Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture industrialisée – Aspect environnemental'
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Ghali, Mohamed. "Allier environnement et performances économiques des exploitations : des outils pour l'analyse de l'agriculture écologiquement intensive." Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0054.
Full textEcologically Intensive Agriculture (EIA) has emerged as a concept that could reach the dual challenge of environmental sustainability and productivity. The aim of this these is to understand the relevance of this concept through the analysis of agriculture-environment-economic performance relationship. We used different economic and multidisciplinary tools : 1) to discuss the originality of this concept, which aims to integrate environmental features and natural ressources as a specific production factors 2) to measure the technical efficiency of French farms, analyze their scope for improving energy ressources productivity and determine factors that could influence their overuse and 3) to analyze the economic and environmental impacts on a farm engaged in the EIA process. In addition to quantifiable and monetized ressources, this research has permitted to take into account other ressources such as soil quality, through the « engineer » production function obtained unsing biophysical models. Afficiency analysis has showed that the majority of farms are overusing energy ressources. Agricultural practises have heterogeneous effects on this overuse depending on the farm types and the nature of the used ressource. The bio-economic modeling of the studied farm shows that the adopted practices are as productive as traditional practices and help improving its economic and environmental efficiency
Marshall, Anaïs. "S'approprier le désert : agriculture mondialisée et dynamiques socio-environnementales sur le piémont côtier du Pérou : le cas des oasis de Virú et d'Ica-Villacuri." Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568044.
Full textChandra, Varunesh. "Nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions from crop residue decomposition in soils." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS204.pdf.
Full textCrop residues are organic inputs to soil that enhance soil carbon stocks. Although, their decomposition in soils have been showed to cause higher nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions. On analysing related literature, we found that the position of residue incorporation affects these gaseous emissions. We carried out laboratory experiments with three different soil - small particled sandy, calcareous clayey and slightly calcareous clayey soils, with red clover and wheat residues incorporated in them. The residues were incorporated in three positions in soil microcosms - on the surface, mixed in the top layer and layered between two soil layers, to simulate real world scenarios. We found that surface placed residues on soil had the highest ammonia fluxes. While layered and mixed residues had higher nitrous oxide fluxes. The fluxes from red clover residue were higher than wheat owing to high nitrogen in the former. We used this flux data obtained to test a constructed nitrous oxide and and ammonia emission model by coupling CANTIS, NOE and ammonia volatilisation models. We found that the model simulations were underestimated although they were corresponding well qualitatively with the experimental observations
Cazals, Clarisse. "Analyse conventionnaliste des démarches environnementales volontaires : l'exemple de la viticulture et de l'arboriculture fruitière." Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40034.
Full textVoluntary Environmental Approaches (VEA) are considered as all the firm free contracts aiming at improving their environmental performance, beyond legal requirements, in the limits of a formal or informal system. The dynamics of their expansion and their diversity leads to open an economical and ecological work in order to analyse them, selecting the acceptibility criteria, rather than the ecological one. We present an analysis of the various conditions of VEA emergence and durability in the agricultural sector, especially in wine growing and fruit arboriculture. As a matter of fact, these two sectors are concerned by the non-point source pollution due to chemical products. In order to cope with this major environmental issue, the actors have chosen two VEA models : organic farming and integrated farming. Starting from the economics of conventions theoretical foundations, we build an analysis that fits with the environmental problem, articulating possible worlds of environmental protecting production and environmental conventions. It allows us to focus on the distinction between the two VEA types in both processes
Tissot, Cyril. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle d'activités humaines à fort impact environnemental : Application à l'étude des pratiques agricoles intensives dans le département du Finistère." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES1006.
Full textThis main goal of this thesis is to propose a methodological frameworkdedicated to long-term changes of modelling of the coastal environment under the influence of anthropic activities. Beyond these general problems the finality of this research task is based on the constitution of a simulation chain. This simulation chain is able to modelise the variability of activities which have a strong environmental impact. It integrates the physical, economic and lawful factors which can influence their progress. The whole developments associated with this study is articulated around two complementary axes :- a methodological axis devoted to formalization of a modelling environment based on the coupling of quantitative and qualitative models within a generic simulation platform ;- a thematic axis centered on the realization of a specific modelling application of intensive breeding progress in the department of Finistère (France). These two steps are concretized by the development of the platform "Dynamique des Activités HUmaines" (DAHU) and the "Module Activités Littorales" (MAL). The construction of simulator DAHU is based on the transcription of a complex environment in a model of reality based on the description of human activities progress in space and time. The "Module Activités Humaines" allows to test the methodology of modelling associated with platform DAHU. This application particulary shows that it is possible to simulate variability of practical spreading with reactives agents. The results obtained shows that the variability of spreading is closely related to legal framework evolution fixing the use of organic fertilizer, and with weather conditions changes observed at the intra-annual scale
Fanokoa, Pascaux Smala. "Dynamique des pratiques paysannes face à la déforestation de l'extrême sud de Madagascar." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS012S.
Full textIn the Androy region of southern Madagascar, farmers have been confronted with the questioning of their rights to priority access to natural resources and their agricultural practices are being evaluated. This situation is a confrontation between those promoting the protection and sustainable use of natural resources, and the farmers whose current livelihood practices depend on current extractive use. This necessitates that new practices are introduced to ensure that farmers social structures are redefined to maintain cohesion and meet livelihood needs. The Tandroy people are one of the many groups who develop based on their natural resources. An economic analysis of the productive systems within the landscape of androy is presented to provide insights into the features of the system. Two approaches are presented, firstly a socio-economic method to analyse the co-herence of the production system using natural habitat, and secondly, a socio-anthropological method to understand the position of the farmers and their strategies within their socio-cultural environment. This problem of unsustainable peasant practices is challenging to resolve and this study presents ways that a multidisciplinary approach, namely system dynamics can understand the evolution of interdependence of socioeconomic and ecological systems
Kadhel, Philippe. "Pesticides aux Antilles : impact sur la fonction de reproduction." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0212.
Full textReproductive function is known to be sensitive to the effects xenobiotics. The agricultural activies of the French West indies lead to a very hight rate of pesticide use. Individuals professionally exposed to pesticides are at risk. Moreover, the use of chlordecone in the past has caused persistent pollution of the natural environment and the contamination of food products. This raises questions and concerns regarding the potential effects on health in the population as a whole. We investigated, in Guadeloupe, the consequences of pesticide use for the fertility of individuals working on banana plantations. We stutied reproductive function in male ship rats from two ecosystems with different levels of pesticide pollution. We also stutied the level contamination of the population (agricultural workers, pregnant women and neonates) with chlordecone and other persistent pollutants. Finally, we evaluated the incidence of gynaecological cancers. The fertility of agricultural workers (sperm analyses and reproductive hormones) did not seem to be affected by the pesticides currently in use, and were not correlated with blood chlordecone concentration. Chlordecone was the persistent pollutant most frequently detected but concentrations were lower than those associated to toxic effects at Hopewel. The study of wild shpi rats showed the potential problems and limitation of the use of this model as a sentinel species. The incidence gynaecological cancers appears to be consistent with expectations, taking into account the socio-cultural, economic, ethno-geographic and health characteristics of Guadeloupe
Glandières, Anne. "Qualité et environnement : innovation de produit et dynamique organisationnelle dans l'alimentaire." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://publications.univ-tlse1.fr/698/.
