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1
Piantari, Erna, Herdi Ashaury, and Enjun Junaeti. "SISTEM REKOMENDASI PERTANIAN PADA ARSITEKTUR AGRIBUSINESS E-MARKETPLACE." JITK (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Komputer) 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/jitk.v5i2.1121.
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Currently the development of information technology has driven the development of e-commerce which is quite promising in Indonesia. This development has brought an era of new digital-based creative developments. Agriculture as one of the economic and community welfare bases in Indonesia needs to be developed and supported with digital finance. Several agricultural markets have been established in Indonesia to help farmers to participate in digital economic activities. Some e-commerce systems that have been built in Indonesia only help the downstream process or the marketing process. While farmers need information that can help them for agricultural purposes. Machine learning technology uses data collected in the agricultural marketplace system to be used in building a social assessment system. Recommendations for agricultural activities are adjusted to the cost of agriculture, location of agriculture, pricing of agricultural commodities at the time of receipt and timing of agricultural activities. In this research an analysis and design of an agricultural e-commerce system will be provided to provide farmers to sell their agricultural products at competitive prices and help farmers to obtain information that can be used to plan further agricultural activities.
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Subejo, Subejo. "PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN INDONESIA : ISU PRIVATISASI DAN IMPLIAKISNYA." Agro Ekonomi 9, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16798.
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The organization, mandate, and practices of agricultural and rural extension systems are changing worldwide, and it is vital that each region keep pace with the latest developments. The challenges of introducing appropriate institutional measures must be accepted by each government in order to reform the national agricultural extension systems in response to the global changes, otherwise the extension systems will become obsolete.Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization". Privatization is used in the broadest sense of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. The arguments for privatization are based upon: more efficient delivery of service, lowered government expenditure. and higher quality of services. Privatization of agricultural extension system implies0 a division of appropriate role between public sector and private sector. Cost and service sharing among extension service providers can be formed into some systems encompass contract, vouchers, competitive grant fund, subsidize, and commercial extension service.This paper aims to discuss about privatization issues and its implications on Indonesian agricultural extension system. Related parties and sectors on Indonesian agricultural extension system should pay more attention in order to reform the old system and to reconstruct it into a new system--client-oriented extension
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Hidayati, Filya, Yonariza Yonariza, Nofialdi Nofialdi, and Dwi Yuzaria. "Analisis Keuntungan dan Kendala Penerapan Konsep Sistem Pertanian Terpadu (SPT) di Indonesia." JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis) : Jurnal Agribisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 5, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jia.v5i3.11688.
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This research is to find the development of integrated agricultural systems implemented in several countries and in Indonesia and the constraints that occur in the implementation of integrated farming systems (IFS). IFS is a solution to a crisis situation where agriculture or livestock can no longer support all the economic, ecological, ecosystem, social, and technological aspects. This integrated farming system combines agriculture with livestock, fisheries, forestry, and tourism. Plants with livestock are interconnected and mutually beneficial and mutually supportive. This incorporation involves utilizing all existing resources in its entirety, to produce by-products in the form of waste utilization from agriculture and livestock (zero waste) and supported by technological developments to support it. The method uses integrated farming systems by looking for similarities, differences, views, and summarizes the results of previous research. This research covers literature studies on the development, implementation, and constraints that occur in integrated farming systems in several countries in the world, and Indonesia with various models of integrated farming systems are applied. Based on a literature study found that integrated farming systems can improve food security, farmer welfare, increase soil fertility, increase employment, create renewable technology, and the importance of government support to create opportunities for farmers in increasing their agricultural scale and more prosperous farmers in the future. In addition, there are also obstacles in IFS such as the absence of a correct understanding (farmers and facilitators), yield and productivity levels have not convinced farmers, the model is not in accordance with the ecosystem, has not utilized local potential, the existence of integrators have not been considered, yet the existence of comprehensive studies and agricultural development policies are not pro-farmers and lack of supporting technology.
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Mohammad Zaini, Dahlan, Mustika Ratna Dewi, and Vania Okky Putri. "Inisiatif GIAHS untuk Pengelolaan Lanskap Pertanian Tradisional Berkelanjutan: Studi Kasus di Desa Sudaji, Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jli.v12i1.32079.
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Traditional agricultural landscape is an important part of rural community’s life and perceived as a cultural heritage. There are various cultural values and agricultural systems with local wisdom that should be preserved. One of the strategies that can be carried out is the initiative of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) which promotes an agricultural landscape becomes a sustainable agricultural heritage system. However, Indonesia as an agricultural country, did not yet has any site that have been registered and participated as a GIAHS site. In fact, there is area with traditional agricultural landscape that is highly potential to be registered, namely Sudaji Village, located in Buleleng Regency, Bali. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the potential and constraints of Sudaji Village regarding its agricultural landscape to be designated as GIAHS Sites in Indonesia. The methods used in this research are benchmarking method and field survey. The results showed that Sudaji Village met the five criterias to be designated as one of GIAHS Sites, as follow: (1) the contribution of the agricultural system to food security and livelihoods, (2) the use of biodiversity as a source of food and agriculture, (3) knowledge and experience of traditional community systems that are still being maintained, (4) the existence of two village government systems that affect the value system and culture of the community, and (5) the landscape condition that is influenced by people's knowledge in managing agricultural landscapes. Hopefully, Sudaji Village will become a part of the GIAHS Sites with its potentials.
Keywords: benchmarking method, GIAHS Initiative, landscape management, Sudaji Village, traditional agricultural landscape
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Mohammad Zaini, Dahlan, Mustika Ratna Dewi, and Vania Okky Putri. "Inisiatif GIAHS untuk Pengelolaan Lanskap Pertanian Tradisional Berkelanjutan: Studi Kasus di Desa Sudaji, Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jli.v12i1.32079.
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Traditional agricultural landscape is an important part of rural community’s life and perceived as a cultural heritage. There are various cultural values and agricultural systems with local wisdom that should be preserved. One of the strategies that can be carried out is the initiative of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) which promotes an agricultural landscape becomes a sustainable agricultural heritage system. However, Indonesia as an agricultural country, did not yet has any site that have been registered and participated as a GIAHS site. In fact, there is area with traditional agricultural landscape that is highly potential to be registered, namely Sudaji Village, located in Buleleng Regency, Bali. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the potential and constraints of Sudaji Village regarding its agricultural landscape to be designated as GIAHS Sites in Indonesia. The methods used in this research are benchmarking method and field survey. The results showed that Sudaji Village met the five criterias to be designated as one of GIAHS Sites, as follow: (1) the contribution of the agricultural system to food security and livelihoods, (2) the use of biodiversity as a source of food and agriculture, (3) knowledge and experience of traditional community systems that are still being maintained, (4) the existence of two village government systems that affect the value system and culture of the community, and (5) the landscape condition that is influenced by people's knowledge in managing agricultural landscapes. Hopefully, Sudaji Village will become a part of the GIAHS Sites with its potentials.
Keywords: benchmarking method, GIAHS Initiative, landscape management, Sudaji Village, traditional agricultural landscape
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van Schendel, Willem. "What Is Agrarian Labour? Contrasting Indigo Production in Colonial India and Indonesia." International Review of Social History 60, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000012.
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AbstractIn scholarly writings, the term “agrarian labour” is used variously. It can refer to a very specific set of productive activities – the cultivation of crops and animal husbandry – but it can also have the much broader connotation of rural or non-urban labour. These different uses can be confusing, especially in comparative research. This paper starts from the French comparative agriculture school and its conceptualization of three nested scales of analysis – the “cropping system”, the “activity system”, and the “agrarian system”. It tests these ideas in a comparison of labour employed in the production of indigo dye in two colonial systems (British India and the Dutch East Indies). The article concludes that this approach helps counteract monocausal explanations of labour relations in terms of agro-environmental determinants, the force of colonial capitalism, or local work cultures. It also promotes agriculture-sensitive readings of social transformations by comparing social orders that comprise both agricultural and non-agricultural labour relations.
