Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History"
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Kovalev, I. L., and M. N. Kostomakhin. "Foreign experience of management in the field of agricultural development: history, current state, influence of digitalization." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 3 (February 17, 2023): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2303-06.
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The purpose of the work was to analyze the foreign experience of management in the fi eld of agricultural development: history, current state, the influence of digitalization. A number of highly promising modern trends in the development of agriculture in the world has been described in the article. In our days, the centralized management model in the development of rural areas and agribusiness still dominates in European countries, with all this the modern general approach of the policy of the EU and other European countries outside this union in regional development consists, first of all, in transferring as much management functions as possible to the regional level. This approach is also characteristic of the domestic model of agricultural development policy. The most important and eff ective tool (direction) of modernization of any of the known control systems in the modern world is their digitalization. Digitalization of management in the agricultural sector at all levels from the state to the subject of small agribusiness will not be an exception. Further digital transformation of management in domestic agriculture represents a higher level of digital integration, which affects the most complex organizational changes in government structures and agribusiness. The results of the implementation of these tasks would be able to dramatically affect the growth of profi ts in the agricultural business, the competitiveness of products and will allow the agricultural industry as a whole to reach the modern world technological frontiers.
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Burliai, Alina, Oleksandr Burliai, Yulia Nesterchuk, and Alla Revutska. "Features of Organic Agricultural Products Functioning in EU and Ukraine." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2019-0012.
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Abstract Organic agriculture ensures a balanced state of the ecosystem, which is the key to sustainable development of the economic and social spheres of society. European countries are in the process of historical development reached an understanding on the need for its further ecological progress. That is why the world market for organic products has formed. Studies show that the development of organic production began in the 20‘s of the twentieth century. Since then, markets for organic products began to grow rapidly in many countries. Among the world‘s regions, the largest areas of organic land are located in Oceania and Europe. The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in the development of ecological agriculture. The variety of names of ecological systems of management in the countries of the world and the principles which are included in the concept “ecological agriculture“ are studied. The history of the emergence of organic agriculture has been explored. The analysis of the development of organic agricultural production at the world level, the countries of Europe and the European Union (EU) and individual countries has been analyzed. A grouping of organic farms in Europe has been organized in terms of size. Ukraine, with its significant natural and economic potential in the future may also be one of the important subjects that will form a proposal in this market. The environmental policy of the country has an important influence on the efficiency of organic farms.
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Goncharova, N. Z., E. S. Vorobeva, and O. B. Tarasova. "The role of agritourism in the development of rural territories in the union state of russia and belarus." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219401004.
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The purpose of the study is to assess the state and prospects of rural tourism development as one of the priority areas of economic activity in the agricultural sector of Russia and Belarus and its place in the European market of tourist services. The history of development of agritourism in the world economy is analyzed, the specifics of different countries are noted, and the advantages of agritourism in the Union State are shown. The study was carried out using classical methods of comparison, analysis of dynamic series, and analytical groupings. The modern economic literature highlights the main directions of agritourism development in the world, the impact of investments in agritourism on rural development, and the retention of rural population in Russia and Belarus. The main attention in this article is focused on the advantages of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus in comparison to rest of the European market of tourist services, which can facilitate attracting foreign tourists. At the same time, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of economic activity in the Union State in comparison to the neighboring countries are discussed. Russian regions are grouped by the level of rural tourism development, and the level of investment in agriculture is assessed. The study allowed us to identify the "bottlenecks" in the development of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus and to identify the most important objective and subjective reasons for their occurrence. In the conclusion the article offers a set of recommendations that will allow using the specific natural and climatic features of the Union State to attract state and private investment contributing to the development of agritourism and rural terrritories.
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Kovtun, О. V. "DEVELOPMENT OF FAMILY FARMING PRODUCTION AS THE GUARANTY OF STABLE FOOD SECURITY: REVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN UKRAINE AND SOME COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.19.
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In this study we introduce a comparative analysis of the current situation in the sector of small yield agriculture in Ukraine and some countries belonging to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, such as Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde, in the context of the international policies for the Strategy of Nutritional and Food Security (Estratégia de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). We used materials from the United Nations on Food Security, secondary sources from Ukrainian, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean researchers on the characteristics of the sector, as well as, the results from personal experience and research during the stay in those countries. Portugal and Ukraine are both European countries, Portugal is a member European Union and Ukraine is on its way to joining. Portugal, Brazil and Cape Verde are characterized by their common history, dating back to the days of colonialism, and belong to The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language. All these countries are located in different economic-geographical zones and because of their levels of development they belong to different worlds in economy. It is noticeable, in any of them, that small rural agricultural businesses have an important role in ensuring sustainable food security. Also shared by all three is the fact that small agricultural producers suffer from being invisible to public policy, in comparison with larger industrial agriculture, taking into account the different factors from each country in particular. As such, one of the main goals of the present study is to reflect on the importance of small agriculture, or family agriculture, on providing for society and ensuring nutritional and food security in those countries. According to Ukrainian researchers, the per capita consumption of food products has significantly decreased over the past two decades, which is reflected in a steady decrease in the amount of milk and meat in the daily consumption of dietary products. This is a very important factor for the food safety of the entire population and, above all, the preservation of the health of the most vulnerable groups, including children. The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP), to which Brazil, Cape Verde and Portugal belong to, has approximately 250 million of inhabitants. It is predicted that that number will increase up to 323 million in 2050. Today, in absolute terms, and considering the CPLP as a whole, around 28 million people are malnourished. In general, from all the countries in the CPLP, Portugal is the only country free from problems having to do with food security, but the level of dependence from imports has risen in the last decade, especially of cereals (from 55.6% to 82.8%). Brazil reduced the prevalence of malnutrition to less than half, in comparison with the levels from 1990 and the dependence on imports of cereals in this country remains the lowest compared to other countries and stands at 14.2%. Cape Verde maintains a high level of dependence on imports of food products, including cereals (94.3%). It turns out that in all the countries studied it is common ground that, despite their importance for sustainable food security, small family farms do not receive the necessary support from the state authorities for their technical and technological progress, in order to produce and sell on equal conditions with large enterprises its products in competitive markets. The lack of competitiveness from national food products, which is also seen in all countries, is one of the first factors that cause the objective necessity of an innovative transformation of the field of small agricultural production.
