Dissertations / Theses: 'Agricultural waste'

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Kärkkäinen, Ela, Åsa Älgbrant, and Simon Kronberg. "Fibres from agricultural hemp waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26573.

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There is an increasing demand for natural fibres in the textile industry as a consequence of the negative impact of the industry on the environment. Svensk Hampaindustri (SHI) is currently growing hemp in Sweden for its seeds. This leaves residue in the form of hemp stems that could be processed for textile products. Today this residue material is not used for anything, however there is a desire that it could be used for added value. This study investigates the possibility of extracting fibres from the hemp residue mechanically and using them in applications. Hemp, a variety of Cannabis sativa L., is a multipurpose low-input crop cultivated for its seeds, fibres and hurds. Hemp fibre is a bast fibre, derived from the plant’s outer stem tissues. To extract hemp fibres from hemp stems, the first step is to separate the fibre bundles from the other, non-fibrous parts of the stem. This process is done using various mechanical methods. In order to ease the separation, hemp stems are retted. Retting is a biological process that uses enzymatic activities to degrade the pectins and thus making the separation easier. Retting is one of the most considerable challenges towards a wider use of hemp fibres. Water retting offers high fibre-quality but consumes high amounts of water and causes effluents in the wastewater. Dew retting offers a high fibre yield and low labour costs but will result in a lower fibre-quality. Alternative methods that can contribute with a more consistent fibre yield and quality are available, but with an economic uncertainty for the farmers that limits the competitiveness of the hemp fibre. The hemp material provided by SHI was unretted and needed to be broken down by means of mechanical processing in order to extract the fibres. This was done using a domestic blender. The crushed material was then carded using a hand carding machine to achieve oriented and clean fibres. The obtained fibres were then evaluated for their length and fineness. Three different types of nonwoven were made using the hemp fibres: NW1, NW2 and NW3. NW1 consists of 100% hemp, whereas NW2 and NW3 are 80/20 blends of hemp and PLA. NW1 was needle punched, NW2 was thermally bonded and NW3 was manufactured by both thermal bonding and needle punching. The produced nonwovens were evaluated by their air permeability, thermal conductivity, sound absorption, drapability and tensile strength. The results from the study showed that it is possible to extract unretted fibres using mechanical methods. The fibres are quite coarse and therefore more suitable for industrial applications. The different production methods for the nonwovens gave different results which supports the diversity of hemp applications. This study suggests that the residue should be used rather than be disposed of.

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Eliasson, Jenny, and Viktor Carlsson. "Agricultural waste and wood waste for pyrolysis and biochar : An assessment for Rwanda." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283611.

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A high priority in order to combat climate change is disposal of waste. In low-income countries, a large portion of biomass residues generated in the forestry, agricultural and industrial sectors could be usable, instead of being seen as waste. For instance, it could be converted into biochar, which is proven to have many environmental benefits. In Rwanda, the agricultural sector employs 80% of the population and accounts for 35% of GDP. This sector, together with later refinement of crops and forestry production, cause large amounts of residue that many times is considered as waste. In this report, a literature study was conducted to evaluate possible biochar production from agricultural and wood wastes in Rwanda. Characteristics that determine if a biomass could be suitable for a biochar production were identified as C, H, O, N, S, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash and moisture content, residue-to-product ratio, and low heating value. These characteristics were assessed for the chosen Rwandan agricultural and wood wastes, by compiling values from published reports. The result shows that there are large volumes of residues that have potential for biochar production instead of being seen as waste in Rwanda. Biochar production from these wastes could enable environmental benefits for Rwanda, although further investigation of each single biomass could be needed in order to see if it is practically, technically and financially possible to do in reality.
För att bekämpa klimatförändringen är avfallshantering en hög prioritet. I låginkomstländer kan en stor andel av biomassarester som genereras i skogsbruk, jordbruks- och industrisektorer vara användbara, istället för att ses som avfall. Till exempel skulle det kunna omvandlas till biokol, som har visats sig ha många miljömässiga fördelar. I Rwanda arbetar 80% av befolkningen inom jordbrukssektorn och den står för 35% av BNP. Denna sektor, tillsammans med förädling av grödor och skogsbruksproduktion, orsakar stora mängder rester som många gånger betraktas som avfall. I denna rapport genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att utvärdera möjlig produktion av biokol från jordbruks- och träavfall i Rwanda. Egenskaper som avgör om en biomassa kan vara lämplig för en biokolsproduktion identifierades som C-, H-, O-, N-, S-, hemicellulosa-, cellulosa-, lignin-, ask- och fukthalt, samt andel avfall som uppstår i förhållande till färdig produkt och värmevärde. Dessa egenskaper utvärderades för det valda jordbruks- och träavfallet genom att sammanställa värden från publicerade rapporter. Resultatet visar att det finns stora volymer rester som har potential för biokolsproduktion istället för att ses som avfall i Rwanda. En biokolsproduktion från dessa avfall skulle kunna ge miljömässiga fördelar för Rwanda, även om ytterligare undersökning av varje enskild biomassa skulle behövas för att se om det är praktiskt, tekniskt och ekonomiskt möjligt att genomföra i verkligheten.

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Isha, Ruzinah. "Hydrogen production from the gasification of agricultural waste." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545695.

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Hester, Kenneth William. "Aspects of the aerobic processing of agricultural waste slurries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238536.

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Qi, Danyi Qi. "Three Essays on the Economics of Food Waste." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532048727755575.

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Van, Dyk Lizelle Doreen. "The production of granular activated carbon from agricultural waste products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52003.

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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Peach and apricot shells are agricultural waste products. These waste products accumulate around canneries and food-processing plants in South Africa. No effort is being made to utilise these waste products. This study is the first part of the product development from these products i.e. peach shell activated carbon and apricot shell activated carbon. By producing activated carbon from peach and apricot shells the solid waste problem is addressed, but most of all a profit can be made. But why activated carbon? Activated carbons are unique and versatile adsorbent with a vast amount of adsorption applications. It can be produced via a simple oxidation reaction with steam and the nature of peach and apricot shells are such that it is expected that activated carbons with good adsorption properties can be produced from it. The single largest consumer of activated carbon in South Africa is the gold mining industry that uses imported coconut shell activated carbon for gold adsorption in the gold recovery process. Activated carbon is also used as water purification adsorbents. During this study activated carbons were produced in a fluidized bed reactor at various activation conditions: 700 - 900°C, 0.0425 - 0.0629 g steamlg char.min and 30 - 60 min. This was done in order to find the optimum activation conditions within the activation parameter range. The optimal activated carbons were defined as peach and apricot shell activated carbons that showed good microporous as well as mesoporous character. The optimal activated carbons produced are: peach shell activated at 875°C, 0.0533 g stearnlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon at 850°C, 0.0533 g steamlg char.min, 60min. The possible use of these optimal activated carbons and two other activated carbons produced (Peach shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char. min, 60 min and apricot shell activated carbon 900°C, 0.0425 g steamlg char.min, 60min) were tested in gold recovery and water purification. The gold adsorption properties of peach and apricot shell activated carbons were found to be better than two commercial coconut shell activated carbons (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). No definite conclusions could, however, be drawn about the replacement of coconut shell activated carbon with peach or apricot shell activated carbon, because abrasion test work and thermal regeneration of the experimental carbons still have to be performed. The experimental activated carbons displayed good phenol adsorption characteristic, although further test work is required.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Perske- en appelkoospitte is landbouafvalprodukte. Hierdie afvalprodukte versamel rondom inmaakfabrieke en voedselververkingsaanlegte. Tans word daar geen poging in Suid-Afrika aangewend om hierdie afvalprodukte te benut nie. Hierdie studie is die eerste deel van die ontwikkeling van die produkte: Perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof. Deur geaktiveerde koolstof van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe te maak, word nie net 'n antwoord op die vastestofafvalsprobleem gevind nie, maar daar kan ook geld gemaak word. Hoekom geaktiveerde koolstof? Aktiveerde koolstowwe is veelsydige en unieke adsorbente met 'n groot verskeidenheid adsorpsie toepassings. Dit kan vervaardig word via 'n eenvoudige oksidasie reaksie met stoom en die aard van die perske- en appelkoospitdoppe is sodanig, dat verwag kan word om geaktiveerde koolstowwe met goeie adsorpsie eienskappe daarvan te kry. Die grootste enkelverbruiker van geaktiveerde koolstof in Suid-Afrika is die goudmynbedryf, wat kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstof invoer om goud te herwin. Geaktiveerde koolstof word ook gebruik vir watersuiwering. Tydens hierdie studie IS geaktiveerde koolstowwe by verskillende aktiveeringskondisies in 'n gevloeïdiseerde bed vervaardig: 700 - 900oe, 0.0425 - 0.0629g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min en 30 - 60 mm. Die aktiveringskondisies is gevarieer om sodoende die optimale aktiveringskondisies binne die aktiveringsparameterreeks te kry. 'n Geaktiveerde koolstof is as optimaal geklassifiseer as dit 'n goeie mikro- sowel as mesostruktuur getoon het. Die optimaal geaktiveerde koolstowwe is: geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van perskepitdoppe by 875°e, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 mm en geaktiveerde koolstof vervaardig van appelkoospitdoppe by 850oe, 0.0533 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min. Die gebruik van die twee optimale geaktiveerde koolstowwe sowel as twee ander geaktiveerde koolstowwe (perskepitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 900oe, 0.0425 g stoornlg gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60 min en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstof, 850°C, 0.0533 g stoom/g gepiroliseerde pitdoppe.min, 60min) is VIr goudadsorpsie en watersuiwering ondersoek. Die goudadsorpsie eienskappe van die perske-en appelkoospitdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe was beter as die van twee kommersiële kokosneutdop-geaktiveerde koolstowwe (Chemquest 650 and GRC 22). Daar kan egter geen definitiewe gevolgtrekkings gemaak word oor die vervanging van kokosneutdop geaktiveerde koolstowwe met dié van perske of appelkoospitdoppe nie, aangesien daar nog toetsresultate oor die slytweerstand en reaktiverings eienskappe van die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe uitstaande is. Die eksperimentele geaktiveerde koolstowwe toon goeie adsorpie ten opsigte van fenol, maar verdere toetswerk is egter nodig.