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Wahyono, Effendi, and Nurul Huda. "Agricultural Extension Education in Indonesia in the Colonial Period 1900-1941." Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 30, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i1.22893.
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This paper examines agricultural extension education during the colonial period in Indonesia and used historical research to investigate it. The agricultural extension was formed in 1911. Agricultural experts in Indonesia at that time were agricultural engineers who graduated from Agricultural College in Wageningen, the Netherlands. They did not understand much about indigenous cultures, languages, and agrarian systems. The task of the agricultural extension was to improve the economy of rural peasant communities. Agricultural education in Indonesia began with the Middlebare Landbouw School for higher education. For lower-level education or the first secondary school, Cultuur School was established. This school prepared graduates to work as forestry officials, agricultural supervisors, and agricultural extension workers. The number of graduates was minimal, so it can not reach the vast territory of Indonesia. For this reason, graduates of agricultural schools who worked in extension offices (Landbouwvoorlichtingsdienst) gave agricultural courses to village school teachers (Vervolksschool). The teachers then taught agriculture to grade five elementary school students, and peasant groups formed in the villages. These peasant groups were led by peasants who have succeeded in the village, which were then used as movers in village economic growth.Tulisan ini membahas pendidikan penyuluhan pertanian selama periode kolonial di Indonesia dan menggunakan menggunakan metode sejarah untuk menelitinya. Penyuluhan pertanian dibentuk pada tahun 1911. Ahli pertanian di Indonesia pada waktu itu adalah insinyur pertanian yang lulus dari Sekolah Tinggi Pertanian di Wageningen, Belanda. Mereka tidak mengerti banyak tentang budaya, bahasa, dan sistem agraria lokal. Tugas penyuluhan pertanian adalah untuk meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat petani pedesaan. Pendidikan pertanian di Indonesia dimulai dengan Middlebare Landbouw School untuk pendidikan tinggi. Untuk pendidikan tingkat rendah atau sekolah menengah pertama, Cultuur School didirikan. Sekolah ini mempersiapkan lulusan untuk bekerja sebagai pejabat kehutanan, pengawas pertanian, dan penyuluh pertanian. Jumlah lulusannya sangat minim, sehingga tidak bisa menjangkau wilayah Indonesia yang luas. Untuk alasan ini, lulusan sekolah pertanian yang bekerja di kantor penyuluhan (Landbouw voorlichtings dienst) memberikan kursus pertanian kepada guru sekolah desa (Vervolksschool). Para guru kemudian mengajar pertanian ke kelas lima siswa sekolah dasar, dan kelompok tani terbentuk di desa-desa. Kelompok tani ini dipimpin oleh petani yang telah berhasil di desa, yang kemudian digunakan sebagai penggerak dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi desa.
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Harsono, Soni Sisbudi. "Mitigation And Adaptation Peatland Through Sustainable Agricultural Approaches In Indonesia: In A Review." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v4i1.30.
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Rapid and massive damage on peatland mainly due to conversion to a production system in the presence of perennial crops for the purpose of financially profitable agribusiness, such as oil palm plantations and other industries, can lead to increased greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by biophysical processes are complex, such as peat decomposition and compaction, nutrient availability, soil water content, and soil water content. When land clearing increased significantly in the area of peatland is not followed by the application of sustainable agriculture, then, will peat land would become flammable and the greater the volume of CO2 gas that emits into the atmosphere that causes global warming and climate change. This paper reviews about the expansion of agriculture and plantations on peatland and action needs to be done by following sustainable agricultural systems. Noting the condition of peatland that have been severely damaged due to the expansion of oil palm plantations, the mitigation and adaptation in the land through sustainable agricultural system is highly recommended to reduce the more severe damage to the peatland areas and minimize the release of CO2 into the atmosphere.
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Surmaini, Elza, and Fahmuddin Agus. "CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA: A REVIEW / Pengelolaan Resiko Iklim untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 39, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v39n1.2020.p48-60.
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<p>Climate-change related hazards, including drought, floods, extreme temperatures, and sea-water level rise have impacted Indonesia’s agriculture and these associated with economic losses. Therefore, it is increasingly important for farmers to be able to proactively anticipate the impact of weather and climate risks to protect their livelihoods through climate risk management (CRM) and to practice the sustainable agricultural production systems. Sustainable agriculture practices are needed to enhance resilience to adverse climate change events. This paper attempts to provide a review of agricultural risks related to climate change, principles and current CRM practices, and CRM practices at farm level based on agroecosystems, as well as approaches in enhancing agriculture CRM for sustainable agriculture development. The key technologies for lowland rice farming include alternate wetting and drying irrigation systems, and the use of drought, saline, and submergence tolerant rice varieties. For upland farming, water storage facilities such as water retardation pond, long storage, and channel reservoir are important. Subsequently, efficient water distribution systems such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, as well as capillary irrigation need enhancement. Various soil management technologies including minimum tillage and organic matter application are essential. For swampland one-way water management and conservation blocks, the “surjan” system, planting of adaptive varieties, and soil amelioration and fertilization are among the key treatments. Accurate climate forecasts may allow decision makers and farmers to make decisions to reduce negative impacts or take advantage of expected favorable climate. Finally, engagement of various actors, and capacity building is an integral part of CRM.</p><p>Keywords: Climate, management, agriculture, sustainable, agroecosystem.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Bencana iklim seperti kekeringan, banjir, suhu ekstrem dan kenaikan muka air laut berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian dan menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi. Oleh karena itu menjadi semakin penting bagi petani untuk proaktif mengantisipasi dampak risiko cuaca dan iklim untuk melindungi kehidupan mereka melalui pengelolaan risiko iklim dan menerapkan sistem produksi pertanian berkelanjutan. Praktik budi daya pertanian berkelanjutan memerlukan upaya peningkatan ketangguhan tanaman terhadap dampak kejadian iklim ekstrem. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan risiko pertanian terhadap perubahan iklim, prinsip dan praktik pengelolaan risiko iklim, dan praktik pengelolaan risiko iklim di tingkat petani berdasarkan agroekosistem, serta pendekatan untuk mendorong praktik pengelolaan risiko iklim untuk pertanian berkelanjutan. Teknologi utama untuk pertanian padi sawah termasuk pengairan berselang dan penggunaan varietas toleran kekeringan, salinitas, dan rendaman. Untuk pertanian lahan kering diperlukan bangunan pemanen air seperti embung, long storage, dan dam parit untuk pengairan tanaman. Selain itu, sistem distribusi air yang efisien seperti irigasi tetes, irigasi sprinkler, dan irigasi kapiler juga diperperlukan. Berbagai teknologi pengelolaan tanah termasuk pengolahan tanah minimum dan penggunaan bahan organik sangat penting. Pada lahan rawa pasang surut, pengelolaan air satu arah dan blok penyimpan air, sistem surjan, penanaman varietas adaptif, dan penggunaan amelioran dan pemupukan merupakan perlakuan utama. Prediksi iklim yang akurat dapat digunakan pengambil kebijakan dan petani dalam mengambil keputusan untuk mengurangi dampak negatif atau memanfaatkan kondisi iklim. Pelibatan berbagai aktor dan peningkatan kapasitas merupakan bagian integral dari pengelolaan risiko iklim.</p><p>Kata kunci: Iklim, pengelolaan, pertanian, berkelanjutan, agroekosistem.</p>
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Syahyuti, NFN. "Peran Modal Sosial (Social Capital) dalam Perdagangan Hasil Pertanian." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 26, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v26n1.2008.32-43.
