Journal articles: 'Agricultural waste'

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Dewi, Dewi Rakhma. "AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE." International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 2, no. 3 (October 12, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v2i3.22.

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The purpose of writing this article is to to describe some of the functions of waste. Waste is the residue or by-product of the main product. Agricultural waste is part of agricultural plants above the ground or part of the shoots, stems that are left after being harvested or the main product is taken and is an alternative feed used as animal feed. The purpose of writing this article is to to describe some of the functions of waste. The method used in this research is literatur review. Based on the results of literature reviews of several agricultural books, most of the rice straw is used as compost. The percentage of rice straw is 65% is composted and 35% is used for animal feed. Agricultural waste is waste that comes from agricultural activities in a broad sense (agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry) and agriculture-based industrial activities (agro-industry) in the form of solid waste (plant residues, leaves, animal waste) or liquid waste.

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Ungureanu, George, Gabriela Ignat, Catalin Razvan Vintu, Constantin Daniel Diaconu, and Ioan Gabriel Sandu. "Study of Utilization of Agricultural Waste as Environmental Issue in Romania." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5503.

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Agriculture and animal husbandry produce significant quantity of solid or liquid residues and waste products. Unfortunately, some of these wastes are not dealt with properly and are causing considerable damage to the environment. Agricultural wastes (AW) in Romania amount range from 7600 thousand tons a year of which only 1400 thousand tons as animal feed and 1100 thousand tons as organic manure are being utilized. These crop waste results after harvesting in the farm of leaves stem which are characterized as coarse plant by-products and big size, chemically low in protein and fat contents, or, like other country (example: Netherlands) avoid waste as much as possible, recover the valuable raw materials from any waste that is created, try to generate energy by incinerating the residual waste, and only then dump what is left. The focus of the research paper is to investigate the importance of agriculture wastes that becomes very obvious and aggregated after the harvest crops. The most common solution is the utilizations of agricultural waste for compositing, as animal fodder, most often as a source of energy, food production, by growing mushroom on agricultural wastes such as oat straw as a substrate. This means the conversion of wastes to economic, nutritional human food. Growing vegetables on oat straw compacted bales in areas where soil disease and salinity are constrains. The implementation of most of the solutions to agricultural waste management does not meet the basic elements of sustainability like environmental protection and social progression, technical and technological improvement as well as economic improvements.

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Tallapragada, Sridevi, Vandana, Rajesh Lather, and Gurnam Singh. "Recent ways of management and disposal of agricultural waste - A Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/666-673.

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With the development of agriculture in India, the production of agricultural wastes increased rapidly. Basically these wastes are bio products and are very important for survival of animals and human beings. The occurrence of agricultural wastes is unique in the different areas. The agricultural straw and livestock excrement are considered to be potential resources. These substances are widely available on earth and can be a good source of energy or be converted into useful products. The wastes generated from crop have a good potential to convert to energy through related energy sector. The waste produce from animal or from crop residue is called biomass which has an interdependent relationship with ecosystem from production to disposal and has physicochemical properties. The recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes are considered to be the important step in environmental protection, energy structure and agricultural development. The present review deals with the research work carried out in the conversion of biomass and agricultural waste and to illuminate the potential environmental risk, recycling and utilization pathway, influencing factors and policy suggestions in the recycling and utilization progress of agricultural wastes. An attempt is carried out to increase the economic value of agricultural waste into useful product. The survey provided the development mode of industrialization and scale of agricultural waste recycling. The recycling and utilization pathway of agricultural wastes were also analysed. The crucial suggestions may be proposed, such as cultivating new industry, building economy incentive standard, improving laws and regulations, and creating rural market strengthening medium and long-term plans of agricultural waste recycling. The resource consumption, ecological crisis and other issues caused by agricultural wastes were evaluated.

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Zhang, Zhenyuan, Chaona Li, Evan G. R. Davies, and Yang Liu. "Agricultural Waste." Water Environment Research 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1377–451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143013x13698672322345.

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Zhang, Panpan, Chein-Chi Chang, Renqing Wang, and Shuping Zhang. "Agricultural Waste." Water Environment Research 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1387–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143014x14031280667930.

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Shu, Huajie, Panpan Zhang, Chein-Chi Chang, Renqing Wang, and Shuping Zhang. "Agricultural Waste." Water Environment Research 87, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1256–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143015x14338845155660.

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Xue, Ling, Panpan Zhang, Huajie Shu, Renqing Wang, and Shuping Zhang. "Agricultural Waste." Water Environment Research 88, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1334–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143016x14696400495019.

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Marr, James B., and Roderick M. Facey. "Agricultural waste." Water Environment Research 67, no. 4 (June 1995): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x133536.

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Chang, Chein‐Chi, and Rundong Li. "Agricultural waste." Water Environment Research 91, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 1150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wer.1211.

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Walsh, James L., Charles C. Ross, and G. Edd Valentine. "Agricultural waste." Water Environment Research 64, no. 4 (June 1992): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1992.tb00023.x.

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Marr, James B., and Roderick M. Facey. "Agricultural waste." Water Environment Research 66, no. 4 (June 1994): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1994.tb00107.x.

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Karthikeyan, S., P. Sivakumar, and P. N. Palanisamy. "Novel Activated Carbons from Agricultural Wastes and their Characterization." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2008): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/902073.

