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1
BALDONI, EDOARDO. "Agricultural Productivity in Space." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245559.
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Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di misurare la produttività totale dei fattori in agricoltura in Italia nel periodo 2008-2014 e di capirne i caratteri salienti. Attraverso l’utilizzo di micro dati delle aziende agricole commerciali campionate dalla RICA (Rete di Informazione Contabile Agricola) e dei numeri indice, si derivano indici di produttività a livello nazionale, regionale, provinciale, e a livello di specializzazione produttiva e di dimensione economica. Gli indici di produttività sono generati attraverso la procedura del minimum spanning tree (Hill, 1999; Hill 2004) e sono quindi comparabili tra le varie unità nel tempo.
I risultati mostrano una performance decrescente nell’arco dei sette anni considerati. Sia a livello nazionale che a livello di specializzazione produttiva e di dimensione economica, gli indici mostrano un andamento decrescente. A livello di dimensione si registra una relazione positiva tra produttività e dimensione economica delle aziende con ampi differenziali tra le classi dimensionali esaminate. Per quanto riguarda le specializzazioni produttive, livelli maggiori di produttività si registrano per quelle specializzazioni che possono essere considerate di carattere maggiormente professionale. In particolare i bovini da latte, l’ortofloricoltura, la frutticoltura e la viticoltura sono le specializzazioni produttive a più alta performance. I granivori, gli erbivori, la cerealicoltura, i seminativi e le aziende miste mostrano invece una performance inferiore rispetto alle prime. A livello regionale si evidenziano due cluster di regioni ad alta produttività. Uno è composto da Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Trentino, Alto Adige, Veneto e Friuli Venezia Giulia e l’altro al Sud è composto da Calabria e Basilicata. La produttività sembra essere legata alla composizione delle singole agricolture regionali in termini di tipologia di produzione e di dimensione economica. Ulteriori analisi saranno comunque necessarie al fine di stabilire una relazione tra la composizione agricola regionale e la performance economic.
Nella seconda parte della ricerca gli indici a livello provinciale vengono utilizzati per capire i differenziali di produttività tenendo in considerazione il più possibile la variabilità territoriale italiana. La TFP a livello provinciale mostra una lieve tendenza alla clusterizzazione spaziale. Il grado di dipendenza spaziale viene quantificato in un modello lineare che assume dipendenza spaziale, dipendenza temporale e la presenza di una serie di variabili esogene. Il modello viene stimato con lo stimatore BCLSDV (Bias Corrected Least Squares Dummy Variable). Le stime mostrano un basso grado di dipendenza temporale e un alto grado di dipendenza spaziale assumendo però una struttura di correlazione spaziale limitata a 50-70 chilometri. I risultati delle stime vengono utilizzati per quantificare gli effetti di diffusione a seguito di uno shock esogeno di produttività nelle varie province. Ciò che emerge è che, data la struttura di correlazione spaziale assunta e data la bassa dipendenza temporale, gli effetti di uno shock di produttività sono limitati nel tempo e nello spazio. Questi si estendono anche a province lontane dall’epicentro dello shock ma con caratteri diversi rispetto a quelle vicine. In particolare, l’effetto spillover di lungo periodo è maggiore nelle regioni limitrofe allo shock e viene raggiunto in un tempo decisamente inferiore rispetto alle province più lontane. Questi risultati vengono interpretati come evidenza dello stretto legame tra territorio e produzione agricola. Questo legame è in grado di influenzare i caratteri e lo sviluppo delle agricolture locali.The research aims at measuring agricultural total factor productivity in Italy over the period 2008-2014 and at understanding its main features. It leverages farm-level information from the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) database e the index number methodology to derive indexes at either geographical level and at the level of farm types. At geographical level, indexes are derived at national level, at the level of FADN regions and at NUTS3 level. Then, indexes are derived at the level of farm typology and of economic size. Indexes are derived using the minimum spanning tree method and are comparable across spatial units over time. Results point to a decline in aggregate productivity over time. Indexes at national level, at the level of economic size and at the level of farm typologies all exhibit general downward trends. A positive relationship between TFP and economic size is found with large productivity differentials across size classes. Large differentials are also found across types of farms. The types associated to a more entrepreneurial nature, such as dairy, horticulture, fruit production and grapes and