Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture indoor'

\"Vertical Farms\" (Fazendas verticais), conceito formado por meio de estudos científicos em microbiologia e segurança alimentar no final da década de 1990, são representadas pelo cultivo intenso e protegido de hortaliças, árvores frutíferas e piscicultura. Reconhecendo que o tema abandona a abordagem experimental/ teórica e, em 2010, passa a repercutir com a implantação desse novo modelo de produção agrícola urbana pelo mundo, este estudo identifica a oportunidade de implementação da tecnologia no país e aproxima o mercado imobiliário da produção agrícola. A motivação deste estudo foi de fomentar o mercado de fazendas urbanas verticais, visando à melhoria do abastecimento de hortaliças e o controle das externalidades negativas ambientais do atual meio de produção agrícola, monocultura em larga escala e distribuição em longos trajetos, praticado para abastecimento metropolitano. Os objetivos gerais desta dissertação são: (i) prospectar como este tipo de tecnologia pode ser inserido no contexto urbano brasileiro; e (ii) definir parâmetros para escolher a melhor alternativa, usando o protótipo do mercado da cidade de Belém-PA. O objetivo específico é apresentar características e indicadores de forma a validar ou negar a validade do investimento em real estate. Este estudo aborda a inovação da Vertical Farm por meio da seguinte metodologia: (i) entendimento do mercado; (ii) análise de modelos de negócios das cinco alternativas reconhecidas em âmbito mundial, com enfoque no empreendedor imobiliário; (iii) identificação de parâmetros para elaboração de protótipo de empreendimento imobiliário, mais adequado para desenvolvimento deste negócio no Brasil; e (iv) simulações financeiras de três protótipos, traçando diretrizes comparativas para implementação no mercado imobiliário. Por fim, apresenta como resultado a análise individual de três protótipos e análise comparativa com enfoque no mercado imobiliário.
\"Vertical Farms\", a concept formed through scientific studies in microbiology and food security in the late 1990s, are represented by the intense and protected cultivation of vegetables, fruit trees and fish farming. Recognizing that the theme leaves the experimental / theoretical approach and, in 2010, this new model of urban agricultural production is being implemented in the world, the study identifies the opportunity to implement this technology in the country and brings the real estate market closer to agricultural production. The motivation of this study was to promote the market of vertical urban farms, aiming at the improvement of the supply of vegetables and the control of the negative environmental externalities of the current means of agricultural production, monoculture in large scale and distribution in long routes, practiced for metropolitan supply. The general objectives of this dissertation are: (i) to investigate how this type of technology can be inserted in the Brazilian urban context and (ii) to define parameters to choose the best alternative, using the market prototype of the city of Belém-PA. The specific objective is to present characteristics and indicators in order to validate or deny the validity of the investment in real estate. This study addresses the innovation of Vertical Farm through the following methodology: (i) understanding of the market, (ii) analysis of business models of the five globally recognized alternatives, focusing on the real estate entrepreneur, (iii) identification of parameters for elaboration of a real estate project prototype, most suitable for the development of this business in Brazil, and, after (iv) financial simulations of three prototypes, outlines comparative guidelines for implementation in the real estate market. Finally, it presents as a result the individual analysis of three prototypes and comparative analysis with focus on the real estate market.

Ventilation and air movement are important aspects of animal agriculture and is frequently neglected in equine facilities. This paper discusses three different studies that examine different components of ventilation and air movement. One is a fan orientation study which examines how fans impact the stall environment, the second is a cooling study questioning whether forced air speed across a horse increases the rate of cool out after intense exercise, and the last is a survey examining ventilation, air quality, and health concerns in indoor arenas. The stall fan study took place over two summers with the goal of determining how the placement and orientation of different fans impacted the temperature within the stall, the air movement around the stall, and if the fans could provide fly control. Two barns with vastly different designs and natural ventilation properties were used. The barn in the first year had good natural ventilation, while the barn in the second year did not. Overall, the fans had little to no effect on reducing the temperature within the stalls, providing air movement throughout the stall, and did not produce sufficient air movement for fly control. After intense exercise such as a running a race, cross country, or participating in an endurance race, it is necessary to cool the horses and bring their vital signs back to resting ranges. The predominant method for this is hand walking or drenching and scraping the horses until the heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature have returned to an acceptable level. The cooling study sought to examine whether providing forced air speed across the horses increased their rate of cool out through placing a Bannon Tilted Belt Drive 42 in drum fan around the horses during the drenching period of their cool out process. Heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature were all monitored throughout the cool out process and the rate of return to resting values of the vital signs was used to determine the effectiveness of the cooling techniques. The presence of the fan and the air speed across the horses tended to increase their rate of cool out after exercise with the fan blowing from the hindquarters towards their head provided the greatest increase. Finally, the indoor arena study included an online survey and site visits with the purpose of gathering information regarding indoor arenas. As this is an under-researched topic, the goal of this study was to establish common characteristics, identify problems or issues within the facilities, and any health concerns for the horses and humans who use the facilities. The information gathered in this study covered a multitude of topics including arena construction and design, arena usage, footing type, maintenance practices, environmental concerns, and potential health issues within the facilities. This study will serve as the framework to build future research studies to examine and rectify issues within the facilities and, ultimately, provide design recommendations for building or retrofitting indoor arenas to mitigate or eliminate concerns.

Face aux enjeux actuels, les méthodes de production agricole se sont diversifiées, notamment avec le développement de l'agriculture en environnement contrôlé, appelée aussi agriculture indoor. Cette agriculture a une bonne efficience de l'eau mais consomme une grande quantité d'énergie à cause de l'apport de lumière artificielle. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'étudier l'impact de modifications de photopériode permettant de réduire le temps d'éclairement et donc d'économiser de l'énergie. Les effets de ces modifications ont été étudiés sur les paramètres agronomiques et la physiologie des laitues en pré et post-récolte. Ce travail est une collaboration entre Avignon Université et Futura Gaïa Technologies, une entreprise d'agriculture indoor qui conçoit et commercialise des fermes verticales « clés en main » contenant des systèmes de cultures rotatifs à axe horizontal. Le premier travail a été de caractériser l'impact de la rotation, qui perturbe la perception de la gravité. Cette perturbation se traduit par une diminution de la conductance stomatique, de l'efficience du photosystème II et de la photosynthèse nette, mais n'impacte pas le rendement commercialisable des laitues après 30 jours de culture. Ensuite, les modifications de photopériode ont montré que l'allongement de la période d'obscurité induit une diminution de la photosynthèse nette suite à la perturbation du rythme circadien de l'ouverture stomatique. Les analyses ont ainsi permis de définir les périodes où les plantes utilisaient la lumière de la manière la plus efficiente, ce qui a permis de proposer deux nouvelles modalités de photopériode permettant 12.5% et 25% d'économie des heures d'éclairement et donc d'énergie. Le rendement en masse fraîche des laitues sous la modalité '12.5%' est similaire à celle des laitues témoins grâce à une meilleure hydratation, bien que la masse sèche soit plus faible que celle des laitues témoins. Les rendements en masse fraîche et sèche des laitues sous la modalité ‘25%' sont deux fois plus faibles que ceux des laitues témoins. Les mesures de photosynthèse nette en fonction du temps ont montré que les pertes de rendement en masse sèche sont une conséquence du déphasage entre la photopériode et le rythme circadien de l'ouverture stomatique, ce qui altère le rythme et diminue l'ouverture stomatique. Des expérimentations complémentaires ont permis d'émettre l'hypothèse que les photorécepteurs sensibles à la lumière rouge (660 nm) et impliqués dans le rythme et l'intensité de l'ouverture stomatique pourraient être utilisés pour améliorer l'efficience de la lumière en agriculture en environnement contrôlé. Cette thèse soutient ainsi l'idée de prendre en considération la chronoculture, qui devra être associée aux autres méthodes d'économie d'énergie, pour améliorer la durabilité de l'agriculture indoor
Faced with today's challenges, agricultural production methods have diversified, notably with the development of controlled-environment agriculture, also known as indoor farming. This type of agriculture is highly efficient in terms of water use, but consumes large amounts of energy due to the need for artificial light. The aim of this thesis was to study the impact of photoperiod modifications to reduce lighting time and thus save energy. The effects of these modifications were studied on the agronomic parameters and physiology of pre- and post-harvest lettuces. This work is a collaboration between Avignon University and Futura Gaïa Technologies, an indoor farming company that designs and markets "turnkey" vertical farms containing horizontal axis rotary crop systems. The first task was to characterize the impact of rotation, which disrupts the perception of gravity. This disruption results in a reduction in stomatal conductance, photosystem II efficiency and net photosynthesis, but has no impact on marketable lettuce yield after 30 days of cultivation. Secondly, photoperiod modifications showed that lengthening the dark period led to a reduction in net photosynthesis as a result of disruption of the circadian rhythm of stomatal opening. The analyses thus enabled us to define the periods when the plants used light most efficiently, and to propose two new photoperiod modalities offering 12.5% and 25% savings in light hours and therefore energy. The fresh mass yield of lettuces under the '12.5%' modality is similar to that of control lettuces, thanks to better hydration, although dry mass is lower than that of control lettuces. The fresh and dry mass yields of lettuces under the '25%' modality are half those of control lettuces. Measurements of net photosynthesis as a function of time have shown that dry mass yield losses are a consequence of the phase shift between photoperiod and the circadian rhythm of stomatal opening, which alters the rhythm and reduces stomatal opening. Complementary experiments have led to the hypothesis that photoreceptors sensitive to red light (660 nm) and involved in the rhythm and intensity of stomatal opening could be used to improve light efficiency in controlled-environment agriculture. This thesis thus supports the idea of considering chronoculture, which should be combined with other energy-saving methods, to improve the sustainability of indoor farming

