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1
Bielik, P., E. Horská, and N. Turčeková. "Some aspects of land market in Central and Eastern European countries: focus on Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (February 20, 2012): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5116-agricecon.
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The presented research was done in two different regions in Slovakia, characterized by different soil and natural conditions and also production and economic results. The micro-economic analysis was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities using land for production of agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1 866 ha of agricultural land in average. The paper also shows different problems of restructuring land markets in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
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ZALKIN, MORDECHAI. "Can Jews Become Farmers? Rurality, Peasantry and Cultural Identity in the World of the Rural Jew in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe." Rural History 24, no. 2 (September 13, 2013): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331300006x.
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Abstract:Based on conventional learning and supported in no small measure by stereotypes, agriculture as a vocation was not considered as part of the occupational profile of Jewish society in Eastern Europe until the Second World War. However, various studies show that in different regions in this area, primarily Lithuania, White Russia, north eastern Poland, and Bessarabia, tens of thousands of Jews made a living from direct engagement in various branches of agriculture, including field crops, orchards, lake fishing, etc. These Jews lived mainly in the rural areas and were a factor, and at times a highly significant one, in the local demographic and economic structure. The first part of this article examines the question whether these Jews, who were part of the general rural society living in the countryside, developed a certain type of rural cultural identity. This question is discussed by examining various aspects of their attitude towards nature. The second part of the article considers the possible influence of the agricultural occupation on the shaping of a unique peasant cultural identity among these rural Jews and the ways they coped with the accompanying religious, social and cultural implications.
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Tomšík, Karel, and Luboš Smutka. "Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020517.
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The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe.
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Eitzinger, J., G. Kubu, V. Alexandrov, A. Utset, D. T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, M. Trnka, et al. "Adaptation of vulnerable regional agricultural systems in Europe to climate change – results from the ADAGIO project." Advances in Science and Research 3, no. 1 (October 21, 2009): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-3-133-2009.
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Abstract. During 2007-2009 the ADAGIO project (http://www.adagio-eu.org) is carried out to evaluate regional adaptation options in agriculture in most vulnerable European regions (mediterranean, central and eastern European regions). In this context a bottom-up approach is used beside the top-down approach of using scientific studies, involving regional experts and farmers in the evaluation of potential regional vulnerabilities and adaptation options. Preliminary results of the regional studies and gathered feedback from experts and farmers show in general that (increasing) drought and heat are the main factors having impact on agricultural vulnerability not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in the Central and southern Eastern European regions. Another important aspect is that the increasing risk of pest and diseases may play a more important role for agricultural vulnerability than assumed before, however, till now this field is only rarely investigated in Europe. Although dominating risks such as increasing drought and heat are similar in most regions, the vulnerabilities in the different regions are very much influenced by characteristics of the dominating agroecosystems and prevailing socio-economic conditions. This will be even be more significant for potential adaptation measures at the different levels, which have to reflect the regional conditions.
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Aleksandrova-Zlatanska, Svetlana, and Desislava Zheleva Kalcheva. "Alternatives for Financing of Municipal Investments - Green Bonds." Review of Economic and Business Studies 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2019-0082.
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AbstractThe perspective of global climate change emerges as a significant political, economic, financial and social issue. Scientific researches show that the accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2), released by the industry and agriculture, together with the contribution of man-made greenhouse gases leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth's surface. Traditional sources of financing capital expenditure, such as own revenues and bank financing have proved to be extremely insufficient. At the same time, not only traditional municipal needs, such as costs for street, road, bridge, school construction etc., but also the need of investments related to climate change have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyze alternatives for financing climate change-related municipal investments. The subject of the research is green bonds and the so-called Subnational Pooled Financing Mechanisms, which have already gained popularity in Western Europe but are not yet well known in Eastern Europe. The positive aspects and opportunities that the green bond market reveals as well as the barriers to this type of financing are assessed and an analysis of the practice of bond financing in Europe is made.
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Prokurat, Sergiusz. "Ekonomiczne i prawne aspekty obrotu ziemią w Polsce na tle rynku europejskiego." Ekonomia 23, no. 3 (February 20, 2018): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.3.10.
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Economic and legal aspects of land turnover in Poland compared to the European marketThis paper discusses the regulation of agricultural land market in Poland compared to the European market in view of the increasing prices of land in Europe. It presents the causes of the increasing prices of land in Europe, including Poland, and certain historical considerations which affect the current relevancy of land in Poland and the reluctance to sell it to foreigners. The author believes that the history of agricultural land market regulation in Poland after 1989 can be divided into three periods. The first period starts with the beginnings of the economic transition and liberal, unhampered land turnover. The second dates back to 2003, when new regulations introduced certain restrictions in land turnover and land ownership. The third period is dated from the entry into force the Law of 14 April 2016, which is characterised by strict state intervention on the agricultural land market. It follows the trend of retreating from liberalization, which has recently been more intensified in Central and Eastern Europe. The article lists economic and legal factors, which restrict the functioning of agricultural land markets in Poland, and compares these regulations to selected other European countries.
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Solilová, Veronika, and Danuše Nerudová. "Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Related Aspects: Case of the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 1 (2015): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563010281.