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Sikhom, Chanettee. "Utilisation of green chemical technologies for the valorisation of Thai agricultural waste." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21660/.

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Biorefinery concepts are important for countries with economies closely linked with agriculture, such as Thailand. The use of agricultural waste streams or residues for the production of fuels, chemicals and materials is vital for the move towards a sustainable circular economy. Two such wastes (rice straw and prawn head waste), were selected for valorisation through the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP). scCO2 extraction was investigated as a suitable technology for lipid recovery from rice straw. Yields obtained from scCO2 extraction of rice straw were comparable to hexane Soxhlet, with yields of 0.7% by dry weight at 65 ̊C and 400 bar. Extracts consists of a valuable mixture of compounds including free fatty acids (FFA) and fatty alcohols, sterols and wax esters. This method also serves as a pre-treatment step to provide enhanced interactions between microwaves and the resulting extracted biomass. Wax removal by scCO2 has an influence on the dielectric property of the rice straw, leading to a constant high heating rate and higher final temperatures. The decomposition of rice straw occurred in MAP at around 120 ̊C, approximately 200 ̊C earlier than in the conventional heating. The influence of moisture content, particle size and also inorganic content was investigated. It was found the K3PO4 present in the straw (also present in fertilisers) had a profound effect on MAP resulting in rapid heating and biomass gasification. Such gases may be used as synthesis gas for the production of fuels and chemicals. scCO2 extraction was effectively utilised for the recovery of hydrophobic compounds from prawn residue (Litopenaeus vannamei). The optimisation of lipid extraction from cepharothorax (heads) by scCO2 demonstrated yields of 1.14% at 400 bar and 40 °C for 2 hours (40 g min-1). Extraction efficiency strongly correlated density, with the highest yield being obtained at the highest density of CO2, 0.96 g/cm3. The FFA profile of the scCO2 extract differed to that of the hexane Soxhlet in abundance, 20789.8 ± 257.3 μg/g of dry biomass compared to 2819.4 ± 87.8 μg/g of dry plant by scCO2 (40°C and 400 bar for 2 hours). Water content of the biomass adversely affects the efficiency of scCO2 extraction. Autolysis of the waste for 6 hours at 50 ̊C under nitrogen prior to scCO2 extraction was found to significantly improve the yield of PUFA. L.vannamei waste can potentially serve as new source of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA.

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Stephenson, Gregg T. "The Effects of Agricultural Waste-Based Compost Amendments in Organic Pest Management." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2042.

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Soil-borne pests and pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae, can devastate a wide range of annual and perennial crops. Current management options for organic production are limited and sustainable management of pathogens, weeds, and arthropods is important for staying profitable and reducing the use of harmful chemicals. Organic soil amendments play an important role in supplying some of the nutritional needs of vegetable crops and improving soil structure, while also contributing to pest control. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of grape and olive-based composts on soil pathogen load, arthropod communities, and weed biomass and diversity. Field experiments were conducted in both organic and conventionally grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) systems during the summer growing season of 2018 on the Cal Poly campus in San Luis Obispo, California. Four different organic amendment treatments were tested including: olive based compost, grape based compost, dairy manure compost, and plant waste compost. Abundance of the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae was assessed from composite soil samples collected at several time points throughout the growing season. Olive, grape, and plant waste composts all displayed significant reduction of V. dahliae abundance between two to eight weeks post application of treatment when compared to the control. Insufficient evidence was found correlating farm management type with V. dahliae abundance after adjusting for treatment and time. Total dry weed biomass was assessed after one month of unhindered growth. The organic amendments tested appeared to alter weed species composition but not overall biomass though no significant differences were found. The soil arthropods symphylans and collembolans were sampled throughout the growing season, significant trends in population were found over time but not across treatments. This research demonstrates how agricultural waste-based compost amendments have potential as tools in pest management.

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Alka, U. "Integration of urban wastewater treatment with agricultural reuse in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354418.

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Hammond, Leslie. "Nutrient Availability and Dynamics of Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Waste." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/68.

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Increased adoption of compost bedded pack dairy barns (CBP), a relatively new housing and manure handling strategy, warrants study to facilitate proper use of CBP waste as a soil amendment. This study: 1) characterized in situ nutrient content and availability of CBP waste in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); 2) examined the decomposition of surface-applied CBP waste compared to an alternative processed solid waste amendment; 3) examined nutrient dynamics of incorporated CBP waste in high and low soil test phosphorus (STP) environments. Quick anaerobic mineralization assays revealed that bed management affects nutrient content and availability of CBP waste. A Fall surface-applied litter bag study showed that different particle sizes of CBP waste and a biosolid decomposed at similar rates. The biosolid had greater nutrient density and availability, but the decomposition was similar to CBP waste in terms of mineralization dynamics. Aerobic mineralization of CBP waste in high and low STP soils amended on a uniform P basis was compared with fresh manure. In general, CBP increased STP more and yielded more plant available P than fresh manure. These studies provide recommendations for CBP management and further study to ensure the proper land application of CBP waste.

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Massicotte, Luc. "Assessment of the agricultural value of sugar refinery by-products." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23410.

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The sugar refinery process used by Lantic Sugar Ltd generates three by-products having characteristics that give them potential as soil amendments or fertilizers, particularly as a phosphorous and calcium source. Laboratory and a field trials were conducted in order to examine the changes in agronomic properties of soil produced by the application of these residues.
During the laboratory experiment, the by-products examined were spend bone char (SBC), filter-press mud (FPM), clarification scum (SCU) and a compost (COM) produced using FPM and SCU, where as in a field experiment, COM, SBC and a mixture (MIX) made of FPM and SCU, were compared to a commercial fertilizer (TSP) and non-treated soils.
The orthic humic gleysol of clay texture and low pH soil conditions in which the field experiment was conducted resulted in high P fixation of all the applied residues. Contrasts analysis showed that TSP behaved as the soils unamended P for all nutrient concentrations in tissues over two cropping seasons (1993 and 1994), on two crops, namely wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) and corn (Zea mays, L.). Treatments (residues at different rates of application) did not significantly increase the Ca levels in COM plots nor did they increase the wet aggregate stability of soil under either crop. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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AungYong, Lisa. "Fabrication of green sustainable sandwich panels by synthesis of polyurethane-based foams with incorporated "waste" glycerol and agricultural "waste" residue." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527879.

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We are interested in fabricating green materials that could potentially be used in building construction applications. Ideally, the inputs to these materials would not lead to further deforestation, and rely minimally on nonrenewable fossil fuels. To make a sustainable product, we aim to incorporate “wastes” from current industrial and agricultural processes. The green building material will be a “sandwich” composite where foam will serve as the compressible, lightweight core, and a hemp/bioresin board will be the rigid, dense outer sheath. The foam we have made is based on polyurethane chemistry where we have used modified castor oil as the polyol. We have utilized waste glycerol that is a byproduct of transesterification chemical reactions (such as biodiesel synthesis) into the foam. We also incorporated waste agricultural residues, i.e., rice hulls into the foam as a filler. FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the incorporation of these two “waste” components did not disrupt the polyurethane chemistry. Furthermore, we measured the compression strength (using ASTM D3575-08) of these foams as a function of the percent of waste added and found there can be an increase in strength. We also have successfully used a vacuum infusion method to make rigid boards from woven hemp fabrics and “SuperSap™” bioresin. Hemp was used because it is plant-based and it has one of the highest mechanical strengths among plant fibers. Sandwich composites were assembled using the hemp boards and the bio polyurethane foam previously fabricated. Three-point bending measures were performed to determine the bending strength. We found that the sandwich composite had sufficient strength in comparison to current market non-load bearing material. We envision that these boards can perhaps be utilized as substitutes for non-load bearing panels in the construction of green buildings.