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<strong>English</strong><br />Agricultural trade system in Indonesia, especially domestic market, is composed by nonformal relations among the actors. In imperfect market condition, social capital is fastly growing and become a backbone of the entire trade system. This paper is a study on social system of agricultural commodity market, its rules and the of the actors behind that system. The sources of information were gathered from a number of research reports on trade systems of several commodities and the actors who have specific roles in such systems.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pasar perdagangan hasil pertanian di Indonesia, terutama berupa perdagangan dalam negeri, sebagian besar dijalankan dalam bentuk relasi-relasi nonformal antar pelakunya. Dalam kondisi pasar yang tidak sempurna (imperfect market), modal sosial tumbuh dengan subur dan menjadi tulang punggung yang menjalankan keseluruhan sistem perdagangan tersebut. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian sistem sosial perdagangan hasil pertanian, sebagai upaya memahami kondisi yang melatarbelakangi sistem perdagangan yang berjalan. Bahan tulisan berasal dari penelitian-penelitian berkenaan dengan perdagangan berbagai komoditas hasil pertanian beserta perilaku pedagang di dalamnya.
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Neswati, Risma, Sumbangan Baja, Samsu Arif, and Hasni Hasni. "Dryland land-use conflicts in humid tropics: an analysis using geographic information systems and land capability evaluations." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.37824.
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<p>This study analyses land-use conflicts in specific dryland agricultural areas in relatively dry humid tropics based on the Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations and land-capability evaluation. This research was conducted in the Regency of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The observation site was chosen based on several maps overlapping to produce 30 land units spread across 14 land systems in Jeneponto. This study integrates ground surveys and geographic information systems technology. The land capability analysis used a simple approach factor, according to United States Department of Agriculture definitions. The results indicate that land capability was dominated by Class IV, which covered 35,133 ha or 63.1%. Class VI covered 12,581 ha or 22.6%, Class III covered up to 4,378 ha or 7.9%, and Class VIII covered 3,130 ha or 5.6%. Class VII covered only 486 hectares, or 0.9%, the smallest area. These results indicate that the dryland area which had become a land-use conflict was delineated by Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations. The drylands found in Jeneponto cover 22,214 ha or 39.9%, which has been divided into two: an area where non-dryland agriculture was converted into dryland farming (16,503 hectares, or 29.6%), and an area where dryland-farming was converted into non-agricultural dryland area (5,711 hectares, or 10.3%). Interviews with 50 farmers in the study location revealed factors that had changed agricultural dryland use into non-agricultural dryland use; lower incomes due to decreased soil fertility was a crucial factor.</p>
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Scott Jansing, Mahichi, and Dasanayake. "Sustainable Irrigation Management in Paddy Rice Agriculture: A Comparative Case Study of Karangasem Indonesia and Kunisaki Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031180.
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Irrigated paddy rice agriculture accounts for a major share of Asia Pacific’s total water withdrawal. Furthermore, climate change induced water scarcity in the Asia-Pacific region is projected to intensify in the near future. Therefore, methods to reduce water consumption through efficiency measures are needed to ensure the long-term (water) sustainability. The irrigation systems, subak of Karangasem, Indonesia, and the tameike of Kunisaki, Japan, are two examples of sustainable paddy rice irrigation. This research, through interviews and an extensive survey, comparatively assessed the socio-environmental sustainability of the two irrigation management systems with special reference to the intensity and nature of social capital, equity of water distribution, water demand, water footprint, and water quality, etc. The prevailing social capital paradigm of each system was also compared to its overall managerial outcomes to analyze how cooperative action contributes to sustainable irrigation management. Both systems show a comparable degree of sustainable irrigation management, ensuring an equitable use of water, and maintain relatively fair water quality due to the land-use practices adapted. However, the systems differ in water demand and water efficiency principally because of the differences in the irrigation management strategies: human and structural. These findings could help devise mechanisms for transitioning to sustainable irrigation management in the commercially-oriented paddy rice agricultural systems across the Asia-Pacific region.
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Karolinoerita, Vicca, and Wahida Annisa. "Salinisasi Lahan dan Permasalahannya di Indonesia." Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 14, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v14n2.2020.91-99.
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<p><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Salinisasi tanah merupakan proses peningkatan kadar garam mudah larut di dalam tanah sehingga terbentuk lahan salin. Salinitas adalah salah satu cekaman abiotik yang mengakibatkan berkurangnya hasil dan produktivitas tanaman pertanian. Setiap tahun luas lahan sawah yang ditinggalkan petani akibat mengalami salinisasi terus meningkat. Di Indonesia salinitas umumnya terjadi di lahan pertanian dekat pantai, disebabkan karena kenaikan permukaan laut akibat perubahan iklim. Diperkirakan lahan dekat pantai yang rentan mengalami salinitas seluas 12,020 juta ha atau 6,20% dari total daratan Indonesia. Problem salinitas pada pertanian beririgasi sering terkait dengan muka air tanah. Peningkatan kapilaritas dari muka air tanah dangkal akan membawa kembali garam-garam masuk ke daerah perakaran dan menjadi suatu sumber garam berkelanjutan. sedangkan salinitas di lahan rawa pasang surut dipengaruhi oleh pergerakan pasang surut air laut dengan tingkat salinitas yang bervariasi. Tanaman mempunyai kisaran toleransi tertentu terhadap perubahan bahkan cekaman lingkungan untuk selanjutnya dapat beradaptasi, termasuk pada cekaman salinitas. Kondisi biofisik dan kimia lahan sawah terdampak yang tidak menguntungkan tanaman tersebut memerlukan upaya pengelolaan lahan dan sistem budidaya tanaman secara tepat agar dicapai tingkat produksi yang optimal.</p><p> </p><p><em><strong>Abstract</strong>. Soil salinization is the process of increasing the soluble salt content in the soil to form a saline soil. Salinity is an abiotic stress that results in reducing yield and productivity of agricultural crops. The area of paddy fields left by farmers as a result of experiencing salinization continues to increase every tear. In Indonesia, salinity generally occurs in agricultural land near the coast, caused by sea level rise due to climate change. It is estimated that land near the coast that is prone to experiencing salinity is 12.020 million ha or 6.20% of the total land area of Indonesia. The problem of salinity in irrigated agriculture is often related to the water table. The increase in capillarity from shallow groundwater levels will bring back salts into the root zone and become a continuous salt source. Salinity in tidal swamps is influenced by the tidal movement of sea water with varying salinity levels. Plants have a certain tolerance range to the changes and even environmental stress so that they can then adapt, including to salinity stress. The biophysical and chemical conditions of the affected paddy fields that are not beneficial to the plant, requires proper land management and crop cultivation systems in order to achieve optimal production levels.</em></p>
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Wijaya, Abung Supama, Sarwititi Sarwoprasodjo, and Diah Febrina. "Cyber Extension: Penggunaan Media dan Kelancaran Pencarian Informasi di Kalangan Penyuluh Pertanian Kabupaten Bogor." Jurnal Komunikasi Pembangunan 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46937/17201926841.
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Current sustainable development of agriculture is one of which depends on the capacity of agricultural extension workers. The development of information technology contributes to the means for increasing this capacity. Cyber Extension, which is the embodiment of Law No. 16 of 2006 concerning agricultural extension systems, is expected to be fully utilized by extension agents throughout Indonesia. This is so that the instructors can provide information and develop innovations in agriculture. This study aims to explain the use of media and the stage of information seeking by instructors in Bogor district. The concept used in this research is Cyber Extension, media use and the smoothness of information retrieval. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through surveys. A total of 61 agricultural instructors in Bogor Regency were interviewed through a closed questionnaire. In the media use variable, the results of the study show that the extension agent's ability to access is good while the availability of facilities and operational costs are still in the less category. When the smoothness of the information search process is in the smooth category.
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Hall, G. B., F. Wang, and Subaryono. "Comparison of Boolean and Fuzzy Classification Methods in Land Suitability Analysis by Using Geographical Information Systems." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 4 (April 1992): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240497.
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In this paper the information content of Boolean and fuzzy-set-based approaches to the problem of analyzing land suitability for agriculture within a geographical information system (GIS) is assessed. First, the two approaches to this problem are stated and formalized in the context of land-suitability evaluation. A database comprising 642 unique areas, 7 land qualities, 13 land characteristics, and 2 crop types is defined and described. Land-use suitability ratings for two crops, wetland rice and soybean, are generated by using Boolean and fuzzy methods. Results produced by the two methods are compared in terms of their usefulness for agricultural land-use plannning. The ARC/INFO vector-based GIS software package is utilized. The study area is the Cimanuk watershed in northwest Java, Indonesia.