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The most important drivers of increasing greenhouse gas emissions are increasing world’s population, economic development resulting in higher level of productions and consumption, but also unanticipated increases in the energy intensity of GDP and in the carbon intensity of energy. The EU committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 20% until 2020 or 40% until 2030 compared to 1990 levels of the Kyoto Protocol. The Czech Republic enlarged EU in 2004 as a country from Eastern Europe where usually the heavy industries or agriculture prevail over other sectors. The aim of the paper was an evaluation of the development of greenhouse gas emissions and related aspects in the industry of the Czech Republic. Based on the results was concluded that although greenhouse gas emissions of the Czech Republic are deeply below the Kyoto targets, there are areas for improvements e.g. in case of energy intensities, as well as in case of carbon intensity and carbon productivity, where the Czech Republic reaches worse results than the EU28. Therefore is recommended to decrease greenhouse gas emission and increase gross value added generated by each NACE sector. Both those factors will impact on improvement of energy intensity, carbon productivity as well as greenhouse gas emissions per capita.
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Alfaro-Navarro, José-Luis, and María-Encarnación Andrés-Martínez. "A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of Common Agricultural Policy aids in European countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 9 (September 24, 2021): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2021-agricecon.
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The primary sector plays a key role in any country, from both economic and social perspectives, as has been underscored by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, this sector is highly dependent on the aid provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Therefore, the distribution of this aid among the various recipients is crucial to maintaining a strong primary sector throughout the European Union (EU). This is especially true in light of the new funding for the period from 2021 to 2027 and the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. In this sense, the 93.5% of the first pillar of CAP aid consists of direct aid to farmers. The related literature has shown its effect on aspects such as sustainability and farmers' income, among others, and its distribution in specific geographical areas. In this vein, the present paper conducts a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of aid across EU countries. The results show that the CAP reforms and the incorporation of countries into the EU influenced the distribution of aid. Moreover, there is a clear division between Eastern and Western EU countries, with a more equitable distribution of aid in the West.
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Balázsi, Ágnes. "Grassland management in protected areas – implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy in certain post-communist countries." Hacquetia 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0008.
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Abstract The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specific institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difficulties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases financial support. This paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. The results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape - a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.
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Нагоева, Лаура Альбердовна. "Western Caucasus written artifacts and the Danube script." Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», no. 2(279) (November 12, 2021): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-2-279-134-142.
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В рамках данной статьи рассматриваются западнокавказские письменные артефакты: проблемный аспект их изучения, основные тенденции предыдущих исследований, выдвигается гипотеза родства данных артефактов с протописьменными системами культур Восточной Европы и Ближнего Востока. Изучение данных культурных элементов в свете новых археологических данных позволяет рассматривать их как осколки неолитической знаковой системы. Наряду с цивилизационным скачком, произошедшим в неолите (земледелие и сельское хозяйство, крупные поселения и новый общественный уклад, значительно изменивший характер социально-экономических отношений), произошло переосмысление способов передачи и фиксации информации, тем самым образуя фундамент для возникновения протописьменных систем, распространившихся посредством культурной экспансии и миграций на большие территории, в том числе и Западный Кавказ. Также отмечается, что графическая основа кавказских памятников выходит за пределы кавказско-месопотамско-анатолийского ареала, подтверждением чего служит так называемое винчанское письмо. Делается вывод о том, что знаковый фундамент, сформировавшийся в дунайском энеолите, способствовал образованию первых цивилизаций в исследуемом регионе. This paper deals with the Western Caucasus written artifacts: the problematic aspect of their study, the main trends of previous studies, the hypothesis of the relationship of these artifacts with the oldest writing systems of cultures of Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The study of these cultural elements in the light of new archaeological data leads to the conclusion that they can be considered as fragments of the Neolithic sign system, in particular their commonality with the so-called Danube script. Along with the civilizational leap which occurred in the Neolithic (land husbandry and agriculture, large settlements and a new social structure that changed significantly the nature of socio-economic relations), a rethinking of the methods of transmitting and fixing information took place. Thus, the foundation for the emergence of writing systems that spread through cultural expansion and migration to large territories, including the Western Caucasus, was formed. The author also notes that the graphic basis of Caucasus monuments goes beyond the Caucasus-Mesopotamian-Anatolian range, as confirmed by the so-called Vinca script. It is inferred that the glyph foundation formed in the Danube Eneolithic contributed to the formation of the first civilizations in the region under study.
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SAR, MARCIN. "The Evolution of Centripetal Fraternalism: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 481, no. 1 (September 1985): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285481001009.
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The author comments on the dynamics of Moscow's effort to reconcile its pursuit of control over Eastern Europe with its interest in a viable Eastern Europe, one that is stable and capable of self-sustaining development. Although Moscow has always exercised control in military matters, it allowed some Eastern Europeans economic independence in the 1970s. Changing circumstances in the 1980s, however, have caused the Kremlin to rethink its relationships with its Eastern European “satallies”— half satellites, half allies. Moscow faces dilemmas in areas such as energy, agriculture, the Eastern European states' relations with the West, economic reforms occurring in Eastern Europe, and integration within COMECON. How Moscow resolves these dilemmas lies at the core of its future relationships with Eastern Europe. Other important factors include the lessons learned from Poland, East Germany's evolving relationship with the Federal Republic of Germany, and China's growing economic and political initiatives vis-à-vis Eastern Europe.
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Celetti, David. "Mixt agriculture and diffused industrialisation. Aspects of North-Eastern Italy economic development path." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2021.10042813.
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Celetti, David. "Mixt agriculture and diffused industrialisation: aspects of North-Eastern Italy economic development path." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 16, no. 2/3/4 (2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2022.126628.
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Diebold, William, and Jozef M. Van Brabant. "Adjustment, Structural Change, and Economic Efficiency: Aspects of Monetary Cooperation in Eastern Europe." Foreign Affairs 66, no. 5 (1988): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043596.