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Duval, Alexandra M. "Valorization of Carrot Processing Waste." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2155.

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Commercial carrot processors produce up to 175,000 tons of carrot waste annually. Carrot Mash (CM) is the term referring to the waste by-product of peeled baby carrot processing. Transportation of carrot processing waste is expensive due to its high- water content (approx. 83-95%). High in bioactive compounds (carotenoids) and dietary fibers, it is expected that its conversion into a value-added by-product is of interest to the carrot processing industry. Hemicellulose-rich plant materials have proven to be a source of oligosaccharides, which are known for their beneficial prebiotic activity. The objectives of this research were to: 1) determine the effect of mechanical treatments on the extraction of water and bioactive compounds and evaluate the functional properties of carrot mash; 2) incorporate dried carrot mash into a beef patty and evaluate changes in pH, color, cooking yield, and texture; 3) apply an enzymatic treatment to carrot mash to promote the conversion of polysaccharides to oligosaccharides for prebiotic benefits. Mechanical separation of liquid and solid fractions by way of expeller pressing was efficient in extracting liquid while simultaneously increasing total solids by nearly 200%, the extraction of carotenoids by 1000%, and polyphenol content by nearly 97%. Mechanical treatments increased the fat binding capacity on average by 183% compared to untreated mash. The addition of unpressed carrot mash or expeller pressed carrot mash increased the cooking yield of a beef patty by 3-13% without significantly changing its textural properties. Enzymatically treating the carrot mash significantly increased the concentration of oligosaccharides up to 2.3%. These results suggest that carrot processing wastes can be physically and enzymatically modified and have an immense potential to be utilized as a functional ingredient in human food rather than being landfilled, composted or used as animal feed.

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Dlangamandla, Nkosikho. "Design of integrated processes for a second generation biorefinery using mixed agricultural waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2843.

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Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Lignocellulosic biomass (agro-waste) has been recommended as the most promising feedstock for the production of bioalcohols, in the biofuel industry. Furthermore, agro-waste is well-known as the most abundant organic matter in the agricultural and forestry product processing industry. However, the challenge with utilizing agro-waste as a feedstock is its highly recalcitrant structure, which limits hydrolysis to convert the holocelluloses into fermentable sugars. Conventional pre-treatment methods such as dilute acid, alkaline, thermal, hot water and enzymatic, have been used in previous studies. The challenge with these conventional methods is the generation of residual toxicants during the pretreatment process, which inhibits a high bioalcohol yield, by reducing the microbial populations’ (fermenter) ability to be metabolically proficient during fermentation. Numerous studies have been developed to improve the engineered strains, which have shown to have an ability to reduce the inhibition and toxicity of the bioalcohols produced or by-products produced during pre-treatment, while enhancing the bioalcohol production. In the present study (chapter 5), evaluation of common conventional methods for the pretreatment of the mixed agro-waste, i.e. (˃45µm to <100µm) constituted by Citrus sinensis, Malus domestica peels, corn cobs from Zea mays and Quercus robur (oak) yard waste without a pre-rinsing step at a ratio of 1:1 at 25% (w/w) for each waste material, was undertaken, focusing on hot water pre treatment followed by dilute acid (H2SO4) pre-treatment. To further pretreat the mixed agro-waste residue, cellulases were used to further hydrolyse the pre-treated agro-waste in a single pot (batch) multi-reaction process. The TRS concentration of 0.12, 1.43 and 3.22 g/L was achieved with hot water, dilute acid and cellulases hydrolysis as sequential pretreatment steps, respectively, in a single pot multi-reaction system. Furthermore, a commercial strain was used to ascertain low (C1 to C3) and high carbon content (C4+) bioalcohol production under aerobic conditions. Multiple bioproducts were obtained within 48 to 72 h, including bioethanol and 1-Butanol, 3-methyl, which were major products for this study. However, undesirable bio-compounds such as phenolics, were detected post fermentation. Since multiple process units characterised by chemical usage and high energy intensivity have been utilized to overcome delignification and cellulolysis, a sustainable, environmental benign pretreatment process was proposed using N. mirabilis “monkey cup” fluids (extracts) to also reduce fermenter inhibitors from the delignification of mixed agrowaste; a process with minimal thermo physical chemical inputs for which a single pot multi-reaction system strategy was used. Nepenthes mirabilis extracts shown to have ligninolytic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, were used as an enzyme cocktail to pretreat mixed agro-waste, subsequent to the furtherance of TRS production from the agro-waste, by further using cellulase for further hydrolysis. N. mirabilis pod extracts were determined to contained carboxylesterases (529.41±30.50 U/L), β-glucosidases (251.94±11.48 U/L) and xylanases (36.09±18.04 U/L), constituting an enzymatic cocktail with a significant potential for the reduction in total residual phenolic compounds (TRPCs). Furthermore, the results indicated that maximum concentration of TRS obtainable was 310±5.19 mg/L within 168 h, while the TRPCs were reduced from 6.25±0.18 to 4.26 ±0.09 mg/L, which was lower than that observed when conventional methods were used. Overall N. mirabilis extracts were demonstrated to have an ability to support biocatalytic processes for the conversion of agro-waste to produce fermentable TRS in a single unit facilitating multiple reactions with minimised interference with cellulase hydrolysis. Therefore, the digestive enzymes in N. mirabilis pods can be used in an integrated system for a second generation biorefinery.

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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Collection and Storage of Agricultural Animal Wastes and Wastewater." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144713.

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2 pp.
The greatest management concern with animal wastes is the movement of nitrate into water supplies. Health problems in humans and livestock can result from excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water. This publication outlines the guidelines to minimizing the risk of contaminating your drinking water. It also lists a number of questions to check if your management practices in the collection and storage of animal wastes may pose a risk to your groundwater.

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Wild, Simon Richard. "The fate and behaviour of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils and their uptake by plants." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318212.

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Seber, Gizem Ayse. "Preparation Of Antimicrobial Films From Agricultural Biomass." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611403/index.pdf.

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Mainly used food packaging materials are petro-chemical based polymers which present environmental problems since they are not biodegradable and ecologically sustainable. In this study, biodegradable biofilms are produced from xylan, extracted from cotton stalk which is an agricultural biowaste without nutritional value. Antimicrobial property was given to the biofilms with either titanium dioxide sol-gel coatings or titanium dioxide powder addition into the biofilm forming solutions. The antimicrobial activities of biofilms were tested against Escherichia coli. Among two different sol-gels coated and at different temperatures dried biofilms, BWX and CSX-50 biofilms treated at 120°
C and coated with SiO2/TiO2 showed 88±
1% and 75±
2% antimicrobial activities, respectively. Same samples treated at the same conditions but coated with non-SiO2 added TiO2 sol-gel yielded 63±
3% and 63±
2% antimicrobial activities, respectively after 2 h black light illumination. So, it was determined that the highest photocatalytic antimicrobial property was achieved with SiO2/TiO2 coated biofilms. Moreover different concentrations of TiO2 powder were integrated into xylan based biofilms and 100% photocatalytic inactivation was gathered at 5% (w/w) TiO2 addition achieved at both biofilms at the end of 90 min black light illumination. Biodegradability properties of the biofilms were investigated in soil burial test during 180 days and 10% (w/w) TiO2 powder added CSX-50 biofilms were recorded to be 91% biodegradable where non-powder added blank biofilms was found to be 95% biodegradable.

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Hashtroudi, Hanie. "Using agricultural wastes to treat lead-contaminated water in Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2086.

