Journal articles: 'Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History'

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Kovalev, I. L., and M. N. Kostomakhin. "Foreign experience of management in the field of agricultural development: history, current state, influence of digitalization." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 3 (February 17, 2023): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2303-06.

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The purpose of the work was to analyze the foreign experience of management in the fi eld of agricultural development: history, current state, the influence of digitalization. A number of highly promising modern trends in the development of agriculture in the world has been described in the article. In our days, the centralized management model in the development of rural areas and agribusiness still dominates in European countries, with all this the modern general approach of the policy of the EU and other European countries outside this union in regional development consists, first of all, in transferring as much management functions as possible to the regional level. This approach is also characteristic of the domestic model of agricultural development policy. The most important and eff ective tool (direction) of modernization of any of the known control systems in the modern world is their digitalization. Digitalization of management in the agricultural sector at all levels from the state to the subject of small agribusiness will not be an exception. Further digital transformation of management in domestic agriculture represents a higher level of digital integration, which affects the most complex organizational changes in government structures and agribusiness. The results of the implementation of these tasks would be able to dramatically affect the growth of profi ts in the agricultural business, the competitiveness of products and will allow the agricultural industry as a whole to reach the modern world technological frontiers.

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Burliai, Alina, Oleksandr Burliai, Yulia Nesterchuk, and Alla Revutska. "Features of Organic Agricultural Products Functioning in EU and Ukraine." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2019-0012.

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Abstract Organic agriculture ensures a balanced state of the ecosystem, which is the key to sustainable development of the economic and social spheres of society. European countries are in the process of historical development reached an understanding on the need for its further ecological progress. That is why the world market for organic products has formed. Studies show that the development of organic production began in the 20‘s of the twentieth century. Since then, markets for organic products began to grow rapidly in many countries. Among the world‘s regions, the largest areas of organic land are located in Oceania and Europe. The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in the development of ecological agriculture. The variety of names of ecological systems of management in the countries of the world and the principles which are included in the concept “ecological agriculture“ are studied. The history of the emergence of organic agriculture has been explored. The analysis of the development of organic agricultural production at the world level, the countries of Europe and the European Union (EU) and individual countries has been analyzed. A grouping of organic farms in Europe has been organized in terms of size. Ukraine, with its significant natural and economic potential in the future may also be one of the important subjects that will form a proposal in this market. The environmental policy of the country has an important influence on the efficiency of organic farms.

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Goncharova, N. Z., E. S. Vorobeva, and O. B. Tarasova. "The role of agritourism in the development of rural territories in the union state of russia and belarus." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219401004.

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The purpose of the study is to assess the state and prospects of rural tourism development as one of the priority areas of economic activity in the agricultural sector of Russia and Belarus and its place in the European market of tourist services. The history of development of agritourism in the world economy is analyzed, the specifics of different countries are noted, and the advantages of agritourism in the Union State are shown. The study was carried out using classical methods of comparison, analysis of dynamic series, and analytical groupings. The modern economic literature highlights the main directions of agritourism development in the world, the impact of investments in agritourism on rural development, and the retention of rural population in Russia and Belarus. The main attention in this article is focused on the advantages of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus in comparison to rest of the European market of tourist services, which can facilitate attracting foreign tourists. At the same time, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of economic activity in the Union State in comparison to the neighboring countries are discussed. Russian regions are grouped by the level of rural tourism development, and the level of investment in agriculture is assessed. The study allowed us to identify the "bottlenecks" in the development of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus and to identify the most important objective and subjective reasons for their occurrence. In the conclusion the article offers a set of recommendations that will allow using the specific natural and climatic features of the Union State to attract state and private investment contributing to the development of agritourism and rural terrritories.

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Kovtun, О. V. "DEVELOPMENT OF FAMILY FARMING PRODUCTION AS THE GUARANTY OF STABLE FOOD SECURITY: REVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN UKRAINE AND SOME COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.19.

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In this study we introduce a comparative analysis of the current situation in the sector of small yield agriculture in Ukraine and some countries belonging to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, such as Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde, in the context of the international policies for the Strategy of Nutritional and Food Security (Estratégia de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). We used materials from the United Nations on Food Security, secondary sources from Ukrainian, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean researchers on the characteristics of the sector, as well as, the results from personal experience and research during the stay in those countries. Portugal and Ukraine are both European countries, Portugal is a member European Union and Ukraine is on its way to joining. Portugal, Brazil and Cape Verde are characterized by their common history, dating back to the days of colonialism, and belong to The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language. All these countries are located in different economic-geographical zones and because of their levels of development they belong to different worlds in economy. It is noticeable, in any of them, that small rural agricultural businesses have an important role in ensuring sustainable food security. Also shared by all three is the fact that small agricultural producers suffer from being invisible to public policy, in comparison with larger industrial agriculture, taking into account the different factors from each country in particular. As such, one of the main goals of the present study is to reflect on the importance of small agriculture, or family agriculture, on providing for society and ensuring nutritional and food security in those countries. According to Ukrainian researchers, the per capita consumption of food products has significantly decreased over the past two decades, which is reflected in a steady decrease in the amount of milk and meat in the daily consumption of dietary products. This is a very important factor for the food safety of the entire population and, above all, the preservation of the health of the most vulnerable groups, including children. The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP), to which Brazil, Cape Verde and Portugal belong to, has approximately 250 million of inhabitants. It is predicted that that number will increase up to 323 million in 2050. Today, in absolute terms, and considering the CPLP as a whole, around 28 million people are malnourished. In general, from all the countries in the CPLP, Portugal is the only country free from problems having to do with food security, but the level of dependence from imports has risen in the last decade, especially of cereals (from 55.6% to 82.8%). Brazil reduced the prevalence of malnutrition to less than half, in comparison with the levels from 1990 and the dependence on imports of cereals in this country remains the lowest compared to other countries and stands at 14.2%. Cape Verde maintains a high level of dependence on imports of food products, including cereals (94.3%). It turns out that in all the countries studied it is common ground that, despite their importance for sustainable food security, small family farms do not receive the necessary support from the state authorities for their technical and technological progress, in order to produce and sell on equal conditions with large enterprises its products in competitive markets. The lack of competitiveness from national food products, which is also seen in all countries, is one of the first factors that cause the objective necessity of an innovative transformation of the field of small agricultural production.

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Dumiter, Florin, Florin Turcas, and Anca Opret. "German Tax System: Double Taxation Avoidance Conventions, Structure and Developments." Journal of Legal Studies 16, no. 30 (December 1, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2015-0006.

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Abstract This paper presents the fundamentals of the tax system in general, the basic elements of a tax system as well as the organization of the German tax system analysis, especially throughout the tax levy and how the taxation typology functions. This theme was chosen in order to expose the principles of German taxation system. With a tumultuous and troubled history, mainly caused by the two World Wars‟ destructions, the German state is considered the „economic locomotive” and a pillar of the European Union. Germany‟s economy is mainly driven by the automotive industry, chemical industry, telecommunications, commerce and agriculture. Of particular importance is the qualitative analysis of conventions for the avoidance of double taxation concluded by Germany; and related implications on fiscal policy. The methodology used in this paper consists of presenting literature derived theories and practical analysis of the German tax system in terms of tax legislation and the evolution of double taxation conventions concluded by Germany with different countries. After the study, the conclusions on the size of the national tax system driven by the example of the German tax system were founded.

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Dukhnevych, Andrii V., Nataliia V. Karpinska, and Iryna V. Novosad. "Phytosanitary examination: Ukraine experience and international standards." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.262-268.

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The article explores Ukraine’s experience in conducting phytosanitary expertise based on international standards. It was stated that Ukraine should develop a series of draft in national legislation in the field of quarantine and plant protection, which would be adapted to the legislation of the European Union and at the same time meet the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention. In this area, Ukraine has already partially implemented some structural reforms in the phytosanitary sector, but these processes require continued state support and encouragement, international coordination that will facilitate the development of agriculture in general. Such coordination can be undertaken primarily in the framework of international universal organisations within the UN system, in particular within FAO. It has been emphasised that Law of Ukraine No. 2501-VIII “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Regulation of Some Phytosanitary Procedures” came into force on February 2, 2019. Among the innovations are the granting of the right to carry out expert examination to private laboratories, new terms in the field of plant quarantine and the creation of the Register of Phytosanitary Certificates issued. It has been concluded that Ukraine is currently actively applying international standards, participating in their development and registering official translations of international standards for phytosanitary measures. Developing national and applying international standards, as a key factor in creating a quality system in the field of plant quarantine, not only ensure full fulfilment by Ukraine of its obligations under the IPPC and SPS, agreeing on the phytosanitary safety of exported quarantine cargoes, but also increase the competitiveness of the domestic vegetal products in the world market. This creates a positive image of Ukraine as a reliable trading partner that does not violate the requirements of other countries and guarantees the conformity of product quality, phytosanitary procedures to internationally recognised standards. Therefore, for qualified phytosanitary examinations, the mechanism of guaranteeing compliance with national and international standards, amending legislation, introducing effective penalties for violation of the rules and procedure for conducting phytosanitary examinations should be a promising area

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STAVSKA, Yulia. "THE GREEN TOURISM AS A DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1 (41) (January 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-1-7.