wine production, are all associated with higher productive performance with respect to the others. At the level of FADN regions, there seem to be two clusters of highly productive regions. One is in the North and is composed of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino and Alto Adige. The other is in the South and is composed of Calabria and Basilicata. TFP seems to be linked to the structure of the regional agricultures in terms of types of farming and size of farms. However, further analyses would be required to establish a relationship between productivity and agricultural composition of geographical regions. In the second part of the research, measurements at NUTS3 level are used to inspect productivity differentials considering the spatial variability of the Italian territory. A limited degree of productivity clustering is found at NUTS3 level. Spatial dependence is quantified in a linear model that assumes also temporal dependence of TFP and controls for covariates. The model is estimated with the BCLSDV (Bias Corrected Least Squares Dummy Variable) estimator. Assuming a narrow spatial correlation structure, estimates show a limited degree of temporal dependence and a high degree of spatial dependence. Coefficient estimates are then used to model the diffusion process of a productivity shock hitting specific NUTS3. Evidences from the exercise show that, due to the narrow spatial correlation structure assumed and the limited temporal dependence, the effects of a shock are limited in space and over time. Effects of a shock differ depending on the distance of NUTS3 from the epicenter of the shock. Neighboring NUTS3 receive, in a shorter time frame, a larger long-run spillover effect with respect to NUTS3 that are further away. This results is an evidence of the site-specificity of agricultural production. The close link that exists between locations and agriculture influence production practices and their development.
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Gurung, Ananda Bahadur. "Impact of Agricultural Productivity Changes on Agricultural Exports." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29760.
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This study uses linear programming and econometric tools to determine the impact of agricultural productivity (technology) on agricultural exports. The study determines total factor productivity (TFP) using the Malmquist index method for a panel of 64 countries. Productivity impact on exports is determined by a two-stage estimation procedure. The results show agricultural productivity affects agricultural exports. This has important implications for developing countries. A 1 unit change in cumulative TFP increases agricultural output by .79% and a 1% increase in estimated agricultural output increases exports by .37%. Therefore, the total effect of technology on exports of primary and processed commodities is .29%. Developed countries generally have higher TFP rates, leading to higher export earnings; meanwhile, developing countries are not getting the benefits from agricultural exports because they have a relatively lower level of agricultural productivity. Investing in research and development for agriculture can improve technology, which, in turn, can Increase agricultural exports.
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Carvalho, Rosemeiry Melo. "Three Essays About Agricultural Productivity." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2003. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1291.
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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃThis thesis studies agricultural productivity both from an empirical and theoretical perspective. On the empirical side, a stochastic frontier is estimated for Brazilian states and the Data Envelopment Analysis methodology is employed for South American countries. Regarding the theoretical perspective, the impact of an increase on agricultural productivity upon economic growth and welfare is analyzed by means of an endogenous growth model. We conclude that agricultural productivity plays a major role in determining the growth rate of economies.
Nesta Tese faz-se um estudo sobre produtividade agrÃcola tanto do ponto de vista empÃrico quanto teÃrico. Quanto ao primeiro aspecto, realiza-se estimativas usando o mÃtodo da fronteira estocÃstica para os estados brasileiros e o Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA para os paÃses da AmÃrica do Sul. Do ponto de vista teÃrico analisa-se atravÃs de um modelo de crescimento endÃgeno o impacto do aumento da produtividade agrÃcola no crescimento econÃmico e no nÃvel de bem-estar. A conclusÃo do trabalho à que a produtividade no setor agrÃcola tem importantes implicaÃÃes na taxa de crescimento da economia
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Alia, Didier Y. "AGRICULTURAL INPUT INTENSIFICATION, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICAN AGRICULTURE." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/59.
