unsuitable. Landscape slope and proximity to streams were the dominant vulnerability factors in the case study area. The framework and accompanying tools are transferable across watershed boundaries and can help identify areas where environmentally sustainable animal agriculture can be developed. Keywords: Decision-support tool, Land suitability analysis, Sustainable manure management, Vulnerability analysis.
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Black, Bryan A., Charles M. Ruffner, and Marc D. Abrams. "Native American influences on the forest composition of the Allegheny Plateau, northwest Pennsylvania." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-027.
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We integrate witness tree distribution, Native American archaeological sites, and geological and topographic variables to investigate the relationships between Native American populations and pre-European settlement forest types on the Allegheny Plateau, northwest Pennsylvania. Detrended correspondence analysis of witness tree data separated the presettlement forests into oakhickorychestnut and beechhemlockmaple communities. Oak, hickory, and chestnut forests were centered on Native American village sites. Using archaeological data, an index of Native American influence (NAI) was derived to reflect the intensity of Native American land use across the landscape. In a comparison among species, mean NAI value of oak, hickory, and chestnut trees was significantly higher than that of beech, maple, and hemlock. Logistic regression demonstrated that among geology type, landform, elevation, aspect, slope, and NAI, NAI was by far the most significant predictor of oak, hickory, and chestnut distribution. Although cause and effect of this relationship cannot be tested, we suggest that long-term Native American activity selected for the disturbance-adapted oak, hickory, and chestnut. We contend that Native American agriculture, burning, and resource extraction could have converted maplebeechhemlock to oakhickorychestnut, or at least reinforced the dominance of this forest type.
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Nikolaeva, Ekaterina V., Seogchan Kang, Tracey N. Olson, and SeongHwan Kim. "Real-time PCR Detection of Rhodococcus fascians and Discovery of New Plants Associated with R. fascians in Pennsylvania." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-0227-02-rs.
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Rhodococcus fascians is a gram-positive bacterium that causes bacterial fasciation on a wide range of ornamental plants. To address the need for a reliable, sensitive, and specific method for detecting R. fascians in infected plant materials, a real-time (RT) PCR assay was developed. The target for detection was fas-1, a plasmid-borne gene that is essential for virulence. DNAs from all confirmed pathogenic strains of R. fascians consistently tested positive, with detection limit of 30 fg of R. fascians DNA. In repeated PCR experiments with R. fascians pure culture, as few as 2.5 CFU were tested positive. Direct detection of R. fascians from clinical samples of Coreopsis was successful, whereas detection of R. fascians in Chrysanthemum, Pelargonium, Phlox, and Veronica required enrichment on modified D2 (mD2) medium. In the case of geraniums, as few as 102 CFU/100 mg plant tissues were successfully detected after 72 h enrichment on mD2. In total, 115 strains, isolated from 41 different kinds of flowering crops in Pennsylvania greenhouses during 1984-2010, were confirmed to be R. fascians by RT PCR. Geraniums and speedwell were the most frequently submitted clinical samples to Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. The following are the first report of plants associated with R. fascians in PA: Ajania pacifica, Anemone sp., Aruncus sp., Baptisia sp., Eutrochium maculatum, Helianthemum sp., Lewisia sp., Monarda sp., Osteospermum ecklonis, Rudbeckia nitida, and Saponaria ocymoides. Accepted for publication 30 November 2011. Published 27 February 2012.
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Kashmanian, Richard M., and Robert F. Rynk. "Creating positive incentives for farm composting." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007608.