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Dumiter, Florin, Florin Turcas, and Anca Opret. "German Tax System: Double Taxation Avoidance Conventions, Structure and Developments." Journal of Legal Studies 16, no. 30 (December 1, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2015-0006.
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Abstract This paper presents the fundamentals of the tax system in general, the basic elements of a tax system as well as the organization of the German tax system analysis, especially throughout the tax levy and how the taxation typology functions. This theme was chosen in order to expose the principles of German taxation system. With a tumultuous and troubled history, mainly caused by the two World Wars‟ destructions, the German state is considered the „economic locomotive” and a pillar of the European Union. Germany‟s economy is mainly driven by the automotive industry, chemical industry, telecommunications, commerce and agriculture. Of particular importance is the qualitative analysis of conventions for the avoidance of double taxation concluded by Germany; and related implications on fiscal policy. The methodology used in this paper consists of presenting literature derived theories and practical analysis of the German tax system in terms of tax legislation and the evolution of double taxation conventions concluded by Germany with different countries. After the study, the conclusions on the size of the national tax system driven by the example of the German tax system were founded.
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Dukhnevych, Andrii V., Nataliia V. Karpinska, and Iryna V. Novosad. "Phytosanitary examination: Ukraine experience and international standards." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.262-268.
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The article explores Ukraine’s experience in conducting phytosanitary expertise based on international standards. It was stated that Ukraine should develop a series of draft in national legislation in the field of quarantine and plant protection, which would be adapted to the legislation of the European Union and at the same time meet the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention. In this area, Ukraine has already partially implemented some structural reforms in the phytosanitary sector, but these processes require continued state support and encouragement, international coordination that will facilitate the development of agriculture in general. Such coordination can be undertaken primarily in the framework of international universal organisations within the UN system, in particular within FAO. It has been emphasised that Law of Ukraine No. 2501-VIII “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Regulation of Some Phytosanitary Procedures” came into force on February 2, 2019. Among the innovations are the granting of the right to carry out expert examination to private laboratories, new terms in the field of plant quarantine and the creation of the Register of Phytosanitary Certificates issued. It has been concluded that Ukraine is currently actively applying international standards, participating in their development and registering official translations of international standards for phytosanitary measures. Developing national and applying international standards, as a key factor in creating a quality system in the field of plant quarantine, not only ensure full fulfilment by Ukraine of its obligations under the IPPC and SPS, agreeing on the phytosanitary safety of exported quarantine cargoes, but also increase the competitiveness of the domestic vegetal products in the world market. This creates a positive image of Ukraine as a reliable trading partner that does not violate the requirements of other countries and guarantees the conformity of product quality, phytosanitary procedures to internationally recognised standards. Therefore, for qualified phytosanitary examinations, the mechanism of guaranteeing compliance with national and international standards, amending legislation, introducing effective penalties for violation of the rules and procedure for conducting phytosanitary examinations should be a promising area
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STAVSKA, Yulia. "THE GREEN TOURISM AS A DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1 (41) (January 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-1-7.