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De Salvo, Maria, Diego Begalli, Roberta Capitello, Lara Agnoli, and Efthalia Tabouratzi. "Determinants of winegrowers’ profitability: evidence from an Eastern Europe wine region." EuroMed Journal of Business 12, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-12-2016-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the main determinants of winegrowers’ profitability in Eastern Europe with the ultimate purpose to improve the wine industry competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach The research is focussed on the Moldova region (Romania), a little studied wine-growing area that presents potential for the future development of the wine industry. A hierarchical approach is applied to consider the simultaneous effects of climate aspects, vineyard features, winegrowers’ characteristics and management practices on vineyards’ profitability. The model is based on data from 274 vineyards managed by 64 winegrowers, where 32 different grape varieties are cultivated in different districts. Different scenarios are simulated and alternative policies are analysed. Findings Climate aspects and human factors, particularly the educational level and type of agriculture practiced, emerge as main determinants. Farmers’ climate change perceptions also have a primary role. The grape variety affects profitability differences across vineyards at a lower extent. Research limitations/implications The study suggests an approach easily replicable to other viticultural contexts. Practical implications Results are useful for policymakers in order to forecast the impact of policies devoted to improving the wine industry competitiveness in Eastern Europe. Originality/value The study presents a micro-scale analysis in which the effects of climate aspects, vineyard features, winegrowers’ characteristics and management practices are simultaneously estimated. It also produces new knowledge in a little studied wine region.
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Harik, Iliya. "Subsidization Policies in Egypt: Neither Economic Growth nor Distribution." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 3 (August 1992): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021991.
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Subsidies are a widespread economic practice in most developing countries and in centrally planned economies such as those of Eastern Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, they are generally associated with price support for producers, especially in agriculture. In the less-developed countries (LDCs), subsidies usually support consumers. When extended to producers, the benefit is passed on to consumers through official price controls. The question is whether such price support is the best means available to meet the basic needs strategy of development.Subsidies in LDCs often begin as measures to help the poor, but they usually expand beyond the target population and constitute by and large a wage supplement for almost all salaried workers.
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Trachuk, Petro, Uliana Mykhaylyshyn, Ihor Dashutin, Olena Hubska, and Yevhen Hetman. "The municipal authorities of Eastern European countries: Financial and economic aspects." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (February 21, 2020): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.38.
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Description: The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and practical aspects of local government organization and activities in Eastern Europe. The subject of the article is the issues of legislative support of the financial and economic bases of functioning of the municipal authorities of the Eastern Europe Statesю Methodology. In the course of study general scientific and special methods were used, which are the means of scientific research. In particular, comparative legal method was used for the analysis of the norms of substantive law of Eastern European countries, scientific categories, definitions and approaches. Historical and legal method gave an opportunity to reveal the meaning of the concepts of «local budget», «local self-government», to highlight the development of scientific views on specific issues. System analysis method was applied for an integrated generalization of the features of each country under consideration. The system-structural method made it possible to determine the state and government objective factors in the financial and economic spheres. The results of the study. It is recognized that due to the relatively low share of income, the entire financial system of municipalities is unstable, as well as the economic conditions in which local self-government operates. Although the analysis showed that the size of municipal budgets gradually increased, in the end they do not correspond to the level of inflation in these countries Practical implications. To ensure the autonomy of local government, it is especially important to manage the own revenue base of the territories and reduce their dependence on subsidies from higher-level budgets. In our opinion, subsidies should cover only certain types of expenditures of either national or regional importance and ensure equalization of the financial situation of the territories. Value / originality. The analysis of the relevant legislation and legal literature of the countries in question allows us to conclude that the expenditure part of the minimum budget determined by the legislator is calculated according to the norms and standards established by representative higher authorities on the basis of the law and the available funds, while the revenues of the minimum budget should cover the minimum necessary expenses guaranteed by higher authorities.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak, Andreea Cipriana Muntean, and Silvia Ștefania Maican. "The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158262.
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Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g., the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: (1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and (2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.
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Skoryk, Maryna. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF CORRUPTION IN EASTERN EUROPE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-201-206.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essence and structure of corruption as a separate institution in an institutional environment that has a deviant, anti-social orientation. To describe the influence of informal institutions on corruption in Ukraine. To propose constructive proposals for the use in domestic practice regarding the mechanism of overcoming corruption, which in the future will bring Ukraine to sustainable economic development. Methodology. The study we conducted is based on a systematic method that considers all elements of corruption in unity and development. The research used the following general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, namely: the method of analysis (means of combating corruption); synthesis (generalization of the main causes of corruption in Ukraine); method of induction (the impact of corruption on society); the method of hypotheses (when building a mechanism for overcoming corruption); and empirical method (own observations of the author on the situation in the state). Results. Corruption in Eastern Europe is a consequence of the spiritual, economic, and political crisis of society. Corruption demoralizes citizens and destroys their trust in the state. The mechanism of overcoming corruption is considered from the standpoint of neo-institutionalism. The author stresses that corruption is an informal institution. The system will start to change after the state’s economic development, and the main condition is the promotion of culture, which makes it impossible for an institution to be corrupt. To act and start such propaganda should be the education of future generations. Investing in education will raise its level, give a new class of professionals who will go to work in private business and government. Worthy wages will make you think about the desire for easy profit. The author conducts a qualitative analysis of corruption through methodological tools of neo-institutionalism. It is proved that the fight against corruption at all levels exists as a complex hybrid of institutional mechanisms of regulation, the impact of which primarily affects informal institutions, and then formal ones. For example, the purpose of a bribe is to obtain a profitable contract. A bribe is an informal institution that is an agreement between an official and a citizen. But a contract signed with a bribe is a formal document (legal). As a result of such corruption actions, formal institutions are not violated but act as a means of implementing informal arrangements. Practical implications. Taking into account the historical, economic, and mental component of Eastern European countries, analysing the foreign experience of the countries, the formation of a national idea in the subconscious of the society, which will be aimed at building the state, should come to the fore. It is necessary to break down stereotypes, raise confidence in power and law. Such measures are possible only through the reform of education, the upbringing of young people in the personal negative attitudes to corruption. An active civil society that supports various strategies aimed at reducing corruption. Sanctions are important, so punishing corrupt officials is an important part of any effective anti-corruption effort. Therefore, the Criminal Code of the country should clearly indicate the responsibility for any manifestation of corruption. The mass media must conduct a serious information company: report on detention and investigation and display social advertising (not as a part of a political advertisement). Value/originality. The influence of informal institutes on corruption in the eastern part of Europe is substantiated and the mechanism of its overcoming is proposed, the use of which will ensure the gradual economic development of the state.