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Aqueous solutions are becoming increasingly contaminated in all parts of the world (2015). Heavy metals are toxic contaminants that are mainly distributed in urban stormwater run-off and industrial wastewaters as a result of some mining operations, electronic assembly planting, battery manufacturing, and etching operations (Kadirvelu et al. 2001). Pb (II) is a heavy metal that causes significant damage in the human body. Drinking lead-contaminated water even at low concentrations may cause lifethreatening conditions such as cancer, kidney damage, brain damage, and liver problems (El-Said 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to remove lead from aqueous solutions. Several conventional physical, chemical, and biological systems have been used to eliminate Pb (II) ions from contaminated aqueous solutions, including membrane filtration (Song et al. 2011), electrolysis (Deng et al. 2010), chemical precipitation (Cort 2005), magnetic base methods (Ma et al. 2017), water filtration (Gohari et al. 2013, Magni et al. 2015), and adsorption techniques (Pehlivan et al. 2009). However, the cost of some of the cited techniques is prohibitively high, while others cannot remove low Pb (II) ion concentrations efficiently (Babel and Kurniawan 2003, Volesky and Holan 1995). Although adsorption is a reasonable process for removing dissolved lead from contaminated water, the cost of using conventional media (e.g. activated carbon and resin) make it cost inhibitive for the treatment of large quantities of wastewater (Cutillas-Barreiro et al. 2016, Demirbas 2008). It also takes a long time in some cases to achieve adsorption equilibrium (Czinkota et al. 2002). In recent decades, interest in the use of cost-effective adsorbents to reduce the expense of water treatment processes has intensified. Attention has been focused on natural agricultural waste materials such as seeds (Gilbert et al. 2011), fruit peel (Mallampati et al. 2015), nut shells (Taşar et al. 2014) , crop residues (El-Said 2010), and fruit shells (Zein et al. 2010) as low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents which are highly efficient and generally available in large quantities (Ibrahim et al. 2010). Against this backdrop, many agricultural residues are being produced every day, and they need to be managed. Using agricultural wastes to treat contaminated water is a low-cost and effective approach that deal with waste management and water treatment at the same time. This project describes an economically viable and practical way to utilize crop residues as adsorbents to remove toxic Pb (II) ions from lead-contaminated water. These agricultural waste adsorbents have a number of advantages; they are cheap and biodegradable, they have a porous surface, and are able to eliminate Pb (II) ions from contaminated water quickly and effectively. Therefore, in this research two Western Australian crop residues were used as adsorbents to eliminate lead ions from aqueous solutions. The study was carried out in four phases: the first phase involved the selection and preparation of different local Western Australian agricultural wastes. Lupin straw and canola stalk were collected from local farms and studied for their efficiency as two low-cost natural adsorbents that can remove dissolved Pb2+ ions from synthetic wastewater. In the second phase, experiments were carried out to understand the equilibria of Pb (II) adsorption onto adsorbents. The effect of various environmental conditions such as contact time, pH, initial adsorbent dosage and adsorbate concentration were investigated. The presence of different functional groups, chemical compositions, and the surface characteristics of the adsorbents were analysed in the third phase using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) devices. In the final phase, the obtained experimental data were validated using different isotherm models developed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Harkins-Jura, Redlich- Peterson and Halsey to describe the adsorption process based on the homogeneity of the surfaces of the adsorbents. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, and fractional power kinetic models were utilized to investigate the dynamic mechanism of lead adsorption onto adsorbents over time.

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Torr, Leigh Christine. "Applications of dairy wastewater as a fertilizer to agricultural land : an environmental management perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1641.

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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
As with any form of intensive agriculture, there are potential environmental impacts associated with the management and housing of livestock on dairy farms. Within the field of dairy farming, particular focus falls to the issue of environmental degradation of water resources, as this form of pollution is currently a major environmental issue around the world. Conventional agricultural practices involving the application of chemical fertilizers to land and crops are causing environmental problems as a result of poor management practices. Dairy wastewater and manures could however be a valuable resource for agricultural producers in the form of an alternate fertilizer for their crops. Waste application as a fertilizer is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers, and could drastically reduce costs for farmers, whilst alleviating storage and management problems often associated with farmyard manures (FYM). The application of organic wastes, notably livestock manures, to land has historically been important for maintaining soil fertility on farms in terms of nutrient status and organic matter levels, as well as helping to reduce soil erosion and improve waterholding capacity. The research sought to investigate the environmental and economical feasibility of using dairy wastewater and manures as an alternative form of fertilizer within agriculture in South Africa.

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Kirkpatrick, Allison Paige. "Evaluation of an Attached Growth Organic Media Bioreactor for Swine Waste Treatment and Odor Abatement." MSSTATE, 2001. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-08102001-000815/.

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The objective of this study was to determine if an organic media attached growth bioreactor could effectively be used as a means of odor control for swine waste. The pilot-scale attached growth bioreactor system was evaluated against a standard pit recharge system, which served as the control. Performance was based on water quality testing, odor assessments by a human sensory panel, and air phase measurements of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The affect of aeration on the system was also evaluated, along with various types of organic media (kenaf, hardwood mulch, and corncobs). Overall, the bioreactor systems were effective in reducing orthophosphate, COD, volatile acids, and phenol concentrations as compared to the control. The bioreactor systems were not effective in reducing the conductivity, ammonia or total solids concentration of the wastewater. With the exception of the corncob media, all bioreactor systems significantly reduced the overall odor intensity and the fecal characteristic of the wastewater as compared to the control system.

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Bennett, Todd Alan. "Evaluation of Bench-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor Swine Waste Treatment Under Continuous and Cyclic Aeration." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04242007-234951/.

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The objectives of this project were to develop operating conditions for a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor to match the design of a full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for treating swine waste and to determine the effects of continuous, low oxygen versus cyclic aeration schemes on sequencing batch reactor system performance. The low aeration technique was intended to develop conditions for low oxygen nitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification so that a comparison could be made to a typical cyclic aeration reactor for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The performance of the two reactor configurations was measured by the settling efficiency, mass removal efficiency, and accumulation of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP). The performance of the reactors did not meet expectations due to excessive loading and source inconsistency. Operational changes to the solids wasting mechanism and to the cyclic aeration system were made during the experiment in an attempt to stimulate reactor performance, which provided insight into the responses of the two types of reactors to these changes. The performance of the continuous aeration reactors met or exceeded the performance of the cyclic aeration reactors, while receiving a 73% lower supply of oxygen. The results support the potential for equipment and energy savings by utilizing low-oxygen continuous aeration for the treatment of swine waste with sequencing batch reactors.

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22

Kwaw-Mensah, David. "Perceptions of agricultural extension educators regarding livestock waste management education in the North Central Region." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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23

Weekes, Christopher Etienne. "Agricultural and Domestic Waste Contamination in Chilibre Panama and Potential Low-Cost Best Managament Practices." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4789.

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Abstract Sanitation coverage in the Republic of Panama is 5 to 10 percent below the Millennium Development Goals targets set for the country. Population growth, urbanization, unplanned development and waste mismanagement have resulted in improvised trash sites and waste discharges into river systems that are important components of the biologically diverse natural environment of Panama. The study sought to investigate and estimate the burden of waste from domestic and agricultural sources in three regions of the Chilibre corrigimiento (district). It was hypothesized that the water quality and land cover data would reflect that the most populated region in the study sample (Region 2) would have more water quality violations than the adjacent background and attenuation regions (Region 1 and Region 3) in the study sample. The results supported that Region 2 had the most water quality violations -- particularly at the CHIL 3 monitoring station. Based on the results the most appropriate best management practices (BMPs) were recommended for the household, community, watershed, and regional level waste management in the study region. Future research will look determine the effectiveness of microfinance programs in bolstering sanitation-based entrepreneurship in Chilibre and across Panama.

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Smith, Jennifer Mary. "Detection of Ammonia-Oxidizing Beta-Proteobacteria in Swine Waste Treatment Systems." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-09162004-173714/.

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In order to obtain supporting evidence for biological denitrification in anaerobic lagoons degenerate ?Ò-Proteobacterial AOB primers were used to create and sequence clone libraries to detect the presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria at three field sites. Although there were PCR products from almost all samples, the clone libraries that were created show that not all PCR reactions produce only PCR products from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. However, these primers did verify the presence of ammonia-oxidizers at one site, although their presence was not verified at the other sites. The presence of ammonia-oxidizers at the Battelle site implies that aerobic ammonia-oxidation is occurring. Clones were created and sequenced that were significantly different from other known sequences and tended to form very closely related phylogenetic groups. These phylogenetic groups were not isolated to one field site, and often more than one site had representatives in a closely related group. Future research in this field includes the design of new primer sets based on the sequences of the nitrifying bacteria clones reported in this research, creation of enrichment cultures, and use of new primers for fluorescent in situ hybridization.

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Marchetti, Ezio. "Use of Agricultural Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284110.