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Solid waste disposal has become a major problem in India, Either it has to be disposed safely or used for the recovery of valuable materials as agricultural wastes like turmeric waste,ferroniashell waste,jatropha curcusseed shell waste,delonixshell waste andipomea carniastem. Therefore these wastes have been explored for the preparation of activated carbon employing various techniques. Activated carbons prepared from agricultural solid wastes by chemical activation processes shows excellent improvement in the surface characteristics. Their characterization studies such as bulk density, moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, matter soluble in water, matter soluble in acid, pH, decolourising power, phenol number, ion exchange capacity, ion content and surface area have been carried out to assess the suitability of these carbons as absorbents in the water and wastewater. For anionic dyes (reactive, direct, acid) a close relationship between the surface area and surface chemical groups of the modified activated carbon and percentage of dye removal by adsorption can be observed. Cationic dyes large amount of surface chemical groups present in the sample (mainly carboxylic, anhydrides, lactones and phenolsetc.) are good anchoring sites for adsorption. The present study reveals the recovery of valuable adsorbents from readily and cheaply available agriculture wastes.

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Sarıyer, Tolga, and Çağlar Kaya. "Agricultural wastes in climate change mitigation." JOURNAL OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56768/jytp.1.1.03.

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Today, among the wastes that harm the environment, there are many wastes such as cleaning agent wastes and expired drugs. In addition to these wastes, agricultural wastes are an important issue. The vast majority of agricultural wastes are wastes containing high cellulose. Agricultural wastes include tobacco plant waste, vineyard and fruit tree pruning residues, wheat straw, cob, cotton stalk, mushroom compost residues, corn stalk, husk, rice bran, pulp, lentil waste, wood shavings, bean straw, leather waste, soybean straw, wastes consisting of a dysfunctional irrigation system and plastic mulches. Gases especially causing greenhouse gas effect (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other) which are released by the destruction of agricultural and other wastes by burning, accumulate in the atmosphere, causing global warming and negatively affecting the climate. The study has been compiled with the aim of revealing solutions for the use or recycling of agricultural wastes that cause greenhouse gases when destroyed by incineration.

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Akbari, Reza, and Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh. "Iran’s agricultural waste." Science 375, no. 6584 (March 4, 2022): 984–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn9765.

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Zargaran Khouzani, Mohammad Reza, and Zahra Dehghani Ghahfarokhi. "Evaluation of Agricultural Waste Management Mechanism in Iran." Industrial and Domestic Waste Management 2, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v2i2.112.

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The unfavourable situation of waste management in Iran can be seen in different sectors, and agriculture is not excluded from these sectors. The wastes of the agricultural industry can be used in a beneficial way in various agricultural applications and other industrial processes. However, the cost of collection, processing, and transportation can be much higher than the income from the beneficial use of such waste. Incineration of crop residues creates numerous environmental problems. The most important side effects of burning crop residues include the emission of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming, air pollution, and things like soil degradation, loss of soil fertility, loss of beneficial microorganisms, intensification of soil erosion, etc. In the current research, which is a review based on library sources, the mechanism of agricultural waste management in Iran has been evaluated. There are other consequences of such actions. The criteria for action are laws regarding the burning of product residues in Iran, the most important of which are the Waste Management Law and the Clean Air Law. Among these methods are sustainable management methods for product residues, including compost production, biochar production, and waste management at the production site.

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Nath, Pinku Chandra, Amiya Ojha, Shubhankar Debnath, Minaxi Sharma, Kandi Sridhar, Prakash Kumar Nayak, and Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj. "Biogeneration of Valuable Nanomaterials from Agro-Wastes: A Comprehensive Review." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020561.

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The exponential growth of agricultural output is a result of the increasing world population. Agro-wastes are now acknowledged as an alternative material for the manufacture of renewable, inexpensive, and sustainable bio-composite-based products. Huge amounts of agricultural produce are often lost owing to a lack of processing facilities or storage space. Agriculture wastes contain a significant concentration of carbohydrates as well as various multifunctional groups and organic substances, such as polymeric proteins. Interestingly, nanotechnology provides better potential to transform agricultural wastes easily into valuable and cost-effective products, removing the need to utilize noxious chemicals, which can create a variety of health and environmental difficulties. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in eco-friendly nanomaterial (NM) production techniques that utilize extracts generated from agricultural waste. Such nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively studied for numerous uses, including antibacterial agents, water purification, the breakdown of industrial colours, and many others. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to investigate the different sources, characteristics, and nano-management of agro-waste; valuable NMs derived from agro-waste; and their possible applications.

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Miljković, Vojkan, Ivana Gajić, and Ljubiša Nikolić. "Waste Materials as a Resource for Production of CMC Superabsorbent Hydrogel for Sustainable Agriculture." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234115.

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Waste materials are receiving more attention as concerns about the future of our planet increase. Cellulose is the most common substance in agricultural waste. Agricultural wastes containing cellulose are misplaced resources that could be reused in various fields for both environmental and economic benefits. In this work, 32 different kinds of waste are investigated for chemical modification in order to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose for the production of a superabsorbent hydrogel that can be applied in agriculture. A brief literature review is provided to help researchers wishing to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose by carboxymethylation starting with waste materials. We also provide details about methods to obtain as well as verify carboxymethylation. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), as a constituent of cellulosic water and superabsorbent hydrogels with applications in agriculture, is described. Superabsorbent hydrogels with CMC are able to absorb huge amounts of water and are biodegradable.

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NEH, Ali. "Agricultural Waste Management System [AWMS] in Malaysian." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000140.

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Dauda, Deborah, and Manju Dominic. "Effectiveness of agricultural wastes in soil stabilization." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2452.