Full textGrowing environmental preoccupations and a rapid evolution in food consumption tendancies have led us to analyse the strict interdependance between farming and food production with regards to the natural environment. Environmentaly friendly food products are the result of modifications in production practices, that we consider to be a technological change within the farm, and thus add a social fonction to the food function, making these products highly specific. The major stake in developing these products will be to suceed in showing their economic and commercial value. From varius examples of organic or integrated products, we have made an attempt to list the quality conditions requiered for these products. These conditions are established through coordination between agents and quality agreements based on trust. But new technological changes in environmentally friendly farming practices are going to make production structures evolve because they necessitate individual and collective learning. This evolution can lead to new forms of business organizations in order to maintain the specificity of theses products to the end consumer. Observing varius examples allow us to suggest some ways to develop these products
Barron, Xavier. "Etude de la fertilité des sols de Gabia (Côte d'Ivoire) : étude de la dynamique de la matière organique du sol." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066760.
Full textArvor, Damien. "Etude par télédétection de la dynamique du soja et de l’impact des précipitations sur les productions au Mato Grosso (Brésil)." Rennes 2, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00422109/fr/.
Full textSince 2005, Mato Grosso became the first soybean producer State in Brazil. This evolution is the result of the progression of a pioneer frontier, which brought about undeniable positive socio-economic development but also high deforestation rates. The objective of this PhD is to contribute to a better knowledge of the interactions climate / society in Mato Grosso. More precisely, this work aims at determining the role of soybean dynamic as a driving force of the pioneer frontier, as well as evaluating the way rainfalls acts on the evolution of soybean territories. The analysis of these dynamics is carried out using classifications of temporal series of MODIS TERRA/EVI remotely sensed data. Our results indicate that the soybean agricultural expansion between 2000 and 2007 explains 12 % of the deforestation in Mato Grosso. In addition, 71 % of newly cultivated soybean fields in Mato Grosso are sewed in formerly deforested areas. Another important observation is that the agricultural sector is now initiating a new stage of development based on agricultural intensification: 46 % of the increase of agricultural production was obtained through changes in agricultural management practices. This is the consequence of the adoption of double cropping systems, which concern 30 % of the cultivated area in 2007 (against 6 % in 2000). We also show that agricultural intensification is affected by a strong spatial variability linked to the rainy season characteristics (annual rainfall, onset, end and duration of the rainy season). Those were computed using precipitation estimates from remotely sensed TRMM 3B42 products. Our results demonstrate a narrow relationship between intense rainy seasons and agricultural intensification
Desde 2005, o Mato Grosso transformou-se no maior Estado produtor de soja do Brasil. Essa evolução é a conseqüência do avanço de uma frente pioneira que trouwe um desenvolvimento socioeconômico certo, mas tambem resultou em altas taxas de desmatamento. Esta tese procura definir as interações clima / sociedade no Mato Grosso estudando o papel da dinâmica da soja como ator essencial da frente pioneira, além de avaliar a maneira pela qual as condições pluviométricas representam um fator importante, afetando a evolução dos territórios da soja. Essas dinâmicas são estudadas a partir de classificações de séries temporais de dados do sensor MODIS /EVI. Os resultados indicam que a expansão agrícola entre 2000 e 2007 explica 12% do desmatamento no Mato Grosso ; 71% das novas áreas de soja no Estado foram plantadas em talhões previamente desmatados. Atualmente, o setor agrícola matogrossense parece iniciar uma nova fase do seu desenvolvimento baseada na intensificação agrícola : 46% do aumento da produção agrícola é devido a mudanças nas práticas culturais. Isso é conseqüência da adoção generalizada dos sistemas safra-safrinha que representaram 30% das áreas agrícolas em 2007 (contra 6% em 2000). Essas mudanças são afetadas por uma forte variabiliadade espacial relacionada as condições pluviométricas (acúmulo anual de chuva, início, fim e duração da estação chuvosa), determinadas a partir das estimativas de precipitações dos produtos TRMM 3B42. Os resultados demonstram que as regiões caracterizadas por uma agricultura mais intensiva, são aquelas onde a estação chuvosa é a mais intensa, em volume e em duração
Langlais, Alexandra. "Quel statut juridique pour les dechets agricoles ?" Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4012.
Full textDucos, Géraldine. "Efficacité et coûts de transaction des contrats agri-environnementaux." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1G016.
Full textReounodji, Frédéric. "Espaces, sociétés rurales et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles dans le sud-ouest du Tchad : vers une intégration agriculture-élevage." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010516.
Full textMoal, Jean-François. "Volatilisation de l'azote ammoniacal des lisiers aprés épandage : quantification et étude des facteurs d'influence." Perpignan, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PERP0192.
Full textCarpy-Goulard, Françoise. "Analyse des relations agriculture-environnement par couplage d'un modèle économique à des indicateurs environnementaux : application au secteur des grandes cultures de la région Midi-Pyrénées." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10026.
Full textHamaoui, Lynda. "Les émissions d'ammoniac par les activités agricoles : impact sur la qualité de l'air." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077111.
Full textA new approach has been set up to compute the ammonia emissions coming from mineral fertilizer spreading over agricultural soils. They are calculated using the one dimensional mechanistic model "VOLT'AIR" which has been coupled with datasets on cultural practices, soil properties and meteorology. NH₃ emissions from other agricultural sources are extracted at local scale from the national spatialised inventory (INS) and thereafter finely spatialised. The modelled emissions show high spatiotemporal variations depending on soil pH, rates and dates of fertilization and meteorological variables, especially soil temperature and wind speed. The comparison of the total ammonia emissions estimated with the new approach VOLT'AIR_INS (VOLT'AIR for mineral fertilization and INS for other agricultural sources) with the standard emissions provided by EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) shows significant differences in the spatial and temporal distributions. To assess and compare the impact of ammonia emission variability on the formation of ammonium nitrate particles, several simulations were carried out with CHIMERE for the period of February-May 2007 using NH₃ emissions from the three methods : VOLT'AIR_INS, INS et EMEP. The results show that changes in ammonia emissions have different effects on particle concentrations depending on regions and nitrate concentrations The comparison of modelled PM10 and ammonium nitrate aerosol with observations shows that the use of the new ammonia emission method improves slightly the spatiotemporal correlation in several regions and lightly reduces thee negative bias (1 to 2 μg/m³ in average)
Louhichi, Kamel. "Essai de modélisation bio-économique de la relation agriculture-environnement : le cas de l'érosion en Tunisie." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10031.