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Ukraine, choosing its strategic course of integration into the European Union, took the time to accelerate the reform of various spheres of socio-political and economic life of the country, in particular, the sphere of tourism services, transforming it into the standards of the European Union. The world-wide experience of progressive management gives tourism the first place among other sectors of the economy in terms of exports of goods and services. In conditions of development of the Ukrainian state, tourism becomes an effective means of forming a market mechanism of management, the receipt of significant funds to the state budget, one of the forms of rational use of free time, conducting meaningful leisure, studying the history of the native land, attracting the general population to the knowledge of the historical and cultural heritage. Current experience and scientific research show that accelerated development of rural green tourism can play the role of a catalyst for structural adjustment of the economy, provide demographic stability and solve urgent socio-economic problems in rural areas. It is important for Ukraine to overcome the gap in this area and realize the existing rich tourism potential through an elaborate policy of state regulation, including at the regional level. One of the reasons for the rapid development of rural green tourism in Europe is the crisis in the agricultural sector. Today, the process of productivity and automation of agriculture leads to jobs reduction. In fact, in many rural regions of Europe, agriculture has ceased to be the most important form of land use and the most important activity of the rural community. The rural green tourism is closely linked with other types of tourism, primarily with recreational, cultural, specialized tourism types – relief, gastronomy, ethno-tourism, etc. All this allows rural tourism to be included in combined tours, increasing the demand for a traditional tourist product. The rural green tourism in Ukraine is a holiday of the inhabitants of the city in the countryside in guest rooms created by a village family on the basis of its own residential house and private plot. As entrepreneurial activity, rural green tourism develops rather heterogeneously in different regions of Ukraine. Systematization of motivational interests of the rural green tourism activation in the regions of Ukraine showed that the dominant motives for diversification of activities in agricultural sector in the current conditions of rural areas development are: increase of incomes of rural population and increase of employment level, the possibility of diversification of income sources of peasants, significant investments and additional training, opportunities for self-realization of rural inhabitants. Priority directions of development of green tourism in these regions in the near future should be: reception and accommodation of tourists; rental of tourist equipment; production and sale of tourist goods of folk crafts; provision of tourist services (bicycle, gastronomy, agrotourism, cultural and historical tourism, organization of recreational recreation, mountain and ecological tourism); organization of tasting and culinary excursions; active development of the hotel business, camping (construction of agricultural cottages, fishing houses, farmhouses, horse farms); organization of historical and ethnographic events; distribution of religious tours; providing a complex of widely distributed services (fishing, hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, medicinal plants, etc.); development and popularization of water sports (kiting, windsurfing). The research of the current conditions for the development of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine allowed to outline the area of the key problems that hinder the active expansion of this type of activity: - disorderly legislation on key aspects of tourism business regulation in rural areas; lack of a law regulating this type of activity; - low level of development of the infrastructure of the market of green tourism services and social infrastructure of the village; - outdated stereotypes of rural residents, which hinder the active development of the newest types of tourism industry, the pronounced unsystematic and irregular nature of services; - absence of state programs supporting development of green tourism and limited amount of their financial, consulting and information-marketing support; - low level of informatization and popularization of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine among the population of European countries; - lack of political stability and social tension in society, deterioration of the world image of Ukraine. Thus, Ukraine has a rather powerful potential for the development of green tourism as an alternative type of agribusiness in the regions of Ukraine. In the context of modern economic conditions, solving key problems of development of green tourism forms the fundamental framework for addressing the most important socio-economic issues of rural areas: overcoming unemployment, promoting employment, raising incomes and quality of life for rural inhabitants.

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Shi, Ruifeng, Xiaoxi Chen, Jiajun Qin, Ping Wu, and Limin Jia. "The State-of-the-Art Progress on the Forms and Modes of Hydrogen and Ammonia Energy Utilization in Road Transportation." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911904.

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The crisscross progress of transportation and energy carries the migrating track of human society development and the evolution of civilization, among which the decarbonization strategy is a key issue. Traffic carbon emissions account for 16.2% of total energy carbon emissions, while road traffic carbon emissions account for 11.8% of total energy carbon emissions. Therefore, road traffic is a vital battlefield in attaining the goal of decarbonization. Employing clean energy as an alternative fuel is of great significance to the transformation of the energy consumption structure in road transportation. Hydrogen and ammonia are renewable energy with the characteristics of being widely distributed and clean. Both exist naturally in nature, and the products of complete combustion are substances (water and nitrogen) that do not pollute the atmosphere. Because it can promote agricultural production, ammonia has a long history in human society. Both have the potential to replace traditional fossil fuel energy. An overview of the advantages of hydrogen and ammonia, as well as their development in different countries such as the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major development regions is presented in this paper. Related research topics of hydrogen and ammonia’s production, storage and transferring technology have also been analyzed and collated to stimulate the energy production chain for road transportation. The current cost of green hydrogen is between $2.70–$8.80 globally, which is expected to approach $2–$6 by 2030. Furthermore, the technical development of hydrogen and ammonia as a fuel for engines and fuel cells in road transportation is compared in detail, and the tests, practical applications and commercial popularization of these technologies are summarized, respectively. Opportunities and challenges coexist in the era of the renewable energy. Based on the characteristics and development track of hydrogen and ammonia, the joint development of these two types of energy is meant to be imperative. The collaborative development mode of hydrogen and ammonia, together with the obstacles to their development of them are both compared and discussed. Finally, referring to the efforts and experiences of different countries in promoting hydrogen and ammonia in road transportation, corresponding constructive suggestions have been put forward for reference. At the end of the paper, a framework diagram of hydrogen and ammonia industry chains is provided, and the mutual promotion development relationship of the two energy sources is systematically summarized.

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Pirra, Antonio Jose Duque. "Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos nas ultimas décadas." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 442–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp442-454.

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Resumo Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise da Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas 3 décadas (após a adesão de Portugal à então CEE). Há já alguns séculos que se percebeu a importância da preservação da fauna e da flora do meio ambiente para a nossa sobrevivência e para a manutenção do planeta terra em condições de permitir a sobrevivência das gerações vindouras (desenvolvimento sustentável, hoje em dia falamos de economia circular). Contudo, nos países industrializados da europa, a regulamentação ocorreu principalmente nas últimas 3-4 décadas, integrando de maneira crescente a preocupação ambiental, e evoluindo gradualmente de uma mera preocupação com o processo técnico de tratamento de efluentes e resíduos, para uma perspetiva mais global de economia sustentável. De forma lógica, a preocupação dos legisladores começou primeiro pelo despejo de efluentes e resíduos industrias perigosos/tóxicos, estendendo-se progressivamente aos restantes resíduos e efluentes humanos, agroindústrias e agrícolas. É normalmente a legislação da união europeia que serve de barómetro, sendo transposta à posteriori e regularmente (algumas vezes alguns anos depois) para a legislação dos diversos países membros, nas mais diversas áreas. Esta legislação aborda frequentemente a fileira completa da matéria prima, aos produtos e efluentes, incluindo a gestão dos resíduos, a reutilização dos materiais, a proteção das águas, as condições de utilização das lamas de ETARs e a luta contra a poluição por nitratos. Estas Diretivas da UE são, pois, a base dos textos que cada um dos estados membros deverão transpor em devido tempo. Palavras-chave: Legislação; adega, ambiente; historia da ciência, Portugal Abstract In this article we analyse the history and the evolution of the environmental protection regulations related to the Winery effluents and wastes management in the last 3 decades (after Portugal's accession to the EEC).For some centuries we have realized the importance of preserving the environmental fauna and flora for our survival and for maintaining f the planet earth in good conditions to allow the survival of future generations (sustainable development, nowadays we speak in circular economy).However, in industrialized European countries, regulation has occurred mainly in the last 3-4 decades, increasingly integrating environmental concerns, and gradually evolving from a mere concern with the technical process of wastewater treatment to a more global perspective of sustainable economy. Understandably, the concern of legislators first began by management of effluents and wastes from hazardous/toxic industries, progressively extending to others such as human, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes.Usually the legislation from the European Union serves as a guide, being transposed posteriorly and regularly (sometimes a few years later) into the legislation of the several countries members of the EU, in the most diverse areas. This legislation often comprises the full range of the area, from raw materials, products and effluents, including waste management, reuse of materials, water protection, conditions for the use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants and the fight against nitrate pollution. These EU Directives are therefore the basis of the texts that each member state should have transpose as soon as they can. Keywords: Legislation; winery; environment; science history; Portugal

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Pirra, António. "História da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas décadas." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 25 (September 29, 2022): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2022v25espp357-369.