Just like in the rest of the world, the urban population in Sweden is increasing each year, which means that cities are becoming increasingly densified and natural green areas are claimed and used for built environment. As a result, biodiversity in cities is often low and inhabitants risk facing losses of ecosystem services of various kinds. As a counterforce to these challenges linked to urbanization, urban agriculture has become an increasingly popular and growing phenomenon in Sweden in recent years. Researchers have begun to recognize the potential of urban agriculture to address the issues of urban green spaces, food security and social interaction between different cultures in cities.  Despite the growing interest in urban agriculture, there seems to be a lack of empirical studies examining the potential of urban agriculture to contribute ecosystem services to cities. The aim of this thesis is thus to investigate and map ecosystem services from urban agriculture systems and perform a resilience analysis to assess the opportunities and challenges associated with the management and development of ecosystem services from urban agriculture. To do this, a case study was performed on two different types of urban farms located in the Stockholm region. The study was delimited to look at regulating, provisioning, and cultural ecosystem services from urban agriculture for commercial use in Stockholm. Moreover, the study applied a qualitative and semi-quantitative research method where the collection of data material was based on a literature study, semi-structured qualitative interviews, and observations. A resilience analysis of the empirically collected data material was performed using seven principles as a framework. These principles have been presented in previous research and are shown to have important links to the management of ecosystem services.  The results of the study show that commercial urban agriculture in Stockholm has great potential to contribute with ecosystem services to the city as the two investigated cases contribute with regulating, provisioning, and cultural services of various kinds. The studied outdoor farm was shown to contribute with 26 different ecosystem services, while the studied indoor farm in greenhouse was shown to contribute with 9. Furthermore, the study indicates that the two studied cases are, at present, not independent of external systems as they, among other things, require some inputs to maintain respectively cultivation activities. From a resilience perspective, the study indicates that many activities that are currently carried out in the studied urban farms contribute to strengthening the resilience of the produced ecosystem services. Examples of this are that they actively work for knowledge development, participate in research projects, integrate systems and risk thinking and involve a varied range of actors in their businesses. However, the study also suggests that challenges to strengthen resilience exists and look different in the two different urban farms. For the outdoor farm, it is indicated that the biggest challenges are related to financial aspects, as this is an obstacle to launching more ideas related to agriculture activities and thus also an obstacle to increasing the diversity of ecosystem services. For the indoor farm in greenhouse, on the other hand, challenges related to infrastructure and the dependence on a stable electricity supply to strengthen resilience through diversity of ecosystem services are emphasized. Finally, it can be stated that cooperation between actors at different levels is an important factor for the development of urban agriculture and for the resilience of the ecosystem services produced.
Precis som i resten av världen ökar den urbana befolkningen i Sverige varje år, vilket innebär att städerna blir alltmer tätbebyggda och grönområden tas i anspråk för att ge plats åt bebyggd miljö. Till följd av detta är den biologiska mångfalden i städer oftast låg och den urbana människan riskerar att gå miste om ekosystemtjänster av olika slag. Som motkraft till dessa utmaningar kopplade till urbanisering har stadsodling kommit att bli ett alltmer populärt och växande fenomen i Sverige under de senaste åren. Forskare har börjat erkänna potentialen för stadsodling att ta itu med frågorna om urbana grönområden, livsmedelssäkerhet och social interaktion mellan olika kulturer i städerna.  Trots det ökande intresset för stadsodling tycks det finnas en brist på empiriska studier som undersöker stadsodlingens potential att bidra med ekosystemtjänster till städer. Syftet med detta examensarbete är således att undersöka och kartlägga ekosystemtjänster från stadsodlingssystem samt utföra en resiliensanalys för att bedöma de möjligheter och utmaningar som är förknippade med förvaltning och utveckling av ekosystemtjänster från stadsodling. För att göra detta utfördes en fallstudie på två olika typer av stadsodlingar belägna i Stockholmsregionen. Studien avgränsades till att undersöka reglerande, försörjande och kulturella ekosystemtjänster från stadsodling för kommersiellt bruk i Stockholm. Vidare tillämpade studien en kvalitativ och semi-kvantitativ forskningsmetod där insamling av datamaterial baserades på en litteraturstudie, semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer. En resiliensanalys av det empiriskt insamlade datamaterialet utfördes genom att använda sju principer som ramverk. Dessa principer har presenterats i tidigare forskning och visats ha viktiga kopplingar till förvaltning av ekosystemtjänster.  Studiens resultat visar att kommersiell stadsodling i Stockholm har stor potential att bidra med ekosystemtjänster till staden då de båda undersökta fallen bidrar med reglerande, försörjande och kulturella tjänster av olika slag. Den studerade utomhusodlingen visades bidra med 26 olika ekosystemtjänster, medan den studerade inomhusodlingen i växthus visades bidra med 9 stycken. Vidare indikerar studien att de båda undersökta fallen i dagsläget ej kan vara oberoende av externa system då de bland annat kräver en del insatsmedel för att upprätthålla respektive odlingsverksamhet. Utifrån ett resiliensperspektiv indikerar studien att många aktiviteter som idag utförs i de undersökta stadsodlingarna bidrar till att stärka resiliensen av de producerade ekosystemtjänsterna. Exempel på detta är arbete för kunskapsutveckling, deltagande i forskningsprojekt, integrerade system- och risktänkanden samt involverande av flertalet aktörer. Däremot antyder studien även att utmaningar för att stärka resiliensen dess mer finns, och ser olika ut i de två olika odlingssystemen. För utomhusodlingen indikeras att de största utmaningarna är relaterade till finansiella aspekter, då detta är ett hinder för att sjösätta fler idéer relaterade till odlingsaktiviteter och därmed även ett hinder för att öka mångfalden av ekosystemtjänster. För inomhusodlingen i växthus, å andra sidan, framhävs utmaningar relaterade till infrastruktur och beroendet av stabil elförsörjning för att stärka resiliensen genom mångfald av ekosystemtjänster. Slutligen kan konstateras att samarbete mellan aktörer på olika nivåer är en viktig faktor för utvecklingen av stadsodling och för resiliens hos de producerade ekosystemtjänsterna.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas.
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A visão depreciativa em relação à população rural aprofundou o descaso com muitos sistemas de conhecimento nativo, cujo conteúdo era expresso de forma discursiva e simbólica. Poucos trabalhos foram realizados e ainda pouco se conhece sobre os sistemas tradicionais de produção. Os estudos realizados têm demonstrado a diversidade e complexidade dos padrões de cultivo, dos sistemas de manejo e conservação de solos, usos da água, reciclagem de nutrientes, controle da sucessão e proteção das culturas, além da incorporação de grande número de cultivares, importantes para o desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento genético. A agricultura itinerante constitui a forma tradicional de uso da terra mais praticada na América Latina. Alternando-se períodos de cultivo e regeneração da floresta, é possível manejar a fertilidade do solo e controlar pragas e doenças, estabelecendo policultivos e sistemas agroflorestais com alto grau de sustentabilidade. Nos sistemas tradicionais indígenas da Amazônia, os produtos de maior importância são o milho, a mandioca e a banana, representando as fontes básicas de carboidratos. Com a conquista européia da Amazônia, os cacicados indígenas estabelecidos na várzea e que mantinham forte o cultivo de milho, foram destruídos e os grupos indígenas restantes tiveram que retornar ao cultivo de mandioca, que se mantém como alimento principal para a maior parte das populações nativas até os dias atuais. Em diversos grupos indígenas, no entanto, a banana vem se tornando o cultivo mais importante. É o que vem acontecendo com os índios Matis e Marubo, grupos Pano do Vale do Javari, no Amazonas. Esses grupos praticam uma agricultura de derrubada e queima, conformando sistemas agroflorestais. Constitui o objetivo deste trabalho estudar as razões e conseqüências da substituição de espécies no repertório dos cultivos Matis e Marubo, no contexto atual, cujo fato mais marcante está nas substituições da mandioca e milho pela banana. Utilizando-se metodologias qualitativas em um longo período de convívio com os grupos pesquisados, estudou-se os seus sistemas agrícolas e as mudanças ocorridas, onde a substituição de espécies foi o fator mais relevante. Resultados do trabalho indicaram que a introdução e a adaptação da banana contribuiu para a melhoria do agroecossistema e permitiu aos indígenas se adaptarem melhor à nova realidade pós-contato com a sociedade nacional, além dos ganhos na dieta e no rendimento do trabalho na roça. O conhecimento indígena sobre o seu agroecossistema pode ser visto como um processo co-evolutivo, na medida em que sociedade e sistema agrícola evoluem, mantendo-se as características básicas de interação ecológica.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas
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Os Agentes Agroflorestais Indígenas (AAFIs) são jovens e adultos de todas as etnias indígenas do estado do Acre escolhidos em suas aldeias, para atuarem na implantação de sistemas agroflorestais e na gestão ambiental e territorial de suas terras indígenas, após receber a formação da Comissão Pró-índio do Acre (CPI/AC). Os AAFIs constituem uma nova categoria social nas TIs. Um dos objetivos do trabalho do AAFI é a segurança alimentar e a autonomia indígena. É objetivo deste trabalho descrever os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) e os roçados da Terra Indígena Kaxinawá do rio Humaitá (TIRH), analisar a atuação dos AAFI nas aldeias e a relação existente entre a formação dos AAFIs e os SAFs. As metodologias utilizadas em campo foram a observação participante e as entrevistas abertas. Assim, a pesquisa foi realizada com dados primários e dados secundários, a partir da sistematização de relatórios da CPI/AC. Os SAFs na TIRH, foram implantados em quintais, capoeiras e roçado de um ano. Nestes SAFs as espécies foram classificadas quanto à origem e percentual nos sistemas. De maneira geral há predominância de espécies nativas (65%) nos diferentes tipos de sistemas agroflorestais na TIRH. Nos quintais agroflorestais encontrou-se o maior número de plantas exóticas, principalmente laranja, que estão incorporados nos sistemas produtivos e alimentares dos indígenas. As espécies encontradas em maior percentagem nos sistemas agroflorestais são: o açaí touceira (Euterpe oleraceae), a graviola (Anona muricato), a laranja (Citrus aurantium), o abacaxi (Ananas comosus), o patoá (Oenocarpus bataua), a pupunha (Bactris gasipaes), o açaí solteiro (Euterpe precatoria), o maracujá (Passiflora sp.), o buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) e o cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). Observou-se grande interesse na criação de quelônios na TIRH, alimentados com produtos dos SAFs. Os Agentes Agroflorestais Indígenas são considerados pelas lideranças tradicionais, como mensageiros. Os conhecimentos tradicionais são fundamentais nas ações dos AAFIs, que os confrontam e conjugam aos conhecimentos científicos, ou de "fora", transformando-se no que eles chamam de conhecimento híbrido. Assim, pode-se dizer que os atuais SAFs indígenas são reflexo das ações tradicionais e de outras incorporadas recentemente.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration has risen since the industrial revolution, reaching record highs year after year, and is projected to continue rising. The global average concentration of CO₂ has risen from 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 400 ppm over the last 150 years alone. CO₂ is sourced from not only fossil fuel use, but also from an increasing population world-wide in combination with a reduction of foliage. Indoor air quality (IAQ) suffers as a result of poor circulation, and buildings have been shown to accumulate air toxics such as CO₂ at greater levels than outdoors. Standards permit increases in CO ₂ indoors in relationship to outdoor baseline levels, thus permitting an ever-increasing level of CO₂ indoors. Although high concentrations of CO₂ have been associated with perceptions of poor air quality, symptoms of illness, slow work performance, and absence from work or school, such as in cases of sick building syndrome (SBS), these effects have been assumed to be due to other air toxics that accompanied high CO₂ levels in buildings.