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Kurnia, Ita. "Mengungkap Nilai-Nilai Kearifan Lokal Kediri Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Bangsa Indonesia." Jurnal PGSD 11, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/pgsd.11.1.51-63.
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Indonesia is currently experiencing a national identity crisis. This is evidenced by the scientific study of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) that Indonesia is considered not ready to face the phenomenon of globalization in various aspects such as geography, economy, and culture. One effort that can be done by local communities as an effort to deal with the adverse effects of globalization is to use the values of local wisdom as a force. Local wisdom can serve as a filter for values that come from outside that are less suited to local cultural culture. This research is a qualitative research that express comprehensively some cases. The purpose of this research is to explore the potentials of local wisdom of Kediri people include (1) cultural background, (2) social background, and (3) agriculture and irrigation system in three subdistricts namely Kepung Subdistrict, Ngancar Subdistrict, and Semen Subdistrict. The results of this study indicate that (1) the majority of Kediri people are Javanese with strong Javanese custom by performing several rituals for nature conservation, (2) Kediri community social background with religious diversity but all goes well and peaceful and cultural preservation Strongly maintained, (3) the management of agricultural systems and irrigation society is very good and derived from generations of the Kediri kingdom proved by the existence of Harijing inscription.
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Premier, Robert, and Scott Ledger. "Good Agricultural Practices in Australia and Southeast Asia." HortTechnology 16, no. 4 (January 2006): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.4.0552.
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Quality assurance (QA) in the horticultural industry has become well established in Australia; on-farm hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)-based plans have been adopted due to pressures from supermarkets and other buyers, including fresh markets. Supermarkets' own systems and more general QA systems have been used by growers to meet these new requirements. Two QA systems, Freshcare and Safe Quality Food, have been introduced across the country with moderate success. A review of quality assurance parameters such as chemical residues and microbiological contaminants suggest that these QA systems have achieved some level of assurance. Local pressures, however, are not the only concern when it comes to QA. International demand for safe quality fruit and vegetables has meant that QA systems now need to be designed to satisfy export requirements. In addition to food safety, international demands must also address the environment and workers' health and safety. Many Southeast Asian governments have taken the initiative and developed country-specific QA systems to satisfy export markets and that are suitable for their farmers to use. Countries with schemes in place include Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore, with other countries, such as the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam, in the process of introducing schemes. This presentation will discuss the status of QA systems in Australia and Southeast Asia, including the pressures behind their establishment, and the major differences between them. The presentation will also focus on the attempt by Southeast Asian governments to address a uniform standard through the development of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) good agricultural practice (GAP), a GAP standard suitable for use by all 10 ASEAN member countries.
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Haryuni, Atinnajah Kamalasari, Hery Widijanto, and Supriyadi. "Soil Fertility Index on Various Rice Field Management Systems in Central Java, Indonesia." American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2020.75.82.
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Drescher, Jochen, Katja Rembold, Kara Allen, Philip Beckschäfer, Damayanti Buchori, Yann Clough, Heiko Faust, et al. "Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1694 (May 19, 2016): 20150275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0275.
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Tropical lowland rainforests are increasingly threatened by the expansion of agriculture and the extraction of natural resources. In Jambi Province, Indonesia, the interdisciplinary EFForTS project focuses on the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of rainforest conversion to jungle rubber agroforests and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Our data confirm that rainforest transformation and land use intensification lead to substantial losses in biodiversity and related ecosystem functions, such as decreased above- and below-ground carbon stocks. Owing to rapid step-wise transformation from forests to agroforests to monoculture plantations and renewal of each plantation type every few decades, the converted land use systems are continuously dynamic, thus hampering the adaptation of animal and plant communities. On the other hand, agricultural rainforest transformation systems provide increased income and access to education, especially for migrant smallholders. Jungle rubber and rubber monocultures are associated with higher financial land productivity but lower financial labour productivity compared to oil palm, which influences crop choice: smallholders that are labour-scarce would prefer oil palm while land-scarce smallholders would prefer rubber. Collecting long-term data in an interdisciplinary context enables us to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific insights to facilitate the reconciliation between economic interests and ecological sustainability in tropical agricultural landscapes.
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Erythrina, Erythrina, Arif Anshori, Charles Y. Bora, Dina O. Dewi, Martina S. Lestari, Muhammad A. Mustaha, Khadijah E. Ramija, et al. "Assessing Opportunities to Increase Yield and Profit in Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems in Indonesia." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040777.
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In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha−1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha−1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha−1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha−1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha−1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha−1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.
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Harniawati, Widya Kusuma, Kismartini Kismartini, and Hartuti Purnaweni. "Evaluasi Kebijakan Spasial Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kaliwungu Kabupaten Kendal." PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/perspektif.v10i1.4149.
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This article aims to evaluate the policy of protecting sustainable food agriculture in Kaliwungu District, Kendal Regency. Kaliwungu Subdistrict was chosen as the research location, because the rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural functions was the highest. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The data analysis technique used is the results of the GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis to view the land use map from 2011-2017, which will then be analyzed and evaluated the policy of protecting sustainable agricultural land for food, with observational data and documentation. The results showed that there was a change in land use in Kaliwungu District from 2011-2017 amounting to 166.06 Ha. Evaluation of policies for the protection of sustainable food agriculture land in Kaliwungu District, shows that there is a difference in the distribution of the designation of sustainable food agriculture between the Kendal Regency Regional Regulation Number 13 of 2013 and the Kendal Regency Regional Regulation Number 20 of 2011, while the development, research, utilization, guidance, control, transfer of functions, information systems, protection and empowerment of farmers, financing, community participation and supervision in the framework of protecting sustainable agricultural food land have not been implemented. Researchers recommend that the socialization, cooperation between agencies and the implementation of activities to protect sustainable agricultural land should be carried out quickly, carefully and precisely in order to achieve food security in Kaliwungu District in particular and Indonesia in general.
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Sakinah, Nina, Eka Purwanti, and Siti Jamilah. "Optimalisasi Pembangunan Sektor Pertanian Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Sharia Agraria Manajement Organization (SAMO)." Perisai : Islamic Banking and Finance Journal 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/perisai.v2i1.1468.
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Indonesia is an agrarian country. Many Indonesians work as farmers. The agricultural sector has a great function in maintaining national food security, especially in maintaining the welfare of farmers. Interim data in 2013 show that the agricultural sector is in second position in contributing to GDP. With the existing data then the farmers should be able to live prosperous. But in reality farmers in Indonesia have problems that cause their quality of life is still far from the word worthy, such as low income and productivity, difficulties in credit applications, low education and irrigation systems that have not been optimal. Judging from the existing problems it is necessary to establish a management system that can overcome them. The purpose of this research is to optimize the potential of agricultural sector in Indonesia by using Sharia Agraria Management Organization (SAMO) by synergizing Baitul Mal Wa Tamwil (BMT) with Local Government and Central Government. This research was conducted by Meta Analysis method, based on observation and literature study, the authors conclude that with the existence of SAMO, farmers can improve their standard of living, increased productivity, and easy in the application of farming credit. It is expected that with this system can maintain the quality of the community environment and achieve the implementation of sustainable development.
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Dahlanuddin, Tanda Panjaitan, Scott Waldron, Michael J. Halliday, Andrew Ash, Steve T. Morris, and H. Max Shelton. "Adoption of leucaena-based feeding systems in Sumbawa, eastern Indonesia and its impact on cattle productivity and farm profitability." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)428-436.