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AbstractWith the growing concern about the impact of agriculture on water quality and heightened interest in managing agricultural by-products economically, the use of composting by U.S. farmers is increasing. Over 8,000 farms are now composting animal mortalities, manure, crop residues, and selected organic materials from communities and industries. At least 75% of farm composting operations are composting poultry mortalities. Based on discussions with contacts in leading agricultural states and organizations, this paper provides examples of technical and economic incentive programs encouraging farmers to adopt composting as a way to manage farm by-products. These programs have been established largely by the public sector, including state agencies, public universities, USDA, and USEPA. However, they are often initiated by or conducted in partnership with the private sector entities such as farms, livestock and poultry product companies, and composting businesses. Examples of incentive programs include research and demonstration projects, extension educational programs, technical standards, regulatory incentives, cost-sharing, financial grants, and low-interest loans. Many projects have succeeded in expanding the practice of composting among farms. For example, the now common practice of composting poultry mortalities can be traced to research and educational programs at the Universities of Maryland and Delaware, which were followed by a national technical standard adopted by the USDA. Similar success stories are apparent in other composting incentive programs, such as for composting of swine mortalities in Missouri, dairy manure in Michigan, and non-farm materials in California and Pennsylvania.
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Hower, Arthur A., and Sandy Alexander. "Potato Leafhopper Control 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.184.
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Abstract Tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs (A) and on the Pennsylvania State University farm at University Park (B). Forty- by forty-ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 5 replications. In Experiment A PLH densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net on 24 Jun, 6 days after the stubble spray. Foliar sprays were applied on 25 Jun. XRM-4996 was applied 1 Jul, but after sampling. Thereafter, PLH densities were sampled on 1, 8, 15, and 21 Jul. The latter date was 33 and 27 days from stubble and foliar sprays, respectively. Alfalfa height at time of foliar sprays was 6 to 8 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal/acre of water at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom with 80-degree flat-fan nozzles and 50-mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 75-sq-ft swaths taken from each plot after the last sampling date. Treatments in Experiment B were similarly applied. The only differences were that no stubble sprays were applied and XRM-4996 was applied as 2 separate treatments, once at foliar (3 Aug) and once at 10 days past foliar (13 Aug). PLH density was evaluated on 31 Jul before applying foliar sprays on 3 Aug and then on 6, 10, 17, and 24 Aug. Alfalfa yield was not determined due to very low PLH pressure.
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Zaitchik, Benjamin F., Jason Evans, and Ronald B. Smith. "MODIS-Derived Boundary Conditions for a Mesoscale Climate Model: Application to Irrigated Agriculture in the Euphrates Basin." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr2947.1.
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Abstract In arid and semiarid parts of the world, evaporation from irrigated fields may significantly influence humidity, near-surface winds, and precipitation. Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra imagery from summer and autumn 2000 the authors attempt to improve the realism of a regional climate model (the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model) with respect to irrigated agriculture. MODIS data were used to estimate spatially distributed vegetation fraction and to identify areas of irrigated land use. Additionally, a novel surface flux routine designed to simulate traditional flood irrigation was implemented. Together these modifications significantly improved model predictions of water flux and the surface energy balance when judged against independent weather station data and known crop requirements. Model estimates of watershed-level water consumption were more than doubled relative to simulations that did not incorporate MODIS data, and there were small but systematic differences in predicted temperature and humidity near the surface. The modified version of the mesoscale model also predicts the existence of heat-driven circulations around large irrigated features, and these circulations are similar in structure and magnitude to those predicted by linear theory. Based on these results, it was found that accurate representation of irrigated agriculture is a prerequisite to any study of the impact of land-use change on climate or on water resources.
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POSTLES, DAVID. "Del Sweeney (ed.), Agriculture in the Middle Ages: technology, practice, and representation. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.) Pages xiv+371." Continuity and Change 12, no. 2 (August 1997): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416097242864.
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Molnar, Cody, Ekaterina Nikolaeva, Seonghwan Kim, Tracey Olson, Devin Bily, Jung-Eun Kim, and Seogchan Kang. "Phytophthora Diversity in Pennsylvania Nurseries and Greenhouses Inferred from Clinical Samples Collected over Four Decades." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071056.