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Global cement production is continuously increasing from 1990 till 2050 and growing particularly rapidly in developing countries, where it represents a crucial element for infrastructure development and industrialisation. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases, on average, about 800 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere, or, in total, the overall production of cement represents roughly 7% of all man-made carbon emissions. The present paper aims to deepen the re-use of agricultural solid waste materials as partial replacement of OPC, which can positively contribute to the sustainability of the concrete industry because of their availability and environmental friendliness. In particular, rice-husk ash (RHA) and oat-husk ash (OHA), burned under the right conditions, can have a high reactive silica content, representing very potential pozzolans. The mechanical and physical characteristics of both materials are investigated to evaluate the influence on concrete properties. Subsequently, using the environmental product declarations (EPDs) of the material used, a comparative environmental impact analysis between RHA concrete and ordinary concrete having the same resistance class, is presented. It is concluded that the use of RHA as supplementary cementitious material can serve a viable and sustainable partial replacement to OPC for the reduction of CO2 emissions and global warming potential.
Den globala cementproduktionen ökar från 1990 till 2050 och växer särskilt snabbt i utvecklingsländer, där den utgör en viktig del för infrastrukturutveckling och industrialisering. Varje ton vanligt portlandcement (OPC) släpper i genomsnitt ut cirka 800 kg koldioxid i atmosfären, och, totalt, representerar den totala cementproduktionen ungefär 7% av alla koldioxidutsläpp från mänsklig verksamhet. Det här examensarbetet syftar till att fördjupa kunskapen om och därmed i förlängningen återanvändningen av fasta avfallsmaterial från jordbruket som delvis ersättning av OPC, vilket kan bidra till hållbarheten i betongindustrin på grund av deras tillgänglighet och miljövänlighet. I synnerhet kan risskalaska (RHA) och havreskalaska (OHA), som bränns under rätt process, ha en hög reaktiv kiseldioxidhalt, vilket representerar mycket potentiella puzzolaner. De mekaniska och fysiska egenskaperna hos båda materialen har undersökts för att utvärdera deras inverkan på betongegenskaper. Därefter presenteras en jämförande miljökonsekvensanalys mellan RHA-betong och OPC-betong med samma motståndsklass med användning av miljövarudeklaration (EPD) för det använda materialet. Man drar slutsatsen att användningen av RHA som alternativt bindemedel (SCM) till OPC kan hjälpa till att minska koldioxidutsläppen och den globala uppvärmningspotentialen.

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Basitere, Moses. "Performance evaluation of an up- and down-flow anaerobic reactor for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2632.

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Thesis (DTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The process of anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable technologies to treat wastewater in the agricultural sector. In South Africa, in some industries in the agricultural sector, such as the poultry industry in particular, slaughterhouses have the highest consumption of potable water, culminating in the production of a large quantity of high strength wastewater. This high consumption of potable water has become a concern in South Africa due to water scarcity and reduced rainfall attributed to global warming, including weather changes. Furthermore, the generation of a large volume of wastewater poses environmental pollution concerns. The wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses can be quite easily treated to a suitable quality for reuse, using various bioreactor systems that utilise low cost anaerobic digestion processes. However, as this wastewater contains a high quantity of biodegradable organic matter – with the primary pollutants being proteins, blood, fats, oil and grease (FOG) – selecting a suitable anaerobic reactor configuration (up-flow vs down-flow) plays an important role in achieving high reactor performance. In this study, both the up-flow, (i.e. Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor) and the down-flow (i.e. Static Granular Static Granular Bed Reactor), were studied to quantitatively determine their performance in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Firstly, the feasibility of treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater with an up-flow Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor (EGSB) coupled with anoxic and aerobic bioreactors was investigated at an HRT of 7 (168 hr), 4 (96 hr) and 3 (72 hr) days using organic loading rates of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 gCOD/L.day. The averaged tCOD removal for the EGSB reactor was 40%, 57% and 55%, respectively, at the various OLRs and HRTs investigated. The overall tCOD removal of the system (EGSB-anoxic/aerobic) at high OLR of 1.0 gCOD/L.day was increased to 65%. The redundant performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor was attributed to the periodical sludge washout experienced during its operation due to high FOG and TSS concentrations in the influent. Due to the periodic sludge washout, the reactor required continuous re-inoculation resulting in the EGSB being operated for a short period (i.e. 26 days). As a result of such system deficiency, it was recommended that to improve the performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, a pre-treatment system – such as a Dissolved Air Floatation system (DAFs) or a FOG skimmer – is required to reduce the FOG and total suspended solids (TSS) load prior to the wastewater fed to the EGSB. This will minimise system failure and the need for a continuous re-inoculation of the system (see Appendix C for improved operation strategy of the EGSB reactor). Furthermore, a system redesign was recommended, thus the use of the SGBR. Secondly, after the EGSB system evaluation, the performance of a down-flow system (i.e. SGBR) for the new design, the following were deemed appropriate for improved system (SGBR) design: 1) reduced HRT for high wastewater treatment through-put rates; 2) the ability to adequately treat the wastewater with higher organic loading rates; and 3) reduction of the plant footprint by using a membrane filtration system (i.e. a single process unit) to effectively reduce process requirements needed for the anoxic/aerobic bioreactors (i.e. n=2 process unit) used with the EGSB. Similarly, for large-scale operations, it is advisable to have a backwash system to adequately handle declogging processes (i.e. these systems modifications were evaluated in the SGBR). The SGBR, coupled with an ultra-filtration (UF) membrane system, was then investigated for treating the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater at an HRT of 55 hrs and 40 hrs, including average OLRs of 1.01 and 3.14 gCOD/L.day, respectively. The average maximum performance of the SGBR in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was > 90% at the OLRs and HRTs investigated. The UF membrane system used as a post-treatment system further yielded a system performance improvement for tCOD, TSS and FOG of 64%, 88% and 60%, respectively. The overall performance of the combined system (SGBR and UF membrane system) in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was 98%, 99.8% and 92.4%, respectively. The highest performance for the down-flow SGBR was attributed to its ability to retain granulated sludge in the reactor while maximizing the digestion of the organic matter fed into the reactor, even at higher OLRs. Furthermore, for effective declogging, the implementation of a periodic backwash system to effectively remove dispersed fine sludge particles in the underdrain and excessive suspended solids entrapment was observed to ease the system operational deficiencies.

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Danso, Humphrey. "Use of agricultural waste fibres as enhancement of soil blocks for low-cost housing in Ghana." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/use-of-agricultural-waste-fibres-as-enhancement-of-soil-blocks-for-lowcost-housing-in-ghana(7cfab325-47fb-4174-8d9d-17d39d4b1897).html.

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The work presented in this thesis investigates the properties and internal mechanism of novel soil blocks made with three different agricultural waste fibres in two different soil types. Experiments were conducted and the main variables include: three fibres (bagasse, coconut and oil palm), three soil samples (Brown, Red and Horsea Island), five fibre content (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 wt.%) and five fibre aspect ratios (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125). Tests conducted include density, compressive, tensile, erosion, wearing, SEM, CT scan, optical microscope analysis and pull-out. Initial tests on small cylindrical specimens produced to determine the effect of compaction rate for producing soil blocks on the strength properties found that, although the low rate of compaction achieved slightly better performance characteristics, there was not a statistically significant difference between the soil blocks produced with low and high compaction rates. Investigation on the effect of aspect ratio of the fibres on the mechanical properties of soil blocks revealed that, in general, an increase in fibre aspect ratio has a positive effect (20-25% improvement) on the strength of enhanced soil blocks. Fibre lengths of 50, 80 and 38 mm for coconut, bagasse and oil palm fibres, respectively, produced maximum strength, only bagasse showed an optimum. Another investigation on the properties of soil blocks reinforced with different fibre contents found that, the inclusion of fibres, enhanced the properties of soil blocks (16-57% strength and 20-70% durability improvement), with optimum performance generally at 0.5wt.% fibre content. Furthermore, the high clayey soil performed better in all the properties of the fibre reinforced soil blocks than the low clay soil. The study on the internal mechanism of fibre-soil matrix interaction established that fibres in the soil matrix are randomly distributed with gaps between the fibres and matrix due to fibre shrinkage. It also found that natural fibres in soil matrix can either be pulled out or break under load. In addition, fibres in the soil matrix undergo changes in size when wet and at its natural moisture content state. In general, the work concludes that the fibre reinforced soil blocks are suitable for use as a building material especially for less economically developed (LED) countries, particularly Ghana, because of the abundance and low-cost of the selected fibres.

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Panyakaew, Satta. "Development and life cycle assessment of agricultural waste materials as thermal insulation for dwellings in Thailand." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574571.

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This thesis investigates the use of agricultural waste materials as alternative raw material for thermal insulation for dwellings in Thailand. A literature review carried out to study the potential of several agricultural waste materials suggested that coconut husks, bagasse and rice hulls offer high potential due to their availability in Thailand, low thermal conductivity, and ability to be made into low density boards. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the environmental and health impacts of thermal insulation boards made from agricultural waste materials currently available on the market with conventional insulation materials. This suggested that the currently available thermal insulation boards made from agricultural waste materials generally had more environmental and health impacts than conventional insulation materials. However, coconut husks and bagasse showed potential; the environmental and health impacts of the insulation boards made from these materials were low and could be lower provided that they were produced with lower thermal conductivity and lower density and without chemical binder. Low-density binderless thermal insulation boards were then developed from coconut husks and bagasse using a hot pressing method with varying hot pressing conditions. The results showed that board density, hot pressing temperature and pressing time were associated with the physical properties of both coconut husk and bagasse insulation boards, including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond. It was also found that while both binderless coconut and bagasse insulation boards had thermal conductivity values in the same range as those of conventional insulation materials, the binderless bagasse insulation boards had better mechanical properties than coconut boards. Binderless bagasse insulation boards produced at a density of 350 kg/m3 treated at a hot pressing temperature of 200°C for 13 min could satisfy the requirements of JIS A 5905:2003 Insulation Fibreboards except for thickness swelling. LCA was carried out for two potential bagasse insulation boards (350 and 230 kg/m3 density) in comparison with conventional insulation materials. The results suggested that a board of 230 kg/m3 density offers lower environmental impacts than cellulose, fibreglass and rock wool insulations. The outcome of this study indicates that bagasse, an agricultural waste material, has significant potential as alternative raw material for thermal insulation production in the context of Thailand.