Full textDiscontinuities and non-convexities are among the fundamental specificities of the relationship between agriculture and environment. Whereas it concerns groundwater pollution, the erosion of soils or salinity, the externalities associated to the process of agricultural production are complex and mostly non-linear. To evaluate them through the simple way of the usual rules of internalisation is not completely satisfactory. Thus we have adopted a multidisciplinary approach, associating economics and agronomy via a model coupling a bio-physical simulator and an economic programme, optimising the producers behavioury. This model introduces some sophistications, namely a dynamic recursif approach. .
Avenier-Sharman, Dominique. "Dynamique de dégradation de l'espace rural sénégalais : le cas de la vallée de Bignona en Basse-Casamance." Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30016.
Full textThe field work for this study was carried out in the valley of bignona. The study focuses on those changes in both the ecology of the area and the production systems which led to a degradation in the quality of life of rural populations. The basse-casamance, considered in terms of its natural resources to be the richest region of senegal, has not been spared by drought. It has suffered as have other regions, a degradation of the environment brought about by overexploitation of soils and by deforestation, by rural exodus, and by poorly coordinated development projects. The ecology and agricultural systems of the valley differ in the north and the south. In the south, the production system is still traditional and concentrates on rice growing. In the north, it is more open to the exterior and is based on crops such as millet, sorghum and groundnuts cultivated on the plateau. Agriculturalists in both the north and the south are faced with an erratic climate and economic difficulties. This study of the valley of bignona brings out the spectacular transformations of the natural environment and of production systems which have taken place since the beginning of the century. Particular mention is made of the effects that the introduction of groundnuts and the recent drought have had on the development of both the production systems and the landscape. If they do not actually encourage the process of degradation, the actions of development projects and organisations in the valley have not yet succeeded in stopping it
Cueff, Sixtine. "Caractérisation des processus de rétention et d'infiltration de l'eau et de pesticides par expérimentations et modélisation en agriculture conventionnelle et agriculture de conservation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0096.
Full textSoil degradation caused by intensive cultivation practices (tillage) led to the development of conservation agriculture (diversification of crop rotation, reduced or no tillage and permanent soil cover). Conservation agriculture leads to major changes of soil physical, chemical and biological properties which modify water and pesticide fate in soils. It is generally assume that conservation agriculture limits the risk of erosion and the contamination of surface water by fertilizers or pesticides. However, in relation with an increase of pesticide use combined with an increase of vertical transfers, the risk to contaminate groundwater may be enhanced compared to a conventionally tilled system (with a mouldboard plow). In this context, the aim of the research program was to characterise the impact of different cropping systems using various approaches combining field and laboratory experiments and modelling. Differences between conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture have been assessed with a systemic approach considering the effects of interactions between practices. The prediction of available water capacity (ie the maximum amount of water that a soil can store and provide to plant roots) with pedotransfer function was studied and allowed identifying the most suitable functions to predict water at field capacity and at wilting point. Three functions calibrated only with conservation agriculture data were then proposed. Leaching experiments were conduct on undisturbed soil columns to assess the influence of cropping practices on three pesticides (metaldehyde, nicosulfuron and mesotrione) behaviour. Pesticide transfer mainly depended on pesticide properties and soil type with only little effect of cropping practices (under the laboratory conditions tested). The fate of nicosulfuron was studied with a 14C labelled molecule and showed that the formation of non-extractable residues was the main dissipation process whatever the agricultural practices and depth. A first modelling attempt was also done to simulate the dissipation of nicosulfuron
Pervanchon, Frank. "Modélisation de l'effet des pratiques agricoles sur la diversité végétale et la valeur agronomique des prairies permanentes en vue de l'élaboration d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL061N.
Full textWe set out the hypothesis according which it is necessary to elaborate a mathematical model for the prediction of vegetal diversity and of agronomical value of permanent grasslands. The fmal aim is to set up indicators of permanent grassland management according to the agricultural practices applied there. We demonstrate that multiple regression analysis does not allow obtaining effective models of vegetal diversity. Nevertheless, the prediction of pastoral value is rather effective when considering the environmental factors (pH, moisture, etc. ). However, these results do not concern the mixed grasslands of Lorraine, because of a weak number of available data. Ln order to predict vegetal diversity and agronomic value, we propose a model based on expert systems associated to fuzzy logic. This modelisation is one of the ftrst concrete applications of the theory of functional groups based on life traits of plant species. We show that it is possible to diagnose and predict vegetation (list of vegetal species) and the patrimonial value of grassland, without realizing floristic relevés, by being based only on the life traits already identified in litterature. Lndicators are obtained by reporting the model's results on an abacus ofregional values of vegetal diversity and ofpastoral value
Abbes, Kaïs. "Analyse de la relation agriculture-environnement : une approche bio-économique : cas de la salinisation des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates au nord tunisien." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10002.
Full textSaïd, Jabnoune Sandra. "Les mécanismes d'allocation des contrats agro-environnementaux : Cas des enchères." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10073.
Full textAs an answer to the recommendations of the European commission which preaches a better allocative effectiveness of agri-environmental measures in a restrictive budgetary context, the goal of the thesis is to assess the advantages of auction mechanisms to allocate agri-environmental contracts and their feasibility in a French context. The first part of the thesis analyses the way agri-environmental payments are perceived by French farmers using a method derived from discrete choice models applied to a survey of farmers from the Lozère area. Auctions allow the policy maker to take into account the various objectives he seeks to attain simultaneously. Thus the definition of a scoring function to weigh various selection criteria of the farmers’ bids is an important challenge. The second part of this thesis uses a decision model to study the impact of the choice of these scoring functions on the environmental gain and the budget efficiency of the auction. The particular case of the Grass premium is analysed. The simultaneous implementation of multiple agri-environmental measures does not account for the potential cost synergies that the farmer benefits from. Basing on experimental results, the last part of this thesis analyses the relative performance of three types of auction in the presence of cost synergies
Sudre, Bertrand. "Bioaérosols de l'environnement agricole et protection contre l'allergie." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA0017.