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The increasing movement of exotic pathogens calls for systematic surveillance so that newly introduced pathogens can be recognized and dealt with early. A resource crucial for recognizing such pathogens is knowledge about the spatial and temporal diversity of endemic pathogens. Here, we report an effort to build this resource for Pennsylvania (PA) by characterizing the identity and distribution of Phytophthora species isolated from diverse plant species in PA nurseries and greenhouses. We identified 1137 Phytophthora isolates cultured from clinical samples of >150 plant species submitted to the PA Department of Agriculture for diagnosis from 1975 to 2019 using sequences of one or more loci and morphological characteristics. The three most commonly received plants were Abies, Rhododendron, and Pseudotsuga. Thirty-six Phytophthora species identified represent all clades, except 3 and 10, and included a distinct subgroup of a known species and a prospective new species. Prominent pathogenic species such as P. cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. drechsleri, P. pini, P. plurivora, and P. sp. kelmania have been found consistently since 1975. One isolate cultured from Juniperus horizontalis roots did not correspond to any known species, and several other isolates also show considerable genetic variation from any authentic species or isolate. Some species were isolated from never-before-documented plants, suggesting that their host range is larger than previously thought. This survey only provides a coarse picture of historical patterns of Phytophthora encounters in PA nurseries and greenhouses because the isolation of Phytophthora was not designed for a systematic survey. However, its extensive temporal and plant coverage offers a unique insight into the association of Phytophthora with diverse plants in nurseries and greenhouses.
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Smith, D. L., L. L. Wilson, L. Larsen, and J. I. McNitt. "Effects of Transportation and Electrolyte Administration on Lamb, Pig, and Calf Behavior, Distress, and Performance Traits11Partially supported by agricultural research funds administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station. Appreciation is extended to TechMix, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, for supplies and partial funding. The research was conducted under PSU IACUC #97R050-0." Professional Animal Scientist 15, no. 3 (September 1999): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31750-2.
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Seyoum, Aseffa. "Paul Dorosh and Shahidur Rashid (eds.) (2013), Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press." International Journal of the Commons 7, no. 2 (August 29, 2013): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.448.
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Langdon, John. "Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation. Edited by Del Sweeney. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 371." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 1 (March 1998): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700020015.
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Mentz, Steve. "Digging the Past: How and Why to Imagine Seventeenth-Century Agriculture. Frances E. Dolan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. 238 pp. $59.95." Renaissance Quarterly 75, no. 1 (2022): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2022.27.
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Wallace, Anthony F. C. "Technology in Culture: The Meaning of Cultural Fit." Science in Context 8, no. 2 (1995): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002039.
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The ArgumentThe thesis of this paper is that there are three basic processes by which a technological innovation is fitted into an existing culture: (1) Rejection, in situations where all interested groups are satisfied with a traditional technology and reject apparently superior innovations because they would force unwanted changes in technology and ideology; (2) Acceptance, in situations where a new technology is embraced by all because it appears to serve the same social and ideological functions as an inferior, or inoperative, traditional technology; and (3) — most commonly in complex societies — conflict over acceptance or rejection, in situations where a new technology introduced or proposed by one group, who perceive it as advancing their interests, is resisted by another group, who perceive it as threatening their welfare. A traditional tripartite concept of culture is employed, distinguishing technology, social organization, and ideology. Four case studies are introduced to illuminate the issue: the Thonga tribesmen of Mozambique, whose occupation as gold and diamond miners at first suited perfectly the requirements of the Thonga lineage and marriage system; the Yir Yoront of Australia, an aboriginal group who found that the steel axe introduced by whites disrupted the patriarchal status system and confounded their mythology; the Senecas, an American Indian tribe that for generations rejected male plow agriculture because their way of life was organized around female horticulture, but who took up male agriculture at the urging of a prophet when traditional male roles disintegrated on the reservation; and the anthracite miners and mine operators of nineteenth-century Pennsylvania, who discovered that fundamental changes in both social organization and ideology were needed in order to cope with catastrophically high rates of industrial accidents attendant on the new system of deep-shaft mining.
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Kim, S. H., T. N. Olson, N. D. Peffer, E. V. Nikolaeva, S. Park, and S. Kang. "First Report of Bacterial Spot of Tomato Caused by Xanthomonas gardneri in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0638b.