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Ukraine, choosing its strategic course of integration into the European Union, took the time to accelerate the reform of various spheres of socio-political and economic life of the country, in particular, the sphere of tourism services, transforming it into the standards of the European Union. The world-wide experience of progressive management gives tourism the first place among other sectors of the economy in terms of exports of goods and services. In conditions of development of the Ukrainian state, tourism becomes an effective means of forming a market mechanism of management, the receipt of significant funds to the state budget, one of the forms of rational use of free time, conducting meaningful leisure, studying the history of the native land, attracting the general population to the knowledge of the historical and cultural heritage. Current experience and scientific research show that accelerated development of rural green tourism can play the role of a catalyst for structural adjustment of the economy, provide demographic stability and solve urgent socio-economic problems in rural areas. It is important for Ukraine to overcome the gap in this area and realize the existing rich tourism potential through an elaborate policy of state regulation, including at the regional level. One of the reasons for the rapid development of rural green tourism in Europe is the crisis in the agricultural sector. Today, the process of productivity and automation of agriculture leads to jobs reduction. In fact, in many rural regions of Europe, agriculture has ceased to be the most important form of land use and the most important activity of the rural community. The rural green tourism is closely linked with other types of tourism, primarily with recreational, cultural, specialized tourism types – relief, gastronomy, ethno-tourism, etc. All this allows rural tourism to be included in combined tours, increasing the demand for a traditional tourist product. The rural green tourism in Ukraine is a holiday of the inhabitants of the city in the countryside in guest rooms created by a village family on the basis of its own residential house and private plot. As entrepreneurial activity, rural green tourism develops rather heterogeneously in different regions of Ukraine. Systematization of motivational interests of the rural green tourism activation in the regions of Ukraine showed that the dominant motives for diversification of activities in agricultural sector in the current conditions of rural areas development are: increase of incomes of rural population and increase of employment level, the possibility of diversification of income sources of peasants, significant investments and additional training, opportunities for self-realization of rural inhabitants. Priority directions of development of green tourism in these regions in the near future should be: reception and accommodation of tourists; rental of tourist equipment; production and sale of tourist goods of folk crafts; provision of tourist services (bicycle, gastronomy, agrotourism, cultural and historical tourism, organization of recreational recreation, mountain and ecological tourism); organization of tasting and culinary excursions; active development of the hotel business, camping (construction of agricultural cottages, fishing houses, farmhouses, horse farms); organization of historical and ethnographic events; distribution of religious tours; providing a complex of widely distributed services (fishing, hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, medicinal plants, etc.); development and popularization of water sports (kiting, windsurfing). The research of the current conditions for the development of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine allowed to outline the area of the key problems that hinder the active expansion of this type of activity: - disorderly legislation on key aspects of tourism business regulation in rural areas; lack of a law regulating this type of activity; - low level of development of the infrastructure of the market of green tourism services and social infrastructure of the village; - outdated stereotypes of rural residents, which hinder the active development of the newest types of tourism industry, the pronounced unsystematic and irregular nature of services; - absence of state programs supporting development of green tourism and limited amount of their financial, consulting and information-marketing support; - low level of informatization and popularization of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine among the population of European countries; - lack of political stability and social tension in society, deterioration of the world image of Ukraine. Thus, Ukraine has a rather powerful potential for the development of green tourism as an alternative type of agribusiness in the regions of Ukraine. In the context of modern economic conditions, solving key problems of development of green tourism forms the fundamental framework for addressing the most important socio-economic issues of rural areas: overcoming unemployment, promoting employment, raising incomes and quality of life for rural inhabitants.
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Shi, Ruifeng, Xiaoxi Chen, Jiajun Qin, Ping Wu, and Limin Jia. "The State-of-the-Art Progress on the Forms and Modes of Hydrogen and Ammonia Energy Utilization in Road Transportation." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911904.
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The crisscross progress of transportation and energy carries the migrating track of human society development and the evolution of civilization, among which the decarbonization strategy is a key issue. Traffic carbon emissions account for 16.2% of total energy carbon emissions, while road traffic carbon emissions account for 11.8% of total energy carbon emissions. Therefore, road traffic is a vital battlefield in attaining the goal of decarbonization. Employing clean energy as an alternative fuel is of great significance to the transformation of the energy consumption structure in road transportation. Hydrogen and ammonia are renewable energy with the characteristics of being widely distributed and clean. Both exist naturally in nature, and the products of complete combustion are substances (water and nitrogen) that do not pollute the atmosphere. Because it can promote agricultural production, ammonia has a long history in human society. Both have the potential to replace traditional fossil fuel energy. An overview of the advantages of hydrogen and ammonia, as well as their development in different countries such as the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major development regions is presented in this paper. Related research topics of hydrogen and ammonia’s production, storage and transferring technology have also been analyzed and collated to stimulate the energy production chain for road transportation. The current cost of green hydrogen is between $2.70–$8.80 globally, which is expected to approach $2–$6 by 2030. Furthermore, the technical development of hydrogen and ammonia as a fuel for engines and fuel cells in road transportation is compared in detail, and the tests, practical applications and commercial popularization of these technologies are summarized, respectively. Opportunities and challenges coexist in the era of the renewable energy. Based on the characteristics and development track of hydrogen and ammonia, the joint development of these two types of energy is meant to be imperative. The collaborative development mode of hydrogen and ammonia, together with the obstacles to their development of them are both compared and discussed. Finally, referring to the efforts and experiences of different countries in promoting hydrogen and ammonia in road transportation, corresponding constructive suggestions have been put forward for reference. At the end of the paper, a framework diagram of hydrogen and ammonia industry chains is provided, and the mutual promotion development relationship of the two energy sources is systematically summarized.
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Pirra, Antonio Jose Duque. "Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos nas ultimas décadas." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 442–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp442-454.