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Offutt, S. "Policy analysis for globalized agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5267-agricecon.
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Farms, farmers, farm families, and even farm policies have changed in the United States and Europe over the decades since World War II. Now it is time to bring the methods of farm policy analysis and the scope of data collection up to date. Agricultural economics, by tradition an empirical discipline, can offer important insights into the design, implementation, and effectiveness of policy. To succeed in this century, though, requires an emphasis on understanding micro-economic behavior at the level of the farm household. The paper presents fundamental aspects on methodology for micro-level farm policy analysis and data requirements for application of its intruments.
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Kopytko, Marta, Anna Pazieieva, Andrii Khorosheniuk, Mykhailo Matviienko, and Мariya Vinichuk. "SHADOW EMPLOYMENT IN EASTERN EUROPE: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF EVALUATION AND COUNTERACTION." Business: Theory and Practice 20 (December 17, 2019): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.45.
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The paper outlines the main problems of shadowing of the labor market in Eastern Europe on the example of Ukraine and explores the factors that have a direct impact on them. A comparative analysis of the most widespread methods of tax evasion in Ukraine has been conducted. Using the software package MS Excel and CurveExpert 5.0, a study was made of the dynamics of the population employed in the informal economy during the period from 2001 to 2018; the impact of the level of labor market shadowing on the standard of living of the population of Ukraine, as well as the dynamics of the volume of remittances of labor migrants to Ukraine. The level of employment of the population in the informal sector of the economy is analyzed. It is proposed one of the alternative methods of economical and mathematical nature, with the help of which it is possible to conduct researches of the imbalance of economic systems, the construction of a mathematical model of balance on the basis of modeling of a small group using the graph theory, which will enable to carry out tactical and strategic control over the interaction of the main categories of the population in the labor market.
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Bilenko, Yuriy. "Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.04.01.
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Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy.
Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth.
Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry.
Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period.
Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.
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BANSKI, Jerzy. "Phases to the transformation of agriculture in Central Europe – Selected processes and their results." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 12 (December 12, 2018): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/86/2018-agricecon.
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The fall of the communist system in Central Europe was followed by dynamic social and economic change that also had its clear impact on the food sector. One of the key factors shaping the contemporary condition of the agricultural sector in region has been change of ownership, with the collapse of the nationalised sector and restitution of property to former owners. The work presented here considers the main directions of changes and assessment of selected economic processes ongoing in the farming sector over the last quarter-century throughout the region under consideration. This analysis may be further broken down in relation to the three suggested phases of change, i.e. transformation, integration and polarisation. The work took in five countries of the former Eastern Bloc, i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.
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Aničić, Jugoslav, Svetlana Vukotić, Dušan Aničić, Vesna Petrović, and Dejan Čavić. "Investment policy factors of enterprises in Serbia: Agriculture and processing industry sectors." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 68, no. 1 (2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2101037a.
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In this paper, the authors research and analyze the impact of factors that decisively influence making investment decisions in enterprises operating in the agriculture and processing industry sectors. The fact is that significant foreign direct investments have been coming to Serbia for many years, but the development gap with comparable countries in Central and Eastern Europe is not decreasing. Analysis show that economic development cannot be left only to the market and foreign investments, but an appropriate economic policy is needed to encourage public and private investments, based on domestic savings. Authors believe that companies from agriculture and processing industry should be carriers of economic growth and development, employment, exports and the creation of new value, but they need a stable and predictable business environment, as well as the support of official economic policy.
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Jeder, Houcine, Emna Ben Hamza, and Hatem Belhouchette. "AN OPTIMAL PRICE FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL-EASTERN TUNISIA." New Medit 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1902a.
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Increasing pressures on water resources are causing many countries in Mediterranean to (re)consider various mechanisms to improve water use efficiency for agricultural like Tunisia country. The price mechanism remains the most appropriate instrument to allocate this water resource, but the search for the optimal price of water that reconciles different aspects economic and environmental is the most important issue to rise. In this paper, we will show that the search for a compromise between farm income and water consumption is possible through an optimal price applying both the entropy maximization approach and the multiobjective optimization. The results show that the use of Generalised Maximum Entropy (GME) approach is able to calibrate the model. Once the model is calibrated, a Multi-Objective Programming (MOP) was used to determine the optimal price using the compromise method. This optimal price determined has resulted to a slight economic decline in agricultural income against an immediate environmental gain of water saving. This compromise is a way to ensure the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and the preservation of water resources in Tunisia.