Full textThe increase in allergic diseases is a public health problem. The studies on farmer's children have shown that children early exposed to farm environment are protected against allergy and asthma and few environmental factors have being yet identified. We present the microbiological and palynologic results of the bio-aerosol contamination in farming setting, its variability and its kinetic, and the results of the PASTUREmicrobio study focusing on a sub-set of farms and dwellings (farmer and rural) within the european PASTURE cohort. The level of airborne contamination of the cattle sheds in winter is 10 exposant 4 UFC/m3 for the cultivable bacteria, [10 exposant 4 - 10 exposant 5] grains/m3 for graminaceous pollens, [10 exposant 4 - 10 exposant 5] UFC/m3 for the actinomycetes and [10 exposant 5 - 10 exposant 6] UFC-spores/m3 for the fungal micro-organisms and spores. Factors significantly associated with the airborne contamination are the seasonal variation and the feeding distribution to livestock. The pollen concentration measured in winter in cattle shed exceeds the outdoor ones during the summer season. The contamination of farm child rooms is linked to the cattle shed's one which is diversified and significantly higher in winter compared to rural children contamination. A differential exposition of rural and farmer children to the bio-aerosols in the stables and dwellings also exist. This work highlights a high and per annual pollen exposure within cattle sheds in parallel with a high bacterial and fungal co-exposure. Those characteristics are potential factors that might explain the protective effect of farming environment against allergic diseases
Da, Cunha Charlotte. "Quelle prise en compte de la diversité dans les enjeux de performances de l'activité agricole en Ile de France? : expérimentation d'une démarche d'évaluation participative multicritère." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS020S.
Full textIn this International Year of Biodiversity, biodiversity is more than ever considered in scientific and institutional literature, as an irreducible element of sustainability that must be integrated in all economic sectors. This thesis aims at arguing and testing a participatory multi-criteria approach to understand how the environment, including biodiversity, can be taken into account in agricultural activities. Based on two case studies on different scales (territory and farm), this thesis examines to what extent biodiversity is integrated by actors of agricultural activities. These applications show that the proposed approach is an efficient tool for identification of their issues, which reveal a weak consideration of biodiversity concerns
Sauget, Nicole. "Agro-écosystème et société : la diversité des façons de produire des agriculteurs dans les coteaux de Gascogne." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100005.
Full textCoulibaly, Djakalidja. "Politique agricole et développement dans le sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire : logiques marchandes et logiques écologiques." Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIE0020.
Full textBusca, Didier. "Agriculture et environnement : la mise en oeuvre négociée des dispositifs agri-environnementaux : effets d'organisation, enjeux de territoire et dynamique d'appropriation stratégique." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20067.
Full textThe consequences of intensive agriculture on environment are subject to increasing public intervention since the 90's. These agri-environmental policies are confronted with agricultural interests and their efficiency is often criticized. This leads to question oneself on how they are implemented. This thesis studies the implementation of an agri-environmental regulation (the Program for Control of Agriculture-Originated Pollution) and an encouraging policy (Ferti-Mieux) in the Adour-Garonne region. Backed up with thorough interviews, the negotiated exchanges between public agents, agriculture professional organizations and the designated farmers are analyzed. Moreover, a quantitative approach analyzes the impact of local situations on the implementation of policies. The proposed argument is that the environmental objectives of the policies are adapted by negotiated arrangements on the implementation means. This adaptation process is the consequence of an dynamics of strategic appropriation of the policies, individually by the farmers and collectively by the professional organizations. Some modulations are noticed due to local agriculture and tourism stakes
Valenzuela, de Pisano Ileana. "Elements pour une strategie d'ecodeveloppement agroforestier au guatemala." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0013.
Full textAgricultural expansion and deforestation are complex processes. They are interlinked with different political, economic and social factors at local, national and interna- tional levels. This thesis is a preliminary and not exhastive attempt to analyse these problems in a global and systemic perspective. It studies one local case in peten guatemala, demostrating how agricultural modernization, tropical forest colonization and exportation led-growth have not been historically, the right answers to guatemalan forest development. On the contrary, they have given rise to poverty, violence and environmental degradation all over the country. Following the ecodevelopment principles the thesis proposes some elements of an agroforestry strategy to stop agricultural expansin and tropical forest deforestation. This strategy cant bi an up-down directional model. It has to articulate the global paradigme with democratic decision making at regional and local levels. It has also to coordinate social development with environmental items, promoting the political, institutional and technological changes needed for a sustainable forest development to exist. Finally, the thesis comes to the conclusion that only the peoples's participation and organization would allow a pressure strong enough over the different institutions and governements so as to make them to start implementing these changes. The thesis has four chapters, the firs studies the mains agricultural policies since the 1950s and their influence on the forest and on the living conditions of the rural people. It shows also, briefly, how the united state's agricultural policies had in, fluenced the guatemalan agricultural policies. The second chapter analyzes the agroforestry systems as a possible tool for building a sustainable forest development. The third sudies peten, inorder to undersatnd how the national agricultural policies have influenced the local development. Finally in the conclusions, the thesis proposes some elements for an agroforestry ecodevelopment strategy in guatemala
Portejoie, Stéphanie. "Volatisation ammoniacale lors du stockage et à l'épandage de lisiers de porc : impact des apports protéiques, de l'utilisation de couvertures de fosse et d'additifs." Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP0468.
Full textThis aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different ammonia reducing techniques during storage and surface application in the field. For each experiment, measurements of ammonia emission were made in a laboratory system during storage and in the field during surface application of slurry. Lowering dietary crute protein from 20 to 12% reduced nitrogen excretion and pH. This consequently reduced ammonia emissions by 63% over the whole process of the slurry Feed-Animals-Storage-Application. During storage, the covers reduced ammonia emission by retaining or by absorbing/adsording ammonia. Following surface application, ammonia emissions were higher from slurries stored with cover than without. Over the whole process studied Storage-Application, all the covers were effective in reducing ammonia emissions : by 40% by oil up to 71% by zeolites
Cardona, Aurélie. "L'agriculture à l'épreuve de l'écologisation : éléments pour une sociologie des transitions." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0132.
Full textIn spite of measures aiming to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, changes in farming practices remain modest while societal concerns continue to rise. The environmental mission assigned to agriculture is complex and subject to interpretation. The growing number of diverse stakeholders turning their attention to farming increases the demands placed on agriculture. In this context, the goal of this thesis is first, to understand how a diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders involve themselves in transition processes towards more environmentally-soundagriculture and second, to understand the effect of their involvement on farmers practices. To achieve this, I relied on a pragmatic approach wich highlights "frictions", as well as "holdfasts" used by stakeholders and makes it possible to give a faithful account of their interpretations and experience of transition processes. Based on a socio-historical analysis and three case-studies from the Paris region, I characterized, first, the conditions of the emergence of movements promoting change in agriculture practices, second, the enrollment processes throught wich the issue of transition makes sense and, third, the changes in terms of both agricultural practices and forms of governance of those changes as well. The study shows that transition processes emerge as the result of adjustements between diverse stakeholders embedded in different communities. This analysis suggests the emergence of a "territoire-based contribution" model of change, where a diversity of stakeholders contributes by their discourse and actions to the ecologization of agriculture in their territoire
Chanet, Jean-Pierre. "Algorithme de routage coopératif à qualité de service pour des réseaux ad hoc agri-environnementaux." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21745.