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O'Brien, Megan Lynn. "Design of a mobile torrefaction reactor for in-situ conversion of agricultural waste to solid biofuel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104263.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 143-149).
Significant volumes of biomass waste are generated each year as a result of agricultural practices in India. Despite the negative environmental impacts, in-situ incineration of crop residues is common practice for disposal of this waste. Transportation of raw biomass accounts for a significant portion of the cost of biomass conversion processes due to its low energy density and high bulk volume. The use of raw biomass also reduces the overall efficiency of thermochemical conversion processes due to high moisture content, over-oxidation of the fuel resulting from high oxygen content, and the relatively high oxygen to carbon ratio. There has been much recent interest in improving the properties of biomass prior to gasification and pyrolysis through densification, drying, and mild thermochemical treatments. One approach is a process known as torrefaction, which is a mild pyrolysis process that is shown to produce an energy-dense fuel with improved transport, storage, and feedstock characteristics. Particularly in the Indian context, there is a need for the development of a small-scale system which can densify and upgrade the properties of agricultural residues after harvest. This thesis presents the design and preliminary testing of a lab-scale moving-bed torrefaction reactor. Key learnings from the assembly and testing of this machine are identified and recommendations for improvement are made. A rudimentary model evaluating the heat transfer in packed bed of biomass is developed to provide a framework for analyzing future reactor designs. The functional requirements of a labscale screw conveyor torrefaction reactor are developed based on this analysis and a preliminary reactor architecture is proposed. Multiple studies are recommended to improve the reliability of the heat transfer model. Recommendations are made for future design iterations of the lab-scale screw conveyor torrefaction reactor.
by Megan Lynn O'Brien.
S.M.

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30

Swart, Shanna. "Nanofiber immobilized cellulases and hemicellulases for fruit waste beneficiation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017914.

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Gough, Suzanne. "Production of ethanol from molasses using the thermotolerant yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284833.

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Marbis, Juan Manuel. "CO2 Enrichment and Hot Water Heat in a Greenhouse as a Mean of Recovering Bioresources From Swine Waste." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010822-165338.

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ABSTRACTMarbis, Juan M. CO2 Enrichment and Hot Water Heat in a Greenhouse as a Mean of Recovering Bioresources From Swine Waste. (Under the direction of Daniel H. Willits) Predictions of heating and cooling requirements of a greenhouse located at the Barham Farm, Zebulon, N.C. were made via computer simulation. Kimball?s Modular Energy Balance Model (MEB) was used to simulate thermal behavior of the greenhouse. The weather inputs to the model were provided by data collected at the greenhouse and a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY2) data file for Raleigh, NC. Greenhouse air temperature (Tai), inside CO2 concentration (CO2) and inside relative humidity (RH) levels were used to validate the accuracy of the model. Absolute percentage differences ranging from 5.92% to 10.67% for Tai were observed. CO2 levels showed the biggest differences between observed and predicted data, from 14.93% to 42.33%, and RH showed a difference of 9.79% to 19.41%. Heating times were under-predicted, showing percentage difference between observed and predicted periods from -3.01% to -34.87%. On the other hand, cooling periods were over-predicted. With the exception of the month of February were cooling periods were under-predicted. Percentage difference for cooling periods ranged from -3.59% to 27.80%. The use of supplemental heat using a 10,000 gallon hot water tank serving as a waste heat collector was simulated. No data was available on its operation. Based on specific operating assumptions, it is expected that heat from the hot water will supply approximately 35% of the total energy demand of the greenhouse in a typical meteorological year. It was observed that the use of supplemental heat is most sensitive to its initial water temperature and the cutoff temperature. Outside weather conditions to which the use of hot water is most sensitive are solar radiation and wind speed.

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Slutzky, Jessica Lauren. "Dipped Natural Rubber Latex Thin Films: Hypoallergenic Accelerator Formulations for Crosslinking, and Composites with Waste-Derived Fillers." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557188601986261.

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Vaz, Sílvia Liliana de Seixas. "Caracterização e diagnóstico da situação relativa à gestão dos resíduos sólidos de origem agrícola no concelho de Vila Franca de Xira." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5350.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
This paper presents a critical analysis of the agricultural solid waste management, taking as case study the county of Vila Franca de Xira. In order to support this analysis we present the literature review and the contacts with public and private entities and organizations with an interest in the present work. It is made a brief introduction to clarify the reasons that explain the genesis of the problem of waste in general and the agricultural waste in particular and the importance of its managing. It is also mentioned the main problems raised by wastes in the environment, its management, and the main solutions adopted for each of these wastes. It is presented the legislation and institutional framework for the wastes of agricultural sources, indicating the documents and entities involved in waste management. For the case study, it was characterized the county in general and justified the decision to limit the analysis to the Lezíria Grande de Vila Franca de Xira. The data related to waste management in the area and a critical analysis of the actual situation, including suggestions for intervention in the management of agricultural waste that may help to improve the current situation.

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Martinez, Jason A. (Jason Alexander). "Improvement of kiln design and combustion/carbonization timing to produce charcoal from agricultural waste in Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40452.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).
Current economic conditions in third world countries like Haiti are so poor that the majority of the population has no access to energy sources that people in the first world take for granted. In Haiti the last two percent of the forests are being cut down to provide energy for basic cooking to survive. In response to the situation, MIT professors and students are designing a multi-step process for making charcoal briquettes from local agricultural waste products, or biomass. The process involves the combustion and carbonization of biomass at sustained high temperature in an air-tight metal barrel kiln to produce char. The char produced from Haiti's main agricultural waste product, bagasse, must be powderized, mixed with a binder, compressed into briquettes, and finally baked. The purpose of the thesis was to improve on key areas of the charcoal making process. The goals were to: conduct and investigation into alternative kiln layouts; address safety concerns with water boiling, briquette baking, and bottom venting; design of a method for uniform and complete briquette baking using heat from the carbonizing kiln; and gain a better understanding of the importance combustion timing and sealing.
(cont.) Design for affordable, low level manufacturing would be an important requirement as well. The results of the thesis were: an analysis of possible kiln designs based on the supplies typically available in developing countries; improvements to safety by using wire tethers on kiln hardware to allow kiln operators to keep a safe distance; a proposed new design for a briquette baking box with multiple briquette banks; and combustion timing and kiln insulation techniques to maximize char output.
by Jason A. Martinez.
S.B.

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Bell, Andrew Norman William. "Optimisation of microbial function for the manufacture of bio-fuels from agricultural, domestic and industrial waste materials." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669553.

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In industrial fermentation processes, alcohols accumulate and become a limiting factor to their own production through metabolic rate limitation leading to reduction of overall yield. Fermentation efficiency is reduced directly by the action of alcohols through disruption of cellular macromolecular structures. This reduces a cell's ability to undergo life processes, leading inexorably to cell death. In order to offset this ethanol-induced stress, cells produce a diverse range of stress protectants (compatible solutes). These have proven to reduce macromolecular disruption, even from agents with chaotropic modes of action and, thus, aid overall cellular stabilisation. A library of yeast species and strains was constructed to allow the identification of uniquely tolerant or intolerant stress resistance patterns, in the presence of diverse stressors. After selecting yeasts that ' proved most capable of survival across a range of stress conditions, their intracellular polyols were identified and quantified. Beta-Galactosidase, was used as a single component enzyme model system. This allowed analysis of the effects that aliphatic alcohols, compatible solutes and a combination thereof, had on the kinetic parameters of the enzyme. Whole cell stress effects were similarly examined to determine the impact of compatible solute supplementation at biologically relevant concentrations on cell growth and fermentation ability. Polyols were found to partially restore enzyme kinetic parameters and cellular growth rate during alcohol-induced inhibition. At moderate, intracellularly relevant concentrations they compounded the problem. Ultimately there were indications that some compatible solutes may be useful at low concentrations during later stages of fermentation. This thesis provides some of the basic information to enable further work in establishing appropriate supplementation procedures and the economic benefits (if any) thereof.

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Arati, James M. "Evaluating the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion of Kawangware Market Waste." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2200.