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Resumo Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise da Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas 3 décadas (após a adesão de Portugal à então CEE). Há já alguns séculos que se percebeu a importância da preservação da fauna e da flora do meio ambiente para a nossa sobrevivência e para a manutenção do planeta terra em condições de permitir a sobrevivência das gerações vindouras (desenvolvimento sustentável, hoje em dia falamos de economia circular). Contudo, nos países industrializados da europa, a regulamentação ocorreu principalmente nas últimas 3-4 décadas, integrando de maneira crescente a preocupação ambiental, e evoluindo gradualmente de uma mera preocupação com o processo técnico de tratamento de efluentes e resíduos, para uma perspetiva mais global de economia sustentável. De forma lógica, a preocupação dos legisladores começou primeiro pelo despejo de efluentes e resíduos industrias perigosos/tóxicos, estendendo-se progressivamente aos restantes resíduos e efluentes humanos, agroindústrias e agrícolas. É normalmente a legislação da união europeia que serve de barómetro, sendo transposta à posteriori e regularmente (algumas vezes alguns anos depois) para a legislação dos diversos países membros, nas mais diversas áreas. Esta legislação aborda frequentemente a fileira completa da matéria prima, aos produtos e efluentes, incluindo a gestão dos resíduos, a reutilização dos materiais, a proteção das águas, as condições de utilização das lamas de ETARs e a luta contra a poluição por nitratos. Estas Diretivas da UE são, pois, a base dos textos que cada um dos estados membros deverão transpor em devido tempo. Palavras-chave: Legislação; adega, ambiente; historia da ciência, Portugal Abstract In this article we analyse the history and the evolution of the environmental protection regulations related to the Winery effluents and wastes management in the last 3 decades (after Portugal's accession to the EEC). For some centuries we have realized the importance of preserving the environmental fauna and flora for our survival and for maintaining f the planet earth in good conditions to allow the survival of future generations (sustainable development, nowadays we speak in circular economy). However, in industrialized European countries, regulation has occurred mainly in the last 3-4 decades, increasingly integrating environmental concerns, and gradually evolving from a mere concern with the technical process of wastewater treatment to a more global perspective of sustainable economy. Understandably, the concern of legislators first began by management of effluents and wastes from hazardous/toxic industries, progressively extending to others such as human, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes. Usually the legislation from the European Union serves as a guide, being transposed posteriorly and regularly (sometimes a few years later) into the legislation of the several countries members of the EU, in the most diverse areas. This legislation often comprises the full range of the area, from raw materials, products and effluents, including waste management, reuse of materials, water protection, conditions for the use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants and the fight against nitrate pollution. These EU Directives are therefore the basis of the texts that each member state should have transpose as soon as they can. Keywords: Legislation; winery; environment; science history;

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Jaroszewska, Joanna, and Robert Pietrzykowski. "DYNAMICS OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.2.21.

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A comparison of the labour productivity disproportions in agriculture is usually carried out at the state level. Conducted research usually concerns the countries of the so-called old Union and newly admitted countries. As a result of analyses carried out in such a way such and the aggregation effect information about the actual scale of diversification at the regional level are lost. The paper proposes an analysis at the NUTS level 2 for selected European Union countries to show their internal differentiation in terms of labour productivity and changes taking place in the analysed period. It was also found that the distribution of labour productivity in agriculture in the regions should also be defined, which would require the use of more advanced statistical methods.

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Przygodzka, Renata. "The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(102) (2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.07.

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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.

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Rogach, Svitlana, Larysa Vdovenko, and Oleh Polishchuk. "AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE UNDER THE JOINT POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-178-183.

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The purpose of this article is to study the experience of financial support of agriculture in the European Union in order to adapt it to the agricultural conditions of Ukraine. A decisive feature of European financial support to agriculture is the attitude towards it as one of the factors of development of the financial system of the European Union. Under the conditions when Ukraine tries to become a full member of the European Union, the author has proved that the modern system of financial support of agriculture in Ukraine is on the vector of formation and adaptation, therefore, the substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles and the development of practical recommendations for the improvement of existing and the introduction of progressive, recommended world practice levers and regulatory mechanisms become a determining factor in their further development. Methodology. In Ukraine, 2017 should only be expected to improve traditional forms of financial support. Among the positive points is the reduction of interest rates in UAH up to 15%, but with the preservation of monetary stability, one should not expect an increase in terms of lending, in the top, there will be loans up to one year, that is, within the product cycle. Results. Ukraine is trying to take over the experience of various European countries in relation to agriculture. It relies on the experience of Germany, France, Great Britain. Practical implications. The Government and the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food in the Budget for 2017 presented a state support reform that creates conditions for the development of small farms and stimulates the production of value-added products, and the main principles of state support should be targeting and transparency. Value/originality. In 2017, in support of the development of the livestock sector at the expense of the general fund of the state budget under the budget program “State Support of Livestock Sector”, expenditures are provided to ensure stabilization of livestock, increase its number, and stabilize production. In general, support for the agrarian sector is formal and insignificantly affecting the development of the agricultural sector, as a result of the economic and agricultural development vector declared in the 2017 Budget, in the light of economic instability, rising inflation and uncertainty.

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Горобець, Ігор, and Андрій Мартинов. "BALKAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 2 (2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-02/077-090.

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The aim of the article is to highlight the attempts of Balkan regional integration in the twentieth century and early XXI century. The Balkan region occupies a special place in European history. Various civilization influences intersect in the Balkans, and trade routes from Europe to the Middle East have traditionally passed. The uneven historical development of the Balkan peoples has led to the severity of the formation of nation-states and the dominance of conflicting internal regional and external interests in the Balkans. The conflict potential of Balkan history was due to the clash of ideas of "great" state formations in the form of "Greater Serbia", "Greater Albania", "Greater Serbia", "Greater Macedonia". An attempt to resolve these contradictions on an international basis was an attempt to implement the Yugoslav project. This project had two different implementation attempts. After the First World War, Yugoslavism was embodied in the format of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After the Second World War, a more successful attempt at international integration was made in the form of Yugoslav federalism. However, exogenous processes have overturned the achievements of endogenous regional integration. The implementation of the European integration project of the Balkan countries depends on the readiness of the European Union to accept them and on the readiness of the Balkan countries to become part of the European Union. The European integration of the Balkan countries raises the question of the borders of the European Union. Turkey remains on the verge of civilization influences. Turkey's accession to the European Union is of strategic global importance. The qualitative characteristics of the European Union depend on the solution of this issue. The EU does not synchronize the accession process of the Balkan countries with the negotiation process with Turkey. It is impossible to do that, because Turkey is more than all the six Balkan countries that emerged after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

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Brovdi, Ivan. "ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE AS A STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 24(52) (March 31, 2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2022-24(52)-12-19.

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The article describes the meaning of organic agriculture and its importance in modern social and economic conditions. The study deals with the main legal requirements for organic producers in Ukraine. The main economic advantages of organic agriculture for Ukrainian enterprises have been outlined including: higher prices on organic products which create a possibility to earn higher profits, lower negative impact on the environment makes this practice more sustainable over a long period of time, and high demand for organic food products in the world. The economic disadvantages of organic agriculture include lower yield compared to traditional agriculture, additional legal requirements to comply with, and lower consumption of organic products in Ukraine. The state of organic agriculture in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular the area of land allocated to it and the number of organic operators. The article also describes the situation with organic agriculture in the world, identifies the world's leading countries regarding the area of land used for organic agriculture, and outlines Ukraine's position in it. European Union is identified as the main importer of organic food products from Ukraine, the key imported organic products and their positions in comparison to other countries have been analyzed. The rapid development of organic agriculture in the world and particularly in the European Union and the increase in the area of land used for it may pose a threat to Ukrainian agriculture enterprises and the positions they have on European and world`s organic markets. While acknowledging the risks the study highlights the importance of further development of organic agriculture in Ukraine.

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Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 34 (January 2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.

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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from the continent? And what about Europe?

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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "BREXIT REFERENDUM OF EUROPEAN UNION." Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, no. 01 (July 5, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.193.