Full textBerre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Full textThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Roquebert, Claire-Isabelle. "La critique écologique radicale dans le contexte de l’entreprise : l'ambivalence des démarches de RSE dans les entreprises en Biodynamie." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2046/document.
Full textSince the end of the twentieth century, ecological claims have challenged the legitimacy of capitalism and led companies to justify and transform themselves. In particular, ecological criticism of capitalism lead to the rise of CSR in companies (Chiapello, 2013). In a constructivist approach to CSR, we question the scope of ecological criticism for organizational evolution. We aim at explaining how actors of a radical ecological criticism try to transform companies, threw the analysis of the ontological basis of this criticism, and the manner ecological claims are defended in an organizational context. This research is based on the framework of the Economies of worth (Boltanski & Thévenot, 1991), in order to take into account the multiplicity of social actor positions and their ability to argue and influence the evolution of companies. In particular, we analyze the emergence of an ecological argumentation and we question its radical character (Lafaye & Thévenot, 1993). This interpretative qualitative research is based on the study of two growing SMEs involved in Biodynamics. Through this multiple case study, we analyze the confrontation between the development of a functionalist organizational model and attempts to defend an ecological organizational model and CSR ambivalence in this tension. This research confirms and clarifies the ontological upheaval brought about by ecological argumentation (Lafaye & Thévenot, 1993). Then we specify what this upheaval implies for CSR and for the evolution of companies
Paulino, Sonia Régina. "Réglementation environnementale et processus d'innovation dans le secteur des phytosanitaires." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10045.
Full textIn France as well as in other major world markets, environmental regulations of pesticide products have become progressively tighter, opening up new perspectives for innovative processes and competition. This thesis shows to what extent the adaptation of the product mix (range) to the regulatory framework is part of these changes. The analysis of the regulatory framework and of its changes shows how public intervention takes into account the various dimensions of the environment. The pesticide sector reacts first by restructuring itself and organizing the innovation process so as to fit the new quality standards, along two axes: reaction on the basis of aging technologies or development of new avenues for research. Later, manufacturers attempt to participate in the setting up of new regulations and norms. They differentiate their product mix according to market regulations. If large agro-chemical manufacturers pool their efforts to influence the evolution of the regulatory framework, this evolution may in turn influence their respective competitiveness. This in turn may affect the innovation strategies
Kergreis, Sylvie. "Régulations cognitives et sociales dans les concertations agri-environnementales : effets des contextes sociaux et des supports de discussion sur l'évolution des connaissances descriptives et évaluatives des bordures de champs agricoles." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20018.
Full textWe focus on the social processes (group decision making) that construct an emergent attitude about field margins, in France western countryside. Negotiation theories are used to understand what occurs in three agri-environmental meetings. Descriptive and evaluative knowledge about field margins seems to be inaccurate, and agreements are partial or uncertain. Using a modified form of group polarization paradigm, our study examined the social and cognitive conditions under which environmental values tend to become more extreme. Intra-groups and inter-groups social contexts are organized with agricultural and environmental students. Discussion issues about fields margins are supported by descriptive items, evaluative items or photographs, that bring informational or normative influence. Attitudinal shifts are affected both by the type of group composition and the discussion supports. In inter-group context, agricultural interests are generally privileged
Ba, Awa. "Les fonctions reconnues à l'agriculture intra et périurbaine (AIPU) dans le contexte dakarois : caratérisation, analyse et diagnostic de durabilité de cette agriculture en vue de son intégration dans le projet urbain de Dakar (Sénégal)." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/4646/01/These_Dr_Awa_BA.pdf.
Full textA l’instar de ce qui est constaté dans d’autres pays du Sud, la population urbaine de Dakar croît rapidement, tant par le croît naturel que l’immigration. Cela pose, entre autres, les questions de l’approvisionnement alimentaire, notamment en produits frais et de la gestion durable des espaces ouverts : les Niayes et les zones agricoles en périphérie de Rufisque. Aussi, deux programmes sont en cours à Dakar : le PASDUNE et les Microjardins, réactualisent la nécessité d’examiner la place d’une agriculture durable dans le fonctionnement de cette région capitale. La problématique présente les concepts d’ griculture urbaine, multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture et ville durable ainsi que le contexte. La méthodologie repose sur des enquêtes auprès de six catégories d’acteurs (agriculteurs, commerçants et bana-banas, consommateurs, élus, planificateurs et aménageurs et agents du conseil et de l’encadrement technique agricoles) pour tester les trois hypothèses suivantes : différentes fonctions sont reconnues aux Niayes et à l’agriculture ; les fonctions économiques prédominent ; cette reconnaissance fonctionnelle est importante pour maintenir une agriculture in situ. Nos résultats montrent que : - même si toutes les catégories d’acteurs sont conscientes du rôle alimentaire de proximité que joue l’agriculture intra et périurbaine à Dakar, les acteurs de la filière agricole – agriculteurs, intermédiaires (commerçants et bana-banas) et consommateurs – plébiscitent les fonctions économiques alors que les décideurs – élus, planificateurs et aménageurs et agents du conseil et de l’encadrement technique agricoles – mettent en avant les fonctions environnementales et paysagères (poumon vert) ; - à partir de la typologie fine que nous avons construite, il existe une grande diversité des types de systèmes de production et d’activité dans les quatre zones clé (avec ou sans Niayes, dans ou hors du tissu urbain dense) d’agriculture que nous avons identifiées. De plus, la durabilité intrinsèque et exogène des exploitations, au sens de Godard et Hubert (2002), est variable selon les types de systèmes de production et d’activité et les zones ; - les intermédiaires et les consommateurs accordent beaucoup d’importance à la fraîcheur et au prix bon marché des produits de Niayes mais certains évoquent la limite de l’utilisation des pesticides et des eaux usées urbaines sur certains sites et considèrent les produits micro-jardins comme plus sains. Enfin, la discussion confronte nos résultats avec la bibliographie et relève les limites de notre étude tout en soulignant les perspectives scientifiques et opérationnelles qu’elle offre. Notre travail montre la grande diversification de l’agriculture dakaroise et la nécessité d’instaurer une médiation entre les catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture durable, un cadre de vie meilleur et une ville durable
As it is generally noted in other developing countries, the urban population of Dakar is fast growing, due to natural growth and immigration. This situation raises, among others, the issues of food supply, particularly fresh produces and sustainable management of opened spaces: Niayes and agricultural areas in the surroundings of Rufisque. Moreover, two programs ongoing in Dakar: the PASDUNE (Program of actions for protection and urban development of the Niayes and green zones of Dakar) and the Microgardens are re-actualizing the necessity to examine the place of a sustainable agriculture in the working of this capital region. The problematic presents the concepts of urban agriculture, multifunctionality of agriculture and sustainable city and the context. The methodology is based on surveys of six categories of actors (farmers, retailers and bana-banas, consumers, elected people, planners and agents of the agricultural council and technical training) to test the three following hypotheses: different functions are recognized to Niayes and agriculture; economic functions predominate; this functional recognition is important to maintain agriculture in situ. Our results show that: - even if all categories of actors are aware of the food supply role of the intra and periurban agriculture in Dakar, the actors of the agricultural sector - farmers, middlemen (retailers and bana-banas) and consumers – place in a prominent position the economic functions while decision-makers - elected people, and agents of the agricultural council and technical training - put forward environmental and landscape (green lung) functions; - From the thorough typology we built, there is a great diversity of production and activity’s systems in the four key areas (with or without Niayes, near or far from the city) of agriculture we have identified. Moreover, intrinsic and exogenous sustainability of farms, in the meaning of Godard and Hubert (2002), is variable depending on the types of production and activity’s systems and the areas; - The middlemen and consumers give great importance to the freshness and the cheapness of Niayes produces but some of them have talked about the limit of using wastewater and pesticides in some sites and have considered that micro-gardens’ produces are more wholesome. At last, the discussion compares our results with the bibliography and notes the limits of our study while stressing the scientific and operational perspective it offers. Our work shows the great diversification of Dakar’s agriculture and the necessity to set up mediation between the different categories of actors in order to promote a sustainable agriculture, a better living environment and a sustainable city
Di, Cesare Silvia. "Anticiper les effets des pesticides sur la santé des travailleurs agricoles sur la base des pratiques réelles : le cas des plantations de banane." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG016/document.