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This dissertation studies agricultural input intensification, defined as the increased use of modern inputs such as hybrid seeds, mineral fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide in African agriculture. It also analyses the potential of this intensification to accelerate productivity growth and tests the effectiveness of two policies, input subsidies and land reforms, in promoting it and consequently in increasing crop yield. In the first essay, we argue that to create the conditions for the emergence of a green revolution in Africa, modern agricultural technologies have to be adopted as a package, not in a piecemeal fashion. This argument is consistent with a conceptual framework that we develop to illustrate the importance of harnessing strategic complementarities among agricultural technologies by adopting them simultaneously rather than sequentially. Based on this framework, we propose a methodology to estimate an index to measure agricultural input intensification in its many dimensions. The index provides a simple and intuitive measure to quantify joint adoption of several inputs and compare it across plots, crops, farmers, and regions. Applying this methodology to maize producers in Burkina Faso and Tanzania, we show that our estimated index is a valid measure of joint input adoption and effectively captures the relative importance of each input as well as the number of different inputs adopted. Using the estimated index, we find that simultaneous adoption of modern inputs in Burkina Faso and Tanzania is limited but not rare. Most importantly, we find that the impact of the adoption of individual modern input on yield is increasing with the level of intensification for others.
In the subsequent two essays, we assess the effectiveness of government’s direct intervention through input subsidies and indirect intervention through land reforms in promoting agricultural input intensification and increasing productivity. Our empirical analyses focus on Burkina Faso, a country that has recently implemented a fertilizer subsidy program and is undertaking profound land reforms to improve land tenure security and land transferability among households. The second essay tests the hypothesis that subsidizing only one input might promote or discourage the use of other inputs. We find that fertilizer subsidy for maize farmers in Burkina Faso crowds in the use of hybrid seeds and crop protection chemicals, but discourages the use of manure. The last essay assesses whether the development of rural land rental markets can facilitate land transferability among farmers and increase input intensification and productivity. The findings suggest that land rental transfers land from less talented or committed farmers to the more able but have minimal impact on input intensification. However, our results show that land renters are more productive and better farm managers. These results suggest that the short-term gains from policies that foster the development of land rental markets in Burkina Faso, and more generally Africa, will likely be in term of efficiency rather than widespread adoption of modern agricultural technologies.
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Liu, Yucan. "Risk, induced innovation, and productivity convergence in U.S. agriculture." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2007/y_Liu_043007.pdf.
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Kulkarni, Kedar <1991>. ""Indian Agriculture – Productivity, Climate Change and Institutions An essay in Agricultural Economics"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8815.
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"Agricultural sector in India has recorded tremendous growth since Independence. This has been largely possible due to the new agricultural reforms and the arrival of the green and white revolutions. The impact of the new agricultural reforms can be felt in the massive increase in the productivity of coarse cereals and pulses which has enabled India to attain self-sufficiency in food grains. A by-product of this has been the gradual rise of energy inputs. In particular, fertilizer consumption, diesel use and electricity consumption, have seen a dramatic rise post 1960. There also has been a large scale substitution of capital for labour. This is a direct consequence of the increasing population size and food grain demand as India strives to maintain self-sufficiency. However, more importantly, the extravagant use of energy inputs and substitution of capital for labour coupled with new agricultural technology has had an adverse effect on the climate. This thesis makes an attempt to analyse the growth in Indian Agriculture and derive its implications in relation to energy use and CO2 emissions. The specific objective is to estimate the relationship between carbon emissions and agricultural productivity. Although agricultural production in India has witnessed a tremendous growth, it is unclear whether the high intake of energy has an adverse impact on climate. Over the past years, the northern states of India have blossomed partly due to favourable climatic conditions, while the western and southern states have experienced drastic climatic conditions that have adversely impacted agricultural productivity, repercussions of which are felt in farmer suicides and rural to urban migration. This thesis also investigates this issue by throwing light on the role of institutions in the development of agriculture and its implications on climate change.