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This paper describes the phenomenon Brexit or Britain Exit on the future of EU regionalism and its impact on Indonesia. This paper will explain in detail the reason for the emergence of a number of policies Brexit. Brexit event caused much speculation related to Brexit in the European Union. The policy is considered full controversial, some experts say that Brexit in the European Union (EU) showed the independence of Britain as an independent state. Other hand, that Britain is the "ancestor" of the Europeans was struck with the release of the policy, meaning European history can not be separated from the history of Britain. In fact the above reasons that Britain came out associated with independence as an independent state related to EU policies that are too large, as a result of the policy model is very holistic policy while Britain desire is wholistic policy, especially in the economic, political, social and cultural. In addition, the geopolitical location of the EU headquarters in Brussels who also became the dominant actor in a union policy that demands as EU countries have been involved in the formulation of development policy, including controversial is related to the ration immigrants. Other reason is the prestige associated with the currency. Although long since Britain does not fully adopt the EU rules but there is the possibility in the EU currency union can only occur with the assumption that the creation of functional perfect integration.

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Zaets, Svetlana V., and Filipp Yu Kushnarev. "Poland in the European Union: history and modernity." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 8, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2022-3-274-287.

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The article shows the dynamics of the development of relations between Poland and the European Union from the early 1990s to the present day. The history of the entry of the Polish state into the European community, the political and socio-economic consequences of this event is analyzed. The facts testifying to the initial polarization of society in relation to EU membership between the conservative-nationalist party «PiS» and the liberal-democratic «Civic Platform» are presented. The topical issue related to the supremacy of European legislation over the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the attitude of the ruling party and the population of the country to it is considered. The authors of the article conducted a study on the attitude of Poles to membership in the European Union and concluded that most of them highly appreciate the role of their state in the EU, enjoy the benefits of European citizenship and see themselves as Europeans. Attention is drawn to the fact that the developed countries of the West do not perceive Poland as an equal member of the European Community, and it does not feel like such, because in terms of most economic indicators, the country initially lagged behind generally accepted indicators and is forced to receive financial assistance. The authors briefly touched upon the current events in Ukraine and the reaction of the Polish government in the context of the European Union. As a result, at the moment a picture is being created that Poland is in the wake of the EU's anti-Russian policy and sees its role in «saving the world from Russian expansion». Perhaps, by such participation in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, it seeks to compensate for its secondary position in the European Union and increase its authority in the international arena.

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Hasanova, Jamila. "EU’s Eastward Enlargement Policy in the 1990s and Turkey." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2022): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202201statyi68.

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In Europe the share of international organizations in state-to-state relations sprang up at the close of the 1980s and outset of the 1990s. Early in the 1990s, the European Union, represented by the most powerful states of Europe stood out owing to its specific role and importance in worldwide policy. Bypassing Turkey’s continued efforts to join the European Union, creation of artificial obstacles in this count galvanized attention. Double standard policy against Muslim countries was also rebounded in the EU - Turkey relations.

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Veselinov, Jelena. "Endowments in European law: Current state and perspectives." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 93, no. 3 (2021): 700–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv93-28640.

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Throughout history, endowment, although with the same content, has developed differently in European countries in terms of law. The national legal regulations of the countries in this area define the basic elements, legal status and functioning of legal entities established in the spirit of endowment differently. The idea of the European Union as a market characterized by the free flow of people and capital inevitably led to the emergence of a very complex set of rules that apply to the member states of this union. The inclusion of endowments in the single market and the growing number of those characterized by internationally useful goals often lead to insurmountable problems in the operations of endowments outside national borders due to national legislations of EU countries not being synchronized, regardless of the general aim to create a single space without any barriers to the flow of people, services and capital. This is the starting point used to examine the subject of this paper - the need to regulate and resolve situations in the functioning of endowments and foundations in Europe: by creating special rules at the EU level and equalizing or harmonizing rules relating to these non-profit organizations. The subject of the research was chosen because of the importance of the topic in the process of developing private EU law in the non-profit sector. The aim of this paper is to analyze the legal regulations related to endowments and foundations in the national legislations of the EU member states comparatively in terms of law, but also to analyze the proposals for creating uniform legal rules.

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Vávrová, E. "The Czech agricultural insurance market and a prediction of its development in the context of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 11 (February 21, 2012): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5148-agricecon.

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In the market economy, agriculture ranks among the important political and economic issues. Risks associated with agricultural activity can be catastrophic. For farmers and farms, damages resulting from materialized risks represent significant and existence-threatening problems. For the state, damages in agriculture can endanger the food supply chain, cause fluctuation in employment or jeopardize the state’s foreign-policy position due to lack of self-sufficiency. This is why it is necessary to discuss the methods and ways to deal with the problem, to eliminate agricultural risks or to minimize their occurrence and materialization. One of the possible ways is insurance. With regard to these facts, the author attempts to make an analysis of the possible ways to eliminate risks that endanger agricultural production and, according to this analysis, to describe the basic approaches to minimizing or eliminating the materialization of risks associated with agricultural activity. Subsequently, the author focuses on agricultural insurance systems in the countries of the European Union, and on the present-day situation in the field of agricultural insurance in the Czech Republic. 

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Iureş, Mugur Victor Constantin. "Bioeconomy’s sectors and strategies in Central and Eastern European countries. A literature review." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0009.

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AbstractThis paper aims to identify and review the most important and topical scientific papers that deal with the strategies that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe apply in the bioeconomic field. In the context of a special attention paid to this sector by the policymakers, seen through the adoption of The Bioeconomy Strategy, in 2012, by the European Union and updated in 2018, it is natural to ask what is the current state of knowledge in this field? This paper treats with the sectors enclosed in this field, from agriculture to biofuels and from paper production to biopharmaceuticals, based on the scientific literature underpinnings, given that this development sector is an emerging one and the ampleness of the scientific works being limited. The methodology of this paper comprises the literature review of the main results obtained this far, in order to accomplish the foundation for further research.

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Keil, Soeren. "Europeanization, State-building and democratization in the Western Balkans." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 3 (May 2013): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.768977.

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The Western Balkans have seen rapid changes since the end of the violent conflicts in the 1990s. The European Union (EU) has been one of the main drivers for change, focusing on the political, economic and social transformation of the region to prepare the countries for membership in the Union. This introduction to the special issue will clarify the key terms and their interaction in the Western Balkans. EU enlargement has never before been this complex and inter-connected with processes of state-building and democratization. The focus on conditionality as the main tool of the EU in the region has had positive and negative effects. It can be argued that the EU is actively involved in state-building processes and therefore the termEU Member State Buildingwill be used to explain the engagement of the Union with the countries in the region. This paper will discuss the concept of EU Member State Building, its potential and its pitfalls. It will be demonstrated that the stabilization of the region is unlikely to take place without an active role for the EU; however, the current approach has reached its limits and it is time to think about alternative options to integrate the Western Balkans into European structures.

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Zelentsov, Aleksandr B., and Viktor E. Gatsolati. "The Public Law Service of the State Registration of Civil Society Organizations." Administrative law and procedure 3 (March 10, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2022-3-36-47.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the theoretical and regulatory framework for the provision of public legal services for the state registration of civil society organizations during their establishment in Russia and in the member states of the European Union. A theoretical understanding of the concept of «civil society organization» is carried out and the types of these associations in our country are determined. The article reveals the relationship between the category of public law services and the concepts of public and state services. Analysis of individual provisions of the relevant legislative and other normative acts made it possible to identify shortcomings in the legal regulation of the provision of public legal services for state registration of civil society organizations in Russia and to formulate proposals for its improvement based on the experience of legal regulation of the legal relations in question in the countries of the European Union.

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Kuzmin, V. N. "Experience in supporting viticulture in the European Union." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-1-49-57.

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In connection with the creation of the subprogram for the development of viticulture in the framework of the Federal scientific and technical program for the development of agriculture for 2017-2025 the analysis of foreign experience in supporting this sub-sector is relevant. The countries of the European Union (EU) are collectively the main producers, consumers and exporters of grape wine in the world. The goal of the EU viticulture support system is to bring the wine-growing and wine-making sector to structural change that are protected from a permanent market crisis. Each EU member-state has a budget set by the EU and can choose from the eight areas of support provided (promotion of wine products within the EU and in third-country markets – up to 50 % of regulated expenses; restructuring and rearrangement of wine yards – up to 50-75%; investment in tangible or intangible fixed assets, processing plants, wine infrastructure, marketing structures and tools for the production or sale of wine products – up to 40-75 %; innovation – supports material or non-material investments aimed at developing new products, procedures and technologies that improve the marketing and competitiveness of EU wine products – up to 50-75 % of regulated costs; distillation of by-products of wine in order to eliminate them and thus improve the quality of wines; “green” harvest-destruction of part or complete destruction of unripe grapes in a certain area-up to 50 % of the direct costs of destruction plus loss of income associated with destruction or disposal; mutual funds – for farmers who want to insure against market fluctuations; crop insurance), which must be applied within the framework of national programs to support agricultural industries for a period of five years. Goals, planned results, the range of organizations that can receive this support, the application procedure, eligibility criteria, subsidized and non-subsidized expenses, standard (normative) unit costs, the procedure for selecting applications, priority criteria and appropriate weighting, the timing of payment of subsidies, and advances are defined for each support area.