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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena has been fed to cattle by the Balinese community in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts on Sumbawa Island since the 1980s. However, prior to 2011, this practice was not adopted by the local Sumbawanese farmers. Since then, a model leucaena-based cattle fattening system was developed in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts in a collaborative research project between the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP), University of Mataram and The University of Queensland (UQ) funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), followed by a scaling-out project involving collaboration between the University of Mataram and CSIRO (Applied Research and Innovation Systems in Agriculture - ARISA project) funded by DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) promoting public-private partnerships. Further promotion of leucaena-based fattening systems occurred in Dompu, Sumbawa, through a project with the University of Mataram and Massey University funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT). By the end of October 2018, more than 2,500 farmers on Sumbawa Island were practicing leucaena-based cattle fattening. The main drivers of adoption of cattle fattening with leucaena were: (1) The high growth rates achieved (0.4–0.6 kg/d for bulls fed 100% leucaena and 0.66 kg/d when maize grain was added to the leucaena basal diet) compared with 0.16 kg/d for the traditional system, combined with high profitability; (2) the needs of farmers being met in terms of relevance and cultural appropriateness; (3) field extension staff being well trained and mentored, and respected by the farmers; (4) the local government being highly supportive of leucaena-based cattle fattening; and (5) additional benefits being increased dressing percentage and high carcass quality. The rapid increase in the use of leucaena for cattle fattening in eastern Indonesia is expected to have a significant positive impact on household incomes as well as on regional economic growth.
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Eddy, I. Wayan Tagel. "The Impact of Green Revolution Movement towards Socio-Economic Life in the Countryside." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 3, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v3i5.552.
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The green revolution became an icon in agricultural development in Indonesia in the early seventies to eighty. It was regarded as a savior for the agricultural sector, especially in developing countries characterized by low productivity, long plant duration, low growth, and minimal farmer's welfare. Without the green revolution, it was hard to imagine how agricultural production would have been able to feed the growing population. A prominent feature of the green revolution was the use of superior varieties included PB 5, PB 8, IR 36, IR 48, IR 54, substituted the local seeds i.e. Bengawan, Rajalele, Cianjur, Mentik that have transformed their traditional cultivation systems into the modern farming systems which marginalize a local wisdom. In terms of this has led to socio-economic changes in the rural level, especially to the functions of traditional farming tools unlike ani-ani, granaries, pestle, plow, replaced by slash, tractor and huller systems.
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Mucharam, Iim, Ernan Rustiadi, Akhmad Fauzi, and Harianto. "Assessment of Rice Farming Sustainability: Evidence from Indonesia Provincial Data." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15, no. 8 (December 22, 2020): 1323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150819.
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Indonesia is rated the highest rice consumer and the third-largest producer in the world, consequently, farming is one of the most strategic production systems in the country. Therefore, this study aims to assess the sustainability of rice farming at the provincial level in Indonesia. Furthermore, 32 sustainability indicators, which are categorized into five dimensions, namely economic, ecological, social, technological, and institutional were used. The rapid appraisal approach (Rapsusagri), consisting of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was adopted to assess the sustainability of rice farming. Monte Carlo simulation was used to define the validity and sensitivity analysis to assess the dominant attributes which affect sustainability. The result showed that the economic and social dimensions are at a better level, meanwhile the ecological, technological, and institutional still have various weaknesses and needs improvement. Furthermore, irrigated paddy areas, agricultural infrastructure, rice productivity, use of chemical and organic fertilizers, cropping index, land suitability, village accessibility, officers, and agricultural extension institution were pointed out as the leveraging indicators for sustaining the rice farming system. Also, provinces in Java Island were found to have higher sustainability levels than others. However, it is predicted that this condition will last for a short period due to rapid land conversion, therefore Indonesia needs to consider the development of rice production areas outside Java islands.
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Mariyono, Joko. "Motivating Factors of Farmers to Engage Vegetable-based Agribusiness in East Java and Bali, Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i2.7186.
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Vegetable crops play an important role in the Indonesian economy through their multiplier effect in farm household livelihoods. This paper analyses factors that determine farmers to commercialize vegetable-based agribusiness ventures. Intensive vegetable farming, as a part of agricultural commercialization, is considered a technological package that is more profitable, and high input and labor intensive compared to rice and other cereal crops. The study employed a qualitative approach to describe the farmers’ motivation. Data for this study were compiled from surveys conducted in 2014 by interviewing 357 farm households, which were located in four major vegetable producing regions of East Java and Bali, Indonesia. Qualitative surveys and descriptive statistics approaches were used to support the quantitative regression models. Results show that farmers were more motivated to commercialize because of economic and agro-ecological reasons. An enabling agribusiness environment such as access to good produce markets, credit, as well as market information and support systems access are expected to be other driving factors boosting commercial vegetable farming and associated steady growth of vegetable production in Indonesia. Vegetable markets should be emphasized in the potential vegetable producing regions of Indonesia.
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Limba, Rekson Solo, Asrun Lio, and Yasir Syam Husain. "Shifting Cultivation System of Indigenous Moronene as Forest Conservation on Local Wisdom Principles in Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (July 30, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n4p121.
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This research is a case study conducted in the village of Indigenous Moronene Huka'ea - La'ea, Watu-Watu village Lantari Jaya sub-district, Bombana. The study followed a series of processes and stages of work in the agriculture system based on local wisdom of Moronene tribe, as one of the patterns of forest conservation. This study applied a "descriptive-qualitative", to describe the social and behavioral conditions of indigenous peoples in managing and utilizing forest resources around the neighborhood where they live. The results of this study indicate that the indigenous of Moronene form of traditional knowledge - local and skills to manage forests for agricultural fields, is quite effective in guaranteeing the sustainability of the forest around the area. One of the local wisdom related to forest management is ancestral policy to regulate the system of grouping the forest area into four zones, including: Inalahipue (rainforest), Inalahi Popalia (sacred forest), Inombo (production forest), and Lueno (forest /wildlife habitat). The practices of shifting cultivation occur in the Inombo forest areas from generation to generations of Moronene in the in the village as the main livelihood systems.
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Latuamury, Bokiraiya, and Moda Talaohu. "Variations in Baseflow Recession Curves as a Function of Land-Use Change in the Keduang Watershed, Wonogiri Regency, Jawa Tengah Province, Indonesia." Journal of Geographical Studies 3, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.19030202.
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Land-use change and its effects on hydrological processes in a watershed strongly determine the adopted land and water resource management. Human activities that lead to the conversion of forest to non-forest land can continue to modify hydrological systems. This study was intended to analyze the variation in baseflow recession curves as a function of land-use change in the Keduang Watershed, Wonogiri Regency, Jawa Tengah Province. The results showed that the types of land-use conversions had the same model of recession: Qmodel= 0.9747*Exp(-0.2357*ts) for preserved forests, Qmodel= 0.1266*Exp(-0.1238*ts), to represent the conversion of forests to agricultural areas, Qmodel= 0.1108*Exp(-0.1008*ts) for forests to settlements, Qmodel= 0.7628*Exp(-0.2015*ts) for unchanged agricultural areas, Qmodel= 0.0465*Exp(-0.1141*ts) for the conversion of agricultural areas back to forests, Qmodel= 0.1072*Exp(-0.0952*ts) for agricultural areas to settlements, and Qmodel= 0.3359*Exp(-0.1542*ts) for settlements. Overall, the equations indicate that forests can store water better and longer than converted to agricultural fields and settlements.
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Budisiswanto, N., M. Miharja, B. Kombaitan, and P. Pradono. "Institutional Coordination of the Multimodal Logistic Transportation Systems at Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.6.12632.
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Filius, A. M. "Factors changing farmers' willingness to grow trees in Gunung Kidul (Java, Indonesia)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 2 (July 1, 1997): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i2.521.
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Farmers' willingness to grow trees depends on many factors, and if governments or other organizations want farmers to grow more trees, these factors need to be understood. This article describes the expansion of the tree component in farming systems in recent decades in the Gunung Kidul district of Java. This trend is then explained with elements of the induced innovation model of agricultural development, viz. resource endowment, demand for products and institutional aspects. An increase in the productivity of staple crops seems to have been an important factor permitting farmers to plant trees. Another factor related to resource endowment that induced farmers to grow trees is the response to declining soil productivity as a result of erosion. The Indonesian government's trade and pricing policy for certain tree products has supported the favourable market trend for these products, and has induced farmers to plant fruit and fodder trees in particular. Improvement of the (physical) infrastructure has demonstrably encouraged tree growing. Examples are given of technological change in tree growing that result from farmers' own innovation as well as from research done by various organizations.