New studies in low-to-moderate CO₂ exposure in the range of 1,000–2,500 ppm challenge this assumption, and report negative impacts to proof-reading tasks, with further research in the same study series conducted with more sensitive cognitive function tests illustrating an impact on decision-making performance (Allen et al., 2015; Satish et al., 2012). With such broad human-occupied space impacts, IAQ factors such as CO₂ cut across all socioeconomic categories, and cries out for innovative solutions.

The proposed approach in this thesis provides a framework for assessing IAQ data on the human health impacts of long-term IAQ exposures, both indoor and outdoor, with a sensor network designed to provide accessible real-time data visualizations to building occupants. Only outdoor air quality data is currently available from organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With a new concept of “connected buildings,” equipped with IAQ monitoring made available by the proposed air quality sensor network, a new IAQ data stream can be merged with existing outdoor air quality monitoring station data streams such as those from the EPA.

The goal of this research is to enable IAQ data acquisition on a continuous basis towards better informed decisions for industrial development, enactment of standards, ecological policy for architectural development, and individual’s exposures, through consolidation of air quality metrics that combine real0time output from outdoor and indoor built environments that can be reviewed at-a-glance. The indoor distributed wireless sensor network (IDWSN) has been designed and produced to meet the needs of continuous real-time data monitoring while populating a database used to moderate IAQ remediation systems and real-time visualization interfaces to keep human occupants of a building informed.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas.
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Grupos sociais da etnia Terena, em geral, são reconhecidos pela tradição na agricultura. Na aldeia Limão Verde esta tradição agrícola conforma um estilo próprio de agricultura em muito diferente das características de seu entorno. Todavia, a interpretação desta tradição agrícola em termos de um conhecimento sistematizado e intelectual tende a reduzir a importância social e cultural da agricultura Terena para um questionável "conhecimento técnico indígena". Neste trabalho, à luz da perspectiva teórica proposta por Richards (1995), faz-se uma análise da agricultura Terena do ponto de vista da dimensão prática dos modos de conhecimento agrícola dos Terena como premissa para uma apreensão mais imparcial e realista do que estas pessoas fazem e de como conhecem acerca do trabalho agrícola que realizam. Desta forma, o estudo das formas sociais e produtivas do cotidiano agrícola Terena (roças, hortos domésticos, coleta e feiras) projeta elementos através dos quais busca-se aportar contribuições ao aprimoramento metodológico de pesquisa, extensão rural e de ações de desenvolvimento, condizentes com as contingências humanas, em especial, aquelas inerentes às relações interétnicas.

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Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre O papel da comunicação no processo de transferência de tecnologia da Embrapa para a comunidade indígena Campo Alegre de Boa Vista, RR de Boa Vista, RR, no âmbito de um projeto de transferência de tecnologia. Seu principal objetivo é definir estratégias de comunicação que facilitam a incorporação das inovações tecnológicas sustentáveis para a agricultura tropical, tendo como foco a comunidade indígena Campo Alegre. A estratégia de investigação adotada foi o estudo de caso utilizando diretrizes da pesquisa participante e a pesquisa-ação como método. Como instrumentos metodológicos, foram utilizadas, além da observação participante, entrevista não estruturada, relato e análise de documentos. Foram identifiados recursos de comunicação interpessoal e midiático utilizados; foi realizada através do fluxo de informação e canais de diálogo; verificada a apropriação dos recursos de comunicação e recomendada uma sistematização de metodologia de comunicação para transferência de tecnologia agrícola para comunidades indígenas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os agentes de trasnferência de tecnologia consideraram a dinâmica do sistema hierárquico próprio da cultura indígena no que diz respeito às lideranças formais e informais. O fluxo de informação perpassou diferentes níveis. Nesse processo os agentes se apropriaram de recursos de comunicação e utilizaram diferentes canais de diálogo para os públicos de interesse. Estratégias de comunicação como as utilizadas no projeto VAI facilitam a incorporação de inovações tecnológicas sustentáveis para a agricultura tropical. As famílias envolvidas no processo de transferência de tecnologia incoporaram as inovações tecnológicas agropecuárias propostas pela Embrapa em seu sistema de produção. A comunidade indígena Campo Alegre torna-se agente de transformação em sua região. Os membros da...
This work consists of a study on the role of communication in the case of Embrapa with the indigenous community from Campo Alegre de Boa Vista, RR, under a technology transfer project. Its main purpose is to define communication strategies that facilitate the incorporation of sustainable technological innovations for tropical agriculture, focusing on the Campo Alegre indigenous community. The adopted research strategy was the case study using guidelines of participatory research and action research as a method. This work used as methodological instruments, unstructured interview, oral history and document analysis, as well as participant observation. Interpessonal and media communication resources were identified; concluded analysis of information flow and dialogue channels; verified appropriation of communication resources and recommended a systematic communication methodology for agricultural technology transfer to indigenous communities. The results show that technology transfer agents consiered the dynamics of own hierarchical system of indigenous culture with regard to the formal ans informal leardes. The flow of information passed over different levels. In that case, agents have appropriated communication resources and used different channels of dialogue for stakeholders. Communication strategies as those used in the project VAI facilitate the incorporation of sustainable technological innovations for tropical agriculture. The families involved in the technology transfer process incorporated the agricultural technological innovations proposed by Embrapa in their production system. The Campo Alegre indigenous community becomes a processing agent in its region. Community members who incorporated the new agricultural technologies are multipliers of scientific knowledge and contribute to local development

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2011.
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Este estudo analisa as ações do programa Territórios Rurais, do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, tendo como foco principal a aplicação delas no Território Rural Vale do Rio Vermelho, em Goiás. O objetivo é compreender como tem se dado a inserção técnica dos agricultores familiares no meio rural brasileiro. A hipótese do estudo é que o Estado tem sido um indutor de técnicas nas regiões em que o mercado não proporciona o acesso a equipamentos e conhecimento tecnológico. Sob a perspectiva de técnica na acepção de Milton Santos e seu papel na compreensão do espaço geográfico como um sistema de objetos e um sistema de ações, o estudo analisa o histórico da inserção técnica no espaço agrário brasileiro. As políticas rurais são abordadas a partir da polarização entre o agronegócio e a agricultura familiar e também em seu papel na promoção de recursos e técnicas em um contexto de produção rural em que o componente tecnológico é inerente ao meio geográfico técnico-científico-informacional. Através do mapeamento dos objetos técnicos na região e da avaliação dos documentos produzidos pelo Conselho Territorial do Vale do Rio Vermelho, explicita-se as demandas dos agricultores familiares da região e os percursos do Estado para atender às solicitações e garantir a apropriação técnica dos produtores destes 16 municípios. Nas considerações finais o estudo relaciona o papel do Estado no desenvolvimento agrário, sobretudo na questão fundiária além da disputa entre agronegócio e produtores familiares na região por recursos do Estado bem como a relação e uma nova correlação de forças entre pequenas cidades e agricultores familiares. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This study examines the actions of Territórios Rurais, a program from the Brazilian Ministry of Agrarian Development, which focuses on the application of these actions in the territory Vale do Rio Vermelho in Goiás. The goal is to understand how technique has been introduced in the production of family farmers in brazilian countryside. The study hypothesis is that the State has been a promoter of techniques in areas where the market does not provide access to equipment and expertise. Considering technique in the meaning used by Milton Santos and the geographic space as a system of objects and a system of actions, the study examines the history of the introduction of those techniques in rural areas. Rural policies are evaluated considering the polarization between agribusiness and family farming, according to their contribution to technological development under Milton Santos’s understanding of infotecnoscientific environment. Based on the mapping of technical objects in the region and the evaluation of documents produced by the Conselho Territorial do Vale do Rio Vermelho, the study repports the demands of family farmers in the region and the solution found by the State to fulfill requests and ensure technical ownership to the producers of the 16 municipalities. At the conclusion, this study links the State rule on agrarian development, specially in the issues related to land regularization. The struggle for resources from the State between agribusiness and familiar farming in the region is also related and the new balance in Power dispute among family farmers and population in the small towns in Brazil.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas
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Os índios Guarani Mbyá são ocupantes históricos do Bioma Mata Atlântica e ao longo do tempo vêm tecendo suas práticas agrícolas e manejo do ambiente numa porção do território brasileiro de grande pressão demográfica pela sociedade envolvente. Torna-se importante o estudo da agricultura e manejo do ambiente praticado por esse grupo indígena, para a obtenção de interpretação coerente e atual da sua dinâmica de apropriação, bem como para a compreensão das estreitas relações que imprimem com os recursos naturais. Desse modo, poderão ser verificados seus esforços na conservação dos recursos existentes nos locais que ocupam. Esse trabalho também visa contribuir enquanto elemento de subsidio aos processos de formulação de políticas públicas que efetivem relações de cooperação entre sociedade envolvente nacional e comunidades guarani. Ao longo do trabalho de campo na aldeia Yakã Porã - Garuva/SC, observou-se que o conhecimento tradicional guarani, no tocante ao modo de lidar com a agricultura, e por conseguinte, no manejo dos ambientes que ocupam, tem como raiz sua própria cultura, o que significa dizer que suas práticas comungam com uma dinâmica de interpretação de mundo e de paisagem, e que os elementos da natureza, como a mata, a água e o solo são essenciais à sua sobrevivência. A essa visão "integradora" assumida pelos Guarani Mbyá, sobressaem-se nesse trabalho as importantes estratégias como: plantio em policultivos, proteção do solo, manutenção das matas ciliares, conservação e multiplicação das sementes tradicionais, conservação e manejo do banco de germoplasma, incremento da biodiversidade. Neste contexto, lançam mão de ferramentas novas no trato com o meio físico em virtude da impossibilidade de ocuparem amplos territórios como em tempos pretéritos.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia social
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Este estudo trata das formas pelas quais os índios Guarani sentem, conhecem e aprendem expresso pela noção de arandu, uma forma de conhecimento sensível que permite a capacidade de #sentir o tempo-espaço ao longo da experiência no clima-mundo#. Tomando o substantivo nhembo.ea, #fazer-se em palavras#, é interpretado como os processos de aprendizagem e a circulação de saberes que é praticada entre os Guarani como uma forma de rezo-oração. Eu convivi com a família de um casal de xamãs (karai) no aldeamento Tekoa Y.. Morotch. Vera (TI Mbiguaçu/SC). O fio condutor metodológico, guiado pelo termo oguerodjera, #criar-se a si mesmo no curso da própria evolução#, foi experienciar o arandu através da participação sensorial. Na primeira parte do estudo verso sobre a presença Guarani no litoral catarinense, especialmente da ocupação de famílias Chiripá e Pa. no sul do Brasil desde o final do século XIX. Apresento um histórico da família estudada e sua iniciativa pela proteção e salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural da etnia. Relaciono esta atividade ao papel histórico do xamã entre os Guarani como líder político e religioso da família, na qual atua como nucleador de resistência da identidade grupal. Na segunda parte, sistematizo minha experiência no arandu com notas sobre a cosmologia solar e o sistema de atribuição das #almas-nome# enquanto categorias construtoras da noção de pessoa na qual nomos e cosmos são co-extensivos. A organização cosmo-espacial é explorada por meio da liderança do casal de xamãs nas atividades cotidianas e nas práticas agrícolas da aldeia. A realização dos cultivos de plantas e as relações familiares possuem um ideal de afecção e conduta regido pelo amor (mborayu), que por sua vez nutre o poder xamânico (py.a-guatchu), permitindo aos karai a reparação da ordem cosmo-social e a condução das curas. Descrevo as cerimônias religiosas e discuto o seu papel sócio-educativo entre os Chiripá, apontando que os processos terapêuticos que estão associados às curas por benzimentos xamânicos, que visam à manutenção do bem-estar psico-social do grupo. Xamanismo é o desenvolvimento de uma faculdade humana que potencializa a afetividade nas relações sociais e se expressa na atividade ritual da comunidade, constituindo o fundamento do arandu nhembo.ea praticado pelo casal de xamãs
This study deals with the ways in which the Guarani Indians feel, know and learn, expressed by the notion of arandu, a form of sensorial knowledge that concerns the ability to "feel time-space along experience in the weather-world ". The noun nhembo'ea, "creating through words#, is interpreted as the processes of learning and circulation of knowledge that is practiced by the Guarani as a kind of prayer or oration. I lived with the family of a shaman couple in the settlement Tekoa Y'. Morotch. Vera (TI Mbiguaçu / SC - Brazil). My methodological approach, guided by the term oguerodjera, "to construct yourself in the course of your evolution", was to experience arandu through sensorial participation. The first part of the study deals with the Guarani presence on the coast of Santa Catarina, focusing on the occupation of Chiripá and Pa. families in southern Brazil since the late nineteenth century. I present the history of the family of Mbiguaçu and their initiatives to protect and safeguard their cultural heritage. I relate their efforts to the historic role of the Guarani shaman as a political and religious leader of the family, in which the shaman acts as nucleus of resistance of the group.s identity. In the second part, I systematize my experience in arandu with reference to the solar cosmology and the system for the allocation of "soul-name" as they pertain to the construction of the notion of person in which nomos and cosmos are co-extensive. The cosmic-spatial organization is explored through the leadership of the shamanic couple in daily activities and agricultural practices of the village. The cultivation of plants and family relations contain the ideal of affection and conduct governed by love (mborayu), which in turn nourishes shamanic power (py'a-guatchu) enabling the karai (shaman) to repair the cosmic-social order and conduct curing. The religious ceremonies and their social and educational role among the Chiripá are described, noting that the therapeutic processes associated with shamanic blessings aim to maintain the psychosocial well being of group. Shamanism is the development of a human faculty that enhances affectivity in social relationships and is expressed in ritual activity, constituting the foundation of the arandu nhembo'ea practiced by the shamanic couple