The findings of the study show the presence of a positive relationship between agricultural productivity and the level of carbon emissions. Further, the study also finds that states with good institution are able to perform better than their competitors endowed with bad institutions."
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Benu, Fredrik Lukas. "Farm productivity and farmers' welfare in West Timor, Indonesia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/333.
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This study examines agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare in West Timor, Indonesia. The driving force behind this study is to understand why the welfare of farmers has lagged behind others despite significant growth in the agricultural sector. The main research problem in this study is that while agricultural production has increased significantly in West Timor, the welfare of farmers has not increased as fast as that of non-farmers. To reduce the gap in income between farmers and nonfarmers, the growth of income of West Timor's farmers, as the indicator of their welfare, has to accelerate at least as fast as the growth of non-farmers' income. This target might be achieved if there is an appropriate policy of agricultural development implemented by the government. For this reason, evaluation of the structure of agricultural production, as well as the welfare of the farmers of West Timor, is an important issue that needs to be addressed. This study analyses the structure of agricultural production and the welfare of farmers in West Timor. An econometric method (Three Stage Least Squares) was used in modelling the agricultural system to evaluate the structure of the agricultural production as well as farmers' welfare in West Timor. A simultaneous equations model which consists of eight structural and four identity equations was constructed for the analysis of the structure, the estimation of elasticities from the regression coefficients and the subsequent policy analysis. The data used for the analysis are secondary data published by the Indonesian government.All data used in the model were time series data from 1979 to 1998 and gathered in the period between January and July 1999. The results of this research found that technical factors such as water availability. pasture capacity and irrigation channels influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors such as the price of products and cost of inputs. Too, population growth and the availability of socio-economic institutions such as cooperatives at the village level. have a significant influence on the agricultural production. Although technical factors influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors, subsequent policy analysis shows that an increase in agricultural credit as well as a reduction in the cost of production will still have a positive impact on the production of agriculture. A policy to increase the price of agricultural commodities at the farm gate, especially the price of live cattle and rice, will increase the profit of farmers, further motivating them to increase their overall production. There are six scenarios of the policy alternatives that are simulated in this study. These are: (1) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated areas, (2) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the amount of credit, (3) the scenario of a 35 per cent decrease in total cost per hectare of maize cultivation, (4) the scenario of a 10 units increase in the number of cooperatives, (5) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle at the farm gate, and (6) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of rice at the farm gate.The results of the policy analysis found that the largest positive impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers per capita income is derived from the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated area. The scenarios of increasing amount of agricultural credit and the number of co-operatives have also generated a large positive impact on the agricultural sector output, but with a high increase in farmer population growth. Two other scenarios that have a large impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers' per capita income are the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle and the price of rice. Based on the results of the policy analysis, two main policies that might be undertaken by the government to promote the growth of the agricultural sector and farmers' per capita income are expansion of irrigated areas and improving farmers' access to agricultural credit.
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Akudugu, Mamudu Abunga. "Farm credit and agricultural productivity in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715414.
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Nimo, Michael Kwabi. "Agricultural productivity and supply responses in Ghana." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12583/.