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Rinquest, Zainab. "Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using a static granular bed reactor (Sgbr) coupled with a hybrid sidestream membrane bioreactor." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2638.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
An increase in the demand for poultry products coupled with the potable water shortages currently experienced in South Africa (SA), attributed to climate change among other factors, makes it crucial for SA to develop water conservation strategies to minimize potable water consumption by water-intensive industries, such as the poultry industry. The development of innovative wastewater treatment processes is therefore paramount in attempting to counteract the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) discharge into the environment. Moreover, increasing wastewater treatment costs and the implementation of increasingly stringent government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. This study, investigated the feasibility of treating PSW from a poultry slaughterhouse to: 1) a water quality standard compliant with industrial wastewater discharge standards and 2) for possible re-use purposes. The performance of a lab-scale PSW treatment system consisting of an anaerobic static granular bed reactor (SGBR) followed by single stage nitrificationdenitrification (SSND) bioreactor and sidestream ultrafiltration membrane module (ufMM) post-treatment systems, were evaluated, with the objective being to: assess the treatment efficiency of the individual treatment systems namely; the SGBR, SSND bioreactor, and ufMM, under varying operational conditions, as well as to determine the performance of the overall designed PSW treatment system. The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was used to reduce the organic matter (COD, BOD5, and FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS) in the PSW. Anaerobic granules from a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater were used to inoculate the SGBR, and the PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). The SGBR was operated continuously at mesophilic temperature (35-37 °C) without pH modification and under varying HRTs (24, 36, 48, 55, and 96 h) and OLRs (0.73 to 12.49 g COD/Lday), for a period of 138 days. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and Design Expert® 10.0.3 statistical software. Periodic backwashing of the SGBR system was performed using stored effluent, i.e. treated PSW.

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Essilfie, Rexford Justice. "Protein upgrading of orange peel waste for stock feed by solid substrate fermentation /." View thesis, 1985. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031205.144428/index.html.

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Thesis (M.Sc.) -- Hawkesbury Agricultural College, 1985.
"A thesis submitted to Hawkesbury Agricultural College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science."

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40

Sendich, Elizabeth Diane. "Modeling and analysis of the biorefinery integrated with the agricultural landscape." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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41

Dammur, Manoj. "Stimulating national biogas production : The case of Swedish agricultural wastemanagement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172019.

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Swedish state has been promoting alternative renewable fuels like biogas to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and to curb related greenhouse gas emissions. Owing to many policies like subsidies and tax exemptions for using biogas, the country has seen a surge in demand for biogas. Meanwhile, the increase in production of biogas in Sweden has been modest in recent years, though many studies have estimated substantially higher potentials from many sources. Agricultural feedstock/biomass is one among these sources where production and use of biogas could address many challenges faced by farmers like agricultural waste management, soil nutrient management, methane emissions from manure etc. while closing the nutrient cycle and contributing to sustainability.This work is an investigation on how to stimulate the growth of biogas production based on agricultural feedstock/biomass production in Sweden. Since policies give different results in different states/countries depending on the local preconditions, locally developed policies, national policies and EU policies should integrate well in all the policy sectors in that particular region to give the intended result. The current production capacity is about 2 TWh worth of biogas/year but the theoretical potential is estimated to be up to 15 TWh that has been claimed by many researches and literature works like in (Westlund, et al., 2019). Much of the potential has not been explored especially in the field of agriculture. It is asserted in many articles that the true potential of biogas production from Swedish agriculture is far greater than what is produced today. Yet, all the regulations, financial and other financial instruments failed to stimulate local biogas production in Sweden to attain its full theoretical potential. The results presented in this study show where these policies failed and what else apart from the policies could be improved in order promote biogas production.Farmers are hesitant to invest in biogas production because of the complexity and unpredictability of the existing policies. There has been significant negative impact from lack technological training of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. This is also reflected as difficulties in finding trained and dedicated staff for biogas plant operations. Low profitability of biogas business exists ever since the production started and the financial aids are insufficient. Strict digestate regulations along with worsening substrate competition also creates problems. Permits to run the biogas plants are perceived to be expensive alongside increasing investment costs and taxes, affecting already low profitability. There is also a lack of infrastructure in terms of electricity/gas grid connectivity. Feed in tariffs for electricity produced from renewable sources are not bringing enough profitability to the business. Technological improvements are needed in terms of agricultural machinery that can use upgraded biogas as fuel and treatment of digestate to eliminate heavy metal content. Producers need more long term, sure market for their biogas.
Biogasmarknadsutredningen of BRC

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42

Eldridge, Simon Michael. "An Improved Technique for Estimating Plant Available Nitrogen Supply from Recycled Organic Wastes Applied to Agricultural Land." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367482.

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In order to integrate organic fertilisers into mainstream agriculture, it is necessary to be able to predict with reasonable accuracy the supply of nutrients from a given product. This will allow organic fertilisers to be applied to the soil at correct rates (on their own and in combination with inorganic fertilisers) to meet the crop nutrient requirements and avoid any excess supply that might harm the environment. The focus of the research within this thesis was on the supply of plant available nitrogen (PAN) from recycled organic (RO) wastes and its prediction. The research documented in this thesis addressed the following four hypotheses; • Hypothesis 1 – The NLBAR (i.e. Nitrogen Limited Biosolids Application Rate) formula (New South Wales biosolid guidelines) and its percentage organic N mineralisation assumptions provide an accurate prediction of the mineral N supply from biosolids in the first year of a crop. • Hypothesis 2 – RO waste composition affects the proportion of its organic N mineralised in the soil. • Hypothesis 3 – Certain composition characteristics of RO wastes can provide a reliable prediction of the mineral N supply from RO wastes under controlled conditions. • Hypothesis 4 – Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to accurately predict the mineral N supply and recalcitrant C pools from RO wastes applied to the soil, under controlled conditions.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Angadam, Justine Oma. "Tertiary biovalorisation of Grape pomace." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2836.

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Thesis (Masters of Environmental Health)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
In the Western Cape, South Africa and other regions globally, grape pomace (GP) is one of the abundant agro-waste from the winery industry. This study reports on the hyper-extraction of fermentable sugars from GP treated with white rot fungi (WRF) Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF 1767 to facilitate improved biovalorisation for total reducing sugars (TRS) extraction in conjunction with Nepenthes mirabilis digestive fluids. TRS were quantified using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent method. The free readily dissolvable sugars from the GP recorded for the bio-treated (BT) samples was 206.39 ± 0.06 mg/L and for the untreated (UT) samples was 271.05 ± 0.02 mg/L. Overall, the TRS yield for the Bio-treated (BT) and untreated (UT) samples was recorded as 205.68 ± 0.09 and 380.93 ± 0.14 mg/L, respectively, using hot water pretreatment (HWP) with 2266.00 ± 0.73 (BT) and 2850.68 ± 0.31 mg/L (UT), respectively, for dilute acid pretreatment (DAP); with 2068.49 ± 6.02 (BT) and 2969.61 ± 8.054 mg/L (UT) respectively, using the cellulase pretreatment (CP) method. Using the HWP as a reference, the relative increases imparted by the biotreatment was higher (51%) for DAP and low (33%) for CP. The combination of conventional used pre-treatment methods (hot water pretreatment, dilute acid pre-treatment, and cellulase pre-treatment) in a single pot system was also done while monitoring the total residual phenolics (TRPCs) in the samples. Furthermore, powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) were used to measure the crystallinity index (CrI) and functional groups of pre- and post-pretreated GP to ascertain the efficiency of the pre-treatment methods, with quantification of lignin, holocellulose, and ash. Overall, the TRS yield for N. mirabilis pre-treated agro-waste was 951 mg/L ± 4.666 mg/L, with biomass having a lower CrI of 33%, and 62% residual lignin content. Furthermore, reduced TRPCs were observed in hydrolysate, suggesting limited inhibitory by-product formation during N. mirabilis pre-treatment

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Mansoor, Zaheer Ahmad. "Xylan as Strength Enhancing Additive." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145861.

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The effect of xylan from different plant species on tensile properties of spruce pulp was studied. Xylans from spruce, birch, wheat straw and rice husks were mixed with the fresh white liquor and added at the later stages of separate kraft cooks, in exchange of the black liquor removed from the system at that time. Results show that xylans, from rice husk, wheat straw and birch, gave stronger pulps. However it was only possible to attach small quantities of xylans onto the fibers. Moreover, pulps containing birch and rice xylan were easier to beat than the other pulps in the study.

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Soupir, Michelle Lynn. "Release and Transport of Bacteria and Nutrients from Livestock Manure Applied to Pastureland." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34471.

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Transport of fecal bacteria and nutrients from point and nonpoint sources to surface water bodies is of significant concern in Virginia and the United States. In Virginia, 4,320 river miles are impaired for one or more beneficial use and 72% of the streams are impaired due to pathogen indicators (VDEQ, 2002). Land applications of manure from confined animal systems and by direct deposit by grazing animals are both major sources of fecal bacteria and nutrients in runoff. Therefore, an understanding of the overland transport mechanisms for fecal bacteria and nutrients is very important for the development of best management practices to reduce loading of pathogens and nutrients to surface water bodies. The objectives of this study were to quantify the release and transport potential of three fecal bacterial indicators: E. coli, Enterococcus, and fecal coliforms; and nitrogen and phosphorus from land applied manure during runoff events. Another objective was to identify the Enterococcus species present in dairy manure and determine which species have the highest potential to be transported by runoff.