Acetobacter diazotrophicus is a true endophyte of sugarcane and is often found in plants grown in agricultural areas of low nitrogen fertilizer input. Results from our laboratory, using mutant strains of A. diazotrophicus unable to fix nitrogen, have shown that there are two beneficial effects of A. diazotrophicus on sugarcane: one dependent on nitrogen fixation, and the other independent of nitrogen fixation. A plant growth promoting substance like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) may represent the latter effect that accounts for improved plant growth. My first project was to characterize the genes responsible for nitrogen fixation, and determine their regulation. In summary, I have isolated, sequenced, and analyzed the major 31.5 kb nif gene cluster, including both nif and associated genes of A. diazotrophicus. This cluster of 33 genes represents the largest and most complete assembly of contiguous nif/fix and associated genes characterized in any diazotrophic bacterial species. My second project has been to determine whether nitrogen fixation and/or IAA production are important for the ability of A. diazotrophicus to stimulate plant growth. In order to determine the role of IAA directly, mutants of A. diazotrophicus producing reduced amounts of IAA were generated by Tn5 mutagenesis. Among IAA - candidates, one excreting less than 6% of IAA compared to the parent strain was further characterized. The mutation was mapped to genes involved in cytochrome c biogenesis (ccm genes-c&barbelow;ytochrome c&barbelow; m&barbelow;aturation genes). A Nif -/Iaa- double mutant and Nif- mutant were constructed by inserting a chloramphenicol cassette into nifD region. Plant inoculation experiments using mutant strains also demonstrated that A. diazotrophicus could stimulate plant growth regardless of N availability, as evidenced by the significant growth difference between plants inoculated with wild type and uninoculated plants. Under N-limiting conditions plants inoculated with wild type had greater height and biomass than plants inoculated with Nif- or Nif -/Iaa- mutants, suggesting nitrogen fixation by A. diazotrophicus stimulates sugarcane growth. Plants inoculated with Iaa- mutants were always comparable to uninoculated plants regardless of N availability, indicating that IAA biosynthesis is a major bacterial factor influencing sugarcane growth, particularly under N-sufficient conditions.

This thesis explores the spatial patterns in the vulnerability of the rice-wheat production systems of Punjab and Haryana to climate. Remote sensing monitoring is used to identify rice and wheat crop extents and to capture dynamics of the cropping system such as length of growing periods and cropland productivity. This remote sensing monitoring is integrated with analysis of climate datasets and other measures of the agricultural system to 1) identify the exposure of rice-wheat croplands to harmful climate drivers, 2) capture the sensitivity of the rice-wheat croplands to climate and to 3) inform targeted adaptations to improve climate resilience, ensure environmental sustainability and sufficient levels of production, the pillars of a climate-smart landscape. Across all India, including Punjab and Haryana, there was a fragmented spatial pattern in the occurrence, and sign, in trends of monsoon precipitation. This highlights the need for locally sensitive water resources management. Over 5 million ha of rice-wheat croplands in Punjab and Haryana were exposed to unfavourable trends in facets of monsoon precipitation; this was mainly exposure to increasing recurrence of drought years and increasing inter-annual variability in monsoon precipitation. However, crop yield-climate regression models indicated that precipitation is not influencing variability in rice or wheat crop production but growing season temperatures are. Average minimum and maximum temperature during the thermo-sensitive periods of crop development have a greater negative impact on wheat crop yield than exceedance of critical temperatures. The negative impact of warming on wheat crop production increased with later start-of-season dates. Through an integrated use of remote sensing datasets the spatial patterns in the magnitude and varying nature of the vulnerability of crop production to climate were captured. This enabled identification of location-specific stresses, such as later sowing dates, and targeting locally optimum adaptations.

Orientador: Marcio Ferreira da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação consiste de uma etnografia dos modos de subsistência da sociedade indígena Enawene-Nawe, povo de língua Amak, habitante do vale do rio Juruena, no noroeste do estado de Mato Grosso. As práticas de coleta, de pesca e em especial a de agricultura são aqui abordadas nos seus aspectos técnicos e simbólicos, tomando como referência: (a) a matriz ambiental da região, típica da transição entre o Cerrado e a Floresta Amazônica; (b) a série sócio-cosmológica: a organização das unidades sociais envolvidas no processo de produção e as balizas do cosmos e (c) a conexão e o encadeamento das atividades econômicas expressas no "calendário nativo" e nas formas de ocupação do território
Abstract: This dissertation consists of an ethnography of the modes of livelihood of the Enawene-Nawe indigenous society, who speak the Amak language, and live in the Juruena valley, in the northeast of the state ofMato Grosso. The practices of gathering, fishing and, especially, agriculture are described here in their technical and symbolical aspects, taking as a reference: (a) the environmental matrix of the region, typical of the transition between the Cerrado (the Brazilian savannah) and the Amazon forest, (b) the socio-cosmological aspect: the organisation of the social units involved in the production process and the cosmological references and (c) the connection and the linking of the economic activities expressed in the "native calendar" and in the manners of occupying territory
Mestrado
Mestre em Antropologia