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Rybakova, Tetiana. "The current state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union." University Economic Bulletin, no. 46 (September 1, 2020): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-46-183-191.

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Relevance of research topic. Nowadays the Ukraine's relations with the European Union are extremely important. European integration for Ukraine is a strategic choice for the future, and it makes a great influence on the place and role of the state in the new system of international relations, including economic, monetary and financial ones. Formulation of the problem. Ukraine's reform agenda is comprehensive and requires significant financial resources that cannot be raised solely from domestic sources. This determines the importance of attracting foreign funds, including those from the EU as a strategic partner of Ukraine, as well as the creation of a favourable investment climate and therefore the intensification of foreign investment. Analysis of recent research and publications. In the background of Ukraine's European integration intentions, a significant number of scientists study the problems and prospects of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. This cooperation is the subject of constant monitoring by European government agencies and central executive bodies of Ukraine as well. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the conditions of unstable global political and economic environment, new challenges in the region and the extreme dynamism of investment and financial processes, it is necessary to conduct the research reflecting the current state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Highlighting the state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU at the current stage of Ukraine's European integration. Method or methodology for conducting research. System and structural approach, method of logical analysis, statistical method, method of graphic analysis, method of comparison, method of structuring. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The paper describes the political background for investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The analysis of foreign direct investments in Ukraine by countries of origin and by areas of attraction is carried out; the dynamics of direct investments from EU countries in Ukraine's economy for 2010-2019 is described. The current state of application of the valid instruments of investment and financial support given to Ukraine by the EU is analyzed. The areas of priority attention in the process of implementing reforms in terms of attracting the investment from the EU are identified. The field of application of results. Research of Ukraine’s European integration problems, educational process (in the preparation of the relevant sections of textbooks and tutorials for courses “International Economics”, “Global Economics”, “Finance”). Conclusions according to the article. The EU sustainable financial support covers many sectors of the economy and public life in Ukraine, including agriculture, infrastructure, transport and energy, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as democratic reforms, overcoming the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, research and innovation, the environment, support for military conflict victims, etc. The EU supports Ukraine through various instruments, including macro-financial assistance, the European Financial Institutions (EBRD and the EIB), bilateral support from EU member states, the EU External Investment Plan, the European Neighbourhood Instrument, and the Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace. The volumes of EU foreign direct investment in Ukraine still remain low, and their structure by country of origin is not optimal. It is important for Ukraine to attract investments from the most developed EU countries, which is possible only if an attractive investment climate is formed, and the rule of law and the fight against the corruption are ensured.

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Lia Dzebisauri, Lia Dzebisauri. "Implementation of 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) In Georgia – Main Changes And Challenges." Economics 105, no. 09-10 (November 24, 2022): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/9-10/2022-47.

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In the process of active globalization, an important task of the economic agenda of any country is to ensure mutual comparability of statistical indicators. This can be achieved through the implementation of internationally approved methodologies and modern standards. The System of National Accounts is at the top of the economic pyramid. The implementation of SNA 2008 was envisaged by the Association Agreement with the European Union. In 2008, the United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development jointly released The System of National Accounts, 2008 (2008 SNA). This update better reflects the changing economic landscape and the advances in methodological research, data sources and compilation methods and provides clarification on a number of issues not clearly stated in the 1993 SNA. Timely, relevant and comprehensive national account information is a significant intellectual asset for any country, and serves important functions. Like any asset the national accounts depreciate with time. Therefore, periodic new investments are crucial, to ensure that they continue to provide high quality services to their users. Implementing 2008 SNA improved the relevance of a country’s national accounts information. In the new version of SNA, changes were introduced in various directions: updates in calculation methods, improvement of data sources, introduction of an international approach to the coverage of the economy and other methodological changes, which include the introduction of new classifications, the use of the accrual method for taxes, a change in the base period (instead of 2010, the base period 2015 is used instead of the period) and many others. Updated calculation methods were introduced in the following direction: Changes in the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM); Improving the calculation of Imputed Rent of Own Occupied Dwellings; Capitalization of costs related to Research and Development (R&D) and others. The factor of improving the data source should also be emphasized. In this regard, it is worth noting: updating the structure of intermediate consumption on the basis of a special surveys; Special survey conducted in various sectors of economy, such as agriculture, construction, hotels and restaurants and ect. Other methodological changes include also the use of new classifications, change of the base year (2015 instead of 2010). During the implementation of new standards and methodologies, many countries face a number of challenges. In many ways, national accounts data represent an important part of a country's economic history. Of course, it is more acceptable for users to have a continuous and consistent time series, which simplifies its use in economic modeling. However, as already mentioned, this process is associated with certain difficulties, among which access to historical rows of updated data sources is noteworthy. In such cases, they need to develop models that put new concepts and methodologies into historical perspective. In order to harmonize with the indicators of the previous period, Georgia has recalculated the historical data series since 2010. The introduction of the new methodology and the above-mentioned updates caused changes in the total volume of GDP. During the implementation of new methodologies and standards, and therefore the recalculation of historical dynamic series, another important challenge is to inform users about all changes and how each change affected the main macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, users should understand that the change of methodologies and their implementation in practice is an ongoing process by which the country strives to comply with international standards. This is vitally necessary to ensure continuity of the country's integration into the world economic system and future sustainable development. Keywords: The System of National Accounts 2008, Financial Intermediate Service Indirectly Measured (FISIM), Non-observed economy, Research and Development (R&D).

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Aksakal, Vecihi, Sümer Haşimoğlu, Bahri Bayram, Yaşar Erdoğan, Hilal Ürüşan Altun, and Mahir Murat Cengiz. "Sustainability Organic Agriculture and Livestock Production with Respect to European Union in Eastern Anatolia and East Black Sea Regions." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 11 (November 20, 2016): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i11.1024-1030.758.

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The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

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Šťastná, Milada, and Jana Dufková. "New tool for education and training in sustainable land use." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 4 (2007): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755040089.

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Almost every professional sector has embarked on the move toward sustainability. Most notably, business, architecture and design, urban and rural planning, agriculture, local and state governments, non-governmental organizations and higher education. European landscapes are facing rapid changes in land use, where understanding and management of this process is essential. Sustainability has become a widely acknowledged dimension of human actions, but still little stress is put on education in sustainability. This paper identifies focus of education, gives suggestions for improvements and presents a new tool for education and training in sustainable land use – “Road Planner”. As results, it provides all users with new interesting facts on sustainability in the European Union and additional materials related to sustainable land use and Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA). Users got the access to updated information regarding approximately 3000 courses on offer in this topic area throughout the European Union as well as case studies to compare sustainability practices in these countries in comparison to other parts of the world. Furthermore the end result of the information chain also leads the user to a collection of links such as interesting websites and further reading in the topic area.

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Pysarenko, T. V., T. K. Kuranda, and O. P. Kochetkova. "Financial support of research and development: state, trends." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 4(16) (2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2020-4-01.

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Funding is a necessary condition for the functioning of science in any country, its competitiveness in the global space, a key characteristic of the state of the national scientific and technological complex. Currently, countries with developed economies allocate large funds for the development of science in order to stimulate economic growth, increase the competitiveness of industry, energy and agriculture, health care, environmental protection, national security and others. The article examines the global costs of research and development, trends, funding models in leading countries according to open sources (including the National Center for Scientific and Technical Statistics of the US National Science Foundation, the Statistical Office of the European Union, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development, etc.). The growth of expenditures on research and development, the systematic growth of science-intensive GDP — the main trend in the development of the world’s economic elite in recent decades. The significant increase in expenditures for the period 2000–2017 partly reflects the intensification of economic competition among the countries of the world. The current state of financing of scientific and scientific-technical works in Ukraine is shown on the basis of statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and information on the financial support of research and development in the priority areas of science and technology, which were performed at the expense of the state budget. the comparison of the volumes of financing of the scientific sphere in Ukraine and the countries of the world is carried out.