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Recent investigation of bacteria isolated from samples submitted to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture indicated that in 1995, Xanthomonas gardneri (ex Sutic 1957) (2) caused a leaf spot on tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In 1995, we examined 185 tomato and 36 pepper samples (13 field, 2 garden center, 38 greenhouse, 4 residence, 16 field-grown transplant, and 148 greenhouse-grown transplant samples). A processing company representative collected samples showing symptoms of bacterial spot of tomato on a hybrid, whole pack processing tomato, from a 16-ha field in Northumberland County, PA exhibiting almost 50% crop infection. Symptoms consisted of circular- to irregularly shaped, dark brown spots, <5 mm in diameter, and frequently with chlorotic haloes on leaves and stems. The center of a spot may be raised and scabby. Several spots on a single leaflet may coalesce and a portion or the entire leaflet may turn yellow or die. These symptoms were indistinguishable from those of bacterial spot caused by X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, and X. perforans. Bacterial streaming from lesions was evident under dark-field microscopy. Aerobic, gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, mucoid bacteria were isolated from the leaf spots and purified and stored in nutrient broth with 10% glycerol at –80°C. The 16S rRNA gene from a strain (PDA80951-95) typical of the cultures from these samples was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. GU573763). A BlastN search of GenBank revealed 100% nucleotide identity with the type strain of X. gardneri (XCGA2; No. AF123093). This strain also exhibited repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR profiles (4) identical to profiles of X. gardneri type strain XCGA2 DNA and produced a ~425-bp PCR product with BSX primers, a genetic marker indicative of X. gardneri (1). The strain was not amylolytic or pectolytic (2) and failed to utilize maltose, gentiobiose, and melezitose (3). For pathogenicity tests, inoculum was grown in nutrient broth with shaking for 24 h at 28°C. Inoculum was centrifuged, resuspended in sterile tap water, and adjusted to 2.5 × 108 CFU/ml. Lower leaf surfaces of tomato (cvs. Bonnie Best and Walter) and pepper (cvs. California Wonder and Early Niagara) plants were gently rubbed with sterile cheesecloth that was moistened with the inoculum. Strain PDA80951-95 caused leaf spots, with chlorotic haloes and occasional coalescence on both tomato and pepper, within 2 weeks at 15 s of mist per 20 min at 20 to 35°C in a secured greenhouse chamber. X. gardneri was only reisolated from symptomatic plants and its identity was confirmed by rep-PCR and absence of amylolytic and pectolytic activities. Negative controls consisting of X. campestris pv. campestris and sterile tap water did not show symptoms. A known type strain of X. gardneri was not included as a positive control for pathogenicity studies because this species is not known to occur in the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial spot on tomato plants caused by X. gardneri in Pennsylvania and the United States. Since the first occurrence in 1995, bacterial spot caused by X. gardneri reoccurred in Pennsylvania tomato fields in 2001 and consecutively from 2003 to 2009. Reference: (1) D. A. Cuppels et al. Plant Dis. 90:451, 2006. (2) J. B. Jones et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27:755, 2004. (3) A. M. Quezado-Duval et al. Plant Dis. 88:15, 2004. (4) D. J. Versalovic et al. Methods Mol. Cell Biol. 5:25, 1994.
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Hower, Arthur A., and Sandy Alexander. "Potato Leafhopper Control, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.173a.
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Abstract Two tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs. Test 1 was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and Test 2 was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Plots of 40 by 40 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated control in each of 5 replicates. For Test 1, PLH densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net on 23 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 24 Jun. PLH densities were sampled on 30 Jun and 7, 14, and 20 Jul. Alfalfa height at treatment was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal water/acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom with 80° flat-fan nozzles and 50-mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from to 60-ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 20 Jul. Treatments in Test 2 were similarly applied. PLH density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug and on 9, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2 60-ft2 swaths collected from each plot on 1 Sep.
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Hughes, G., T. R. Gottwald, and L. Levy. "The Use of Hierarchical Sampling in the Surveillance Program for Plum pox virus Incidence in the United States." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.259.