Os Mbyá-Guarani são tidos como horticultores com grande conhecimento tradicional de flora e fauna. Estes se auto definem como habitantes de matas, e acreditam que os campos teriam sido deixados para os "brancos". Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a situação atual dos Mbyá no Rio Grande do Sul, enfocando a sua relação com a agricultura e a natureza. Procurou-se levantar as espécies vegetais mais importantes, seu uso e manejo, avaliando o papel destes na sua auto-suficiência. O trabalho foi realizado através de pesquisa exploratória, com observação participante e entrevistas informais. O estudo de caso foi realizado na terra indígena da Varzinha, área de Mata Atlântica no litoral norte do Estado, Brazil. Um aspecto verificado já nos primeiros contatos, foi a concepção singular de agricultura para os Mbyá. Para estes a agricultura não está relacionada simplesmente com a subsistência alimentar. Esta é a expressão da sua prc cultura e entremeada com esferas religiosas, sociais e politicas. Algumas plantas tradicionais como o avati (Zea mays) e o pindo (Syagrus romanzoffiana) são exemplos desta relação mitico-religiosa. Outras espécies, porém, são cultivadas ou coletadas para. consumo. Nas visitas realizadas nas comunidades Mbyá do Estado, foram relacionadas aproximadamente 40 espécies para fins de alimentação, artesanato e de uso medicinal. A área indigena da Varzinha é uma área devoluta do processo de colonização e caracteriza-se por ser extremamente acidentada com condições edafo-climáticas pouco apropriadas para agricultura. A mata é desprovida de espécies tradicionais, como também limitada para a caça e pesca. Os dados indicam que a agricultura de coivara e a atividade de extrativismo na reserva indigena da Varzinha não tem sido sustentável. Verificou-se que as principais fontes de recursos que permitem a subsistência dos Mbyá são provenientes do extrativismo da samambaia ornamental Rumohra adiantiformis, confecção e comercialização de artesanatos, e pela prestação de serviços em propriedades agricolas da região.
The Mbyá Guarani are a group of native South Americans considered to be both skilled in horticulture and having extensive traditional knowledge of the flora and fauna of their environment. They describe themselves as forest dwellers and believe that grasslands were left for the "whites. The objective of the work described in this thesis was to characterize the current situation of the Mbyá, focusing on their relationship with agriculture and nature, and to ascertain which plant species and cultivation techniques were most important for the self-sufficiency of this group. This exploratory research involved participatory observation and informal interviews, the case-study being performed in Varzinha, an area of land reserved for this indigenous people in the Atlantic rainforest on the coast of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. One factor established during the first contacts was the Mbyás' singular concept of agriculture, which for them is not simply related to subsistence farming but is the expression of their religious, social and political culture. Some traditionally cultivated plants, such as `avati' (Zea mays) and (Syagrus romanzoffiana), are examples of this mythical-religious relationship, while other species are grown or gathered only for consumption. Approximately 40 species used for food, handicrafis and healing were recorded during visits to the Mbyá communities. The Varzinha is an area of land left from the colonization process and characterized by extremely rough terrain with edaphic-climatic conditions hardly suitable for agriculture and a dearth of the species traditionally hunted and fished by the Mbyá. The data revealed that slash and burn agriculture and activities based upon extraction in the Varzinha indigenous reservation are not sustainable, and that the main sources of income which guarantees the Mbyás' subsistence are extraction of the ornamental fern Rumohra adiantformis, manufacturing and selling of handicrafts and the provision of services on agricultural properties in the region.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2013.
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O cultivo da lima ácida ‘Tahiti’ (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) tem grande importância no Distrito Federal e é uma atividade rentável, podendo ser indicada para pequenos produtores. A podridão floral dos citros (Colletotrichum acutatum) e a gomose (Phytophthora spp.) são doenças de grande importância econômica para a citricultura, podendo causar perdas de até 100% da produção No entanto, os fungicidas recomendados e registrados para o controle dessas doenças não têm oferecido resultados satisfatórios e ainda oferecem riscos de contaminação do meio ambiente e do aplicador. Indutores abióticos de resistência, fertilizantes foliares e fungicidas de baixo impacto têm sido utilizados em várias espécies de frutíferas, muitas vezes com resultados satisfatórios, porém há carência de estudos científicos quanto à eficiência destes produtos no controle de doenças de citros. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, taxa de vingamento de flores, incidência e severidade de gomose (Phytophthora spp.) e características físicas dos frutos nas plantas de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’ tratadas com fertilizantes aplicados via foliar, indutor de resistência abiótico e fungicida. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de lima ácida ‘Tahiti’ com nove anos de idade, localizado no Distrito Federal. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições intercaladas por fileiras de bordadura. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: calda de sulfato de cálcio acrescida de fertilizante solúvel acidificada a pH= 4, calda de sulfato de cálcio sem fertilizante solúvel, acidificada a pH= 4, Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, fosfito de potássio + oxicloreto de cobre, fungicida (Tebuconazole 200 g/l + Trifloxystrobin 100 g/l) e testemunha. Os produtos foram aplicados por um pulverizador tracionado por trator, na vazão de 0,41 litros/segundo a intervalos de 10 dias durante a estação das chuvas (dezembro a abril), de 15 dias entre as estações da seca e das chuvas (outubro e novembro) e 30 dias durante a estação da seca (maio a setembro). As aplicações foram feitas durante o período de abril de 2010 a julho de 2011. Para a avaliação da produtividade e vingamento de flores, marcaram-se as flores durante o período de um ano (maio de 2010 a abril de 2011) e as colheitas foram iniciadas em setembro de 2010 e se estenderam até dezembro de 2011, levando em consideração o período de carpogênese (período da floração a colheita) dos frutos. As características físicas comprimentos longitudinal e transversal, massa fresca de frutos, quantidade de suco, espessura de casca e massa de casca após a extração do suco foram avaliadas a partir de frutos coletados durante o período de colheita, em dois momentos, quais sejam safra (março de 2011) e entressafra (outubro de 2011). As avaliações para a análise da gomose de Phytophthora (Phytophthora sp.) foram efetuadas aos 21 meses após a primeira pulverização, determinando-se a incidência (porcentagem de plantas com sintomas de gomose na região do coleto) e a severidade (porcentagem do perímetro do coleto com lesões contínuas) da gomose. . Em relação ao vingamento de flores, durante os meses cujas flores originaram frutos no período da safra, os tratamentos com fungicida, fosfito de potássio + cobre e calda de sulfato de cálcio acrescida de fertilizante solúvel apresentaram os melhores resultados. Durante a floração que produziu frutos na entressafra, o fungicida manteve um bom resultado, assim como a calda de sulfato de cálcio sem fertilizante. Apesar das médias de produtividade durante a entressafra não serem significativas estatisticamente, os produtos apresentaram diferenças consideráveis, sendo que a calda de sulfato de cálcio acrescida de fertilizante solúvel apresentou o melhor resultado, seguida do fungicida. Durante o período da safra houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Os produtos à base de calda de sulfato de cálcio acrescido fertilizantes, calda de sulfato de sulfato de cálcio, o fungicida e o Acibenzolar-S-Methyl proporcionaram os melhores resultados. A testemunha e o fosfito de potássio acrescido de cobre não diferiram entre si, apresentando-se como os priores resultados de produtividade. A gomose foi mais severa nas plantas tratadas com o fungicida, seguido pela testemuha (plantas não tratadas). Embora não tenha havido diferenças significativas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5%, a maior incidência de gomose também foi registrada nas plantas tratadas com o fungicida mesosistêmico, seguida pela testemunha. Em relação às características físicas dos frutos, não houve diferença significativa pelo teste de Scott Knott quando os tratamentos foram comparados dentro dos períodos de safra e entressafra, porém o tratamento calda de sulfato de cálcio acrescida de fertilizante solúvel proporcionou um sutil aumento na massa fresca de fruto em relação aos demais tratamentos. Os frutos produzidos durante o período de safra foram significativamente maiores a 5% de probabilidade pelo teste de Scott Knott que aqueles produzidos no período de entressafra para todos os tratamentos. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Production of ‘tahiti’ acid limes (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important and profitable activity in the Federal District, suitable for small-scale farmers. In terms of its economic effects, citrus blossom blight (Colletotrichum acutatum) and gummosis (Phytophthora spp). is a major plant disease and is capable of producing losses of up to 100%. However, the fungicides recommended and registered for control of the disease have not produced satisfactory results and present risks to the environment and hazards for those who apply them. Abiotic resistance inducers, foliar fertilizers, and low-impact fungicides have been used on various types of fruit trees, often with satisfactory results. There are, however, few scientific studies as to the efficacy of these products in the control of citrus diseases. The objective of this work is to assess yields, the survival rate of flowers, the physical characteristics of fruits, and the incidence and severity of gummosis (Phytophthora sp.) on ‘tahiti’ acid lime trees treated with fertilizers applied to leaves, an abiotic resistance inducer and fungicide. The experiment was carried out in a nine-year-old grove of ‘tahiti’ acid limes located in the Federal District. The experiment consisted of random blocks with repetitions interspaced with border strips. Plots comprised six plants, of which the first and last were considered borders. The treatments used were: calcium sulfate solution with added soluble fertilizer, acidified at pH= 4; calcium sulfate solution without soluble fertilizer, acidified at pH= 4; Acibenzolar-S-Methyl; potassium phosphite + copper oxychloride; fungicide (Tebuconazole 200 g/l + Trifloxystrobin 100 g/l); and controls. These products were applied using a tractor-pulled sprayer, with a flow of 0.41 liters/second, at 10-day intervals during the rainy season (December to April); 15-day intervals during the interim between the wet and dry seasons (October and November); and at 30-day intervals during the dry season (May to September). Spraying was carried out during the period from April 2010 to July 2011. To assess yields and survival of flowers, blossoms were marked over the period of one year (from May 2010 to April 2011) and harvesting began in September 2010 and extended into December 2011, taking into account the period from flowering to harvest (carpogenisis). The physical characteristics: longitudinal and transversal lengths, fresh-fruit mass, quantity of juice, thickness of the skin, and mass of skin after removal of the juice were assessed for fruits picked at two specific times, i.e., during the harvest period (March 2011) and during offseason production (October 2011). Assessments for gummosis Phytophthora (Phytophthora sp.) were carried out 21 months after the first spraying, to determine the incidence (percentage of plants with symptoms of gummosis at the foot) and severity (percentage of the foot perimeter with continuous lesions) of gummosis. With respect to survival of flowers, in the months in which the buds that are to produce fruits during the harvest season receive treatment, the best results were obtained with applications of a fungicide; potassium phosphite + copper; and calcium sulfate solution with addition of a soluble fertilizer. During blossoming that produces offseason fruits, the use of fungicide continued to produce good results, as did a solution of calcium sulfate without fertilizer. Although, on average, offseason yields presented no statistically significant differences there were, nonetheless, perceptible variations using different treatments, the best results being achieved with calcium sulfate with added soluble fertilizer, and the second best using fungicide. During the harvest period there were significant differences in yields using the different treatments. Trees treated with calcium sulfate solution with added fertilizer; calcium sulfate solution; fungicide; and Acibenzolar-S-Methyl produced the best results. The controls, and trees treated with potassium phosphate and copper, produced similar results and considerably lower yields. Gummosis proved to be most serious among plants treated with mesosystemic fungicide, followed by the controls (untreated plants). No significant differences were found using the Scott-Knott test at 5%, which also detected the greatest incidence of gummosis in plants treated with mesosystemic fungicide, followed by the controls. The characteristics assessed were: fruit dimensions and mass, skin thickness, quantity of juice, and weight of the skin after extracting juice. There was no significant difference in the 5% probability by the Scott Knott test, when treatments were compared within harvest and between-harvest periods, however, in relation to other treatments, calcium sulfate solution with added soluble fertilizer provided a slight increase in the fresh fruit mass, possibly due to the presence of micronutrients in the solution. Fruits produced during the harvest season were significantly larger than those produced in between-harvest periods with all treatments; however, this outcome was expected, in view of increased plant metabolism at higher temperatures.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложений. В работе рассмотрены теоретико-прикладные аспекты создания тепличных комплексов в России. Проанализирован район расположения планируемого тепличного комплекса, рассмотрены основные представленные тепличные комплексы по выращиванию овощной продукции в защищенном грунте. Определены источники финансирования, сформирован бюджет проекта, рассчитаны показатели экономической эффективности проекта. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования.
The master's thesis consists of three chapters, conclusion, list of references and applications. The paper considers the theoretical and applied aspects of creating greenhouse complexes in Russia. The location area of the proposed greenhouse complex is analyzed, the main heat-producing complexes represented by heat for growing vegetables in sheltered soil are considered. Sources of financing have been identified, a project budget has been formed, and indicators of the project's economic efficiency have been calculated. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the research results are summarized.