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Many ways have been sought to improve soils, especially expansive soils which have been problematic to structures and pavements built over them and soil stabilization seems to be one of the effective ways. But soil stabilization in itself is not cost-effective hence the introduction of agricultural wastes being researched on and seen as a cheaper means to be used as stabilizing agents which helps in minimizing the cost of soil stabilization, thereby reducing the problem of waste disposal. Agricultural wastes like Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash, Sugarcane Straw Ash, Saw Dust Ash, Coconut Husk Ash, Millet Husk Ash, Corn Cob Ash, Locust Bean Pod Ash, Cassava Peel Ash and Bamboo Leaf Ash have been experimented with in stabilizing soils and as well, serving as supplementary cementitious materials for cement in concrete production. The strengths of the soils and the concrete stabilized with these wastes were seen to improve significantly and their effectiveness was estimated based on an average optimum value. Agricultural waste processing Industries can be set up to help in the massive production of these natural stabilizers which would lessen the cost of soil stabilization using cement and chemicals and also generally reduce problems that are associated with waste disposal, helping in waste management. Keywords—expansive soils, soil stabilization, agricultural wastes

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Kari, Zulhisyam Abdul, Suniza Anis Mohamad Sukri, Nor Dini Rusli, Khairiyah Mat, M. B. Mahmud, Nik Nur Azwanida Zakaria, Wendy Wee, et al. "Recent Advances, Challenges, Opportunities, Product Development and Sustainability of Main Agricultural Wastes for the Aquaculture Feed Industry – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0082.

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Abstract Million tonnes of agricultural waste are generated annually worldwide. Agricultural wastes possess similar profiles to the main products but are lower in quality. Managing these agricultural wastes is costly and requires strict regulation to minimise environmental stress. Thus, these by-products could be repurposed for industrial use, such as alternative resources for aquafeed to reduce reliance on fish meal and soybean meal, fertilisers to enrich medium for growing live feed, antimicrobial agents, and immunostimulatory enhancers. Furthermore, utilising agricultural wastes and other products can help mitigate the existing environmental and economic dilemmas. Therefore, transforming these agricultural wastes into valuable products helps sustain the agricultural industry, minimises environmental impacts, and benefits industry players. Aquaculture is an important sector to supply affordable protein sources for billions worldwide. Thus, it is essential to explore inexpensive and sustainable resources to enhance aquaculture production and minimise environmental and public health impacts. Additionally, researchers and farmers need to understand the elements involved in new product development, particularly the production of novel innovations, to provide the highest quality products for consumers. In summary, agriculture waste is a valuable resource for the aquafeed industry that depends on several factors: formulation, costing, supply, feed treatment and nutritional value.

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Griffiths, A. J., and W. Hicks. "Agricultural Waste to Energy – A UK Perspective." Energy & Environment 8, no. 2 (June 1997): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9700800205.

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The UK has a potential to utilise agricultural waste and energy crops to generate significant portion of its electrical power supplying 2.21 millions homes and saving the equivalent of 13 million tonnes of coal per year. Stimulated by the Non fossil Fuel Obligation orders, suppliers and other contractors have installed about 1200 MW of the Governments 1500 MW target for renewable power generation by the year 2000. Under the first order of 1990, 25.48 MW of generating capacity was installed using biomass and its associated wastes. Under the 1993 order this had increased to 122.78 MW using a variety of different technologies and a more diverse range of wastes and energy crops. The regional potential for both dry and wet waste arisings have been analysed and both the potential, economics and favoured technologies identified.

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Tue. "RECYCLE OF PLASTIC WASTE AND AGRICULTURAL WASTE." Energy Research Journal 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/erjsp.2013.24.29.

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Andrianto, Dimas, Husnawati, Zulfikar Muchammad, Danty Oktiana Prastiwi, Gina Oktaviani Sabrina, Muhammad Farhan, Imelia Dewi, et al. "Pemberdayaan Pertanian Terpadu Bermodal Limbah Ladang, Dapur dan Kandang Berbasis Koperasi di Desa Cibitung Tengah, Bogor." Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 3 (November 27, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.6.3.195-205.

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Farming in Cibitung Tengah Village, Tenjolaya Subdistrict, Bogor District, West Jawa is characterized by vegetables and sheep farming. Several problems in farming are the use of chemical fertilizers, management of agriculture and domestic wastes properly; even some people disposing of garbage in the river and also, the institutional Farmer Group Association (Gapoktan) and Female Farmer Group (KWT) are not functioning optimally. The use of an integrated farming system can increase land and livestock productivities and reduce the volume of agriculture and domestic wastes all at once. This community empowerment activity aimed to increase the people's knowledge and skill of Cibitung Tengah Village in terms of processing agricultural and domestic wastes. Thus it will overcome the garbage and overuse of chemical fertilizer problems. The discussions and outreach activities were done by a door-to-door approach, especially for people who have not been actively involved in Gapoktan and KWT. This research was carried out with several educational activities such as counseling on community waste management systems, training on organic waste processing, Black Soldier Fly (BSF) training, processing organic waste with BSF technology, making silage as goat feed, and making branding of agricultural products. This empowerment program produced new products or processed products. The products will increase the income for the people of Cibitung Tengah, such as maggot processing products, CS-Fresh products, results from waste banks, and handicraft products from waste.

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Pratelli, Antonio, Patrizia Cinelli, Maurizia Seggiani, Giovanna Strangis, and Massimiliano Petri. "Agricultural Plastic Waste Management." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (December 31, 2022): 1312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.124.