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Resumo Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise da Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas 3 décadas (após a adesão de Portugal à então CEE). Há já alguns séculos que se percebeu a importância da preservação da fauna e da flora do meio ambiente para a nossa sobrevivência e para a manutenção do planeta terra em condições de permitir a sobrevivência das gerações vindouras (desenvolvimento sustentável, hoje em dia falamos de economia circular). Contudo, nos países industrializados da europa, a regulamentação ocorreu principalmente nas últimas 3-4 décadas, integrando de maneira crescente a preocupação ambiental, e evoluindo gradualmente de uma mera preocupação com o processo técnico de tratamento de efluentes e resíduos, para uma perspetiva mais global de economia sustentável. De forma lógica, a preocupação dos legisladores começou primeiro pelo despejo de efluentes e resíduos industrias perigosos/tóxicos, estendendo-se progressivamente aos restantes resíduos e efluentes humanos, agroindústrias e agrícolas. É normalmente a legislação da união europeia que serve de barómetro, sendo transposta à posteriori e regularmente (algumas vezes alguns anos depois) para a legislação dos diversos países membros, nas mais diversas áreas. Esta legislação aborda frequentemente a fileira completa da matéria prima, aos produtos e efluentes, incluindo a gestão dos resíduos, a reutilização dos materiais, a proteção das águas, as condições de utilização das lamas de ETARs e a luta contra a poluição por nitratos. Estas Diretivas da UE são, pois, a base dos textos que cada um dos estados membros deverão transpor em devido tempo. Palavras-chave: Legislação; adega, ambiente; historia da ciência, Portugal Abstract In this article we analyse the history and the evolution of the environmental protection regulations related to the Winery effluents and wastes management in the last 3 decades (after Portugal's accession to the EEC).For some centuries we have realized the importance of preserving the environmental fauna and flora for our survival and for maintaining f the planet earth in good conditions to allow the survival of future generations (sustainable development, nowadays we speak in circular economy).However, in industrialized European countries, regulation has occurred mainly in the last 3-4 decades, increasingly integrating environmental concerns, and gradually evolving from a mere concern with the technical process of wastewater treatment to a more global perspective of sustainable economy. Understandably, the concern of legislators first began by management of effluents and wastes from hazardous/toxic industries, progressively extending to others such as human, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes.Usually the legislation from the European Union serves as a guide, being transposed posteriorly and regularly (sometimes a few years later) into the legislation of the several countries members of the EU, in the most diverse areas. This legislation often comprises the full range of the area, from raw materials, products and effluents, including waste management, reuse of materials, water protection, conditions for the use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants and the fight against nitrate pollution. These EU Directives are therefore the basis of the texts that each member state should have transpose as soon as they can. Keywords: Legislation; winery; environment; science history; Portugal
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Pirra, António. "História da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas décadas." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 25 (September 29, 2022): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2022v25espp357-369.
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Resumo Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise da Historia da evolução da regulamentação de proteção ambiental relativa à gestão de efluentes e resíduos vitivinícolas nas ultimas 3 décadas (após a adesão de Portugal à então CEE). Há já alguns séculos que se percebeu a importância da preservação da fauna e da flora do meio ambiente para a nossa sobrevivência e para a manutenção do planeta terra em condições de permitir a sobrevivência das gerações vindouras (desenvolvimento sustentável, hoje em dia falamos de economia circular). Contudo, nos países industrializados da europa, a regulamentação ocorreu principalmente nas últimas 3-4 décadas, integrando de maneira crescente a preocupação ambiental, e evoluindo gradualmente de uma mera preocupação com o processo técnico de tratamento de efluentes e resíduos, para uma perspetiva mais global de economia sustentável. De forma lógica, a preocupação dos legisladores começou primeiro pelo despejo de efluentes e resíduos industrias perigosos/tóxicos, estendendo-se progressivamente aos restantes resíduos e efluentes humanos, agroindústrias e agrícolas. É normalmente a legislação da união europeia que serve de barómetro, sendo transposta à posteriori e regularmente (algumas vezes alguns anos depois) para a legislação dos diversos países membros, nas mais diversas áreas. Esta legislação aborda frequentemente a fileira completa da matéria prima, aos produtos e efluentes, incluindo a gestão dos resíduos, a reutilização dos materiais, a proteção das águas, as condições de utilização das lamas de ETARs e a luta contra a poluição por nitratos. Estas Diretivas da UE são, pois, a base dos textos que cada um dos estados membros deverão transpor em devido tempo. Palavras-chave: Legislação; adega, ambiente; historia da ciência, Portugal Abstract In this article we analyse the history and the evolution of the environmental protection regulations related to the Winery effluents and wastes management in the last 3 decades (after Portugal's accession to the EEC). For some centuries we have realized the importance of preserving the environmental fauna and flora for our survival and for maintaining f the planet earth in good conditions to allow the survival of future generations (sustainable development, nowadays we speak in circular economy). However, in industrialized European countries, regulation has occurred mainly in the last 3-4 decades, increasingly integrating environmental concerns, and gradually evolving from a mere concern with the technical process of wastewater treatment to a more global perspective of sustainable economy. Understandably, the concern of legislators first began by management of effluents and wastes from hazardous/toxic industries, progressively extending to others such as human, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes. Usually the legislation from the European Union serves as a guide, being transposed posteriorly and regularly (sometimes a few years later) into the legislation of the several countries members of the EU, in the most diverse areas. This legislation often comprises the full range of the area, from raw materials, products and effluents, including waste management, reuse of materials, water protection, conditions for the use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants and the fight against nitrate pollution. These EU Directives are therefore the basis of the texts that each member state should have transpose as soon as they can. Keywords: Legislation; winery; environment; science history;
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History"
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Binfield, Julian Westhoff Patrick C. "The changing policy environment for agriculture in the European Union." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6140.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 11. 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr Patrick Westhoff. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Huang, Zhi Feng. "Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy : France agricultural policy anaysis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555543.
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Wang, Yan Chao. "EU's agricultural support policy and its revelation on China's agricultural policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555588.
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Kovács, Eszter Krasznai. "Farming for subsidies : lived realities of agri-environment in Hungary." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648840.
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Beclard, Julien. "Politique spatiale européenne: vers une deuxième européanisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209507.