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Pospíšil, Richard. "Main principles of compensation to breeders with the occurence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in breeding cattle and with regards to their disbursement." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 3 (2008): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856030257.

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Mad cow disease first appeared in the 80´s of last century and has gradually spread in series to high breeding countries, incurring major breeding and economic loses. In June of 2001, the disease was first doccumented in the Czech Republic and by year end 2006, there were discovered 26 cases. In accordance to the broader conception of the Common agricultural policy od the European Union, whose one pillar is pillar in the protection of agricultural industry, the European Union has paid breeders in particular EU states with financial compensation, which are the boundaries of the EU budget. For this purpose, there was established in the Czech Republic legal assignment for the distribution of this compensation, and this is reflected in act No. 166/1999, veterinary act and act No. 147/2006. Financial compensation will be paid by the Czech Republic´s Minister of finance after the proposed approval by the Minister of Agriculture and the State Veterinary Administration. Submitted work will deal the majority of compensation to breeders with the occurence of BSE in breeding cattle and with regards to their disbursement.

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Horváth, Szilárd. "The history and the present state of agricultural education in Hungary and its importance considering the number of students in agricultural studies." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 6, no. 1-2 (July 11, 2018): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2017.1-2.97-100.

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The contribution of agriculture to the GDP in Hungary is higher than the European average. Consequently, agriculture plays an important role in the Hungarian economy. However, the overall productivity of this sector is still a fraction of those in some Western European countries. According to some economists, this is due to the inadequate number of skilled manpower and the poor supply of agricultural professionals. It is often said, which has also been shown by a number of research studies, that agricultural credentials are not particularly appealing to young people due to the generally reputed low prestige attached to this field. In this paper, I investigate whether the number of participants in secondary level and higher level agricultural education has indeed been declining and how this trend relates to the demographic characteristics of Hungary. I intend to highlight whether the relatively low productivity of the agricultural sector can be rightfully explained, amongst other factors, by the low number of skilled workers and the insufficient supply of agriculture graduates.

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STAFFORD, JAMES. "THE ALTERNATIVE TO PERPETUAL PEACE: BRITAIN, IRELAND AND THE CASE FOR UNION IN FRIEDRICH GENTZ'SHISTORISCHES JOURNAL, 1799–1800." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000475.

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The British–Irish Union of 1801 remains a significant and controversial moment in the histories of both countries, but understandings of its genesis are restricted inscope. This article seeks to place the Union in a new historical context: the crisis of the European states system that accompanied the French Revolution. It considers the position held by the Union in the critique of Kant's famous essay on “Perpetual Peace” (1795) advanced by one of his most influential students, the publicist and state official Friedrich Gentz (1764–1832). Gentz argued that the consolidation of the British state offered a model for the regeneration of European society. Only unitary forms of sovereign authority could exercise the responsible political agency required for the restoration of peace in the wake of the Revolution. The decline of small states and composite polities supported the durable civil liberty and commercial development necessary to mankind's moral development in history.

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Bandelj, Nina, and Christopher W. Gibson. "Contextualizing Anti-Immigrant Attitudes of East Europeans." Review of European Studies 12, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v12n3p32.

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This paper article examines attitudes toward immigrants by analyzing data from the 2010 and 2016 waves of the EBRD’s Life in Transition Survey among respondents from 16 East European countries. Logistic regressions with clustered standard errors and country fixed effects show significantly higher anti-immigrant sentiments after the 2015 immigration pressures on the European Union borders compared with attitudes in 2010. Almost two thirds of the respondents agreed in 2016 that immigrants represented a burden on the state social services, even when the actual immigrant population in these countries was quite small. In addition, East Europeans expressed greater negative sentiments when the issue of immigration was framed as an economic problem—a burden on state social services—than as a cultural problem—having immigrants as neighbors. On the whole, these results point to the importance of contextualizing anti-immigrant attitudes and understanding the effect of external events and the framing of immigration-related survey questions.

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Perepolkin, S. M. "Legal Status of European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol)." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.50.

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The success of Ukraine's strategic course towards full membership in the European Union depends on many factors, in particular, on establishing effective cooperation with the Member States of the European Union and its bodies in the field of prevention and counteraction to various manifestations of organized crime. Among the various agencies of the European Union, European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) performs the largest amount of work in this field. In this regard, the article analyzes the history of Europol from its inception as an international intergovernmental organization (European Police Office) to its current state - an independent European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol). To disclose the legal status of Europol, the focus is on the purpose and objectives of its creation, the types of crimes against which Europol’s work is directed, the competence of Europol, which covers more than forty forms of criminal activity, the structure of internal bodies, the normative legal bases of Europol’s interaction with the Member States and other agencies of the European Union, third countries (strategic cooperation agreements and operational cooperation agreements) and international organizations, the genesis of the normative legal bases for relations between Europol and Ukraine. According to the results of the study, the history of the formation of the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) is proposed to be divided into two stages: 1. Europol as an international intergovernmental organization of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on the establishment of a European Police Office of 26 July 1995; 2. Europol as the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol). At each stage of Europol's formation, its legal status also changed. At the present stage of Europol's work, its legal status is determined by the Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol).

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Hrubov, Volodymyr, and Serhii Danylenko. "THE ECONOMIC KEYNOTE OF THE MODERN WAVE OF SEPARATISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.83.51-59.

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Separatism has long been present in Western Europe as a political and social phenomenon. In the 21st century, it is the most manifest in the most affluent and successful countries in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. The paradox of this phenomenon is that the political aspect of the issue, which represents the confrontation between the newly emerged elite of «disobedient territories» and the central authorities, is closely intertwined with the economic factor of regional inequality, which has historically been present in those countries. The objective of the article is, therefore, to elucidate the economic factor in the separatist sentiments in the countries of Old Europe and the role of regional political elites in the formation of separatist sentiments. The methodology used in the course of research includes a number of scientific methods. The historical method helped reveal the features of separatist sentiments in specific EU countries and the internal and external factors that have transformed these sentiments into a commonplace public stance. The comparative method allowed clarifying the peculiarities of separatist movements in particular countries and the intentions of the political discourse in the political and legal field which they produce in order to support the view that secession is more beneficial to all than remaining within the ineffective state system. Finally, the dialectical method made it possible to identify political contradictions between governments and regions within their common history with delicate and contestable moments that secessionists seek to use in their struggle for independence. The manifestation of separatism and secessionist policies by opposition forces has been analysed in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is noted that in the United Kingdom, where the rich province of Britain seeks to keep its political influence over the poorer provinces, separatist sentiments in Catalonia (Spain), Bavaria (Germany), South Tyrol (Italy), in Flanders and Wallonia (Belgium) are more akin to whims of human rationality, seeking for even more material possessions for already economically successful provinces with broad autonomy. Based upon the analysis conducted, the following findings have been arrived at. First, European separatism is not a one-dimensional phenomenon and includes economic as well as political, ethnic and national motives. Second, European separatism varies from country to country: in the UK, it is categorical for long-term purposes and historically caused by the negative effects of colonization policies by the British in other provinces; in Spain, it is nationally and culturally specific, based on identity and history; and in Germany, it is «soft» in form and restrained in manifestation, with autonomy and federalization not destroying the state.

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Hrubov, Volodymyr, and Serhii Danylenko. "THE ECONOMIC KEYNOTE OF THE MODERN WAVE OF SEPARATISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.83.51-59.

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Separatism has long been present in Western Europe as a political and social phenomenon. In the 21st century, it is the most manifest in the most affluent and successful countries in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. The paradox of this phenomenon is that the political aspect of the issue, which represents the confrontation between the newly emerged elite of «disobedient territories» and the central authorities, is closely intertwined with the economic factor of regional inequality, which has historically been present in those countries. The objective of the article is, therefore, to elucidate the economic factor in the separatist sentiments in the countries of Old Europe and the role of regional political elites in the formation of separatist sentiments. The methodology used in the course of research includes a number of scientific methods. The historical method helped reveal the features of separatist sentiments in specific EU countries and the internal and external factors that have transformed these sentiments into a commonplace public stance. The comparative method allowed clarifying the peculiarities of separatist movements in particular countries and the intentions of the political discourse in the political and legal field which they produce in order to support the view that secession is more beneficial to all than remaining within the ineffective state system. Finally, the dialectical method made it possible to identify political contradictions between governments and regions within their common history with delicate and contestable moments that secessionists seek to use in their struggle for independence. The manifestation of separatism and secessionist policies by opposition forces has been analysed in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is noted that in the United Kingdom, where the rich province of Britain seeks to keep its political influence over the poorer provinces, separatist sentiments in Catalonia (Spain), Bavaria (Germany), South Tyrol (Italy), in Flanders and Wallonia (Belgium) are more akin to whims of human rationality, seeking for even more material possessions for already economically successful provinces with broad autonomy. Based upon the analysis conducted, the following findings have been arrived at. First, European separatism is not a one-dimensional phenomenon and includes economic as well as political, ethnic and national motives. Second, European separatism varies from country to country: in the UK, it is categorical for long-term purposes and historically caused by the negative effects of colonization policies by the British in other provinces; in Spain, it is nationally and culturally specific, based on identity and history; and in Germany, it is «soft» in form and restrained in manifestation, with autonomy and federalization not destroying the state.