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The importance of Agricultural Supply Response (ASR) modelling cannot be over emphasised. Knowledge of its size provides a roadmap for designing a tailored agricultural policy based on suppliers’ responses to price and non-price incentives. In spite of its policy importance, limited amount of studies exist for Ghana. This study seeks to fill the gap and also sheds some light on how future agricultural policies in Ghana should be formulated. This study is conducted on a regional (ecological) group basis and at a crop-level. Apart from price and non-price factors, we have also accounted for technical inefficiencies, a problem that impedes the growth of agricultural production in Ghana. We employed the duality modelling technique (based on the profit function). This technique provides a more intuitive way of modelling and interpreting ASRs. We used the fourth wave of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS4), a cross-sectional dataset collected between 1998 and 1999. The analysis is based on six crops, grouped into industrial (cocoa and groundnut), food (maize, rice and cowpea) and staple (sorghum and millet combined and termed migso in the study). A sensitivity analysis is carried out to check the robustness of results. We found high national and ecological technical inefficiency scores. Nationally, technical inefficiency is in the neighbourhood of 53%. At the ecological levels, groundnut (industrial crop) farmers in the Coastal zone recording the highest inefficiency (83%) with the least inefficiency score coming from cowpea (food) farmers in the Savannah zone (30%). In a related outcome we found that technical inefficiency estimates and patterns are sensitive to the structure and composition of the dataset. Our supply elasticities support claims that farmers in Ghana will respond to both market (price) and non-price incentives. In terms of price incentives we found that, with or without technical inefficiency, farmers of food crops in the Coastal zone will respond the most to changes to outputs prices. Farmers in the Savannah zone for all crops but staples will be the least to respond to output price change. We found, however, that with production inefficiency accounted for, supply responses were relatively lower, reinforcing the arguments that earlier supply response estimates from other studies could have been inaccurately estimated especially where analysis failed to account for non-price factors. Moreover, the study estimates revealed that farmers in Ghana are would record a larger output supply responses to changes in inputs prices than output prices. Besides price, the study also found that all four non-price incentives - plot size, animal capital, family labour and education of household head - are important to the development of an effective agricultural policy regardless of whether technical inefficiency is accounted for or not. In some cases, output supply responses from non-prices factors outweighed price elasticities, again supporting the argument that ASR estimates are likely to be biased if non-price factors are omitted. These findings provide two policy signposts for the design of Ghana’s future agricultural policies. Firstly, the policy - aimed at increasing output and/or improving the sector’s competitiveness - must identify and address technical inefficiencies among smallholder agricultural farmers. Failure to address such inefficiencies would lead to suboptimal performance - operating on a lower production frontier. Secondly, the differences in crop-level ecological supply elasticities support regional-based agricultural policies rather than a one-size-fits all centralised agricultural policy.
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Tran, Huu-Cuong. "Market access and agricultural productivity in Vietnam." Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2005. http://d-nb.info/989887405/04.
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Liu, Yanyan. "Papers on agricultural insurance and farm productivity." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68). Also issued in print.
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Baldos, Uris Lantz Caldo. "Essays on productivity growth in agriculture." Thesis, Purdue University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3686829.
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This dissertation aims to explore the current trends in agricultural productivity and analyse its impact on the global farm and food system. Chapter 2 in this dissertation looks at the current trends in agricultural productivity in India—one most of the populous country in the world. In this chapter, productivity trends in Indian agriculture are examined by looking at changes in Total Factor Productivity—a measure which takes into account all farm outputs and inputs. Estimates in this chapter suggest that TFP growth for the 10-year period—between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010—steadily grew at the national level. Looking at the 5-year estimates, TFP growth in the early 2000s was sluggish but this poor performance was offset by sharp growth in the late 2000s.
Developments at global scale ultimately affect world food production and prices. This dissertation develops a new framework for the analysis of productivity, prices, nutrition and land use in the context of a global economy. Nick-named SIMPLE, this model forms the basis for Chapters 3 and 4. In Chapter 3, projections from the SIMPLE model are validated against actual changes in key agricultural variables during the historical period 1961-2006. Given observed growths in population, incomes and total factor productivity, SIMPLE can successfully replicate historical changes in global crop production, cropland use, global crop yield and price. In Chapter 4, the implications of productivity growth for future global food security are examined using a module which calculates the headcount, prevalence and average depth of malnutrition by looking at the changes in average caloric consumption. Going forward to 2050, population growth is projected to slow down while biofuel use, per capita incomes and agricultural productivity are expected rise steadily. If TFP growth stagnates, nutritional outcomes would likely worsen, with virtually no reduction in the global headcount of malnourished persons over the 2006-2050 period. Climate change will also have significant implications for nutritional outcomes in hunger stricken regions of the world. Lastly, Chapter 5 outlines the scope for future work and identifies key areas for improvements regarding the studies documented in this dissertation.