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Thèse qui propose d'analyser le processus de construction de la politique spatiale européenne. La question au coeur de la recherche est de comprendre pourquoi, alors qu’il fut initialement décidé de ne pas s’en remettre au cadre offert pas la Communauté pour européaniser les efforts naissants de coopération spatiale, put-on assister, à la fin des années 1980, à une implication grandissante de la Communauté européenne, qui se traduisit progressivement par une nouvelle européanisation du spatial ?La thèse défendue est que, loin de résulter uniquement de la confrontation et du choc des intérêts portés par les différents Etats, la politique spatiale européenne a été progressivement construite au travers d’un parcours historique dans lequel ont été impliqués différents espaces sociaux régis par des référentiels et des normes qui leur sont propres.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Polard, Audrey. "Un contrôle efficient des émissions d'azote et de phosphore dans le bassin de l'Escaut: analyse critique de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) et de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209638.
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Même si la réduction des apports de nutriments dans les écosystèmes aquatiques est généralement envisagée avec des approches « effects-based », ce n’est pas le cadre qui a été suivi dans cette thèse. En effet, dans une démarche de développement durable, il semble plus pertinent, de définir des mesures de contrôle de la pollution agissant sur les relations de cause à effet. Selon cette logique, la méthodologie proposée par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour protéger les écosystèmes aquatiques présente plusieurs faiblesses. Par le fait qu’elle réfère à certains principes de l’économie standard de l’environnement, l’analyse économique de la DCE pose plusieurs problèmes pour agir sur la causalité de la pollution. Néanmoins, la méthodologie proposée par la DCE est pertinente par le fait qu’elle recommande l’utilisation combinée de mesures techniques et d’instruments pour diminuer les dommages environnementaux. Conformément à cette disposition, l’effet de mesures techniques et d’instruments sur le secteur agricole et sur la chaine alimentaire l’englobant a été évalué puisque cette dernière est responsable de la majorité des émissions diffuses et ponctuelles d’azote et de phosphore dans les eaux de surface. La définition de mesures techniques en fonction de l’efficience de l’utilisation des nutriments (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) dans la production agricole a été complétée par l’étude des instruments économiques utilisés dans la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) pour développer une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Si la thèse concerne de manière générale l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes aquatiques, elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les pressions au sein du bassin de l’Escaut et sur leurs impacts jusqu’à la zone côtière de la mer du Nord. Des mesures techniques agissant sur les causes des émissions diffuses du secteur agricole et sur les émissions ponctuelles des stations d’épuration ont été proposées pour ce bassin. Ces mesures techniques ont été caractérisées prioritairement par leur efficacité environnementale (grâce aux modèles Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO) et en fonction de leurs coûts directs. /
Although reducing the load of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is usually looked at through "effects-based" approaches, this is not the context which this paper has chosen to follow. In fact, keeping in line with sustainable development, it seems more relevant to define measures to control pollution which act on cause and effect relations. According to this way of thinking, the methodology proposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect aquatic ecosystems presents a number of weaknesses. By the fact that it refers to certain standard economic principles for the environment, the WFD’s economic analysis poses several problems towards acting on the cause of the pollution. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed by the WFD is relevant, as it recommends the combined use of technical measures and of instruments to reduce environmental damage. In accordance with this disposition, an assessment has been made of the effect of technical measures and instruments on the agricultural sector and on the food chain encompassing it, since the food chain is responsible for the majority of diffuse and point emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. The definition of technical measures in terms of efficient use of nutrients (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) in agricultural production has been complemented by a study of economic instruments used in the Common Agricultural Politicy (CAP) to develop a multifunctional type of agriculture. Although the paper deals with the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems in a general way, it concentrates particularly on the increasing pressures in the Scheldt basin and on their impacts as far as the North Sea coastal zone. Technical measures acting on the causes of diffuse emissions in the agricultural sector and on point emissions in the water treatment plants have been proposed for this basin. These technical measures have been categorised in order of priority according to their environmental effectiveness (thanks to the Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO models) and depending on their direct costs.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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SORENSEN, Anders Thornvig. "Denmark, the Netherlands and European agricultural integration, 1945-1960." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/9468.
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Defence date: 29 September 2008Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (European University Institute, Supervisor); Prof. Kiran K. Patel (European University Institute); Prof. Richard Griffiths (Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden); Prof. Johnny Laursen (Aarhus Universitet)
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KNUDSEN, Ann-Christina Lauring. "Defining the policies of the Common Agricultural policy : a historical study." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5858.
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Defence date: 10 December 2001Examining board: Prof. Richard T. Griffiths, Universiteit Leiden ; Prof. Jan van der Harst, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen ; Prof. Johnny N. Laursen, Aarhus Universitet ; Prof. Alan S. Milward, European University Institute (Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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HENNIS, Marjoleine. "Globalisation, European integration and the changing role of farmers in the CAP." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5148.
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Defence date: 26 June 2000Examining Board: Prof. Alan Cafruny (supervisor; Hamilton College and EUI) ; Prof. Gerd Junne (external supervisor; University of Amsterdam) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (EUI) ; Prof. Frederick Buttel (University of Wisconsin)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
This thesis explores the changing role of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), one of the biggest stumbling blocks to European integration, enlargement, and multilateral trade agreements. Marjoleine Hennis offers a unique perspective by focusing on the interaction between European integration and domestic politics. She analyzes the different levels of policymaking in the EU and applies a comparative analysis of interest intermediation in three important member states: France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Utilizing a political economy lens, the author draws a comprehensive picture of the structural changes in European agricultural policymaking by tracing the impact of globalization and the related changes in European regulation on the key actors in the CAP. Illuminating the dynamics and apparent contradictions of the CAP, this study offers valuable perspective on the contours of future European integration.
Books on the topic "Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History"
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ed. Evaluation of agricultural policy reforms in the European Union. Paris: OECD, 2011.