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Semenenko, I. S. "Memory Politics in the European Union: in Search for Common Landmarks." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 6(116) (December 18, 2020): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-10.

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The article evaluates the reasons behind the surge of interest in memory politics in EU countries in the last decade. The author analyses the current memory studies agenda, the mechanisms and instruments proposed for use at EU level to promote a common European identity, and the practices of representing a shared European past in public spaces that have emerged over the last few years (such as the permanent exhibition of House of European History in Brussels). The evaluation of new priorities on the memory politics agenda can help shed light on the difficulties and threats to further promote European solidarity based on a common memory, especially having in mind the drastic consequences of the 2020 pandemic crisis. One can foresee the advancement of national and regional models of memory politics to the frontline of identity politics in Europe. The research is based on the analysis of discourses reflecting the changing memory politics agenda aimed at consolidating a common European space where Russia is considered as the alien Other. Empirical data was collected by the author during her visits to European museums and memory sites representing the history and the current state of the European integration project. This was complemented by the analysis of digital library and archive resources and expert reports dedicated to memory politics and identity policies in the EU.

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Yu., Sniezhkin, Zh Petrova, V. Paziuk, and Yu Novikova. "STATE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2021.1.

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In sewage treatment plants, sludge is formed during wastewater treatment, in addition to treated water. They are dumped on silt sites, which occupy large areas and almost all overcrowding. The content of large amounts of minerals and toxic substances in sediments leads to the deterioration of underwater waters and land, which in turn leads to the deterioration of ecology and life in Ukraine. An urgent task in Ukraine is to create a comprehensive processing of sludge, which includes economic, technological, social and environmental aspects. The main methods of sludge disposal are use in agriculture, landfilling, incineration and dumping into the sea or ocean. The country is gradually trying to abandon the burial. European Union countries also process sludge aerobically and anaerobically. During these processes, components of organo-mineral fertilizers are created that can be used in agriculture. As fertilizers, sludge is composted, stabilized and pasteurized. Combustion of sludge allows to obtain a substitute for coal and oil. To increase the heat of combustion and improve combustion parameters to sludge sludge add coal, biomass. Low-temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge and household waste, which allows to obtain "crude oil". One of the methods is processing in biogas plants to obtain both biogas and environmentally friendly fertilizers. To increase the efficiency of treatment and reduction of sludge disposal of used stagnation-ments vermiculture. Analysis of the literature allows us to conclude that there are methods of disposal of sludge, which have become widespread in various countries around the world, such as fertilizers, alternative fuels, landfills and others. When disposing of sludge, it is possible to produce biogas, electricity and heat, which reduces energy costs for the process.

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Lavrov, V., Nadezhda Yurchenko, S. Batrakova, and Anastasiya Fetisova. "To question of food quality in the system of the Russian AIC." Agrarian Bulletin of the, no. 13 (January 29, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-13-54-60.

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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the tools necessary to improve the quality of natural and organic agricultural products, as well as to increase the volume of their receipts and sales in the Russian agro-industrial complex and retail chains. In the context of the current crisis and sanctions from the United States and a number of countries of the European Union the problem of food security in our country is of particular importance. One of the main tasks of agriculture is not only solving the problem of import substitution by increasing the production of essential products, but also improving their quality. The analysis of the materials made it possible to assess the current state of the food market in Russia. The state mechanism for regulating prices in the food market was analyzed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the positive experience of China, Western European countries and our country in different historical periods. Methods. The basic research methods of the posed problem applied in the work are comparison, deduction, modeling, historical and logical methods. The result of the research carried out in this article is an attempt to establish the reasons for the insufficiently developed and implemented subsidized mechanism of state financing in the agricultural sector. In the course of the research, the prerequisites and reasons for the current circumstances were considered and indicated. The scientific novelty is based on the authors’ conclusion of a scientifically grounded concept about the need to bring the branches of agriculture within the framework of a mixed market economy into the non-market sector. This, in turn, can provide an urgent need for self-sufficiency.

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Vdovychenko, Andrii, Yurii Ternovyi, Vladyslav Lazarenko, Oleksii Kachkovskyi, and Mykola Fedorchenko. "Prospects for the development of organic production in Ukraine under the European green deal." Ekonomika APK 323, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202109031.

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The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive characteristic of the general state of development of organic agriculture in Ukraine under the new green deal in the European Union and justify possible prospects. Research methods. In the process of researching the subject of this article, such methods were used: as normative-legal analysis (when comparing the normative component of Ukraine and the European Union), the method of scientific abstraction (when forming the hypothesis of the further algorithm of organic product development from the point of view of formal institutional and practical component), the method of scientific analysis (in assessing the degree of readiness of organic production in Ukraine to implement the conditions set by the regulations of the Council of Europe). Research results. The problems of Ukrainian legislation in the production and sale of organic products are analyzed, the ways and sequence of solving these problems are outlined. In connection with the decision in the EU to dramatically increase the area under organic production by 2030, the question arises about the impact of this decision on the prospects of this area in Ukraine in the long run. Therefore the article analyzes the market aspect reflecting existing indicators market conditions of organic food, identifies strengths and weaknesses from the standpoint of production and market, as well as assesses the critical provisions of the Council of Europe resolution on the adoption of the Green deal- and, in this context, what are the advantages and disadvantages of Ukraine one of the largest exporters to the country of the European Union, as well as the opportunities that the government has received for the further development of organic agriculture and its efficient functioning. Scientific novelty. An algorithm for achieving the goals of the green deal in the countries of the European Union has been formed, as well as the degree of Ukraine's readiness in the institutional and production aspects of applying the provisions of the adopted resolution in practice. Practical significance. Despite some positive changes in Ukraine's organic production, despite some positive changes, there are severe institutional problems that need to be addressed immediately and effectively, particularly in the field of legislation and standardization of organic products. Figs.: 4. Refs.: 28.

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Adamowicz, Mieczysław. "Aktualne kierunki zmian we wspólnej polityce rolnej Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.1.

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The aim of the work is presenting the evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy, mainly the changes which occurred in this policy during the last decade, as well as the forms and size of support of agriculture and rural areas. The study was prepared with the use of OECD rapport, mainly the rapport on monitoring and evolution the Common Agricultural Policy 2015, and the subject matter literature. Three groups of factors influencing the Common Agricultural Policy changes were distinguished. There are: factors influencing the state of agriculture in member countries; factors influencing relations of the European Union with the world economy and factor linked with the world financial crisis. The changes occurred in both pillars of the CAP were presented, in Pillar I related to the price and market spheres and in that related to direct payments, and in Pillar II, which cover complex of instruments influencing agriculture and rural areas. The special and specific payments were also described. Among instruments supporting agriculture special attentions was given to instruments of internal markets, instruments influencing services and foreign trade regulations. One of the main conclusions is statement that periodical changes of aims and instruments of the CAP did not destroy the background of the policy and the necessity of the community support for agriculture.

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Sinitsyn, Fedor. "External Challenges to Soviet Ideology in the Second Half of the 1960s and in the 1970s." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017638-0.

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The Soviet Union's foreign policy challenges of the 1960s and 1970s had an ideological aspect to them. Contradictions between Soviet Communism and Eastern European socialist models of development became more pronounced. Eastern European socialist countries began to emphasize the variety of models for “building socialism” and offered their own theories, not sanctioned by Moscow, of the construction of socialism in other European countries. Certain “ideological dangers” for the USSR also came from the Communist parties of capitalist countries. Authority of the Soviet Union and the CPSU among Western communists had declined. The weakening of the influence of Soviet ideology in the world had become evident. As a result, Western communists began to distance themselves from the USSR and the “Socialist Bloc” countries. In the post-war years, the authorities and the elites of the “Capitalist Bloc” countries took additional measures to reduce the popularity of the Communist ideology by promoting the idea of “social compromise instead of social revolution”. One of the most significant challenges to Soviet ideology was also the “convergence theory”. The socio-economic models developed in capitalist countries — especially the concept of the “welfare state” — presented another serious challenge. As a result of these trends and an increase in the standard of living in capitalist countries, there was a “de-ideologization” as well as a decrease in mass revolutionism of the population. The external challenges to Soviet ideology were regarded in Moscow with dismay. New ideological and socio-political concepts in capitalist countries were perceived negatively by the Kremlin. The external challenges had a negative impact on the mass consciousness of Soviet citizens. The article concludes that during the period under review, the challenges posed to Soviet ideology from abroad began to be complex. This article also gives classification of these challenges and reveals main ways of their manifestation.