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Krusekopf, Charles C. "Land-tenure institutions and agricultural productivity in post-reform China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7460.
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Tso, Katherine Kit-Yan. "Effects of climate on agricultural productivity in China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40203.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-103).
by Katherine Kit-Yan Tso.
M.Eng.
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Pokharel, Krishna Prasad. "Measuring the efficiency and productivity of agricultural cooperatives." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32944.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
This dissertation focuses on measuring the efficiency and productivity for agricultural cooperatives in the United States using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Economic measures such as cost efficiency, economies of scale, and economies of scope are measured by estimating a cost frontier in a multiproduct framework. Productivity growth is measured using the biennial Malmquist index approach. The cost frontier is the basis for calculating cost efficiency, economies of scale, and economies of scope as the cost frontier estimation in a multiproduct approach describes how cost changes as output changes. The estimates of economies of scale and scope have important implications for agricultural cooperatives because most of the cooperatives sell more than one product. Understanding the impact of changing output levels or mixes on the cost structure is helpful to improve the performance of cooperatives. Further, scope economies estimate the percentage of cost savings through product diversification in a multiproduct firm. The trade-off between cost efficiency and multiproduct scale economies allows the estimation of whether a higher percentage of cost can be eliminated by becoming cost efficient or changing the scale of operations. The economic measures are estimated using a single cost frontier (multi-year frontier) and annual cost frontiers. Multiproduct economies of scale and economies of scope exist indicating that increasing scale and product diversification can reduce cost for agricultural cooperatives. The mean values of product-specific economies of scale for all outputs are close to one indicating that cooperatives are operating close to constant returns to scale. The comparison between cost efficiency and scale economies suggests that smaller cooperatives can save a higher percentage of cost by increasing the scale of operations rather than just becoming cost efficient. Because larger incentives exist for small cooperatives to increase scale, mergers will likely continue until economies of scale are exhausted in the industry. Annual estimates show that agricultural cooperatives have become less cost efficient over time, but economies of scale and economies of scope remain consistent across years. Many agricultural cooperatives face economies of scale indicating that variable returns to scale as opposed to constant returns to scale is the appropriate technology for modeling agricultural farm marketing and supply cooperatives. Further, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and two sample t-test are used to examine whether economic measures estimated from a single frontier and annual frontiers are statistically different. The KS test and t-test indicate that economic measures obtained from the single frontier are statistically different from those measures calculated from annual frontiers. This indicates that the cost frontier has shifted over time. Productivity growth of agricultural cooperatives is estimated using the biennial Malmquist productivity index (BMI) under variable returns to scale over the period 2005 to 2014. The BMI avoids numerical infeasibilities under variable returns to scale compared to traditional methods. The BMI is decomposed into efficiency change and technical change to evaluate the sources of productivity growth. Overall, agricultural cooperatives gained 34% cumulative productivity growth during the decade allocated by -2% and 37% cumulative technical efficiency change and technical change over the study period. Technical change was the major source of productivity growth rather than efficiency change. Cooperatives can achieve higher productivity by increasing managerial efficiency and by investing in technology.
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Rahman, Masuka. "Agricultural productivity and domestic food availability in Bangladesh." Thesis, Rahman, Masuka (2018) Agricultural productivity and domestic food availability in Bangladesh. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/43985/.
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This thesis sheds light on the economic aspects of agricultural technological progress in meeting the challenges of sustainable food security in rural Bangladesh. The key question at the heart of this research is to explore how Bangladesh could increase its food production in a sustainable manner to feed its ever increasing population in the long run, despite facing increased natural resource constraints and increasing climate variability. One well demonstrated method by which to increase food production using fewer resources is to increase the productivity of factors of production. The impact or relationship between productivity and long-run sustainable output growth can be captured or measured with the growth accounting framework pioneered by Solow (1956, 1957).