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Baladina, Nur, Ratya Anindita, and Budi Setiawan. "PENGUATAN KETAHANAN PANGAN NASIONAL MELALUI STRATEGI PERBAIKAN EFISIENSI PEMASARAN HASIL PERTANIAN." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 11, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v11i1.14146.
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The success of Indonesia to achieve food self-sufficient, mostly didn’t support with the easiness to access the food. Therefore, it is need to strengthening national food security which concern to the accessibility aspect. One strategy that can be applied is by improving the marketing efficiency of agricultural product. Through this strategy, we will be enable to reduce the marketing margins, increased producer selling price and reduce the purchasing price in the level of consumer. Furthermore, the improving of marketing efficiency will support the availability and accessibility of food in the society. So, this study aims to determine the important of the strengthening efforts for national food security through marketing efficiency improvement strategy of agriculture commodity. NSSE data and Annual Input and Output table from year 2008 was used in this research and analyze by using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The empirical result shows that the improvement of marketing efficiency by 5-15% generally bring a positive effect to the national food security,based on the several indicators, such as the quantity of domestic output, exports, and imports. Therefore, it needs to arrange an action plan which is reference from the marketing efficiency improvements strategy. The concept of policies that can be set are as follows: (1) improving market information systems through the development of an auction market of agricultural products, (2) improving farmers performance to participate in marketing activities through strengthening farmers institutional, (3) improving transportation facilities, (4) apply of agricultural product hedging mechanism by Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG), (5) price stabilization of agricultural products, especially food crops, and (6) protection toward domestic agriculture production.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno. "MEMOTIVASI PETANI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PADI ORGANIK DI KECAMATAN SUKOLILO KABUPATEN PATI." Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan dan IPTEK 12, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33658/jl.v12i2.44.
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ENGLISHThe essence of organic farming is ‘back to the nature’. This paper aims to identify the farmers’ motivation and the management strategy of organic rice in Sukolilo Subdistrict Pati District. This paper concludes: 1) the growth of farmers’ motivation to cultivatethe land with organic farming needs the strengthening. The positive reinforcement might change the behaviour continuously;2) The development of organic farming systems in Sukolilo Subdistrict Pati Regency generally dependson the government's policy framework on agriculture. Therefore, the organic rice development programmust have the vision to strengthen of Indonesian agriculture. Moreover, it should be environment-based as the basic for national independency in the free-market era. The mission should be able to developthe farmer’s bargaining position in the development of agricultural program through a community-based approach, so that the development of the agricultural sector is able to meet the international market demand throughdirected, controlled and sustained program planning. INDONESIAPada hakekatnya pertanian organik adalah back to nature. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi motivasi petani dan strategi pengembangan tanaman padi organik di Kecamatan Sukolilo Kabupaten Pati. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan: 1) Tumbuhnya motivasi petani dalam mengelola lahan dengan sistem pertanian organik perlu diberikan penguatan. Dengan penguatan atau rangsangan yang positif, petani akan mengubah perilaku secara kontinyu atau terus menerus. 2) Kegiatan pengembangan sistem pertanian organik di Kecamatan Sukolilo Kabupaten Pati secara umum tidak terlepas dari kerangka kebijakan pemerintah pada sektor pertanian. Oleh karena itu kegiatan pengembangan padi organik harus memiliki visi membangun kekuatan pertanian Indonesia, berwawasan lingkungan sebagai basis kemandirian bangsa menghadapi era pasar bebas. Misi yang diemban juga hendaknya mampu membangun posisi tawar masyarakat tani dalam pengembangan kegiatan pertanian melalui pendekatan berbasis masyarakat, sehingga pengembangan sektor pertanian mampu memenuhi keinginan pasar internasional, dalam perencanaan program yang terarah, terkendali dan berkelanjutan.
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Anhar, Ashabul, Yusya Abubakar, Heru Prono Widayat, Ali Muhammad Muslih, Romano, and Akhmad Baihaqi. "Altitude, shading, and management intensity effect on Arabica coffee yields in Aceh, Indonesia." Open Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0220.
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Abstract The productivity of Arabica coffee in the Gayo Highlands, Aceh, Indonesia is far below its potential because of climate change and inadequate agricultural practices. To develop a strategy on sustainable coffee yield and improvements of smallholder farming systems, we investigated coffee productivity in three classes of shade densities and three classes of total management intensities index (TMI) along six altitude gradients (1,000–1,600 m above sea level) over 234 farmers’ plots. Coffee productivity was significantly affected by altitude, shade density, and TMI. Our results showed a stronger positive altitudinal effect with coffee productivity in middle and higher altitudes than in lower altitudes and were related to shade density and TMI. Increasing elevation of coffee plantation from lower to middle altitudes and shade from low to medium density increased in coffee productivity but further increase to higher altitude seemed to depress coffee productivity. Increasing TMI positively increased coffee productivity across altitudes. Shade density and TMI played significant roles in coffee productivity in lower altitudes; therefore, coffee farmers have to increase the shade to medium or higher density and at the same time improve plantation management to medium or high TMI.
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Nurtyawan, Rian, Asep Saepuloh, Agung Budi Harto, Ketut Wikantika, and Akihiko Kondoh. "Satellite Imagery for Classification of Rice Growth Phase Using Freeman Decomposition in Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 25, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.25.3.126.
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Monitoring at every growth of rice plants is an important information for determining the grain pro-duction estimation of rice. Monitoring must to be have timely work on the rice plant development. However, timely monitoring and the high accuracy of information is a challenge in remote sensing based on rice agriculture monitoring and observation. With increased quality of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems utilizing polarimetric information recently, the development and applications of polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) are one of the current major topics in radar remote sensing. The ad-vantages provided by PolSAR data for agricultural monitoring have been extensively studied for applications such as crop type classification and mapping, crop phenology monitoring, productivity assessment based on the sensitivity of polarimetric parameters to indicators of crop conditions. Freeman and Durden successfully decomposed fully PolSAR data into three components: Single bounce, double bounce, and volume scattering. The three-component scattering provide features for distinguishing between different surface cover types. These sensitivities assist in the identification of growing phase. The observed growing phase development in time series, reflected in the consistent temporal trends in scattering, was generally in agreement with crop phenological development stages. Supervised classification was performed on repeat-pass Radarsat-2 images, with an overall classification accuracy of 77.27% achieved using time series Fine beam data. The study demonstrated that Radarsat-2 Fine mode data provide useful information for crop monitoring and classification of rice plants.
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McLeod, Malem K., S. Sufardi, and S. Harden. "Soil fertility constraints and management to increase crop yields in the dryland farming systems of Aceh, Indonesia." Soil Research 59, no. 1 (2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19324.
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In Aceh, Indonesia, low dryland crop yields entrench rural poverty. The lack of soil fertility information hinders the development of soil management programs to assist farmers to increase crop yield. This study identified soil-based constraints to production and management options to increase crop yield. We analysed 254 soil samples from 127 dryland cropping sites across Pidie, Bireuen, Aceh Besar and Aceh Barat districts for pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), base saturation (BS) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The dominant soils were Entisols, Inceptisols and Ultisols, with some Andisols and Mollisols. Overall, the CEC range was 10–60 cmol(+) kg–1 and available P was 0.5–702 mg kg–1 but most had poor fertility: SOC < 20.0 g kg–1, total N < 2.0 g kg–1, low basic cations and BS < 40%. The Ultisols and some Entisols and Inceptisols were acidic, with aluminium saturation >20% and available P < 6.5 mg kg–1. To sustainably increase crop yield, we concluded that these soils need lime where acidic, fertilisers for nutrients and stable carbon-rich amendments for system stability. This dataset will guide future agricultural research and development programs in Aceh to improve farmer practices and food security.