Full textEcosystems and people are exposed every day to multiple chemical stressors via multiple pathways and routes due to economic and population growth. Considering that the use of pesticides is especially prone to potentially damage health in the workplace, we decided to design a dedicated method.This thesis project aims to develop a method to examine the comparative effects of different agricultural production systems on operators’ health because of pesticide. The objective is to enable the assessment of a comprehensive set of information for decision support purposes, considering the actual (good and bad) work practices. Furthermore, a decision support tool for different stakeholders (plantation managers at first) to discriminate between several production systems regarding their potential impact on farmworkers health, is under development. This method has to be based on readily available data in a reasonable time, and corresponding to meaningful data for managers, to provide them opportunities of action in crop innovation. We followed four steps: seeking help of experts; constructing knowledge trees; developing decision trees; calculating the potential impact on farmworkers health due to pesticides for operators at different scales, and regarding one given farming system in a feasibility test.The first phases were implemented through a Delphi expert consensus method eliciting knowledge from agronomists, economists and exposure assessment specialists, in order to map the different “banana workflows” and the origins of good and bad practices.After getting and interpreting results of the indicator calculation in the feasibility test, we ought to propose improvements of the method.We decided to carry out a feasibility test through semi-structured interviews. We flank these interviews with direct observation of operators and workers accomplishing the different steps of the production. The aim of this comparison is to cross- check both what experts referred in their narration (information present in trees), and what the interviewed persons declared. Conventional (non-organic) producers were selected for interviews.This research work contributes to the study of the way in which human capital (considered like an input in the MCM approach) could be consummate to reach determined results in terms of export market.The present work aims encouraging decent work through identification of possible choices less harmful to health and ensuring healthy environment and safety. The result of this entire thesis work is formalized in a meso-scale pathway, named “Wesseling pathway”
Jutteau, Paul. "Analyser les transformations ambivalentes de l'agriculture allemande en lien avec la méthanisation au prisme du concept de multifonctionnalité." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0046.
Full textThis research aims at investigating the connections between energy transitions and agricultural transformations through a comparative research focused on four case studies in Germany. The starting point of this inquiry was the ambivalence of these changes. On the one hand, biogas generation tends to reinforce the socio-economic integration of farms intoagro-industrial value chains. On the other hand, this activity could also strengthen the connections with local stakeholders, for example through the implementation of localised heating networks in neighbouring villages or cities. The first aim of this research is to depict these ambivalent agricultural changes, to identify and evaluate key drivers that shape these processes. The main hypothesis of this work is that not only changes in German policies could explain this ambivalence. The various kinds of investors and the individual farmer‘s aims and needs influence the particular ways in which these changesoccur. Finally, the use of resources bounded to specific contexts contributes to shape these changes, but also generate social inequalities
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Auswirkungen der Energiegewinnung durch Biogas auf die Landwirtschaft und die ländlichen Räume anhand einer vergleichenden Studie in vier deutschen Untersuchungsgebieten zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden die Konzepte der landwirtschaftlichen Multifunktionalität und des territorial capital in Verbindung mit der multi-level perspective auf den soziotechnischen Wandel verwendet. Dabei wurde zunächst der Trend zu einer Hybridisierung dieses Wandels herausgearbeitet. Biogas kann die produktivistischen Praktiken der Betriebe verstärken, aber auchabschwächen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass diese gegenläufigen Entwicklungspfade gleichzeitig in den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben ablaufen können. Darüber hinaus belegt diese Arbeit, dass die Entwicklung der Gesetzgebung und auch die Art von Investoren (industrielle oder finanzielle Firmen, landwirtschaftliche Betriebsarten) ebenso wie die lokalen Merkmale (Peripherisierungsprozesse bzw. Bevölkerungsrückgang im ländlichen Raum, Formen des territorialen Erbes— „héritage territorial― — oder eine besondere lokale Geschichte in Bezug auf das Thema Energie) diese ambivalenten Entwicklungspfade beeinflussen können, sobald die Akteure die betreffenden Merkmaleund Ressourcen nutzen. Deshalb kann es zur Entstehung von umweltbezogenen sozialen Ungleichheiten kommen
Abdi, Dalel. "Évolution des indicateurs de fertilité et de risque environnemental liés au P dans les sols minéraux et organiques du Québec soumis à la fertilisation phosphatée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27135/27135.pdf.
Full textPlanchais, Gaël. "Stratégie et performance des agriculteurs dans un enjeu d'agriculture durable." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418659.
Full textAujourd'hui, avec l'alternative du développement durable, la réflexion autour des problématiques liées à l'environnement sont omniprésentes et interpellent l'agriculture sur les questions relatives à l'eau, l'air, le sol, la biodiversité.
Cette recherche, qui est basée sur plusieurs théories, reste essentiellement centrée sur la théorie des parties prenantes, qui invite tous les acteurs (agriculteurs, consommateurs, Etat, collectivités locales...) à participer à cette évolution vers une agriculture multifonctionnelle et durable.
L'interrogation fondamentale est : l'agriculture durable est-elle aussi voire plus performante que l'agriculture conventionnelle ?