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Swinbank, A. Farm policy and trade conflict: The Uruguay Round and CAP reform. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
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Westerman, Frank. De graanrepubliek. Amsterdam: Atlas, 2001.
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Westerman, Frank. De graanrepubliek. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Atlas, 1999.
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Stevens, Christopher. Levelling the field: Will CAP reform provide a fair deal for developing countries? London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1998.
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Effects of EU enlargement to the Central European countries on agricultural markets. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2003.
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Rita, Schwentesius Rindermann, and Gómez Cruz Manuel Angel, eds. TLCUEM México-Unión Europea: Políticas agrícolas comparadas y relaciones comerciales. Chapingo, Edo. de México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial, Programa Integración Agricultura Industria, 2004.
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Technocracy in the European Union. New York: Longman, 1999.
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David, Blandford, and Hill Berkeley, eds. Policy reform and adjustment in the agricultural sectors of developed countries. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Pub., 2005.
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The role of small states in the European Union. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History"
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Vintila, Daniela, and Jean-Michel Lafleur. "Migration and Access to Welfare Benefits in the EU: The Interplay between Residence and Nationality." In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_1.
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Abstract Increasing mobility to and from European Union (EU) countries has started to challenge the principles of territoriality and national citizenship through which European democracies traditionally conditioned access to social benefits. Existing typologies of immigrant social protection regimes do not seem to adequately capture (nor explain) the diverse repertoire of policy configurations through which European welfare regimes adapt to migration-driven societal dynamics. This introductory chapter provides a critical reflection on the link between migration and access to welfare in the EU. In doing so, it aims to propose a comprehensive analytical framework that allows for a systematic comparison of the inclusiveness of social protection systems towards mobile individuals. We argue that states’ responsiveness towards the social protection needs of their immigrant and emigrant populations has to be examined through a combination of factors, including the characteristics of these populations, the migration history of these countries, as well as the main features of their welfare state.
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Kozerska, Ewa, and Tomasz Scheffler. "State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships." In Lectures on East Central European Legal History, 207–39. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.ps.loecelh_9.
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The chapter is devoted to discussing constitutional and criminal law as it existed in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 1944 and 1989 (Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, Hungary, and Poland). As a result of the great powers’ decisions, these countries came under the direct supervision of the Soviet Union and adopted totalitarian political solutions from it. This meant rejecting the idea of the tripartite division of power and affirming the primacy of the community (propaganda-wise: the state pursuing the interests of the working class) over the individual. As a result, regardless of whether the state was formally unitary or federal, power was shaped hierarchically, with full power belonging to the legislative body and the body appointing other organs of the state. However, the text constantly draws attention to the radical discrepancy between the content of the normative acts and the systemic practice in the states mentioned. In reality, real power was in the hands of the communist party leaders controlling society through an extensive administrative apparatus linked to the communist party structure, an apparatus of violence (police, army, prosecution, courts, prisons, and concentration and labor camps), a media monopoly, and direct management of the centrally controlled economy. From a doctrinal point of view, the abovementioned states were totalitarian regardless of the degree of use of violence during the period in question. Criminal law was an important tool for communist regimes’ implementation of the power monopoly. In the Stalinist period, there was a tendency in criminal law to move away from the classical school’s achievements. This was expressed, among other means, by emphasizing the importance of the concept of social danger and the marginalization of the idea of guilt for the construction of the concept of crime. After 1956, the classical achievements of the criminal law doctrine were gradually restored in individual countries, however – especially in special sections of the criminal codes – much emphasis was placed on penalizing acts that the communist regime a priori considered to be a threat to its existence. Thus, also in the field of criminal law, a difference was evident between the guarantees formally existing in the legislation and the criminal reality of the functioning of the state.
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Szilágyi, János Ede, and Hajnalka Szinek Csütörtöki. "Slovakia: Open Land Market and No Restrictions." In Acquisition of Agricultural Lands : Cross-Border Issues from a Central European Perspective, 267–92. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.jesz.aoalcbicec_11.
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Slovakia’s accession to the European Union opened a whole new chapter in the country’s history and brought dynamic changes to its land transfer regulation. In the Slovak Republic, the moratorium forbidding the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners expired in 2014. Following this period, the European Commission launched a comprehensive examination regarding land acquisition regulations in the newly acceded member states. The investigation revealed that specific provisions of the Slovak land regulation restricted the EU’s fundamental economic freedoms. The Slovak legislator responded to this situation by amending a particular paragraph of the Foreign Exchange Act, which has resulted in opening the agricultural land market not only to EU nationals but also to third-country nationals. In addition, several new rules concerning this subject were adopted, namely the Act on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land. It should be noted that even before the mentioned revelation, this Act had been the subject of numerous public debates. Consequently, the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic annulled a significant part of the Act on land acquisition in its decision on November 14, 2018, which has contributed to the agricultural land market becoming fully open in Slovakia. This chapter introduces the current legislation on land protection and characterizes the rules on agricultural land regulation and land transfer law in Slovakia, exploring the constitutional level with particular regard to the decision delivered by the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic in detail. Moreover, the proceeding initiated by the European Commission is also a subject of this study. Finally, the national legal instruments of Slovakia are also analyzed in light of the Commission’s Interpretative Communication.
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Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Thomas Winzen. "Explaining Differentiation in EU Legislation." In Ever Looser Union?, 83–104. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854333.003.0006.