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Basir-Cyio, Muhammad, Mahfudz, Isrun, and Zeffitni. "The impact of liquefaction disaster on farming systems at agriculture land based on technical and psychosocial perspectives." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e0245591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245591.
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This research aims to determine the attitudes of the farmers whose lands are affected by liquefaction in Jono Oge, Central Sulawesi Province, The Republic of Indonesia. The methods used here were integrated survey and experimental design. The survey approach was intended to figure out the attitudes of the farmers viewpoints: (1) to return to their activities on the agricultural lands affected by liquefaction; (2) to consume their own agricultural products; and (3) of their willingness to be relocated. The experimental design approach was used to figure out the effectiveness of organic material input combined with the SP-36 fertilizer. The obtained results were analyzed using the Likert Scale, diversity test, correlational test, and regression test. The results showed that the farmers persevered farming on the lands affected by liquefaction (Index = 88.82%) yet refused to consume their own agricultural products with the reason that corpses remained buried beneath their lands (Index = 27.82%); and they also refused to be relocated (Index = 28.80%). The continued production suitability of the affected land was also investigated. Terrain profile identification results in Jono Oge showed the disaster impact was dominantly landslide as it still showed a clear characteristic horizon between the topsoil and the sub soil. This contrasts to terrain at Petobo, Central Sulawesi Province, where the high mix of the topsoil with the sub soil of agricultural land affected by liquefaction, prevented demarcation of the horizon. The land treatment of organic material and SP-36 fertilizer showed that the combined dose (M) of 40-kg ha-1 with P 300-kg ha-1 had the highest effect by changing the field pH from 5.7 to 6.41, increased the availability of P and increased the corncob indicator plant weight. Based on these indications, the lands affected by the liquefaction in Jono Oge can still be used as agricultural lands through restoration, from both social and technical aspects.
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Mulyoutami, Elok, Betha Lusiana, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Gendered Migration and Agroforestry in Indonesia: Livelihoods, Labor, Know-How, Networks." Land 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120529.
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Migration connects land use in areas of origin with areas of new residence, impacting both through individual, gendered choices on the use of land, labor, and knowledge. Synthesizing across two case studies in Indonesia, we focus on five aspects: (i) conditions within the community of origin linked to the reason for people to venture elsewhere, temporarily or permanently; (ii) the changes in the receiving community and its environment, generally in rural areas with lower human population density; (iii) the effect of migration on land use and livelihoods in the areas of origin; (iv) the dynamics of migrants returning with different levels of success; and (v) interactions of migrants in all four aspects with government and other stakeholders of development policies. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions in the study areas showed how decisions vary with gender and age, between individuals, households, and groups of households joining after signs of success. Most of the decision making is linked to perceived poverty, natural resource and land competition, and emergencies, such as natural disasters or increased human conflicts. People returning successfully may help to rebuild the village and its agricultural and agroforestry systems and can invest in social capital (mosques, healthcare, schools).
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Rijanta, R. "Sustainability of the Sawah Surjan Agricultural Systems in Depok Village, Panjatan Subdistrict, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province." Forum Geografi 32, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v32i2.5798.
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The south coastal region of Yogyakarta Province (YSP) in Indonesia has inherited a unique farming system called sawah surjan, which is considered as a cultural heritage that demonstrates a form of local wisdom in managing land resources with poor drainage. The local residents have succeeded in realizing their desire of making the farming system ecologically stable and capable of providing a decent living. As a cultural heritage, however, sawah surjan has been under an increasing threat of conversion resulting from the infrastructure development and spreading of urban developments. This study assessed the prospect of sawah surjan in the rural household economy and its sustainability within the context of changing wider environment. To do so, a household survey was conducted covering 41 farmer households in Depok Village, Panjatan Sub-district, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province where the existence of sawah surjan is threatened by the large-scale investments. The research show that sawah surjan contributes to employment generation, diverse sources of income, food security, and income redistribution. It is generally sustainable but the excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will have adverse effects on its sustainability. The research confirms that the most significant threat is the infrastructural development, especially the prospective construction of a new international airport as increased land prices may lead to uncontrolled conversion of sawah surjan into non-agricultural uses. This is also in coincidence with the stagnant regeneration of farmers in the area that lead to a bleak future of the system.
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Mohri, Hideyuki, Shruti Lahoti, Osamu Saito, Anparasan Mahalingam, Nimal Gunatilleke, Irham, Van Thang Hoang, Gamini Hitinayake, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, and Srikantha Herath. "Assessment of ecosystem services in homegarden systems in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam." Ecosystem Services 5 (September 2013): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.006.
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Booth, Anne. "Government and Welfare in the New Republic: Indonesia in the 1950s." Itinerario 34, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000057.
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When Indonesia finally received de jure independence in December 1949, the infant republic faced a range of serious problems, but nowhere were the problems more pressing than in the field of economic policy. In contrast with the Philippines and India, where the USA and Britain had honoured previous commitments and granted independence in 1946 and 1947 respectively, the refusal of the Netherlands to recognise the 1945 declaration of independence had led to four years of bitter and destructive fighting. Infrastructure on Java and elsewhere, already damaged during the Japanese occupation, deteriorated further after 1945, and by the end of the decade most of the important export industries were producing only a small fraction of their pre-1942 output. Smallholder agricultural output in Java was also well below pre-1942 levels. De Vries observed that many seed farms had been destroyed, irrigation systems had not been maintained and “vast areas of hill country” had been damaged by soil erosion. In the final years of the Japanese occupation, the Japanese army commandeered large amounts of rice, while the widespread issue of Japanese banknotes caused mounting inflation. Food was scarce everywhere and those with little or no land were most severely hit; most demographers concur that the population actually declined in Java after 1943, indicating a sharp increase in mortality.
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Connor, Melanie, Annalyn H. de Guia, Arlyna Budi Pustika, Sudarmaji, Mahargono Kobarsih, and Jon Hellin. "Rice Farming in Central Java, Indonesia—Adoption of Sustainable Farming Practices, Impacts and Implications." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050881.
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Farmer adoption of sustainable rice farming technologies and practices is critical for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Often adoption is investigated in isolation focusing on factors influencing farmer decision making and overlooking the effects of technology adoption on farmers’ livelihoods and perceptions of change. Therefore, the present study investigated technology adoption and its effects on farmers with a special focus on additional revenue allocation and perception of social, economic and environmental change. Using a digital survey platform, 153 farmers (21.6% female) were interviewed in three sub-districts of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. On average, farmers adopted two technologies or practices, adopted high-yielding rice varieties, and increased their revenue from US$105 to US$122 per hectare per season. Barriers to adoption included time constraints, unsuitability for field conditions and incompatibility with cropping systems. Farmers invested the extra income in farming business and improved diets. Furthermore, farmers perceived changes in social and human capital and also poverty reduction due to technology adoption. This study highlights the importance of including an analysis of social impact in agricultural research.
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Kireyenka, N. V. "Models of agrarian business development in international practice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 59, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-1-22-40.
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In conditions of the world economy globalization, regional trade and economic integration of countries, and increased sectoral competition, agricultural business remains a strategically important branch of the national economy of any state. Its activities are based on the regulatory legal framework for creation and functioning of agro-industrial complex entities, state regulation and support of agriculture, development of rural areas, food export incentive, formation of external and internal trade infrastructure. The world agrarian economy demonstrates the use of various models of efficient agro-industrial production management, providing for solution of national food security and increasing the export potential of the industry. The paper presents typology of agriculture by types of land use at various levels of social and economic development of countries, identifies the main world producers, exporters and importers of agri-food products. Review of the state regulation system and support of commodity producers in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Canada, China, Russia, and the United States has been carried out taking into account implementation of the international rules of the World Trade Organization. Various types of agricultural business models, sales systems, depending on production specialization of individual states, regions, enterprises and aimed at development of vertical integration, combination of marketing and logistics functions within one company, changes in the commodity structure along the sales channels in the domestic and foreign markets, have been systematized. The competitive advantages of the Republic of Belarus in the context of development of priority areas of agricultural business have been substantiated and the key risks having significant impact on the strengthening of production, sales and export potential have been analyzed. The issues Covered in the paper are of interest in preparation of draft state programs for social and economic development of the national agro-industrial complex, strategy in the field of export of agricultural products and food products for the period up to 2025.