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Domonkos, Endre. "Economic Stabilization after the Treaty of Trianon: Challenges and Possibilities." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 19, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2021-0004.
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Abstract The ‘Great War’ had harmful impacts on Hungary’s national economy. With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the former self-sufficient economic unit broke into six different entities, which had far-reaching consequences in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic difficulties were further aggravated by rampant inflation. Finally, the loss of the majority of raw materials by the Treaty of Trianon meant that Hungary was cut off from its sources of supply. The following paper examines the impacts of economic reconstruction in Hungary. The analysis also focuses on the development of industry, agriculture, and trade in the 1920s.
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Evans, Geoffrey. "Class inequality and the formation of political interests in Eastern Europe." European Journal of Sociology 38, no. 2 (November 1997): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600006949.
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Class inequality provides fertile ground for the development of class divisions in political interests. Post-communist societies display evidence of such inequality and — despite expectations to the contrary — of its correlates: high levels of class identification, perceived relative deprivation between classes, and links between class position and economic expectations. These aspects of class formation are in turn accompanied by the endorsement of divergent political programmes by social classes. Marketisation is thus providing the conditions under which classrelated, ‘left-right’ divisions reminiscent of those in Western democracies, structure politics in Eastern Europe.
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Bożyk, Paweł. "Polish-Russian Economic Relations Under the Conditions of System Transformation." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2011): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10223-011-0003-3.
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The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, Has found the region’s countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market.
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Rosa, Lorenzo, Davide Danilo Chiarelli, Maria Cristina Rulli, Jampel Dell’Angelo, and Paolo D’Odorico. "Global agricultural economic water scarcity." Science Advances 6, no. 18 (April 29, 2020): eaaz6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031.
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Water scarcity raises major concerns on the sustainable future of humanity and the conservation of important ecosystem functions. To meet the increasing food demand without expanding cultivated areas, agriculture will likely need to introduce irrigation in croplands that are currently rain-fed but where enough water would be available for irrigation. “Agricultural economic water scarcity” is, here, defined as lack of irrigation due to limited institutional and economic capacity instead of hydrologic constraints. To date, the location and productivity potential of economically water scarce croplands remain unknown. We develop a monthly agrohydrological analysis to map agricultural regions affected by agricultural economic water scarcity. We find these regions account for up to 25% of the global croplands, mostly across Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Sustainable irrigation of economically water scarce croplands could feed an additional 840 million people while preventing further aggravation of blue water scarcity.
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Dabrowski, Marek. "Transition to a market economy: A retrospective comparison of China with countries of the former Soviet block." Acta Oeconomica 70, S (October 16, 2020): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2020.00024.
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AbstractIn the 1990s and early 2000s, comparison of transition strategies of China versus those in Central and Eastern Europe raised controversies in the economic and political science literature. However, differences between China and the countries of the former Soviet bloc in their transition strategies resulted not necessarily from a deliberate political choice but from different initial conditions. Low-income and largely rural China, after its first radical step (de-collectivisation of agriculture in 1978), could move more gradually due to its under-industrialisation and retaining administrative control over the economy. The over-industrialised Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and former Soviet Union (FSU) countries where the previous command system of economic management spontaneously collapsed at the end of 1980s, did not have such an option. They had to conduct market-oriented reforms as quickly as they could, with all the associated economic and social pain. Regardless of speed and strategy of transition, almost all previously centrally-planned economies, including China, completed building basic foundations of a market system by the early 2000s although the quality of economic and political institutions and policies differ between the sub-regional groups and individual countries.
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Kindler, Janusz. "Some thoughts on the implementation of water quality management strategies for Central and Eastern Europe." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0220.
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The countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) continue their efforts to address environmental problems, including water quality management, in the context of a transition from the centrally planned to market economies. Their economic recovery and further development is the most pressing and central goal since water quality deterioration is nothing but one of the many consequences of the lack of economic progress. Since international assistance to the CEE countries is limited, an early action should be taken to support the establishment of national financial mechanisms and incentives. To improve water quality, the efficiency of water, energy and material use must be increased in the CEE countries; reducing water use is an imperative. Industrial wastewater management strategy shall distinguish between the old and new enterprises. The non-point pollution sources of agricultural character should largely be controlled by preventive measures, applied jointly by land, water and agricultural specialists and managers. Transformation of industry and agriculture and water quality improvements must be undertaken together.
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Korotun, Volodymyr, Tetiana Kaneva, Anton Drepin, Liudmyla Levaieva, and Svitlana Kucherenko. "The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p215.
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In this research, we evaluated the impact of fiscal decentralization on GDP per capita growth. Using the unbalanced panel data, the authors assessed the interconnections between fiscal decentralization – considering its expenditure and revenue aspects as well as tax autonomy – and economic growth for Central and Eastern European countries from 1995 to 2018. In the examined states, the expenditure decentralization exceeded the revenue one. We found out that revenue decentralization and tax autonomy adversely affected economic growth. But expenditure decentralization associated with a positive GDP growth rate. In this paper, we also explored the peculiarities of fiscal decentralization reform. Structural transformations radically reduced the size of the public sector in Central and Eastern Europe, which had a positive effect on the economy. The vital components of local budgets tax revenues are personal income tax and the property taxes. The most effective mechanism for the property tax base’s determination arises from the value of the real estate or land.
Keywords: fiscal policy, fiscal decentralization, tax autonomy, property taxes, economic growth
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Kozminski, Andrzej K. "Restitution of Private Property: Re-privatization in Central and Eastern Europe." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(96)00025-6.