Le tube digestif héberge une communauté microbienne complexe, le microbiote intestinal, dont les capacités métaboliques sont plus riches et diversifiées que celles codées par le génome de l'hôte. L'implication du microbiote intestinal dans divers aspects de la physiologie de l'hôte, comme le métabolisme nutritionnel et l'immunité, est depuis longtemps étudiée. En revanche, l'action potentielle du microbiote sur le développement et le fonctionnement du cerveau constitue une nouvelle piste de recherche, encore peu explorée. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé une première étude générale de l'action du microbiote intestinal sur le cerveau en comparant les fonctions sensori-motrices, le comportement de type anxieux, l'état d'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien et le profil cérébral des monoamines de rats F344 axéniques et conventionnels. Les résultats révèlent que, chez cette lignée particulièrement sensible au stress, l'absence de microbiote intestinal exacerbe le comportement de type anxieux et la réponse hormonale au stress, et atténue le métabolisme dopaminergique cérébral. Afin d'étudier par quel moyen le microbiote peut agir sur le cerveau, une seconde étude a été menée, ciblant un métabolite bactérien spécifique, l'indole, dont certains dérivés oxydés par le foie sont connus pour avoir des propriétés neuroactives. L'indole est un métabolite naturel du microbiote intestinal, dont la surproduction pourrait survenir lors d'une dysbiose du microbiote. Deux cas de surproduction ont été modélisés : chronique et aiguë. Dans les deux cas, des modifications importantes du comportement de l'hôte ont été observées. En situation de surproduction chronique, l'indole favorise des comportements de type anxieux et dépressif, tandis qu'une surproduction aiguë a un effet sédatif marqué. D'un point de vue mécanistique, nous confirmons que l'indole peut agir sur le système nerveux central par la voie sanguine impliquant les dérivés oxydés et montrons pour la première fois qu'il peut aussi agir en activant les noyaux cérébraux du nerf vague.

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores.
The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.

Dans le but d'évaluer la contamination des atmosphères intérieures et extérieures induite par les usages non agricoles de pesticides, deux approches complémentaires ont été mises en oeuvre : l'utilisation de capteurs passifs de type Tenax TA pour réaliser des prélèvements d'air, et l'utilisation de cheveux employés comme biomarqueurs d'exposition. Des campagnes de mesures ont été menées sur plusieurs sites à la suite de traitements de désherbage ou de désinsectisation ainsi quedans des logements. Les échantillons d'air et de cheveux ont été extraits respectivement par thermodésorption et par extraction solide-liquide, avant d'être analysés en chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS). Une augmentation du niveau de contamination de l'air extérieur et intérieur et l'existence de transferts entre ces deux milieux ont pu être observées après l'application de pesticides. Dans les logements, des pesticides actuellement employés mais aussi des pesticides interdits et persistants ont été détectés. Plusieurs pesticides ont également été détectés dans les cheveux, mais l'exposition humaine à ces derniers n'a pas pu toujours être corrélée à une contamination de l'air.

Les protéines à domaine PDZ, en très grand nombre dans le génome humain, sont impliquées dans des interactions protéine-protéine. Elles participent ainsi à véhiculer des signaux à l'origine de différentes pathologies (cancer, douleur....). L'interruption de l'interaction entre la protéine à domaine PDZ, PSD-95, et le récepteur de la sérotonine, 5-HT2A, entraîne une réduction de l'hyperalgie chez le rat neuropathique. Le développement de molécules capables d'inhiber cette interaction pourrait donc conduire à une nouvelle classe d'antalgiques.Nous avons réalisé, au cours de ces travaux, la synthèse de trois générations de ligands, comportant un noyau indolique, capables d'interagir avec le site S0, site très conservé des protéines à domaines PDZ. Dans un premier temps, nous avons préparé 15 biligands possédant un noyau indolique polysubstitué lié, via un espaceur de longueur variable (2 à 6 atomes de carbone), à différents acides aminés, dans le but d'interagir avec le site S1, montrant beaucoup de diversité en fonction du domaine. Nous avons ensuite, après une étude de relation structure/activité, développé deux autres générations d'indoles polysubstitués présentant notamment des substituants hydrophobes en position 5.Nous avons montré, par RMN HSQC 1H/15N et chromatographie d'affinité, que deux de ces composés sont des inhibiteurs de l'interaction PSD-95/5-HT2A et présentent de fortes interactions avec le site S0 de PSD-95. Ces molécules présentent également des propriétés antalgiques particulièrement intéressantes in vivo. Nous avons également déterminé, par RMN NOESY, la structure du complexe protéine/ligand pour ces deux composés. L'orientation d'une de ces molécules dans le site de la protéine nous permet d'envisager le développement d'une nouvelle génération d'indoles polysubstitués, pouvant interagir avec le site S1 de la protéine et permettant ainsi d'obtenir des inhibiteurs sélectifs de l'interaction PSD-95/5-HT2A.

The world faces challenges in terms of population growth, climate change, and changing eating habits. To guarantee food production, the sustainability of its operations is essential. Over time, the agricultural industry has evolved, and the last crossed frontier corresponds to the development of vertical farming in a controlled environment. This dissertation intends to evaluate the disruptive effect of vertical farming in a controlled environment in the agricultural supply chain. To answer this question, a qualitative analysis was carried out in the form of expert interviews and analysis of secondary literature. Results indicate that vertical farming can contribute with integrated solutions to the improvement of the agriculture landscape and the global food crisis. Vertical farming can contribute to food security as well as to sustainable food production with less environmental impact. However, to spread the technology on the market, vertical farming needs to prove its concept and profitability. To achieve both profitability and cost efficiency, government intervention becomes crucial. Governments could assume a primary role in providing educational and financial investments, as well as supporting the creation of legislation and regulations that favor vertical farming implementation in the market.
O mundo enfrenta desafios em termos de crescimento populacional, alterações climáticas e mudança nos hábitos alimentares. De modo a garantir a produção alimentar, a sustentabilidade das suas operações é fundamental. Ao longo dos tempos a indústria agrícola evoluiu e a última fronteira ultrapassada corresponde ao desenvolvimento da agricultura vertical em ambiente controlado. A presente dissertação pretende avaliar o efeito disruptivo da agricultura vertical em ambiente controlado na cadeia de abastecimentos agrícola. Desta forma, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa sob a forma de entrevistas expert e análise de literatura secundária. Os resultados indicam que a agricultura vertical pode contribuir com soluções integradas para a melhoria do panorama agrícola atual e no combate da crise alimentar global. A agricultura vertical pode contribuir para a segurança alimentar bem como para uma produção de alimentos mais sustentável e com menos impacto ambiental. No entanto, para uma difusão da tecnologia no mercado, a agricultura vertical necessita de provar conceito e rentabilidade. De modo a atingir rentabilidade e eficiência de custos, a intervenção governamental torna-se fulcral. Os governos poderão assumir um papel primordial através de investimentos educacionais e financeiros, bem como através de apoios à criação de legislação e regulamentação que favoreça a sua implementação no mercado

There is a growing demand for indoor farm management systems that can track plant growth, allow automatic control and aid in real-time decision making. Internet of Thing (IoT)-based solutions are being applied to meet these needs and numerous researchers have created prototypes for meeting specific needs using sensors, algorithms, and automations. However, limited studies are available that report on comprehensive large-scale experiments to test various aspects related to availability, scalability and reliability of sensors and actuators used in low-cost indoor farms. The purpose of this study was to develop a low-cost, IoT devices driven indoor farm as a testbed for growing microgreens and other experimental crops. The testbed was designed using off-the-shelf sensors and actuators for conducting research experiments, addressing identified challenges, and utilizing remotely acquired data for developing an intelligent farm management system. The sensors were used for collecting and monitoring electrical conductivity (EC), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of the nutrient solution, light intensity, environmental variables, and imagery data. The control of light emitting diodes (LEDs), irrigation pumps, and camera modules was carried out using commercially available components. All the sensors and actuators were remotely monitored, controlled, and coordinated using a cloud-based dashboard, Raspberry Pis, and Arduino microcontrollers. To implement a reliable, real-time control of actuators, edge computing was used as it helped in minimizing latency and identifying anomalies.

Decision making about overall system performance and harvesting schedule was accomplished by providing alerts on anomalies in the sensors and actuators and through installation of cameras to predict yield of microgreens, respectively. A split-plot statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of lighting, nutrition solution concentration, seed density, and day of harvest on the growth of microgreens. This study complements and expands past efforts by other researchers on building a low cost IoT-based indoor farm. While the experience with the testbed demonstrates its real-world potential of conducting experimental research, some major lessons were learnt along the way that could be used for future enhancements.

O estilo de vida sedentário dos dias de hoje e a alimentação desequilibrada estão relacionadas com o aparecimento de algumas doenças que afetam toda a população. Fazer uma alimentação equilibrada é essencial mas nem sempre é fácil porque exige alguma disponibilidade para procurar e cozinhar os produtos mais frescos e equilibrados nutricionalmente. A agricultura tradicional produz alimentos com bom aspeto visual mas de fraca qualidade nutritiva e sem sabor, devido aos químicos usados na sua produção: fertilizantes para promover o crescimento rápido e pesticidas para tornar as plantas mais resistentes, capazes de aguentar o seu aspeto até chegarem às prateleiras dos supermercados. Mesmo consumindo produtos de agricultura biológica, sem químicos, há uma grande dependência das condições meteorológicas e da qualidade dos solos para obter produtos de qualidade, dentro da sua sazonalidade. Para responder a estas questões surge a hidroponia que permite uma agricultura fácil de manter, proporcionando alimentos sempre frescos. A bioponia é a hidroponia biológica, ou seja, é uma técnica que não usa químicos sintéticos para manter as culturas. Este projeto propõe-se trazer a bioponia para dentro de casa dos consumidores, dando-lhes a possibilidade de produzirem os seus próprios alimentos de uma forma fácil e simples. As poupanças financeiras e ambientais geradas por um consumo local são enormes, porque não é necessária a deslocação dos alimentos desde zonas quase desertificadas onde são produzidos, até às cidades onde vivem as populações. Desta forma, também se torna mais fácil fazer uma alimentação equilibrada com os produtos favoritos sempre ao dispor.
The sedentary lifestyle and the unbalanced diet of nowadays are associated to the development of some diseases that affect the entire population. Eating a balanced diet is essential but not always easy to do because it requires a willingness to seek out and cooking the freshest and nutritionally balanced products. Traditional agriculture produces food with good visual aspect but of poor quality and tasteless, due to the use of chemicals in their production: fertilizer to promote rapid growth and pesticides to make plants stronger, able to hold its looks until reach the supermarket shelves. Even in the consumption of organic products, without chemicals, there is a high dependence on weather and soil quality to get quality products within its seasonality. To answer all these questions there’s hydroponics that turns agriculture easy to maintain, providing always fresh food. The bioponic is the biological hydroponics, which is a technique that does not use synthetic chemicals to maintain the crops. This project aims to bring bioponics into consumers' homes, giving them the opportunity to produce their own food in an easy and simple way. The financial and environmental savings generated by local consumption are huge, because it is not necessary to move food from almost deserted areas where it is produced, to the cities where people live. Also, it becomes easier to make a balanced diet with consumer’s favorite products always available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-06, Section: B, page: 3928. Adviser: Yuanhui Zhang. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-146) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