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This chapter offers an empirical analysis of member state opt-outs from EU legislation throughout the history of European integration. The analysis shows that similar factors, including wealth, existing opt-outs, and Eurosceptic governments explain legislative and treaty differentiation. The analysis also shows a historical shift from instrumental to constitutional differentiation. This shift entails a growing interdependence of treaty and legislative differentiation since the 1990s; a strong consolidation and trend towards uniformity in the European market and flanking policies; and a corresponding rise of legislative differentiation in core state powers. The drivers of differentiation have changed as well. Whereas differentiation used to be produced by relatively poor countries, it has become driven by the Union’s richest members. While government Euroscepticism was of minor importance before 1990, it has since become an important source of differentiation in core state powers.
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"Digital State Strategy." In The Strategies of Informing Technology in the 21st Century, 435–88. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8036-3.ch018.
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The purpose of this chapter is to characterize indicators used to advance the computerization of various countries in the European Union (EU) and across the globe. To this end, typical state computerization configurations are classified, and graphical models of critical computerization application systems are presented for each type. Smart city concepts are included in one of the configurations. The chapter begins by examining the history of the development of computerization in the state. It then discusses how, in the 21st century, computerization has changed the relationship between governments and businesses. Next, criteria for assessing computerization are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of different computerization configurations, including the state offline configuration (SOFC), state online configuration (SONC), state integrated configuration (SITC), and others. The chapter concludes by examining Poland's state configuration, which aimed at helping their economic strategy during 2016-2020.
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Szabó, István. "The Legacy of the Habsburg Empire in the Constitutional Traditions of Successor States." In Comparative Constitutionalism in Central Europe : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 21–36. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.lcslt.ccice_2.
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The states established in the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after World War I opened a new chapter in the history of the region. However, the problems arising from the heterogeneous ethnic composition remained the same as before 1918. The question was: can a state organization be formed in which all nations can preserve their own identity? This was also the main goal of the Habsburg Empire after the “spring of the peoples” of 1848. The study reviews the reform efforts of these 70 years, and what particular steps and reform plans were taken after 1848 to resolve ethnic tensions. The most important issue was to establish the internal division of the empire, along historical or ethnic boundaries. The starting point was how historical boundaries could be transformed into ethnic ones. The nations of the empire may agree with each other, but if they do not, the ruler must make that decision. This formed the second essential question: is the reform of the empire based on popular sovereignty or monarchical legitimacy? The third problem was the model of state organization formed by the interior of the empire. They should either form a loose federation of states, or a federal state with a closer relationship. The most significant reform implemented was the 1867 Compromise, which followed historical boundaries, rested on the principle of popular sovereignty, and created a loose state union. However, many nations of the empire were dissatisfied with this. Subsequent internal reforms (the Croatian compromise on the Hungarian side and the Moravian or Galician compromise on the Austrian side) could not solve this properly either.
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Marinkás, György. "Human Rights Aspects of the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands With Special Regard to the ECtHR Practice Concerning the So-Called “Visegrád Countries”, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia." In Acquisition of Agricultural Lands : Cross-Border Issues from a Central European Perspective, 25–53. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.jesz.aoalcbicec_2.
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The aim of the current study is to examine how the national legal rules and judicial practice regarding the acquisition and holding of agricultural land are, in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, linked to the right to property and the right to fair trial, as granted by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 6 (1) of the Convention. The study is focused on the land-related issues of the so-called “Visegrád Countries”—Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia—and some other selected neighboring countries, namely Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia, all of which are member states of the Council of Europe. The author identified two main categories of legal issues, which are relevant in the selected countries or constitute a distinctive feature of these countries. The category of compensation-related cases can be divided into three main subcategories: cases where the compensation system established by the state after the change of regime displayed systematic shortcomings; cases where the earlier proprietors’ or their heirs’ interests clashed with those of third parties who acquired the property in good faith; and the so-called Slovakian “Gardener cases,” as the author named them, which display similarities with the second subcategory. The other main category is the issue of agricultural land acquisition by foreign natural or legal persons. However, the ECtHR’s case law is not that elaborated in this question as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, since, contrary to EU law—which as a rule obliges member states to provide the free disposal of agriculture land—Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 does not create a right to acquire property. However, a national legislation that, alone among the CoE member states, implemented land reform programs with some blanket restrictions on the sale of agricultural land is incompatible with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
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Váradi-Csema, Erika. "‘Behind The Fence’ : An Interdisciplinary Perspective." In Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century, 15–32. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.evcs.cls_1.
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The policy of a country’s legal area carries all the historical, legal history, political, socio-psychological, social, etc. the direct and indirect imprint of processes that it had to face in the past decades. This is also true for criminal policy. Moreover, there are few areas of law where the relationship between individual factors is so complex and multidirectional. The specific forms of state responses to crime and actions against behavior that offends or endangers society can change quickly, responding sensitively to society’s (perceived or real) expectations. After all, the basic phenomenon, the causes of crime, are also complex, and it is only possible to determine in retrospect which of the factors influencing illegal behavior played a specific role in its creation – at the same time, whether was the chosen criminal policy directions good. In the case of Central and East-European countries, however, there are common events that connect their past and present, and at the same time help us understand their responses to crime. Belonging to the former Soviet bloc can be considered as such – even if its ideological, political and economic influence was different in certain regimes. Similarly shared, mostly cataclysmic socio-psychological experience for the societies of these countries is system change and all its negative accompanying phenomena, from the economic crisis to the crisis of values and the loss of trust in state bodies. And although the accession to Council of Europe, and to the European Union (or its intention) provides a new common framework for the current existence of criminal policy, the strong demand for public safety remained a marked feature of this region.