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This article aims at describing both the studies and results implemented in the framework of the H2020-EU research project “RECOVER: New bio-recycling routes for food packaging and agricultural plastic waste” which deals with the sustainability of innovative biodegradation processes for plastic waste and production, in any environmental, social, economic and safety matters. In such a framework, the POLOG University Centre (Livorno, Italy), reconstructed and analyzed the actual farm plastic waste supply chain, as described in the following sections. The first section is introductive and it has been intended as a primer to the most common different types of plastic materials. The second section has deserved to be a state of the art on the most relevant issues raised in plastic waste management. The third section deals with suitable approaches to address the environmental side effects of rapidly growing plastics production, use, and disposal. Some of these approaches were listed, such as physical treatment of the polymeric components, plastic reduction use and employment as much as mechanical and/or chemical recycling and energy recovery. The fourth section shows how some of the above main issues, which raise coping with plastic reduction and recycling, are suited to be coped with from a logistics perspective. Such logistics belong to the basic needs due to tackling any plastic waste supply chain, i.e. collection and transport to intermediate stock and final delivery to recycling plants and/or brownfields, applying the set of methodologies and techniques drawn from the well-known field of pick-up-and-delivery models. These last tasks become crucial when the main effort has addressed the enforcement of any feasible changes from the use of items made in old high environmental intrusive to their replacement with new agricultural and biodegradable plastics. The paper goes to end presenting shortly of a few suitable solutions that could be proposed and applied to the entire plastic waste supply chain. Finally, some concrete aspects of each phase of the supply chain were discussed and it was highlighted how much each of these can be best used in addressing the problem known throughout the world as the problem of the emergency of old plastic waste.

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Klushin, Victor, Denis Tokarev, Vera Kashparova, Svetlana Kolesnik, and Ivan Brink. "Fully Renewable Composites Based on Agricultural Waste." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.86.

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In the present work, composite materials with a two wastes - waste goose feather as a filler and resinous waste from HMF production as a binder - have been developed. The mechanical properties and water sorption in dependence with feather/HMF resin composite content were studied. The composites containing 50% of feather have high strength properties up to 46 N/mm2 and low water sorption (lower 1%), which results in high water resistance. Due to these properties, they can become an excellent alternative to urea-formaldehyde resins and plastics based on them.

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Sahu, Om Prakash. "Alternative Fuel from Agricultural Waste." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v2i2.1703.

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Waste can be minimized by reuse or recover by the process due disposal of the waste is big issue for environment. So many organization are working for to utilized the wasteÂ for energy recovery. Field crops offer potential source of fuel, offering promise as large-scale energy and based on its genetic diversity, climatic adaptation, and biomass and sugar production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Presently this work was to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol production and optimization from Rice husk by using commercial bakery yeast, i.e., S. cereviciae. The experiment was conducted, at fermentation temperature 30 Â°C and pH 5, and treated using different acid concentrations and residence times. Rice husk was hydrolyzed by refluxing, a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, using dilute sulfuric acid (1 to 5 %) and distilled water at hydrolysis time of 1 to 11 hours keeping boiling temperature. 90 % maximum total sugar concentration was obtained at 5 h acid free hydrolysis. Based on these hydrolysis results, fermentation process was performed.Â

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Aggo, G. M., N. A. M. Noh, and A. R. M. Yahya. "Use of agricultural wastes in rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1139, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1139/1/012007.

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Abstract This study investigates agricultural wastes as potential fermentation substrates to provide a cheaper solution in rhamnolipid production by P. aeruginosa USM-AR2 while simultaneously attempting to recycle waste. Rhamnolipid production was estimated by orcinol assay, oil spreading test (OST), and emulsification index (E24). The wastes used were waste cooking oil and glycerine pitch. Rhamnolipid fermentation was carried out in shake flask culture using minimal salt medium (MSM) supplemented with 3% (v/v) agricultural wastes as the sole carbon source and NaNO3 as the nitrogen source. MSM supplemented with waste cooking oil exhibited higher biomass, while glycerine pitch resulted in higher rhamnolipid production. Rhamnolipid from MSM supplemented with waste cooking oil demonstrated higher diameter of clearing zone in the OST than glycerine pitch. It exhibited high emulsification activity on waste cooking oil at 63.3 ± 0.03%, with glycerine pitch recording higher E24 at 71.5 ± 0.03%. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa USM-AR2 was able to utilize agricultural wastes to produce appreciable amounts of rhamnolipid.

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P, Nair, Kuriakose I, and Das B. "Effective Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Waste to Biodegradable Products for a Cleaner Earth." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000230.

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Earth is constantly subjected to dramatic changes due to uncontrolled human activities and this has led to climatic variations associated with global warming resulting in unparalleled greenhouse gas emissions. One of the major causes is solid waste accumulation by human activities ranging from agricultural to industrial activities. The relation between solid waste and climatic change had forced scientists to propose a solid waste management plan to reuse, recycle and create energy from solid waste preventing its accumulation and subsequent pollution. When we consider human activities which are environmentally hazardous; plastic waste accumulation, agricultural wastes disposal and fossil fuel burning holds prominent positions. Plastic wastes. The accumulation of plastic wastes and agricultural wastes pose serious problems of disposal. Plastic wastes are often incinerated or left to be dumped in landfills. Similarly, agricultural wastes are also burnt, releasing a lot of toxic gases into the atmosphere. A common solution to curb both the problems is to streamline the production of bioplastic using agricultural waste (mostly lignocellulose) as a substrate. The third major environmental threat is the increased motor vehicle emission leading to air pollution associated with health threat. The extent of risk ranges from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Carbon dioxide emission by the increasing use of fossil fuels by ever increasing world population not only depletes the resource but also will result in anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, utilization of lignocellulosic waste material as raw material for monomers for bioplastic as well as for bioethanol production can be considered as a productive approach to address all the three problems mentioned above. In addition utilization of fermentation residue after bio products extraction can be used as a soil enriching agent. The intention is converting lignocellulosic waste to zero waste.