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Бурляй А. П., Бурляй О. Л., Непочатенко О. А., Нестерчук Я. А., and Cвітовий О. М. "ОЦІНКА РОЗВИТКУ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ВЕДЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, no. 5(25) (September 30, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30092019/6666.

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Safety and quality of food is an important problem in many countries today, and environmental safety of agricultural products becomes one of the main factors of its competitiveness on domestic and foreign markets. Organic agriculture provides balanced state of the ecosystem that is the key to sustainable economic and social development of society. Development of the organic products market in Ukraine is essential for the formation of organic products supply on the European Union market. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of Ukraine in the formation of supply of the European market organic products. In the world, organic production began to emerge in the 20s of the twentieth century.Ukraine has significant natural and economic potential, which in perspective will become one of the most important subjects that will form the supply on this market. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of Ukraine in the formation of supply of the European market organic products.

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Kola, Jukka, and Sanna Sihvola. "Leisure and farmers’ welfare in changing conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72683.

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This paper examines the background for leisure-labour decisions in agriculture and evaluates welfare effects of a shift in farmers’ relief services from a state-led subsidised system to a market mechanism. Leisure provided by relief services in agriculture contributes to well-being, but the leisure-labour choice also influences the revenue. Besides conventional economic and demographic factors, we emphasize the importance of special biological bindings and continuity, as well as risk and uncertainty affecting farmers’ time allocation in agricultural production. We consider structural development as an aggregate factor to explain the demand for farmers’ relief services. In Finland the organisation of the services is more centralized than in the other Nordic countries or the European Union. If government subsidies for relief services were removed and a market mechanism with free price formation adopted, direct government savings would be more than enough to compensate for substantial losses to farmers. Moreover, market forces could produce economic efficiency and local flexibility of a higher degree. State subsidization may still be needed to some extent in changing conditions in order to enable the relief services to develop and serve as a support system of a social, de-coupled, and less distorting nature.

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Aydin, Ulviyye. "The Syrian Refugee Crisis: New Negotiation Chapter In European Union-Turkey Relations." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (July 2016): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2016.19.2.102.

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Syria is one of the countries where a revolution wave named Arab Spring uprose in early 2011. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2011. At the beginning it was a civil protest against Assad’s government. Nobody could not estimate the future developments in Syria. The cost of the war in Syria increases every day. More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State. Mixed featured developments and longer resistance of Assad’s regime than estimated escalated tension in Syria in last four and half years. As a result, many countries in the Middle East, such as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, also Turkey, Serbia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Austria, Netherlands, Bulgaria are the sides that should pay a cost of the Syrian war. These states spend a remarkable budget for the Syrian refugees. Economic expenditure is just one dimension of Syrian refugee crisis. Movement of Syrian refugees to the European countries passing Turkish borders is one of the biggest migration crisis of the modern world history. Considering multifaced impacts of the migration, the aim of this paper is to analyze the Syrian refugee crisis as a new negotiation headline between the Europan Union and Turkey.

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Lust, Aleksander. "Familiarity Breeds Contempt." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 23, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 339–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408329665.

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In referenda held in 2003, over 90% of Lithuanians supported joining the European Union (EU), while only two-thirds of Estonians did. Why? This article shows that Lithuanians and Estonians had different economic expectations about the EU. Most Lithuanians hoped that EU membership would help Lithuania overcome its economic backwardness and isolation. By contrast, many Estonians worried that the accession would reinforce Estonia's underdevelopment and dependency on the West. I argue that these expectations reflected the two countries' strategies of economic reform. Lithuania sold state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to their managers and continued to trade heavily with Russia, which slowed down the modernization of its economy. Estonia sold SOEs to foreigners and reoriented its trade rapidly from Russia to the West, which hurt its traditional sectors (particularly agriculture) and infrastructure.

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Alexander, Jennifer, and Paul Alexander. "Protecting Peasants from Capitalism: The Subordination of Javanese Traders by the Colonial State." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 2 (April 1991): 370–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500017060.

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Colonial Java represents the paradigmatic case of an ethnically stratified economy. The Dutch controlled large-scale agricultural production and processing and the sale of these products in European markets. They also monopolised the import of European manufactured commodities, such as cloth. The Javanese provided labour for the cultivation and processing of export crops, maintaining themselves by subsistence farming and subsidiary occupations, such as petty trading and handicrafts. The Chinese linked the other two groups, providing supervisors and skilled workers in export agriculture, bulking peasant crops for interregional trade and export to other Asian countries, and wholesaling the imported and manufactured commodities that the Javanese required. Although ethnic monopoly of economic function was never quite this absolute, the basic hierarchical structure was only momentarily threatened in the mid-1930s, when the Japanese began importing their own commodities and selling them in their own stores to challenge the position of both the Dutch and the Chinese (Cator 1936:75–7; Liem 1947:66).

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Falkovskyi, Andrii, and Olga Dzhezhik. "FORMATION OF THE MODERN CONCEPT OF EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL NEO-INSTITUTIONALISM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-221-226.

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In the scientific discourse of the XXI century, the concept of modern Europe is being reformed under the influence of reforming the activities of the European Union. Scientific publications and research are conducted based on a study of the policies of the European Union countries, EU institutions and structural elements, and the problems that arise in the process of activity and development. The concept of modern Europe is a general term that embraces European values, the European standard of living, European policy, and European priorities, giving the concept of European studies a stable association with the European Union. In this context, the main causes and consequences for the scientific discourse, political practice, and future development of European countries must be considered. Neoinstitutionalists have attempted to analyse institutions based on atomistic methodology. Institutional transformations, processes of intra-European integration and enlargement of the EU, discussions on membership and exit from the EU raise issues of identity and development of governance in Europe. Europeanisation can be seen as a discourse, governance, and institutionalisation. The first interpretation emphasizes that modern Europe is a discourse, not only ideological but also administrative. In this sense, Europeanisation can be a means of expression of institutional globalization through domestic policy. In the article, the hypothesis is put forward and proved that the interpretation of the concept of modern Europe directly correlates with the future development of the European Union and its members. The dissemination of exclusive practices will help to spread the ideas of radical “Eurosceptics”, which could lead to the collapse of the European Union. The inclusive aspect of the concept of Europe is represented by the ideas of “Europeists” who, based on the common history, culture, mentality of the peoples of Europe, substantiate the positive influence on the state development of integration, non-state cooperation, and extrapolation of EU norms and principles into the new territories of Europe. There are three main reasons for shaping the concept of Europe as the boundaries of EU policy: The consolidation of political positions of the European Union and its growing role as an actor in world politics; Essence of the EU enlargement concepts; Features of development within the European community. The modern concept of Europe is considered in the context of a modern multi-level governance model. Therefore, Europeanisation is the interaction of different layers of interests, including structures of regional, multi-level governance, legitimacy of domestic and foreign policy. The impact of the multi-level governance system on the functioning of public administration systems in the Member States and neighbouring countries is considered. Four approaches are identified based on the analysis of relationships between different levels of governance. The necessity of formulating new theoretical paradigms defining the relations between the Member States and the technocratic institutions of the EU, as well as between the Europeanised system of national agencies and the ministries overseeing their activities, has been proved.

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ELISEEEV, A. L., and E. V. TITOVA. "HISTORY LESSONS AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN YOUTH POLICY-MAKING IN MODERN RUSSIA." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 3 (2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-3-35-44.

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The purpose of the article is to reveal the experience of implementing youth policy in foreign countries. The process of developing and implementing state youth policy is based on the development of the innovative potential of young people in the interests of society and on recognition of youth activities by society. The authors emphasized that it is necessary to develop measures to support the young generation in the difficult social and economic conditions at present. The youth policy of the most European states is built not only on the basis of domestic legal documents, but also on the most important principles of the international community, enshrined in international documents. The EU members develop and implement the legislation of the European Union with regard to youth policy, and some specific measures; each par-ticipating state develops youth policy based on the internal situation in the country taking into account European trends. As a result, the authors draw a conclusion that the world experience in the youth policy formation and implementation requires a comprehensive study of the conditions and factors for its implementation, initial goals and results achieved.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History'

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