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Sasmaz, Mahmut Unsal, and Abdullah Zeybekoglu. "The Effect of Defense Expenditures and Peace on Economic Growth." In Research Anthology on Macroeconomics and the Achievement of Global Stability, 1465–81. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7460-0.ch078.
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Throughout history countries have tried to gain power in order to get advantages for the issues such as providing territorial integrity, social security and internal and external security. As a result of this power-gaining race, defense expenditures had a significant place in countries' economies. In its broad sense, defense expenditures are defined as the share reserved from the national income for the country's defense in order to provide internal and external security of the state and maintain the order and safety of the community. The size of defense expenditures varies from country to country for various reasons. In this study the effect of defense expenditures and peace as a global public good on economic growth was analyzed in 11 European Union countries (transition economies) between 2007 and 2017 with the help of panel data analysis. As a result of the study it was found out that there was a positive relationship between economic growth and defense expenditures. However, a negative relationship was identified between economic growth and peace level.
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Sasmaz, Mahmut Unsal, and Abdullah Zeybekoglu. "The Effect of Defense Expenditures and Peace on Economic Growth." In Handbook of Research on Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization, 518–34. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4459-4.ch029.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout history countries have tried to gain power in order to get advantages for the issues such as providing territorial integrity, social security and internal and external security. As a result of this power-gaining race, defense expenditures had a significant place in countries' economies. In its broad sense, defense expenditures are defined as the share reserved from the national income for the country's defense in order to provide internal and external security of the state and maintain the order and safety of the community. The size of defense expenditures varies from country to country for various reasons. In this study the effect of defense expenditures and peace as a global public good on economic growth was analyzed in 11 European Union countries (transition economies) between 2007 and 2017 with the help of panel data analysis. As a result of the study it was found out that there was a positive relationship between economic growth and defense expenditures. However, a negative relationship was identified between economic growth and peace level.
Conference papers on the topic "Agriculture and state – European Union countries – History"
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Tucak, Ivana, and Anita Blagojević. "COVID- 19 PANDEMIC AND THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO ABORTION." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18355.
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The COVID - 19 pandemic that swept the world in 2020 and the reactions of state authorities to it are unparalleled events in modern history. In order to protect public health, states have limited a number of fundamental human rights that individuals have in accordance with national constitutions and international conventions. The focus of this paper is the right of access to abortion in the Member States of the European Union. In Europe, the situation with regard to the recognition of women's right to abortion is quite clear. All member states of the European Union, with the exception of Poland and Malta, recognize the rather liberal right of a woman to have an abortion in a certain period of time after conception. However, Malta and Poland, as members of the European Union, since abortion is seen as a service, must not hinder the travel of women abroad to have an abortion, nor restrict information on the provision of abortion services in other countries. In 2020, a pandemic highlighted all the weaknesses of this regime by preventing women from traveling to more liberal countries to perform abortions, thus calling into question their right to choose and protect their sexual and reproductive rights. This is not only the case in Poland and Malta, but also in countries that recognize the right to abortion but make it conditional on certain non-medical conditions, such as compulsory counselling; and the mandatory time period between applying for and performing an abortion; in situations present in certain countries where the problem of a woman exercising the right to abortion is a large number of doctors who do not provide this service based on their right to conscience. The paper is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part of the paper is to consider all the legal difficulties that women face in accessing abortion during the COVID -19 pandemic, restrictions that affect the protection of their dignity, right to life, privacy and right to equality. In the second part of the paper particular attention will be paid to the illiberal tendencies present in this period in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Poland. In the third part of the paper, emphasis will be put on the situation in Malta where there is a complete ban on abortion even in the case when the life of a pregnant woman is in danger.
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Koné, Alassane, Allyx Fontaine, and Samira El Yacoubi. "COUPLING CELLULAR AUTOMATA WITH MEDALUS ASSESSMENT FOR THE DESERTIFICATION ISSUE." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/vqgh6804.
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Desertification is one of the major problems affecting our environment in the 21st century. Indeed, it threatens more than 1.5 million people worldwide and affects a quarter of the land in less than 100 countries, it spreads over half a billion hectares per year and reduces the surface water and groundwater. Thus, according to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organisation written in 1993, the direct and visible impacts of desertification are the damage on crops, on livestock, on the electricity productivity, etc. Indirect impacts are lack of food production, poverty, social upheaval, rural exodus to cities. In this paper, our work consists in modelling the degradation process of land whose advanced level leads to the desertification. The first step consists in assessing the degradation of land with the MEDALUS model developed by the MEDALUS project of the commission of the European Union. This model assesses desertification by its sensitivity index which is the geometric mean of four quality factor indexes of soil, vegetation, climate and management (land use). This assessment method uses the major part of the parameters influencing the land degradation process. The second step is to model the land degradation process using cellular automata (CA) approach. For that purpose, the study area will be divided into a regular grid of cells. Initially, each cell has a state (desertification sensitivity index) whose evolution at each discrete time step depends on the states of its neighbours through a built transition function. As a result, this study allows to introduce a dynamical process in MEDALUS model. Indeed, from an initial configuration of an area, the model can predict its evolution over time and space according to a continuous state transition function that extend the classical CA approach and fit to the MEDALUS model parameters.