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K, Anitha, and Senthilselvan S. "Agricultural Waste Materials Applications in Building Industry – An Overview." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2371ecst.

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Agricultural wastes have become a growing concern in recent years as the world's population has grown. Agricultural solid wastes are irresponsibly dumped or burned in public areas in several countries worldwide, resulting in air pollution, soil contamination, and smoke. The residue could end up in a water supply, polluting the water and aquatic ecology. Agricultural waste is crushed and turned into fine and coarse aggregates, or it is burned into ash, which is used in the making of concrete. Agricultural solid waste is a lightweight aggregate used in the production of masonry blocks [1]. Green concrete's thermal insulation, sound absorption, water stability, fire resistance, and mechanical properties will all be improved as a result [2]. The present paper explores the various structural components prepared by using agricultural waste materials, such as bio-bricks, natural fiber components, lightweight concrete, green concrete, concrete roofing, and tile components.

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Nagy, Tamás Péter. "Experiences of Waste Management at Agricultural Enterprises in Hajdú-Bihar County." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 19 (March 4, 2006): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/19/3147.

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The general tendency of the last few years has been that besides large agricultural Ltd.’s and firms, smaller agricultural enterprises also have to correspond to stricter environmental regulations.This process suits the EU’s environmental and waste management regulations. Recently, manure, liquid manure and addle are registered as non hazardous agricultural waste in waste management in Hungary.In the case of the amount of these wastes is larger than 200 t/year, one has to make an individual waste management plan.Accordingly, several small agricultural enterprises have to make individual waste management plants in Hajdú-Bihar County.This article is based on the results of these companies experiences.

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De Lima, Dominggus, and Costantine Ch E. Latupeirissa. "PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA PADA PETERNAK DI KECAMATAN LOLONG GUBA KABUPATEN BURU." Agrinimal Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Tanaman 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/ajitt.2020.8.2.57-64.

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The purpose of the research was to find out how many kinds of agricultural waste, the percentage of waste utilization by farmers as feed and the farmers knowledge about the processing of agricultural waste. The method used in the research was survey and observation, directly in the location of agricultural crops. The technique used to take the sample was purposive sampling, with which 3 out of 10 villages were taken based on the highest number of farmers and 30 farmers were taken. The result on 3 villages, i.e. Waegeren, Grandeng and Wanakarta showed that generally the farmers used agricultural waste as alternative feed and the distribution of the waste depens on the harvest season. Therefore, it can be concluded that the utilization of agricultural waste was good enough, so that it is not wasted and make a good profit. The utilization of agricultural waste for cattle as feed was 93,3% distribute directly after the harvest without processing.

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Wang, Xi, Wei Ning, Kun Wang, and Dexin Yu. "Study on the Optimization of Agricultural Production Waste Recycling Network under the Concept of Green Cycle Development." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010165.

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This study is based on the concept of converting agricultural waste into green new energy, we combine the concept of green cycle development and the relevant theories in modern system engineering to optimize the study of agricultural production waste recycling network. In this paper, the optimization of the agricultural production waste recycling network is divided into two aspects—facility site selection and vehicle path planning—with the objectives of agricultural production waste green recycling and the minimization of system construction and operational costs. In this study, the site selection and path planning problems were unified and an optimization model for the agricultural production waste recycling network site-path (LRP) problem was constructed. The optimization results of agricultural production waste recycling network facility location and recycling vehicle path planning were obtained by using the simulation data in the optimization model and designing the genetic algorithm design with the relevant characteristics of agricultural production waste recycling. The feasibility and operability of the model were verified through experiments. The research related to the optimization of agricultural production waste recycling networks can be used to both reduce production costs in agricultural areas and progress the practical theory of reverse logistics in agricultural areas. Agricultural waste resource utilization provides important support for the development of an ecological agriculture cycle and helps protect the environment.

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Zhuk, Petro V. "Agricultural waste in Ukraine: generation volumes and recycling issues." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(155) (2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2022-3-4.

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In the context of agricultural waste recycling perspectives, the article addresses the issues of its structure, approaches to classification, determining its volumes and generation processes, and waste generation coverage in statistical observations. The author offers the consideration of three classification groups of agricultural waste: crop, animal, and agrochemical waste. The low level of agricultural waste representation in official domestic statistical reports is emphasized. The methodological approaches to calculating the crop and animal waste are suggested, and agricultural waste in Ukrainian regions is calculated and mapped. The calculations show that the annual volume of agricultural waste generation in Ukraine amounts to 177.5 million tons, and only about 5 percent of them are represented in statistical reports. This situation almost eliminates the creation of an efficient public waste management system that would secure the inclusion of tens of millions of tons of crop and animal origin resources in economic turnover through waste recycling and complicates the implementation of business projects in the reuse and processing of agricultural waste. The article outlines the directions, technological forms, and reserves of primary and secondary agricultural waste recycling. It also defines three possible ways to use primary crop waste: to secure animal breeding needs, for energy purposes, and as a fertilizer. Most animal wastes are safe and low-hazard, and can be used as secondary material or energy resources. Manure plays a special role in agricultural animal waste recycling. Biologically cleaned, disinfected, or biothermally processes manure is a valuable organic fertilizer. Energy is considered to be a perspective direction of the manure use in Ukraine. The article emphasizes the importance of taking into account the competitiveness of agricultural waste recycling directions based on the general economic and environmental reasonability.