Release plots were established to study the in-field bacteria and nutrient release. The bacteria and nutrients released from the plots are available to be transported to the edge of the field in runoff. Four manure treatments (turkey litter, liquid dairy manure, cowpies, and none or control) and three land type treatments: pasture with a history of poultry litter application (Turkey Farm), pasture with a history of liquid dairy manure application (Dairy Farm), and pasture with no prior manure application (Tech Research Farm) were studied. During a short but intense rainfall event, the highest bacterial release was measured under the cowpie treatment (E. coli concentrations ranging from 37,000 to >300,000 and FC concentrations ranging from 65,000 to >300,000). Pasturelands with a history of previous manure applications did not release higher bacteria concentrations compared with pasturelands which had never received manure applications. Pasturelands with a history of land application of liquid dairy manure and turkey litter had 143% and 94% higher TSS concentrations available to be transported off the field during overland flow events because of the build up of organic material on the soil surface. TP concentrations released from the cowpie, liquid dairy, and turkey litter treatments were 3.12 mg/L, 3.00 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively.

Transport plots were developed to measure the concentrations of fecal bacteria and nutrients present in overland flow at the edge of the field. The bacteria flow-weighted concentrations were highest in runoff samples from the plots treated with cowpies (200,000 CFU/100 mL of E. coli and 234,000 CFU/100 mL of FC). The turkey litter had the highest concentration of dissolved phosphorus in runoff from pasturelands (1.22 mg/L), but the cowpie treatment had the highest concentrations of sediment bound phosphorus in runoff (0.73 mg/L). All three treatments investigated in this study contributed to phosphorus loading in surface waters and could potentially increase the risk of eutrophication. Total nitrogen concentrations from the transport plots exceeded the threshold for likely eutrophication problems for all treatments and the total nitrogen concentrations from plots treated with cowpies exceeded the threshold for severe eutrophication problems.

The Biolog System, a method of bacterial source tracking, was used to identify the different species of Enterococcus present both in the cowpie source manure and in the runoff collected from the transport plots treated with cowpies. The source manure is dominated by the Enterococcus mundtii (55%), Enterococcus gallinarum (20%), Enterococcus faecium (10%), and Enterococcus faecalis (10%). Enterococcus faecalis had the highest percentage of isolates present in runoff with a total of 37%, followed by Enterococcus mundtii which was present in 21% of the runoff events and Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus faecium (11%).

Improvements in understanding the bacterial release and overland processes will enhance modeling of bacteria and nutrient transport, and provide a basis for a more realistic evaluation of the impacts of management practices implementation. The data from this study will serve as a baseline to model the release and transport of fecal bacteria and nutrients from agricultural watersheds to surface waters.

Master of Science

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Nascimento, Katarina Botelho de Melo. "Resíduos agroindustriais utilizados para produção de tanase por aspergillus sp isolado da caatinga do Nordeste Brasileiro." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1036.

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A utilização de resíduos agroindustriais na produção de diversos bioprodutos tem surgido como uma alternativa viável, para o aproveitamento na formação de subprodutos através da bioconversão de resíduos agroindustriais que estão cada vez mais utilizados. Os resíduos se caracterizam como materiais extremamente heterogêneos, e que servem tanto como fonte de carbono e energia, quanto para o crescimento microbiano, reduzindo assim os custos de produção de diversas enzimas microbianas e minimizando o impacto ambiental que esses materiais ocasionariam ao serem descartados no meio ambiente. Os fungos filamentosos apresentam um elevado potencial biotecnológico para produção de enzimas de origem microbiana. As tanases são enzimas extracelulares que catalisam a quebra de taninos hidrolisáveis, induzíveis, produzidas por diversos micro-organismos, principalmente por fungos filamentosos, por fermentação sólida, líquida ou submersa, com vasta aplicação em diversos seguimentos de origem industrial e comercial. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de formular meios considerados econômicos para produção de tanases utilizando resíduos agroindustriais (café, uva e laranja) pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus isolado da caatinga do estado de Pernambuco. A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu na seleção do fungo, onde ele apresentou atividade degradadora do ácido tânico, porém a linhagem que apresentou melhor atividade foi o SIS 4. Essa linhagem, posteriormente, foi testada em meios de cultura adicionando 10 g/L de resíduos agroindustriais a uma solução de sais contendo 10 g/L de ácido tânico. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o resíduo de café para a linhagem previamente selecionada.
The use of agro-industrial waste in the production of various bioproducts has emerged as a viable alternative for use in the formation of by-products through bioconversion of agro-industrial waste that are increasingly used. The waste material is characterized as highly heterogenous, and they serve both as a source of carbon and energy, as for microbial growth thus reducing the production costs of several microbial enzymes and minimizing the environmental impact that these materials would provoke to be disposed in the environment. Filamentous fungi has a high potential for biotechnological production of enzymes of microbial origin. The tanases are extracellular enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of hydrolyzable tannins, inducible produced by various microorganisms, mainly by filamentous fungi , for ferment solid, liquid or submerged in a wide application in various segments of origin industrial and commercial. This work presents a proposal to formulate considered economical means for tannase production using agroindustrial waste (coffee, grape and orange) by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus isolated from the caatinga of Pernambuco state. The first stage of the research consisted in the selection of the fungus, where he was active degrading tannic acid, but the strain that showed the best activity was the SIS 4. This strain was subsequently tested in culture media by adding 10 g/L of the agroindustrial waste salt solution containing 10 g /L tannic acid. The best results were obtained with the residue of coffee to the line previously selected.

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McDonald, Russ R. "Development of a vortex generating flume for the removal of phosphorus from waste streams." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/492.

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Linnig, William A. III. "IS DENSIFIED BIOMASS FUEL FROM AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OPTION?" UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/7.

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Raw biomass material is bulky, high in void fraction, and very low in transportation efficiency. Furthermore, biomass dissipates quickly in harsh environments of high heat furnaces because of its relatively low calorific value (BTU/lb) and has grinding or size degradation properties highly dissimilar from commonly-used fossil fuels like coal. Therefore, the development of transformational technologies are necessary to convert raw biomass into high-value and useful products of high hardness and calorific value without requiring excessive process energy. This thesis investigates the sustainability of densified biomass fuels. In addition, a procedure that converts raw biomass from agro/forest industry waste into a fuel source known as semi-carbonized densified biomass (SCDB) is shown to have the necessary performance qualities that are conducive to applications involving the harsh conditions of high heat furnaces. The SCDB is produced at temperatures between 115-230°C and pressures between 8-25 MPa. The raw biomass is transformed into a densified fuel source with maximum compressive strengths between 60-200 MPa and calorific values between 18-23 MJ/kg, which are essential to operating in high heat furnace environments. The procedural steps and equipment used to manufacture this densified fuel source are outlined in detail along with experimental results and discussions of initial testing.

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Cherosky, Phil Boone. "Anaerobic Digestion of Yard Waste and Biogas Purification by Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337370128.

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Thompson, Reese S. "Hydrogen Production By Anaerobic Fermentation Using Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Utilizing a Two-Stage Digestion System." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/208.

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Hydrogen production by means of anaerobic fermentation was researched utilizing three different substrates. Synthetic wastewater, dairy manure, and cheese whey were combined together at different concentrations under batch anaerobic conditions to determine the optimal hydrogen producing potential and waste treatment of each. Cheese whey at a concentration of 55% was combined with dairy manure at a concentration of 45% to produce 1.53 liters of hydrogen per liter of substrate. These results are significant because the control, synthetic wastewater, which was a glucose-based substrate, produced less hydrogen, 1.34 liters per liter of substrate, than the mixture of cheese whey and dairy manure. These findings indicate that cheese whey and dairy manure, which are of little value, have potential to produce clean combusting hydrogen fuel. The effluent from the anaerobic hydrogen fermentations was then placed into a second continuous-fed reactor as part of a two-phase anaerobic digestion system. This system was designed to produce hydrogen and methane for a mixture of approximately 10% hydrogen. The two-stage process also further treated the synthetic wastewater, dairy manure, and cheese whey. The two-phase anaerobic methanogenic reactor was shown to produce more methane in the second phase (56 L IBR anaerobic digester), 1.36 mL per minute per liter substrate, as compared to the single-phase anaerobic reactor (56 L IBR), which produced 1.22 mL per minute per liter substrate. In general, this research has suggested that agricultural and food processing wastes provide the needed nutrients for hydrogen production and that a two-phase anaerobic digestion system is ideally set up to produce hydrogen-methane mixtures while treating wastes for discharge into the environment.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agricultural waste'

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