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Plum pox virus (PPV) was first reported in North America in late 1999. As part of the eradication effort mounted in response to this finding, a Plum Pox Virus National Surveillance Program has been implemented in the United States. The survey method adopted for this program is a form of “group testing” that utilizes relationships between disease incidence at two levels in a spatial hierarchy, known as hierarchical sampling. Leaf material is collected from groups of four trees and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PPV infection without distinguishing between the individual trees in a group. PPV incidence at the scale of the individual tree is then calculated by means of a formula. Incidence data were collected during an initial survey conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture from nine PPV-infected orchards in the fall of 1999 and from an additional 11 PPV-infected orchards during the spring and summer of 2000. The pattern of PPV-infected trees at the within-group scale was weakly aggregated. As a result, an effective sample size of v = 3.2, rather than the nominal group size of four, should be used in the formula to calculate an estimate of incidence at the scale of the individual tree from observations of incidence collected at the group scale.
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Price, Julia A., Hana F. Zickgraf, and Andrea Rigby. "Food insecurity in a pre-bariatric surgery sample: prevalence, demographics and food shopping behaviour." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 15 (June 19, 2019): 2756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001320.
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AbstractObjective:To identify the prevalence and demographic characteristics of food insecurity in a presurgical bariatric population. To date there has been no research on food insecurity in a presurgical bariatric population.Design:Participants completed the ten-item adult food security survey module created by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), with additional questions related to food shopping behaviours and perceived affordability of post-bariatric supplements. USDA scoring guidelines were used to classify participants as food secure, marginally food secure and food insecure.Setting:Academic medical centre bariatric surgery clinic in Central Pennsylvania, USA.Participants:Adult bariatric surgery candidates (n 174).Results:There was a prevalence of 17·8 % for food insecurity and 27·6 % for marginal food security. Food insecurity was associated with younger age, higher BMI, non-White race/ethnicity, having less than a college education, living in an urban area, receiving Medicaid/Medicare and participating in nutrition assistance programmes. Food-insecure participants endorsed food shopping behaviours that could interfere with postsurgical dietary adherence and perceived post-bariatric supplies as unaffordable or inaccessible.Conclusions:These results highlight the importance of screening bariatric surgical patients for food insecurity. Further study of this important problem within the bariatric population should address effects of food insecurity and related shopping behaviours on postsurgical outcomes and inform the development of programmes to better assist these high-risk patients.
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Liu, Yi-Hsuan, Gordon Jensen, Muzi Na, Diane Mitchell, G. Craig Wood, Christopher Still, and Xiang Gao. "Diet Quality and Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Prospective Study and a Meta-Analysis." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_070.
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Abstract Objectives Several dietary components have been shown to be neuroprotective against risk of neurodegeneration. We thus examined the associations between diet quality and risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in a prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis. Methods Included in the cohort study were 3653 participants (1519 men and 2134 women; mean age: 81.5 years) in the Geisinger Rural Aging Study longitudinal cohort in Pennsylvania. Diet quality was assessed using a validated dietary screening tool containing 25 food- and behavior-specific questions in 2009 (baseline). Potential PD cases were identified using electronic health records based on ICD10 code (G20) and PD-related treatments. Incident PD cases were defined as being diagnosed after 1 year of follow-up and receiving PD-related medication treatments. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across diet quality tertiles were calculated using cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for age, sex, race, educational level, smoking, oral health, obesity and living arrangement. We further performed a meta-analysis by pooling our study with four published papers on this topic. Random-effects model was utilized to calculate the pooled risk ratios and 95% CIs. Results During a mean of 6.94 years of follow-up, 47 incident PD cases were documented. Having high diet quality at baseline was associated with lower PD risk (p-trend = 0.02). The adjusted HR was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.17–0.89) for the highest vs the lowest diet quality tertiles. The meta-analysis including 140,617 individuals also showed that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was associated with lower risk of incident PD (pooled risk ratio = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49–0.83). Conclusions Having high diet quality was associated with lower future risk of PD. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service agreement.