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Firdani, Febi Navila Ella, and Sudarti Sudarti. "Mekanisme Pembuatan Briket Berbasis Limbah Pertanian yang Ramah Lingkungan." Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Gorontalo (JTPG) 7, no. 2 (November 23, 2022): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30869/jtpg.v7i2.983.

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The problems that are often encountered are the problem of garbage or waste from human activities, these activities include households, agriculture, factories, and others. The purpose of this research is to reduce waste or waste that is really needed at this time whether it is used for other alternative sources that are environmentally friendly, so that waste or waste from agricultural activities does not continue to increase, organic fertilizer and briquettes or charcoal can be used. In this study using the method of literature review from various international journals. The journal used starts from the past 10 years, namely 2012-2022 and searches for it via Google Scolar. Keywords used when searching journals on Google Scolar such as "agricultural waste processing", "briquette management", and "agricultural waste". Garbage is the remains of human activities that are not reused but can produce a useful new product. There are various types of waste or waste, one of which is agricultural waste which can produce products that are beneficial to the environment or environmentally friendly. Agricultural waste is the part of agricultural plants from the top or shoots to the remaining stems after harvesting activities. Utilization of agricultural waste is very useful for humans, the environment, and other living things. One of the uses of this agricultural waste is as briquettes which are a new alternative source that is environmentally friendly because it comes from various plant residues produced during harvesting activities. Most of the agricultural waste comes from rice. So, the existence of agricultural waste can be used as a new alternative source that is environmentally friendly and inexpensive.

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Tokarchuk, Dina, Natalia Pryshliak, Andrii Shynkovych, and Kateryna Mazur. "Strategic Potential of Agricultural Waste as a Feedstock for Biofuels Production in Ukraine." Rural Sustainability Research 46, no. 341 (December 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2021-0012.

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Abstract Ukraine’s agriculture is a leading sector of the national economy. Ukraine has a significant area (603628 km2), 70.9% of which are agricultural lands. Quality soil and good climatic conditions create favorable conditions for the development of crop and livestock production. The generation of a large amount of organic waste from agriculture opens wide opportunities for the development of the biogas technologies. The aim of the paper is to identify the main waste management trends in Ukraine based on data on waste generation and waste management and to calculate the strategic potential of agricultural waste as a feedstock for biofuels production. The resource potential of crop, livestock and processing waste has been considered and the necessity of its use for energy purposes has been substantiated. It has been determined that the greatest potential of agricultural waste that can be used for biogas production in Ukraine is concentrated in crop production. The livestock industry and processing enterprises also have a powerful feedstock base for biogas production. It has been determined that the agroindustrial sector of Ukraine produces significant amount of waste. As a result of the study, it has been found that the potential volume of biogas production from agricultural waste can replace 36.1% of natural gas consumption in Ukraine.

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Nasir, Burhanuddin, Irwan Lakani, Najamudin Najamudin, Sitti Sabariyah, Sri Anjar Lasmini, Moh Syahrul Asdar, I. Putu Suci Astawa, Ilham Akbar, and I. Kadek Duis Tiana. "Development of Integrated Farming Businesses Based on Zero Waste Agriculture in Parigi Moutong Regency." Journal of Community Practice and Social Welfare 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/jacips.2021.1.2.28-39.

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Zero waste agriculture is an agricultural concept oriented around the decomposition cycle of organic materials which integrates agricultural and livestock systems to reprocess waste material. Agricultural waste is used as animal feed while livestock waste/excrement is reprocessed into organic fertilizers. The Regional Partnership Service Program (PKW) aims to assist farmers in developing integrated farming businesses based around zero waste agriculture. PKW was held between May and July 2021 in Tindaki Village, South Parigi District, Parigi Moutong Regency. The implementation of this regional partnership program was carried out through a Participatory Action Programs approach, where partners are directly involved in the adoption and application of the various skills that had been developed. The procedure for activity implementation was carried out through several stages, namely: (a) counseling on zero waste agriculture, (b) training in and application of zero waste agriculture technology in the form of demonstration plots for the application of technological products, (c) coaching and mentoring, and (d) the utilization stage of technology product. The findings from the implementation concluded that the agricultural development training based on zero waste agriculture was a success, and the technology had been adopted by the community, marked by the ability to make and develop compost and liquid organic bio-urine fertilizers. Both types of organic fertilizers had been applied in the demonstration plots to assess their effectiveness in reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers. Rice production is equivalent to 5.6 tons/ha and 6 tons/ha in conventional land. These results show potential benefits for farmers, particularly regarding lower production costs compared to the usage of conventional land. Zero waste agriculture is a method of farming and livestock raising that utilizes their waste products for energy production.

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Zamani, Asghar, Ahmad Poursattar Marjani, and Zahra Mousavi. "Agricultural waste biomass-assisted nanostructures: Synthesis and application." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0010.