La recherche s'est appuyée sur des agriculteurs qui ont choisi de mettre en place des mesures en faveur de l'environnement dans un contrat territorial d'exploitation (entre 2000 et 2002). L'engagement, pour cinq ans, est un exemple concret d'agriculture durable. Il a servi de support pour cette thèse pour analyser la stratégie des agriculteurs dans cet enjeu d'agriculture durable, d'autant plus que ce contrat était une innovation en la matière.
La méthodologie consiste, à partir d'un questionnaire, a étudier les motivations qui ont conduit les agriculteurs à signer un contrat. En parallèle, une base de données sur les informations économiques et financières de ces exploitations, a été exploitée.
Fernandez, Tendero Eva. "Origines biologiques et environnementales de la variabilité de la qualité des fibres de chanvre (Cannabis sativa L.) à destination d'agromatériaux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10133/document.
Full textHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is receiving increasing interest as an industrial crop due to the development of a new range of industrial applications based on plant fibers (both core and bast fibers). Fiber yield and quality can be greatly modified by physicochemical processing and could also be influenced by both genotype and environment. In order to gain a better understanding of how these factors impact on hemp fibers, commercial hemp varieties were grown under different agricultural conditions and analyzed for fiber content, cell size and cell wall composition. Our results show that irrigation and high seed density impact on secondary (but not primary) fiber formation, as well as on different morphological characters and cell wall composition of primary and secondary fibers. All of these parameters can potentially modify the industrial quality of the technical fibers obtained by mechanical defibering. The use of an ATR-based infrared spectroscopy approach demonstrated that high sowing density and irrigation were also associated with chemical variability in technical fibers. Initial transcriptomics (Fluidigm) of different targeted genes has also provided detailed information on how different environmental conditions affect gene expression, cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in both inner (xylem-rich) and outer (bast-fiber rich) hemp stem tissues. Altogether, these results will lead to a better knowledge of the molecular events involved in fiber development contributing to hemp-breeding programs aimed at improving the production of high quality fibers for different industrial uses
Kamergi, Najla. "Upstream and downstream agri-environmental regulations : cross-country differences, determinants and trade effects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL2006.
Full textThis thesis investigates the relationship between international agricultural trade and standards intended to protect the environment, considering both upstream and downstream measures. The work is structured around three chapters. In the first one, we analyze the network of environmentally-related non-tariff measures. Chapter 2 investigates the stringency and the determinants of agri-environmental regulations by measuring their efficiency in a large panel of 108 countries during the period 2003-2013. The last chapter examines the effects of agri-environmental regulations’ stringency and heterogeneity on the intensive margin of trade between 108 countries over the same period. To this end, we used non-parametric and econometric approaches. We employ the network analysis in the first chapter whereas we use a non-parametric frontier model and the double bootstrapped truncated regression in chapter two. In chapter three, we use a theoretically justified gravity model of trade.Our findings indicate that trade growth of southern countries has been conducive to rising environmentally-related trade conflicts. While Latin American and Southeast Asian countries are increasingly asserting themselves as major suppliers for many regions of the world, our results reveal new environmentally-related conflictual relation targeting developing and emerging countries on one side and increasingly spreading within southern agro-producers on the other. Further results show that the sector of crops has witnessed globally an increasing trend in average agri-environmental efficiency. An intriguing finding is that agricultural trade openness and the specialization in crop commodities’ exports hamper the inefficiency, supporting therefore the “environmental gains-from-trade” hypothesis. In addition, our results show that environmentally-related NTMs turn out to be levers for enhancing the agri-environmental performance of exporters, especially in the BRICS and high as well as middle-income countries. Nonetheless, low income countries react differently and record a deteriorating agri-environmental performance due to environmentally-related NTMs. We also show that the stringency of environmental regulations turns out to be trade reducing in the CAIRNS group, supporting thereby the pollution haven hypothesis. By contrast, rigorous agri-environmental policies have a significant trade-enhancing effect on bilateral agricultural exports of the EU and the USA. Surprisingly, low and middle income countries support also the Porter hypothesis, suggesting that strict environmental regulations can enhance their competitive advantage against foreign rivals. Finally, we conclude that difference in exporter and importer environmental regulations is more relevant to agricultural trade than trade agreements. However, trade effects vary according to the income groups of exporting and importing countries
Demené, Camille. "Entre nature et agriculture. Agricultures patrimoniales et services environnementaux en aire d’adhésion des parcs nationaux à la Réunion et en Guadeloupe." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0009/document.
Full textThis research deals with changing interactions between agriculture and territories. Food production is no longer the only criteria used to assess agricultural systems efficiency. Social and environmental issues are increasingly taken into account. This new understanding of the role of agriculture within territories raises the issue of the role of some extensive marginal agricultural models, aside intensive models promoted by agricultural policies. We focus on how increasing concerns on biodiversity may impact these models. Addressing biodiversity issues may change the way agriculture is considered, from a threat to a potential ally in natural areas management. We assume that this redefinition of agriculture’s role goes beyond a mere reframing of environmental functions but results of genuine trade-offs with other cultural and social functions. Considering an agricultural industry as a geographical object, we propose a two-stage analysis. Using actor’s discourses, we analyze (i) their perceptions of agricultural functions, then (ii) the integration of these perceptions in their strategies, that contribute to transforming resources (geographical, economical, political, and ideological resources) used by agriculture. This analytical framework is applied on a small but emblematic Reunionese agricultural industry, vanilla, whose economical profitability is questioned today. Our analysis reveals that biodiversity issues both raise new constraints and restriction but also generate new opportunities for actors to make their strategies evolve. Trade-offs between ecological, economical, social and cultural issues are part of these dynamics. The comparison with another marginal insular agricultural industry, coffee in Guadeloupe, reveals similar dynamics, and allows us to discuss the way agriculture could be managed, especially considering environmental and ecological aspects. Although the concept of « environmental service » offers new perspectives, its actual implementation isn’t suited to such agricultural systems, whose characteristics are not those of conventional productivist models. In Guadeloupe, the support the National Park granted to this type of agriculture models (coffee and vanilla) give us some elements to discuss the relevance and the interest of such an intervention. The vulnerability of such marginal industries, and the close intertwining of economic, social, cultural and environmental issues at stake, suggest to cross sectoral settings and to promote a territorial governance allowing a transverse consideration of their specificities
Guzmán, Matas Gonzalo. "Le développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu dans le bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexique : utilisation des données satellitaires et statistiques pour appréhender la dynamique du paysage." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040023.
Full textNgalieu, Kamgoue Désiré. "Du développement durable à l'agriculture durable : l'exemple de l'élevage porcin breton." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20010.