碩士
東方設計學院
文化創意設計研究所
99
The development of cultural creativity industry is one of the main policies of Taiwan. The essence of cultural creativity came from the extension of national cultural assets. Therefore, museum seems to be a good cultural institute. The museum under study is an agricultural reform field of Miaoli district agricultural operation center. Its main purpose is to promote the agricultural development and integrate agriculture with modern life and technology. Therefore, the concept of demonstration space was adopted to show the general public the modern agriculture and display the close relationship between the agriculture and their normal life. And at the same time, it demonstrated the scope and research results of the agriculture reform field, by what to educate the farmers and to serve the professions in the agricultural area. By well designed demonstration and displaying techniques, the agricultural achievements and progress in Taiwan will open wide to the world and it became the motive of this research. The first chapter introduced the scope and the plan of the indoor display area renovation project of the Miaoli District Agricultural Development Pioneer Plan for Establishing Regional Operation Center of Executive Yuan’s Council of Agriculture. Chapter two discussed how the cultural creativity give the meaning of traditional industry and agriculture developments and how it served as a main force applied by the government to educate the people and to push Taiwanese product to the world. Chapter Three and Chapter Four explored the construction plan, drawing description and detail drawings of the project, analyzed the innovative methods utilized to shorten construction period, and meanwhile, how the demonstration project helped the economic improvements. Chapter Five examined the final output of the project. Deliberate coordination and collaboration between designer and the operation team of the museum continued during the execution period. Miniatures joined with multimedia demonstration and graphic illustrations to give the best of their set goals.

Using a bioeconomic model and stochastic simulation to assess the economic viability of small-scale, recirculating shrimp farms in the Midwestern U.S. A series of stress tests were implemented on key input variables including survival rate, selling price, electricity usage, discount rate and the cost of added salt. The key output variable is the Net Present Value of the operation.

"Hairy" roots hold the potential for economically feasible biotechnological routes to the controlled biosynthesis of complex, plant-derived, 'natural' molecules. A novel transgenic root system of the tropical plant Catharanthus roseus was established and analyzed for the synthesis of indole alkaloids, including the valuable anti-cancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. A structured approach to developing the biosynthetic potential of hairy roots is presented: transformation, screening, selection, optimization of culture protocols, and product enhancement. Five hairy root clones with unoptimized doubling times of 3-4 days and vindoline output of 0.005-0.07% dry weight, were screened from 150 transformants. Hairy root morphology likely under the control of rol genes transferred from the Agrobacterium plasmid, was identified as a key determinant of fitness in liquid culture and a target for transgenic design for large-scale bioreactor environments. The hairy root inoculum was optimized and standardized to facilitate the assessment of culture performance under diverse environmental treatments and in process scale-up. The length of the root tip has a dominant effect on growth, uninfluenced by clonal variability. The optimum inoculum is comprised of 5 root tips, each 35-40 mm long, in 50 mL media. Long-term dose-response and transient studies examined heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic carbon regimes. These studies are unique in the metabolic adaptation of cultures, and examined the putatively antagonistic kinetics of nutrient utilisation and secondary metabolite accumulation. The activities of the cathenamine and bisindole alkaloid pathways responded, respectively to high and moderate sucrose concentrations. The cultures were nitrogen limited with 2-4% sucrose in B5/2 salt. Organic acids were excreted in the presence of excess sugars. The ordered assimilation of macronutrients--ammonium, phosphate and nitrate--corroborated by changes of extracellular pH, have important implications on fed-batch strategies. Tabersonine accumulation was growth-associated, while serpentine accumulated in a non-growth manner. Ajmalicine, catharanthine, vindoline, and compounds tentatively identified as vinblastine and vincristine, accumulated optimally in the late-exponential or early-stationary phase. Photoheterotrophic conditions incremented peak biomass by 60-300%, doubling times by 60%, and vindoline levels by an order of magnitude, likely due to the anapleurotic activity of PEPCase and the light induction of nitrate reductase and vindoline synthesis.

SANTOS, Pedro Henrique Queiroz Pereira dos - BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SEAWEEDS AS BIO-FERTILIZER.. Coimbra : [s.n.], 2016. Dissertação de Mestrado.
The seaweeds contain several molecules and compounds which assist in the evolution of plants. The present study evaluates the effect of water extracts of the brown seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus and Saccorhiza polyschides as seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) on germination, growth, development and yield of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of SLF were prepared using distilled water and applied to evaluate their efficiency as plant growth regulator and the inhibiting (toxic) concentration. The seedlings treated with different concentration of SLF were monitored for various parameters such as radicle length, plumule length, total length, seedling vigor index and germination percentage, whereas the tomato plants were monitored root length, shoot length, total length, number of leaves, flowers and fruits. At the same time, had as objective to relate the presence and the role of the plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid or IAA) in the seaweed liquid fertilizer. Both species shown to have plant hormones, being Fucus vesiculosus the holder of higher concentrations: 331µg/mL, while Saccorhiza polyschides presented 80.314µg/mL. The study showed that the concentration required for optimum plant growth varies depending on their stage of development. In the germination test, applying 10 to 15% of SLF there was an increase in all parameters but an inhibition of nearly 50% in the plants treated with extracts of 25% SLF. Plants in a greenhouse, in a higher stage of development, when treated with 10% extracts to 25% increase the number of leaves by about 50% and plants treated with extracts from 20 to 25% accelerated fruit development, thus obtaining a better yield. Seaweeds are natural resources that when employed in a controlled way, are not harmful to plants and ever more, due to diverse scientific studies, this organisms are increasingly gaining importance and acceptance for use in sustainable crops. Beyond, seaweeds are fundamental because belonging to the basis of the food chain, thus, should be utilized responsibly and based on biology studies that do not influence the environment where were harvested.
As algas possuem várias moléculas e compostos que auxiliam na evolução das plantas. O presente estudo avalia o efeito de extratos aquosos de algas castanhas (Fucus vesiculosus e Saccorhiza polyschides) como fertilizantes líquidos na germinação, crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Diferentes concentrações (5%,10%,15%,20% e 25%) de extratos aquosos de algas foram preparados utilizando água destilada e aplicada para avaliar a sua eficiência como regulador de crescimento vegetal e a concentração em que ocorre inibição (toxicidade). As plântulas tratadas com diferentes concentrações de extratos de algas foram monitorizadas em vários parâmetros, tais como comprimento radicular, comprimento da plúmula , comprimento total, índice de vigor da plântula e percentagem de germinação; enquanto que para as plantas de tomateiro foram monitorados o comprimento das raízes, comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento total, número de folhas, flores e frutos. Ao mesmo tempo, teve como objetivo relacionar a presença e o papel da hormona vegetal auxina (ácido indol-3-acético) nos fertilizantes à base de algas. As duas espécies de algas mostraram possuir a hormona citada, sendo Fucus vesiculosus a que apresentou uma concentração mais elevada: 331 µg/mL, enquanto Saccorhiza polyschides teve uma concentração de 80,314 µg/mL. O estudo mostrou que a concentração necessária para um crescimento ótimo da planta varia de acordo com seu estágio de desenvlvimento. No teste de germinação, a aplicação de 10% a 15% de extrato de algas provoca um aumento em todos os parâmetros e uma inibição de aproximadamente 50% nos extratos de 25% de algas. As plantas em estufa, que estão em uma fase mais avançada de desenvolvimento, quando tratadas com 10% a 25% de extratos de algas, aumentam o número de folhas em cerca de 50%, e as plantas tratadas com extratos de 20% a 25% aceleram o desenvolvimento dos frutos, obtendo-se um melhor rendimento na produção. 13 As algas são recursos naturais que, quando utilizadas de forma controlada, não são prejudiciais para as plantas e cada vez mais, devido a diversos estudos científicos, estes organismos estão a ganhar cada vez mais importância e aceitação para uso em culturas sustentáveis. Além disso, as algas são seres fundamentais porque pertencentem à base da cadeia alimentar, assim, devem ser utilizadas de forma responsável e com base em estudos biológicos que não influenciem o meio ambiente em que foram colhidas.

Hyperspectral imaging has become one of the most popular technologies in plant phenotyping because it can efficiently and accurately predict numerous plant physiological features such as plant biomass, leaf moisture content, and chlorophyll content. Various hyperspectral imaging systems have been deployed in both greenhouse and field phenotyping activities. However, the hyperspectral imaging quality is severely affected by the continuously changing environmental conditions such as cloud cover, temperature and wind speed that induce noise in plant spectral data. Eliminating these environmental effects to improve imaging quality is critically important. In this thesis, two approaches were taken to address the imaging noise issue in greenhouse and field separately. First, a computational simulation model was built to simulate the greenhouse microclimate changes (such as the temperature and radiation distributions) through a 24-hour cycle in a research greenhouse. The simulated results were used to optimize the movement of an automated conveyor in the greenhouse: the plants were shuffled with the conveyor system with optimized frequency and distance to provide uniform growing conditions such as temperature and lighting intensity for each individual plant. The results showed the variance of the plants’ phenotyping feature measurements decreased significantly (i.e., by up to 83% in plant canopy size) in this conveyor greenhouse. Secondly, the environmental effects (i.e., sun radiation) on aerial hyperspectral images in field plant phenotyping were investigated and modeled. An artificial neural network (ANN) method was proposed to model the relationship between the image variation and environmental changes. Before the 2019 field test, a gantry system was designed and constructed to repeatedly collect time-series hyperspectral images with 2.5 minutes intervals of the corn plants under varying environmental conditions, which included sun radiation, solar zenith angle, diurnal time, humidity, temperature and wind speed. Over 8,000 hyperspectral images of corn (Zea mays L.) were collected with synchronized environmental data throughout the 2019 growing season. The models trained with the proposed ANN method were able to accurately predict the variations in imaging results (i.e., 82.3% for NDVI) caused by the changing environments. Thus, the ANN method can be used by remote sensing professionals to adjust or correct raw imaging data for changing environments to improve plant characterization.