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Abstract Metal oxide nanoporous materials and nanoparticles have main potential uses in several different fields such as nanoelectronics, biomedical science, renewable solar energy, drug-gene delivery, thermal insulation, and so on. On the other hand, it is vital for scientists to understand that agricultural waste biomass-assisted synthesis is less costly, environmentally friendly and renewable strategy, and therefore, agricultural wastes are ideal renewable resources for production of nanostructures as a substitute for toxic chemicals. This present review includes significant recent improvements concerning the synthesis of agricultural waste biomass-assisted metal oxide nanostructures and their application. The goal is to provide a vision for the use of non-extracted agricultural waste, especially lignocellulosic biomass an inexpensive, green, differentiated resource and policy for the synthesis of valuable nanoporous materials and nanoparticles.

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Palacio, Airvin John C., Nioro G. Furiscal, Katrina Mae L. Abalos, Dioven Angelo A. Alferez, Edmer A. Bade, Jasper Jay C. Carumba, Christopher E. Rodolfo, and Franz D. Santos. "Study of Coconut Charcoal Powder and Egg Shell Powder as Partial Replacement to Fine Aggregates and Cement in Load Bearing Concrete Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.120.

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Waste disposal is one of the issues that plague the society. Philippines is an agricultural country due to its strategic location in the tropics. Because of this nature, the agriculture sector tends to produce a huge amount of waste that if not disposed properly could pose a threat to the society and to the environment. With the advancement of technology, it has been a challenge for researchers to improve the quality of construction materials that is used in the industry. Studies have been performed on the possibilities of incorporating agricultural wastes to various construction materials as a form of waste diversion. In order to address the problem with agricultural wastes as well as to improve the property of construction materials, a study on coconut waste and eggshell waste was conducted as a constituent in concrete brick production. In this study, the density, compressive strength as well as the water absorption of concrete bricks with coconut charcoal powder (CCP) and eggshell powder (ESP) as replacement for fine aggregates and cement was conducted. Different mix ratios (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% CCP with a constant value of 5% ESP in each mix ratio) were carried out and the results were compared to a control sample. From the results of the density test, the concrete bricks with 5% CCP and 5% ESP was the lightest at a density of 1678.184 kg/m3, it also showed the least water absorption at 8.58% and exhibited the highest compressive strength at 17.5 MPa.

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Li, Deming. "Analysis of Agricultural Biomass Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Evidence from China." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6126944.

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China is a large agricultural country, where agricultural activities and rural life cause a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the process of crop growth, production, and processing, a large number of crop straws and agricultural wasted products are produced, which become one of the important sources of biomass resources. However, few detailed studies focused on the potential of China’s agricultural biomass energy conversion and carbon emission reduction, and fewer studies proposed GHG emission reduction strategies from the perspective of making full use of China’s agricultural waste resources. In this study, the quantity calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was given, and the GHG emission reduction potential calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was constructed, with which the amount of GHG emissions caused by agricultural waste use in China was measured and the potential of GHG emission reduction caused by agricultural waste use would be easily speculated. Based on the statistical data of China, the quantity and GHG emission reduction potential of agricultural biomass resources in China in the recent 10 years (2009∼2018) were clarified. According to the research, the amount of agricultural waste equivalent to standard coal in China from 2009 to 2018 reached 280,0711 million tons. If all these resources were used to replace coal, a total of 4,474,483 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be saved. Assuming that these wastes are anaerobic, carbonized, or fully burned as fuel, CH4 emissions could be reduced by up to 12.024 million tons and N2O emissions by up to 185,000 tons. It can be seen that the effective utilization of agricultural biomass resources can replace coal, reduce backwardness such as land burning, and then reduce CO2, CH4, N2O, and other greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

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ZAMANOVA, Azada. "Ecological Bases of Use of Organic Waste As Fertilizers." Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences 5 (August 5, 2022): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/ephels.59.

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Based on the conducted studies, it is established that in Azerbaijan there is a large amount of unused organic waste that accumulate polluting the environment. These wastes can be processed and used as organic fertilizers. The waste contains a large amount of organic matter and mineral nutrients that improve the fertility of soils and the yield of agricultural plants (Artyushin et al., 1984). Works on chemicalization and land reclamation are carried out on an unprecedented scale. At the same time, environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources are becoming increasingly important for the environment. The food program developed in accordance with the decision to develop the country's agriculture provides for the full and rational use of all the resources of organic fertilizers available in our republic with a total volume of their production in 2017 of about 30 million tons. Preserving a deficit-free balance of humus in the soil, increasing its fertility and increasing the yield and quality of agricultural plants with the intensification of agriculture will require the expansion of production and the use of not only all types of animal husbandry and poultry farming and peat, but also the mobilization of other sources of organic matter. Among them, an important place should be given to household, agricultural and industrial waste, waste from the biochemical and woodworking industries, etc.The full and efficient use of all resources of organic fertilizers simultaneously solves a number of economic tasks: obtaining maximum yields while maintaining and increasing soil fertility, protecting the environment from pollution by waste and waste from industry, public utilities, animal husbandry and crop production (Zamanov et al., 1990).

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Bhatia, Shashi Kant. "Wastewater Based Microbial Biorefinery for Bioenergy Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 9214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169214.

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A continuous increase in global population is demanding more development and industrialization, which leads to the production of various waste such as municipal wastewater, agricultural waste, industrial waste, medical waste, electronic wastes, etc [...]

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Kuźnia, Monika, Anna Magiera, Wojciech Jerzak, Kinga Pielichowska, and Jakub Sikora. "Biogas production from agricultural and municipal waste." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910802010.