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Nordstrom, P. A., L. L. Wilson, M. J. Richards, T. W. Kelsey, C. W. Pitts, J. T. Brake, C. J. Kercher, and J. I. McNitt. "Self-Perceptions and Self-Assessments of Livestock Producers in Pennsylvania11Partially funded by research funds administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and Penn State University appropriations." Professional Animal Scientist 15, no. 3 (September 1999): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31751-4.
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Hower, Arthur A., and Sand Alexander. "Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.131.
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Abstract Two tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Experiment A was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and experiment B was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Forty × 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. In experiment A, potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam insect beating net on 18 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 19 Jun. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 22, 25 Jun and 2, 9, 19 Jul or 3, 6, 13, 20 and 30 DAT. Alfalfa height at time of spraying was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 26 gal of water/acre at 12 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 19 Jul. Treatments in experiment B were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug. Sweep samples for leafhoppers were taken on 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug and 6 Sep, or 6, 13, 20, 26 and 34 DAT. Alfalfa yield was not determined.
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Clough, Mark E., George C. Yencho, Barbara Christ, Walter DeJong, Donald Halseth, Kathleen Haynes, Melvin Henninger, et al. "An Interactive Online Database for Potato Varieties Evaluated in the Eastern United States." HortTechnology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.250.
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Databases are commonly used to coordinate and summarize research from multiple projects. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) research community has invested significant resources in collecting data from multiple states and provinces, and we have developed a web-based database format for the use of researchers, farmers, and consumers. The northeast regional potato variety development project (NE1031) is a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA-CSREES) regional project focused on developing and evaluating the suitability of new varieties and advanced clones from multiple breeding programs for a range of environments. This multistate project and its predecessors have been in existence for more than two decades, and they have resulted in the collection of a significant amount of standardized potato trial data. We have developed an interactive potato variety database that allows researchers and end-users to access and obtain potato variety trial results in one centralized site. The database is populated with the results of potato variety trials conducted in eight states (Florida, Maine, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) and two Canadian provinces (Prince Edward Island and Quebec). It currently contains over 35 data features and was developed primarily for scientists interested in potato variety development, growers, and allied industry members. Hypertext mark-up language (HTML) and hypertext preprocessor (PHP) were used to develop the database interface.
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Fidanza, Michael A., David L. Sanford, David M. Beyer, and David J. Aurentz. "Analysis of Fresh Mushroom Compost." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.449.
Full textAbstract:
Fresh mushroom compost is a byproduct of the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) industry and represents the composted growing substrate that remains after a crop has been harvested to completion. Thirty samples were obtained from commercial mushroom farms in southeastern Pennsylvania and sent to a laboratory for analysis to determine plant nutrient content, bulk density, and particle size distribution of fresh mushroom compost. Fresh mushroom compost had an average pH of 6.6, with an average carbon:nitrogen ratio of 13:1. Organic matter content averaged 25.86% (wet weight), 146.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 60.97% (dry weight). For the primary macronutrients, average total nitrogen content averaged 1.12% (wet weight), 6.40 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.65% (dry weight), phosphorus measured 0.29% (wet weight), 1.67 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 0.69% (dry weight), and potassium was 1.04% (wet weight), 5.89 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.44% (dry weight). Average soluble salt content was 13.30 mmho/cm (wet weight basis). However, on a per acre basis, the calculated sodium absorption ratio of 0.38 was considered very low. The average bulk density of fresh mushroom compost was 574.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume basis), and 91% of the material measured ≤3/8 inch in diameter as determined on a wet weight basis. Overall, fresh mushroom compost is suitable as a natural organic fertilizer and soil amendment for agriculture and horticulture.
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Rochin, Refugio. "Agriculture and the Rural Economy in Pakistan . 2016. Edited by David J. Spielman, Sohail J. Malik, Paul Dorosh, and Nuzhat Ahmad. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 100, no. 5 (December 22, 2017): 1510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aax064.
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