Flavour is a factor that has a large influence on meat quality. Pastoral flavour that results from the grazing of pasture is an undesirable characteristic of meat flavour for consumers more accustomed to meat produced by grain and concentrate feeding systems. In New Zealand there is a reliance on grazing systems for sheep meat production, however the resulting meat flavour is one factor that impedes the increase of sheep meat exports to discerning markets. Correlation of chemical analyses to sensory evaluations of sheep meat has identified that a high concentration of indole and skatole in the fat is associated with pastoral flavours. Indole and skatole are formed in the rumen from the microbial fermentation of tryptophan. New Zealand pasture is high in protein, which is both highly soluble and rapidly degraded in the rumen. As such, pasture diets provide a rich and ready source of tryptophan for the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen. Condensed tannins are known to slow the degradation of protein in the rumen. Therefore, one of the objectives of this study was to establish if dietary condensed tannin can reduce the ruminal biogenesis of indole and skatole and consequently, ameliorate pastoral flavour in sheep meat. White clover usually comprises up to 30% of the botanical composition of pastures in New Zealand, is highly degradable in the rumen and likely to result in a high availability of tryptophan in the rumen for conversion to indole and skatole. Therefore, another objective of this study was to determine if feeding white clover gave a significant increase in the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen compared to perennial ryegrass and if this has an effect on pastoral flavour in meat. These hypotheses were tested using a series of in vitro rumen fermentations that incorporated the use of fresh forages (Chapter 3 and 6). In vivo experiments were utilised to assess rumen formation of indole and skatole with different forages (Chapter 4) and to assess effects of dietary condensed tannin (CT; Chapter 5 and 7). Meat and fat samples from lambs used in Chapters 5 and 7 underwent sensory evaluation to determine if forage or CT treatments were having an effect on the fat odour or meat flavour. From the in vitro and in vivo experiments of (Chapter 3, 4, 6 and 7) it was calculated that the formation of indole and skatole with perennial ryegrass is generally only 6-41% of that formed with white clover. A higher concentration of indole and skatole was also observed in the blood plasma of lambs that were fed white clover compared to those that were fed perennial ryegrass (Chapter 7) and white clover gave an overall more intense flavour in the meat. Comparison of forages fermented in vitro (Chapter 3) showed that with forage legumes of a higher CT concentration, such as Lotus pedunculatus (98 gCT kg-1 DM) and Dorycnium rectum (122 gCT kg-1 DM), the indole and skatole formed was only 7-21% of that formed with white clover. With forages of an intermediate CT concentration such as sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and Lotus corniculatus the indole and skatole concentration formed was 53-68% of that of white clover. From in vitro rumen fermentation of mixtures of white clover and Lotus pedunculatus it was concluded that the CT in Lotus pedunculatus was not reacting with the protein in white clover. Fermentation of fresh white clover in the presence of an increasing concentration of added CT extract showed that at a higher CT, indole and skatole formation were reduced to low levels. It was inferred that this was due to optimal protein binding and the availability of free condensed tannin to bind other sources of protein, including rumen microbes. However, in vivo dosing with a CT extract resulted in only a small reduction in rumen indole and skatole concentration. This indicated that when CT was dosed into the in vivo rumen of lambs fed fresh forages the CT probably passed from the rumen before adequate protein release from the forage had taken place. Thus, in the grazing situation it will be optimal to provide CT in planta to maximise protein binding and this, in combination with the high CT concentration needed (approximately 80 gCT kg-1 DM), makes Lotus pedunculatus or Dorycnium rectum the prime candidates for further grazing trials into pastoral flavour amelioration using CT forages. Grazing Lotus corniculatus (40 gCT kg-1 DM) in a field experiment resulted in a lower rumen and blood plasma and fat concentration of indole and skatole in comparison to the grazing of perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. However, a change in the pastoral odour of the fat was not perceived by the sensory panel when comparing fat samples from lambs that had grazed Lotus corniculatus and perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. The concentration of skatole in the body fat was less variable in the lambs that had grazed Lotus corniculatus and resulted in no lambs with a high outlying concentration (>100 ng g-1) of indole and skatole. This finding holds some potential for reducing pastoral flavour for consumers sensitive to high indole and skatole concentration in the fat. When condensed tannin was dosed to lambs that were fed white clover or perennial ryegrass in the form of a grape seed extract the intermittent supply of CT slightly reduced indole and skatole formation in the rumen and reduced the plasma concentration of indole and skatole. Flavour assessment of meat from the lambs fed white clover or perennial ryegrass with or without CT suggested that CT reduced the intensity of pastoral flavours. However, there were minimal effects on indole and skatole concentration in the body fat. It was possible that other pastoral flavour related compounds derived from the degradation of amino acids, in addition to indole and skatole that were measured, were having an effect on the meat flavour. It was concluded that dietary condensed tannin is able to reduce the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen and can alter the sensory attributes of sheep meat including reducing pastoral flavours. A higher CT concentration present within the forage plant (approximately 80 g kg-1 DM) will be best to minimise indole and skatole formation in the rumen and reduce pastoral flavours in the meat. Further research is required to confirm this in the grazing situation. Feeding white clover results in a greater rumen biogenesis of indole and skatole compared to perennial ryegrass and therefore, may be the primary contributor to pastoral flavours when ruminants graze conventional pastures. Further research is required to evaluate the flavour attributes that result from feeding white clover to meat producing ruminants in the New Zealand grazing situation.

Biologische Diversität existiert sowohl zwischen mehreren Arten als auch innerhalb einer Art, innerhalb von Populationen und Individuen einer Population. Die intraspezifische Diversität wurde bislang ausgiebig auf der Ebene des Genoms untersucht. Sie ist im Kontext metabolischer Zusammenhänge in Pflanzen bisher kaum untersucht und es existieren nur wenige Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema. Uns sind bisher keine Publikationen zu Phytohormonen in Sesam bekannt. Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Interesse an der metabolischen Diversität in Sesam, spielen Stresshormone eine wichtige Rolle in der pflanzlichen Abwehr. Der Phytohormonspiegel im Samen ist unter agronomischen Gesichtspunkten relevant, da es vorkommen kann, dass Sesamsamen spontan auskeimen, während sie sich noch an der grünen Pflanze befinden. Diese Eigenschaft ist unerwünscht, da der wertvolle Samen auf diese Weise verloren geht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Variation im Phytohormonniveau in 16 Akzessionen mit unterschiedlicher geographischer Herkunft untersucht. In Blättern und Wurzeln konnten ABA, JA, SA und SAG nachgewiesen werden, während GA4 lediglich in Blättern vorkam. Eine der Akzessionen aus Japan („Japan 2“) produzierte JA, SA und SAG in hohem Ausmaß. Hier konnten außerdem hohe Gehalte an Chitinasen festgestellt werden. Chitinasen sind für den Abbau von Chitin, dem Hauptbestandteil der pilzlichen Zellwand, verantwortlich. Eine Charakterisierung der Akzessionen mittels AFLP-Analyse zeigte, dass sich „Japan 2“ genetisch nicht mehr von anderen Akzessionen unterschied, als das Mittel der Unterschiede innerhalb aller gesammelten Proben. Bereits in früheren Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe im Rahmen einer ungerichteten Metabolitenanalyse, konnte eine hohe Variabilität bei Sesamakzessionen gezeigt werden (Laurentin et al. 2006). Darüber hinaus, stimmen die Unterschiede im metabolischen Profil der Akzessionen nicht mit dem Grad ihrer genetischen Verwandtschaft überein. Es ist bekannt, dass tageszeitliche Unterschiede viele biologische Prozesse kontrollieren. Wir haben die tageszeitlichen Effekte auf den Phytohormonstatus untersucht und dabei die Unterschiede in Pflanzenorganen berücksichtigt. Tageszeitliche Konzentrationen von ABA, JA, IAA, SA und SAG wurden zu 8 unterschiedlichen Tageszeitpunkten in 3 unabhängigen Replikaten mittels HPLC untersucht. Wir konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede erkennen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten jedoch eine Variation in den Phytohormonkonzentrationen in unterschiedlichen pflanzlichen Organen. Sekundäre pflanzliche Metabolite spielen als Resistenzfaktoren gegen Mikroorganismen eine wichtige Rolle. Sesamakzessionen, die diese Substanzen im hohen Ausmaß produzieren, stellen eine wichtige züchterische Ressource da. Um die Variation innerhalb der Akzessionen zu untersuchen, die ein hohes Niveau an sekundären Inhaltsstoffen aufweisen, haben wir die Effekte von 32 Pflanzenextrakten aus Sesamakzessionen gegen phytopathogene Pilze untersucht. Darunter befand sich ein Wurzelpathogen mit Spezialisierung auf Sesam (Macrophomina phaseolina), ein Blattpathogen mit breitem Wirtspflanzenkreis (Alternaria alternata) und Gefäßpathogen (Fusarium oxysporum). Die Diversität der Effekte, die für die unterschiedlichen Akzessionen beobachtet werden konnten, führt zu der Annahme, dass die Resistenzeigenschaften der Pflanzen durch gezielte züchterische Beeinflussung der metabolischen Aktivität verbessert werden können. In weiterführenden Untersuchungen zur Aufreinigung der Substanzen mit inhibitorischer Wirkung wurden Pflanzenextrakte in 80% Ethanol mit verschiedenen organischen Lösungsmitteln fraktioniert. Die meisten inhibitorischen Effekte konnten der Diethylether-Fraktion zugeschrieben werden. Im ersten Schritt wurden 4L des Extraktes hergestellt. Zwei aufgereinigte Lignane aus Sesam wurden gegen M. phaseolina, A. alternata und F. oxysporum getestet. Sesamin zeigte keinen Effekt bis zu einer Konzentration von 5mg/ml, während Sesamol (und 2,4-Dinitrophenol als Kontrolle) einen starken inhibitorischen Effekt aufwies. Für diese Substanzen wurden IC50 Werte ermittelt. Man kann festhalten, dass Sesamol dazu dienen kann, das Wachstum invasiver Pathogene einzuschränken. Durch die Kreuzung von zwei Elternlinien, die in der AFLP-Analyse einen signifikanten Polymorphismus aufwiesen, wurden Inzuchtlinien erzeugt. Die Nachkommen dieser Kreuzung wurden in 5 Generationen selbstbefruchtet. Das so entstandene Set aus RILs wurde mittels AFLP charakterisiert. Alle untersuchten RILs waren Hybride. Dies zeigt, dass während der ersten Kreuzung der Elternlinien keine Selbstung erfolgte. Wie erwartet, spalteten polymorphe AFLP-Marker der Elternlinien in den RILs zufällig auf. Monomorphe Marker fehlten in einigen RILs. Des Weiteren traten neue Marker auf, die zuvor nicht in den Elternlinien festgestellt werden konnten. Das Auftreten neuer Marker kann durch Rekombination zwischen Restriktionsfragmenten erklärt werden, welche die AFLP-Marker begrenzen. Die RILs werden nun von unseren Kooperationspartnern zum Aufbau einer genetischen Karte verwendet (Prof. Sami Doganlar und seine Arbeitsgruppe, Universität Antalya, Türkei).