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Tasrif, Arifin, Muhammad Taufik, and Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. "New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62605.
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Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.
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Rintelen, Kristina von, Thomas von Rintelen, Martin Meixner, Carsten Lüter, Yixiong Cai, and Matthias Glaubrecht. "Freshwater shrimp–sponge association from an ancient lake." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (March 8, 2007): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0613.
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Shrimp–sponge associations occur frequently in marine ecosystems, serving as model systems for the evolution of eusociality. Here, we describe the first known instance of such association in freshwater from an ancient lake in Indonesia. The shrimp Caridina spongicola forms an exclusive and probably commensal association with a yet undescribed spongillinid sponge. Phylogenetic and ecological data suggest a comparatively recent origin of both taxa. Climatic fluctuations may have facilitated speciation and occasional hybridization of the shrimp species, which is derived from a rock-dwelling ancestor. Their extremely localized occurrence in an increasingly disturbed area makes both taxa a conservation priority.
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Nurhidayati, Dyah, Wen-Chi Huang, Nuhfil Hanani, and S. Sujarwo. "RICE-FISH FARMING SYSTEM IN LAMONGAN, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA: SWOT AND PROFIT EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 20, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2020.20.4.6.
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The agricultural sector needs to make breakthroughs in the design of production systems to improve farmers' income and operation efficiency. One of the ways is to redesign rice production methods by applying a rice-fish farming system. Lamongan has a different system that combines rice cultivation with vannamei shrimp. Due to the limitation of farmers, the efficiency of the system has not yet reached the optimal level. This study describes the rice-fish farming system, identifies the SWOT and generated the grand strategy matrix, and analyzed the profit efficiency using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. The results showed that the strengths and opportunities are more influential, where the position was in the quadrant I; which means it is in a good strategic position. Meanwhile, the input factors which significantly influence profit where the cost of paddy seed, the cost of organic fertilizer, the cost of inorganic fertilizer, the cost of pesticide, and the cost of shrimp feed. The profit efficiency analysis shows that respondents engaged in this system did not efficiently allocate inputs and production cost factors appropriately. The average profit efficiency level was 78.05 percent; it means that there were still opportunities to increase profits from the system by 21.5 percent.
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ISKANDAR, JOHAN, BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR, and RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. "Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190227.
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Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 515-527. The Impact of social and economic change on genetic diversity of domesticated plants with special reference to wet rice field and homegarden farming of West Java. Various farming systems have played an important role as sources of genetic diversity in plants. A large number of cultivated varieties have been commonly selected, maintained, and distributed by farmers and cultural practices and ecological factors have been involved. These factors, such as soil, climate, pests, and culinary, magical and ritual uses, have influenced farmers in their selection of plants in farming systems. Nowadays, however, the number of plant varieties in various farming systems of Java has dramatically declined. This article attempts to discuss the impact of social and economic change on the genetic diversity of agricultural plants of the wet rice field and home-garden farming, particularly based on data from West Java.
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Renanita, Theda, and Fathul Himam. "Organizational Change and The Human Resource Challenges in Facing Technology Development." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 5 (2020): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.45345.
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Technology continues to advance. This development began during the hunting era, followed by the agricultural era, the industrial era, and the era of information technology. In Indonesia, most organizations are still adjusting to the process of adopting information technology in organizational activities. The purpose of this article is to discuss the situation that is being experienced by organizations in Indonesia, as well as the human resources management (HRM) strategies used in facing this technology change. The results of this study show that organizations in Indonesia are changing as a result of technology adoption. These changes include changes in how and where employees work, changes in management roles, changes in occupation as well as business changes. Changes in various areas can affect employee performance. That being said, in managing human resources, HRM plays an important role. In carrying out its role, HRM must be able to integrate technology into its activities such as in selection and recruitment, learning and development, performance management, organizational effectiveness, compensation and payroll systems as well as workforce planning strategies. This study provides insight into the changes being experienced by the organization and how the role of HRM changes in response to the use of technology in improving work performance.
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Aprillya, Mala Rosa, Erma Suryani, and Anisa Dzulkarnain. "System Dynamics Simulation Model to Increase Paddy Production for Food Security." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.5.1.67-75.
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Background: Food security is a world problem that often affects developing countries, one of them in Indonesia. Along with the increasing population growth population in Indonesia, this will affect the level of demand for rice for food needs. The problem of rice consumption and its fulfillment is an important agenda. If Indonesia does not want to depend on rice imports, then paddy production must continue to be increased. Therefore, food availability in each region is maintained to realize food security. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the increase paddy production in terms of cultivation and postharvest using a system dynamics model approach as the basis for policy strategy preparation.Methods: System Dynamics (SD) approach with the consideration that this framework offers the ability to study and manage complex feedback systems and the ability to model non-linear behavior. Then do a series of decision scenarios to get the best results using computer assistance.Results: Scenario results indicate that increasing paddy production to meet demand in Indonesia can be done by increasing the adoption of postharvest harvesting mechanisms coupled with the application of appropriate GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). It will increase paddy production in East Java so that it will make a large contribution to rice production in East Java.Conclusion: This research can be used to improve paddy production to food security by improving harvesting mechanisms. For further research, we can consider increasing rendement paddy in supporting increased rice production.
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Deharveng, Louis, Cahyo Rahmadi, Yayuk Rahayuningsih Suhardjono, and Anne Bedos. "The Towakkalak System, A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in Sulawesi, Indonesia." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080392.
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The Towakkalak System located in the Maros karst of South Sulawesi is currently the richest of Southeast Asia in obligate subterranean species. It comprises several caves and shafts that give access to the subterranean Towakkalak river as well as many unconnected fossil caves, stream sinks, and springs located within its footprint. The total length of the caves linked to the active system is 24,319 m and comprises two of the longest caves of Indonesia, Gua Salukkan Kallang and Gua Tanette. Studies of its fauna began in 1985. There are 10 stygobionts and 26 troglobionts that are known from the system. The smaller adjacent system of Saripa has 6 stygobionts and 18 troglobionts, of which 1 and 3, respectively, are absent from Towakkalak. Like all tropical cave inventories, our dataset has limits due to identification uncertainties, gaps in habitat (waters, guano) and taxonomic coverage (micro-crustaceans, mites), sampling methods (pitfall trapping, Karaman–Chappuis), and problems of ecological assignment. A number of additional species are therefore expected to be found in the future. The Towakkalak and Saripa cave systems are included in the Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park and are under efficient protection, but parts of the Maros karst outside the park are under serious threat, mainly from quarrying.
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Rachmawatie, Dessy, Ernan Rustiadi, Akhmad Fauzi, and Bambang Juanda. "Lesson learned: the model and policy strategy for developing sustainable renewable energy for agricultural communities." E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123201025.
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Lack of access to electricity is seen as a significant constraint to economic growth and increased welfare in developing countries. Most literature agrees that access to electricity is necessary for poverty alleviation. It is to be expected, given that researchers must deal with multi-factorial systems, where energy is only one of a linked set of variables that determine poverty outcomes. The most frequently reported causal chain linking access to electricity to poverty’s impacts is to improve productivity or output of enterprises using electricity for their activities. Yogyakarta is one of the provinces in Indonesia that does not have the potential for fossil energy. This research was designed as a survey of 68 respondents who were electricity beneficiaries in Pantai Baru. Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) was employed to analyze 23 indicators. The paper's novelty is on the method used in formulating the development of rural communities, which was then outlined by the Structural Equation Method – Partial Least Square, resulting in many key factors that affect empowerment improvement and agricultural community development. This study revealed critical variables in empowering rural communities, especially in utilizing renewable electricity, to encourage rural communities' development.