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The article deals with the relatively little researched problem of the restitution of property confiscated by the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe, After the fall of communism, new democratic governments and parliaments were faced with the problem of compensating former owners. This problem has practical aspects related to investors' confidence, as well as moral, symbolic, and emotional ones. Quite often it becomes a pawn in the political game. Legislation adopted and proposed in the key countries of the region is examined and compared. The political, economic, and institutional context of re-privatization is analysed. From the point of view of the key objectives of property restitution, the different re-privatization formulas, practised throughout the region, are assessed.
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Sisto, Roberta, Giustina Pellegrini, and Piermichele La Sala. "Dual quality food: A negative social externality or a competitiveness opportunity?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 7 (July 17, 2019): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/307/2018-agricecon.
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In recent times, consumers and politicians from Central and Eastern Europe complain that some food products sold in their regions are of lower quality and less healthy if compared to those sold under the same brands in Western Europe. This situation, that concerns exclusively food produced and sold under even well-known multinational brands, is brought back by many food Multi-National Companies to the necessity to adapt their products to local tastes and gastronomic traditions. Many tests and studies carried out at European level prove poorer-quality products offered by Multi-National Companies to Central and Eastern Europe consumers even if with the same packaging and prices (or even more expensive) of Western countries. This is a very novel issue, and to the best of our knowledge, there is not any scientific paper yet dealing with this issue. Therefore, the aim of the study is to add new knowledge to this field and to shed light on the multiple aspects linked to dual quality food. The analysis, essentially theoretical, has pointed out that in addition to the traditional problems of market failures, there can be positive implications in terms of opportunities of competitiveness for multinational food companies.
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Bański, Jerzy. "Selected aspects of the transformation of agriculture in the CEECs following the fall of the Eastern Bloc." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 56 (2020): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.56.1.
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Over the last three decades, agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe has undergone very profound change. This first and foremost reflected the collapse of the communist system, as well as accession to the European Union in the case of most of the CEECs. The work detailed here has thus had as its cognitive goal the identification of trends regarding selected components of agriculture’s spatial structure which have included agrarian structure, agricultural land use, and the structure of agricultural production. Attention has also been paid to what conditioned the transformation, as well as the spatial differences that characterised it. With a view to these objectives being achieved, 11 current EU Member States in the region were analysed, above all by reference to source materials from EUROSTAT and the FAO.
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Youn, Ik Joong, and Bernhard Seliger. "A Critical Review of Existing Approaches to Siberia: Relevance to Siberian Economic Development." International Studies Review 6, no. 2 (September 28, 2005): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00602006.
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Russia went through major political and economic changes in the 1990s. Siberia, historically a resource-colony, also began autonomous economic development. However, economic development did not succeed as planned and resulted in total failure. Siberia still holds the same meaning to Russia, as a colony that provides natural resources. But the exploitation of Siberia's rich resources is not enough to entice policymakers and scientists to develop Siberia until it reaches its full economic potential. This leads to a concentration of research in the economic analysis of resources, energy, transport, environment, agriculture, and forestry. The focus on institutional transformation is very typical in the discussion about Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia's transformation, while micro-institutional analyses remain silent about Siberia. Emerging research on fiscal federalism and regionalization in Russia can provide basic elements of a micro-institutional theory, but elements such as a framework for education, local administration, and infrastructure are still wanting.
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Adamišin, Peter, and Emília Huttmanová. "The analysis of the energy intensity of economies by selected indicators of sustainability (Rio+ 20)." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v2i1.30.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the status and the development of energy intensity in selected countries of Central and South-eastern Europe. Reducing of energy consumption is one of the ways to ensure not only economic, but also environmental aspects of sustainability.This paper describes the relationship between economic development and energy intensity of countries, particularly the countries of the selected region.
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Semin, Alexander, Oleg Betin, Lyudmila Namyatova, Elena Kireeva, Larisa Vatutina, Andrei Vorontcov, and Nadezhda Bagaeva. "Sustainable Condition of the Agricultural Sector’s Environmental, Economic, and Social Components from the Perspective of Open Innovation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010074.
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The aim of the study is to elaborate an econometric model to determine the conditions for ensuring the balanced development of environmental, economic, and social components of the Russian agricultural sector within the Eastern European region. The method of fuzzy sets was used to build an integral model for assessing the level of sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Eastern Europe on the basis of economic, environmental, and social sustainability indicators. The control indicators (independent variables) and integral economic, environmental, social sustainability (dependent variables) helped build multifactor linear regression models and calculate the indicators of elasticity of dependent variables from independent variables, which characterize the change in sustainable development indicators with the growth of controlling factors by 1%. This model allows us to define and analyze the levels of sustainable development of the industry, both in a specific country and within the region in general. The study shows that, for Russia and Eastern European countries, innovation is one of the crucial factors in ensuring sustainable development of agriculture in the region, taking into account the current state and level of economic development.
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Jeannet, Anne-Marie. "A threat from within? Perceptions of immigration in an enlarging European Union." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699319890652.
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Scholars have taken a considerable interest in how global immigration to Europe generates public concern, but we still know little about the role that migration from within the European region has in fueling apprehensions. To better understand this, I examine how public attitudes towards immigration have responded to migration following the European Union’s most extensive enlargement along its eastern border in 2004. Using recent advances in multilevel modeling, this article analyzes the longitudinal, cross-sectional relationship between east–west internal European migration on public attitudes towards the economic and cultural aspects of immigration in Western Europe using individual-level data from the European Social Survey (2004–2014). The results demonstrate that growing populations of Central and Eastern European foreigners have contributed to Western Europeans’ perception of immigration as an economic threat, even when taking into account simultaneous immigration from outside Europe. Moreover, the relationship between east–west immigration and an individual’s perception of immigration as a threat is conditional upon their socio-economic status. These findings underscore how within-European immigration in Western Europe has become consequential to the public’s attitudes about immigration more generally.