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The article presents the results of biogas production from municipal and agricultural waste. The mesophilic digestion of feedstocks was evaluated. Fermentation process was performed according to the DIN 38414-S8. Five types of agricultural waste were used for the research: 100% maize silage, 25% apple pomace – 75% maize silage, 50% apple pomace – 50% maize silage, 75% apple pomace – 25% maize silage and under – size fraction of municipal waste from the sorting drum. Fermentation of waste was carried out for 30 days. In the produced biogas, there were measured the content of: CH4, CO2, O2 and the total yield of biogas. The combination of different groups of waste in the fermentation process causes a higher efficiency of biogas production. Additionally thermal analysis (TG, DSC) of biogas digestate were conducted. Due to the impurities present in the biogas digestate derived from municipal waste, it becomes impossible to use it as fertilizer in agriculture.

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El-Ramady, Hassan, Eric C. Brevik, Yousry Bayoumi, Tarek A. Shalaby, Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk, Naglaa Taha, Heba Elbasiouny, et al. "An Overview of Agro-Waste Management in Light of the Water-Energy-Waste Nexus." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315717.

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It is urgent that we increase global food production to support population growth. Food production requires significant resources, amongst them water and energy. Therefore, any losses of food or other agricultural products also means a waste of water and energy resources. A significant amount of these losses occurs during the postharvest stage, primarily during processing and storage. This is considered avoidable food waste. The water-energy-waste nexus (WEW), and its relationship to food production, needs to be investigated from a circular bioeconomy lens. Furthermore, alternative uses of the wastes should be investigated. This review focuses on agro-wastes and their management as sources for bioactive compounds, biofertilizers, biomaterials, nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals and medicinal agents, and growth media, e.g., for plant tissue culture. We also investigated the potential contribution of agro-wastes to bioenergy production (bioethanol, biogas, and biofuel). Proper management of agro-wastes may support the mitigation of climate change, produce innovative bio-ingredients and biodegradable materials, and enhance green growth and a circular bioeconomy. We argue that the management of agro-wastes cannot be discussed without referring to the role of water and energy within the food system. Thus, this review focuses on agricultural wastes and their handling, applications, environmental impacts, and potential benefits in the agricultural and medical industries in light of the WEW nexus.

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Awogbemi, Omojola, and Daramy Vandi Von Kallon. "Pretreatment techniques for agricultural waste." Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 6 (December 2022): 100229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100229.

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S. G, Jadhav. "Soil Stabilization using Agricultural Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 2647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36491.

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The stability and strength of structure depends on Construction design and also on the strength of subgrade soil on which the structure is being erected. Soil should poses adequate strength and stability for a safe and economic Construction work. Construction work on Expansive soils poses a problem for Civil Engineers as such soil shows swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in the moisture content, thus methods of Soil Stabilization can be adopted. This paper examined the Effects of Agricultural Waste such as Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as Stabilizer Material for Economic and Environmental Friendly way of Soil Stabilization. The Geotechnical lab tests carried out were Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Water Content, Specific Gravity Test and Standard Proctor Test on soil. Engineering tests like California Bearing Ration (CBR) (unsoaked) was performed with percentage of 8% with and without Stabilizer Material. The results showed significant improvement in CBR with addition of stabilizers. The research concludes Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) are very effective source of soil stabilization.

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Bran, Stefania Daniela, Petre Chipurici, Mariana Bran, and Alexandru Vlaicu. "Renewable Energy from Agricultural Waste." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 6 (July 15, 2018): 1363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.6.6325.

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This paper has aimed at evaluating the concentration of bioethanol obtained using sunflower stem as natural support, molasses as carbon source and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in a continuous flow reactor. The natural support was tested to investigate the immobilization/growth of S. cerevisiae yeast. The concentration of bioethanol produced by fermentation was analyzed by gas chromatography using two methods: aqueous solutions and extraction in organic phase. The CO2 flow obtained during the fermentation process was considered to estimate when the yeast was deactivated. The laboratory experiments have highlighted that the use of plant-based wastes to bioconversion in ethanol could be a non-pollutant and sustainable alternative.

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BUNYAMEEN, Nasuha, Asia PERIN, and Natthawuddhi DONLAO. "Utilization of Banana Agricultural Waste." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 13, no. 4 (2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37221/eaef.13.4_129.

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48

Jadhav, Shubham G. "Soil Stabilization using Agricultural Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35695.

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The stability and strength of structure depends on Construction design and also on the strength of subgrade soil on which the structure is being erected. Soil should poses adequate strength and stability for a safe and economic Construction work. Construction work on Expansive soils poses a problem for Civil Engineers as such soil shows swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in the moisture content, thus methods of Soil Stabilization can be adopted. This paper examined the Effects of Agricultural Waste such as Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as Stabilizer Material for Economic and Environmental Friendly way of Soil Stabilization. The Geotechnical lab tests carried out were Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Water Content and Specific Gravity Test and Standard Proctor Test on soil. Engineering tests like California Bearing Ration (CBR) (unsoaked) was performed with percentage of 8% with and without Stabilizer Material. The results showed significant improvement in CBR with addition of stabilizers. The research concludes Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA) and Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) are very effective source of soil stabilization.

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Lei, Zhongfang, Reeta Rani Singhania, and Duu-Jong Lee. "Agricultural waste reclamation and utilization." Bioresource Technology 351 (May 2022): 127059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127059.

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Scarascia Mugnozza, Giacomo, Evelia Schettini, Rosa Viviana Loisi, Ileana Blanco, and Giuliano Vox. "Georeferencing of agricultural plastic waste." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 1 (July 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2016-001007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural waste'

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