Full textThe ecological threats caused by human activities on global environment and the aggravation of inequalities between the poor and the rich have contributed to the emergence of the concept of sustainable development. This concept is based on the idea that the present model of industrial development cannot continue indefinitely without jeopardising the ecosystems on which present and future generations depend for their livelihood. It associates social justice, economic efficacy and ecological prudence. In France, as in other European Union countries, the development of a production-oriented industrial agriculture, supported by the common agricultural Policy, has on the one hand, permitted the achievement of food autonomy and improvement in the populations living conditions, but on the other hand, it has been facing, since 1980s, problems of environmental pollution, of farm economic viability, of food quality and safety, of continuous fall in the number of farmers. These problems have proved the limits of the common agricultural Policy and have caused worries among consumers as regards the preservation of their health, and among farmers concerning the perennity of their business. In Brittany, the development of intensive pig and poultry farming in particulary results in the concentration of animal droppings which pollute water resources, the soil, the underground, the air, the clean-up costs of which are borne by the society in place of the livestock farmers. The negative externalities, coupled with food, social and economic crises in Brittany's rural environment, have raised a number of controversies between the supporters and opponents of this model of livestock farming. This ideological confrontation, coupled with international competition and importance of network pig in the regional economy, has led politicians, scientists, economists, ecologists, farmers and other economic actors of the region to search for the ways that lead to sustainability. Alternative models such as integrated Farming, organic agriculture, precision farming, peasant agriculture are implemented. Technical and economic measures with environmental regulations and norms, were put in place to motivate farmers to reduce the quantity of negative externalities, and especially to internalise the cost of that negative externalities. Beyond these measures, we are suggesting a quota system on the production volume as a way of bringing sustainability to Brittany's pig farming
Svengsuksa, Boua Khay Khone. "Reconstitution du couvert végétal et la revalorisation des terrains après la culture sur brûlis dans le district de Muang Fuang, province de Vientiane, R. D. P. Lao." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0001.
Full textAn analysis has been conducted of the crucial problem of shifting slash-and-burn cultivation in the Muang Fuang District of Laos, Vientiane Province. Studies were made on the peoples now living in the district, composed of Lao, Khmou, Hmong and Yao, who immigrated from nearby areas of persistent insecurity where they previously practiced this system of cultivation. The work focused on the traditional farming practices used by these groups, and on the permanent cultivation techniques now being used (flooded rice fields, and plantations of various crops for local use or for sale in markets and for export) with government encouragement in its effort progressively to replace shifting slash-and-burn agriculture with permanent settlement. An analysis of the impact of these agricultural practices on the vegetation, which was originally a rich, dense semi-evergreen tropical forest, shows that forest regenerates after about ten years, with a trend toward a climax forest type corresponding to the ecological conditions of the region. In order to improve the economy of the region, several possibilities were examined for improving land after shifting slash-and-burn agriculture: establishment of perennial cultivation, irrigated and flooded rice production, and natural resources exploitation, especially of non-timber forest products. This array of products can now be brought to market and exported via new roads built in the district. This has resulted in a new way of life for the inhabitants of the study area, who have become sedentary and are now respecting the environment by progressively abandoning shifting slash-and-burn agriculture
Sausse, Christophe. "L'assolement influence-t-il la qualité des paysages agricoles pour les oiseaux nicheurs ? Estimations à partir de bases de données nationales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA009.
Full textThe management of crop mosaic could improve the quality of agricultural landscapes for birds, and more generally for biodiversity. Knowledge is available at the field (crop suitability) and national scales (trend analysis), but few at the landscape scale. We therefore linked the French Breeding Bird Survey on about 500 landscapes of 400 hectares, with a high-resolution multi-years land use database. Response models linking birds to crop mosaics were set, based on the variations between separate landscapes (synchronic models), and the variations of landscapes from one year to the other (diachronic models). We found that the information on crop suitability did not allow for prediction at the landscape scale and that the synchronic responses were stronger than diachronic ones, sometimes opposite. We deduced a disjunction between the landscape quality for birds and the immediate effect of its attractiveness under crop influence. Synchronic responses were modest, and varied with the landscape and geographical contexts. They were more pronounced in complex landscapes with grass and hedges, and for farmland birds compared to the whole bird community. We found that the responses to crop diversity were positive or neutral. The interest of the models taking into account explicitly the interactions between crops allows us to suggest that the crop suitability is not invariable but depends on the crop combination. The signals detected by this study were low and should be interpreted as trends that do not allow advice in specific situations. However, the results challenge some simple models used to perform biodiversity assessments on territories or agri-food and feed chains
Dos, Santos Cagarelho Nicolas. "Les droits français et européen à l'épreuve de l'innovation scientifique en matière agricole végétale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020062.
Full textFrench agriculture, which perpetuated an after-war objective of established efficiency criteria, was guided by the search for a greater productivity. This direction, promoted by both the Common Agricultural Policy and the globalisation of the markets, was mostly driven by States with strong agricultural potentials, especially France playing a leading role. This evolution was guided by scientific and technology innovations, carried by three initial promoters: the public authorities, the agricultural sector and industrial groups. Scientific innovations, in an effort to protect the plants and improve the quality of vegetables, triggered a growing involvement of public authorities which faced alerts from environmental activists and increasing public opinion on the matter. The expansion of a national legislation has been followed up over the last twenty years by a growing European regulation. The latter aims at establishing a compromise between health and food safety as well as protecting the environment and industrial progress. It also questions the coherence of the existing legal framework for agricultural crops applied to the French territory, the current legislation on scientific innovations for plant agriculture and it's possible limits. This thesis deals with 'The French and European Law Facing Scientific Innovation for Plant Agriculture'
Dony, Sophie. "Évolutions récentes de l'agriculture française : analyse géographique des grandes tendances régionales et de la mise en place d'un nouveau dispositif d'aménagement du territoire, le contrat territorial d'exploitation (C. T. E.)." Besançon, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924637.
Full textThe recent transformations in French agriculture and the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in the last decade have pushed politicians to defining new measures, of which most concern agriculture. Firstly, we propose to analyze the recent evolutions in French agriculture, particularly in the last mandate during which the most radical transformations occurred. However, the main part of the research concerns a particular aspect of spatial planning: the “Contrat territorial d'Exploitation” (the territorial exploitation contract), or CTE. The CTE is resulting from the analysis of transformations in agriculture and their environmental and territorial consequences. The CTE implies numerous restrictions, which we'll identify firstly through the complicated implementation, then through the spatial application in the French regions. Finally, the CTE at a local level are examined. They concern two provinces of the Franche-Comté region: the provinces of Haute-Saône and Doubs. This analysis allows apprehending the complexity of the instrument and the various types of contracts that exist in the studied areas. This results in a general typology of exploitations concerned by a CTE, who represents, besides the global tendencies of the province, an enormous geographical diversity of localisation. Even when it has been impossible to follow the application of the CTE, the analysis brings up numerous questions concerning the effectiveness of the instrument and of its successor, the “Contrat d'Agriculture Durable” (Contract of Sustainable Agriculture), or CAD
Gasson, André. "Le développement agricole durable : fondements théoriques et éclairage bas-normand." Caen, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03138629.
Full text