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Schwarczová, Loreta, and Anna Bandlerová. "EU LAND POLICY – PATHWAY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE EUROPE." EU agrarian Law 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2013-0012.
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Abstract The land policy plays a key role in the frame of priorities of the EU and influences the political, economic and social development of countries and regions. The Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra has been active in various aspects of the policy mainly by the support of national and international funding programmes. One of the most actively developed European funding programme at the faculty is the Jean Monnet programme. The structure and priorities of the Jean Monnet programme are sufficiently complemented to the mission and priorities of the faculty at the educational and scientific level. The paper especially focuses on the realization, impact and sustainability of achieved project results.
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Dragomir, Elena. "Development characteristics of interwar European periphery: the cases of Romania and Lithuania’s agriculture." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 1 (August 15, 2010): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i1_5.
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In economic terms, the interwar European periphery was limited to underdeveloped, poor, and non-industrialized states. According to this definition, both Romania and Lithuania belonged between the two world wars to the periphery of the continent. The two countries approached the economic problem using similar instruments: radical agrarian reform, stress on exports, industrialization. Despite the industrial developments that Romania and Lithuania witnessed during the interwar years, they remained, throughout the period, essentially agrarian economies. Although both states had to start from a very under-developed agriculture that shared many similarities, Lithuania’s interwar agriculture was eventually considered ‘one of the most efficient in Eastern Europe’, while Romania’s remained highly ‘inefficient and peasant’. Using the comparative historical analysis method and a similar-systems approach, this paper compares their problems, evaluates steps taken towards their solutions and reveals the different outcomes.
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Kozub-Idźkowska, Monika, and Marek Proniewski. "Financial Crisis in Central and Eastern Europe – Development Differentiation in the Regions." Equilibrium 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.005.
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Crises existed not only in the last decades. In each country fluctuations such as upswings or downturns can be observed in the economy. The serious economic crisis can take place when the extending long-lasting decline continues. In the situation when the crisis appears in the economy it is significant to have a stable financial system. The last financial crisis showed weakness of the contemporary model of social-economic development functioning in the global world, also in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The paper presents the situation of Central and Eastern Europe during the financial crisis. The goal is to analyze the most important kinds of macroeconomic indicators of CEE countries, present development differentiation in the regions at NUTS2 level and systematize causes of the crisis and anti-crisis activities in Central and Eastern Europe. In this paper theoretical aspects of the financial crisis and financial crises’ types are shown as a basis for further analysis. The theoretical study, the observation method and the statistical data analysis were used to present the global financial crisis influence on the CEE economy. Finally, the method of coefficient of variation was implemented to confirm regional development differentiation in Central and Eastern Europe regions and to answer the question if the CEE regions can still narrow the development gap between them and other regions of the European Union.
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Shastitko, A., and M. Ovchinnikov. "Budgeting in Socio-economic Development Strategies (Raising a Problem)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2008): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-3-134-151.
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The article proposes an approach to the analysis of social change and contributes to the clarification of concepts of economic policy. It deals in particular with the notion of "change of system". The author considers positive and normative aspects of the analysis of capitalist and socialist systems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be changed are introduced, their fulfillment is discussed drawing upon the historical and statistical data. The article describes both economic and political peculiarities of the transitional period in different countries, especially in Eastern Europe.
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Prause, Gunnar. "Smart Specialization and EU Eastern Innovation Cooperation: A Conceptual Approach." Baltic Journal of European Studies 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0001.
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Abstract The concept of smart specialization as a policy approach for regional development through increased regional productivity and competitiveness in the European context is actively discussed (European Union, 2009; OECD, 2014). Meanwhile, smart specialization has found its way into EU cohesion policy as well as into the European Commission’s Innovation Union flagship programme. In Eastern Europe, economic growth came to a sudden halt during the financial crisis in 2008/2009, leading to mass unemployment, economic decline and shrinking public spending. The economic downturn in Russia after 2008 was triggered by the outflow of capital and avoided large-scale social consequences. The paper highlights the main conceptual aspects of the smart specialization approach in the European Union and its implications on future EU Eastern Innovation cooperation with a special focus on EU’s largest Eastern partner Russia.
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Peter, Adamisin, Kotulic Rastislav, and Vozarova Ivana Kravcakova. "Legal form of agricultural entities as a factor in ensuring the sustainability of the economic performance of agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 2 (February 13, 2017): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/208/2015-agricecon.
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Development of the agricultural sector prior to 1989 in Slovakia, such as in most countries of the Central and Eastern Europe, was affected by the collectivization realized on the principle of the central planning. The main objective became the quantity, while quality and efficiency had only a secondary importance. Entering into a new market environment after 1990 meant for agricultural enterprises complicated structural, economic and social changes. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the economic performance of agricultural entities depending on their legal form in Slovakia. We assume that the legal form or the way of organizing and management of processes within the agricultural enterprises has an impact on the economic performance of the agricultural subjects. The analysis confirmed the assumptions. On the basis of the testing results, it was found that business companies show a higher rate of economic success measured by the selected economic indicators.
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Novák, Zsuzsanna. "Structural Change in Central and South Eastern Europe—Does Technological Efficiency Harm the Labour Market?" Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114704.
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According to Kuznets, modern economic growth entails structural change. The share of the broad economic sectors (agriculture, manufacturing and services), in value added and employment, has undergone a significant transformation also in the post socialist Central Eastern European and the South Eastern European economies, just like in the developed countries with somewhat lower dominance of the service sector. This phenomenon was widely explained by economists through technological development having a characteristically negative impact on employment within the same industry in which it is adopted. As preceding empirical research focused mainly on developed industrial countries including old EU member states, the purpose of this paper is to examine structural change in 13 Central and South Eastern European EU member economies with special emphasis on the impact of own-industry productivity on employment with OLS and GMM panel regressions. This paper reveals that the productivity increase in all the sectors goes together with the decrease in employment within the sectors in the case of OLS estimations, whereas it produces less evident results in the GMM model framework when controlled for other sectors’ and countries’ productivity and employment processes. Involving further country-, time- and industry-specific variables in the regression, we find that it is mostly manufacturing that is negatively hit by these additional factors (such as relatively higher openness or EU level investment activity) whereas productivity does not necessarily harm the sustainability of workplaces in this sector. The paper also ascertains that there is a large diversity among the selected emerging European economies with regard to economic structures.
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Schneider, M. "Austrian agriculture: experience with the CAP and the anticipated effects of the EU’s Eastern enlargement." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5269-agricecon.
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The transition to the CAP and admission to the internal market triggered a shock wave in Austria which caused fundamental changes in the country’s farming and food industries. Behavioural patterns stuck in traditional routines and petrified structures began to break up. The resulting thrust towards modernisation has been a major success of the EU integration. <br />Eastern enlargement, about to be embarked on by the European Union, will have a greater impact on Austrian agriculture than the country’s accession to the EU ever had. Farmers will have to brace for a loss of market shares and an additional pressure to adjust. The rural regions bordering the accession candidates will be particularly hit and thus require special attention in terms of economic policy measures. Agriculture and rural regions in Eastern Europe will profit from the EU-membership.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey V., Svetlana V. Rusu, and Viktoriya A. Medved. "FACTORS OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES DURING THE 2015-2016 CRISIS." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-4-02.
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The article examines the key socio-economic aspects of the migration crisis and highlights the main causes of mass migration to the European Union from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The main characteristic of the economic situation in these countries is given and the significant problems faced by the donor States of migrants in the last few years are studied. Among the problems highlighted: high population growth rates, pressure on the environment by residents of Africa and the Middle East, limited access to resources, food and fresh water; the problem of unemployment; the problem of poverty and social inequality; high competition in the labor market; low salaries; difficult economic situation and problems in the financial sector. It is noted that these problem were the main cause of mass migration to Europe. Based on a detailed study of official statistics, special attention is paid to the level of unemployment and poverty, GDP level, the population growth rate, as well as the level of wages in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. These indicators are compared to indicators in the countries of Eastern Europe. Their analysis shows that the standards of living in these regions is below average, that is why residents are forced to leave these countries for the European Union in search of a better life for themselves and their relatives. Among the countries that are of the greatest interest to migrants are: Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and so on.
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Florea, Nicoleta Mihaela, Roxana Maria Badircea, Ramona Costina Pirvu, Alina Georgiana Manta, Marius Dalian Doran, and Elena Jianu. "The impact of agriculture and renewable energy on climate change in Central and East European Countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 10 (October 29, 2020): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/250/2020-agricecon.
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According to the objectives of the European Union concerning the climate changes, Member States should take all the necessary measures in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study is to identify the causality relations between greenhouse gases emissions, added value from agriculture, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth based on a panel consisting of 11 states from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) in the period between 2000 and 2017. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate the long-term relationships among the variables. Also a Granger causality test based on the ARDL – Error Correction Model (ECM) and a Pairwise Granger causality test were used to identify the causality relationship and to detect the direction of causality among the variables. The results obtained reveal, in the long term, two bidirectional relationships between agriculture and economic growth and two unidirectional relationships from agriculture to greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy. In the short term, four unidirectional relationships were found from agriculture to all the variables in the model and one unidirectional relationship from renewable energy to greenhouse gas emissions.
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Avioutskii, Viatcheslav, and Mouloud Tensaout. "Does politics matter? Partisan FDI in Central and Eastern Europe." Multinational Business Review 24, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-07-2015-0028.
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Purpose While many studies have investigated the impact of institutional factors (i.e. financial risk factors) in the host country on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), fewer studies have researched on the locational aspects of FDI in relation to the political economy. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the effects of the political economy on inward FDI in Poland’s regions and in other CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a theoretical argument postulating that political economy affects locational determinants of FDI inflow. To test this hypothesis empirically, several analyses were performed at the national level (Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic) and at the subnational level (Poland’s provinces). First, the “footloose” nature of FDI inflows using the time series analysis was examined. Then a fixed-effect panel data regression model and a dynamic adjustment model to quantify the impact of political ideology and agglomeration effects were performed. Findings After controlling for economic and institutional determinants of FDI, the findings indicate that, in transitional economies, ideology affects the locational choice of multinational corporations (MNCs). At the national level, the results show that political risk, liberalization and economic reforms are important drivers of FDI inflows. At the subnational level, the vote for a liberal party positively affects the distribution of FDI in the provinces. Another finding is that electoral cycles also affect FDI inflows at regional levels in Poland. Finally, this study provides some supporting evidence for the “footloose” nature of FDI in case of external shocks. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on the locational determinants of FDI by showing that ideology constitutes an important factor for locational choices by MNCs. The findings have important implications for public policy decision-makers who are seeking to improve the attractiveness of their country or region as an FDI destination.