This thesis concentrates particularly upon household level crop productivity by empirically estimating medium term growth in eight different regions of Bangladesh. This is because statistical research conducted from a macro perspective on growth accounting will never be able to offer a complete account of the growth process, but case studies based on field surveys can provide an important (or perhaps a deeper) complementary understanding of agricultural productivity.
The findings of this study, using secondary source-based data, show a very low level of average total factor productivity (TFP) growth, of only 0.24 per cent per year between the 2009-2014 period. In addition, empirical results of TFP growth in diverse regions of Bangladesh show considerable variation, ranging from on an average 0.38 to 0.14 per cent per annum during the same period. In addition, a combination of primary and secondary source-based TFP growth analysis shows TFP grew at an average of 0.46 per cent per annum in the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during 2009 to 2015. This relatively impressive performance sets a benchmark target for other regions. Although achieving similar TFP growth levels across the regions may be difficult mainly due to environmental differences, minimizing the TFP growth gap through appropriate policy initiatives will make a valuable contribution to food security in Bangladesh.
Overall, the findings in this thesis suggest that agricultural output growth in all the study areas are technology or TFP driven, including sustainable food production.
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Benu, Fredrik Lukas. "Farm productivity and farmers' welfare in West Timor, Indonesia." Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute of Agriculture, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14865.
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This study examines agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare in West Timor, Indonesia. The driving force behind this study is to understand why the welfare of farmers has lagged behind others despite significant growth in the agricultural sector. The main research problem in this study is that while agricultural production has increased significantly in West Timor, the welfare of farmers has not increased as fast as that of non-farmers. To reduce the gap in income between farmers and nonfarmers, the growth of income of West Timor's farmers, as the indicator of their welfare, has to accelerate at least as fast as the growth of non-farmers' income. This target might be achieved if there is an appropriate policy of agricultural development implemented by the government. For this reason, evaluation of the structure of agricultural production, as well as the welfare of the farmers of West Timor, is an important issue that needs to be addressed. This study analyses the structure of agricultural production and the welfare of farmers in West Timor. An econometric method (Three Stage Least Squares) was used in modelling the agricultural system to evaluate the structure of the agricultural production as well as farmers' welfare in West Timor. A simultaneous equations model which consists of eight structural and four identity equations was constructed for the analysis of the structure, the estimation of elasticities from the regression coefficients and the subsequent policy analysis. The data used for the analysis are secondary data published by the Indonesian government.All data used in the model were time series data from 1979 to 1998 and gathered in the period between January and July 1999. The results of this research found that technical factors such as water availability. pasture capacity and irrigation channels influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors such as the price of products and cost of inputs. Too, population growth and the availability of socio-economic institutions such as cooperatives at the village level. have a significant influence on the agricultural production. Although technical factors influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors, subsequent policy analysis shows that an increase in agricultural credit as well as a reduction in the cost of production will still have a positive impact on the production of agriculture. A policy to increase the price of agricultural commodities at the farm gate, especially the price of live cattle and rice, will increase the profit of farmers, further motivating them to increase their overall production. There are six scenarios of the policy alternatives that are simulated in this study. These are: (1) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated areas, (2) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the amount of credit, (3) the scenario of a 35 per cent decrease in total cost per hectare of maize cultivation, (4) the scenario of a 10 units increase in the number of cooperatives, (5) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle at the farm gate, and (6) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of rice at the farm gate.
The results of the policy analysis found that the largest positive impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers per capita income is derived from the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated area. The scenarios of increasing amount of agricultural credit and the number of co-operatives have also generated a large positive impact on the agricultural sector output, but with a high increase in farmer population growth. Two other scenarios that have a large impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers' per capita income are the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle and the price of rice. Based on the results of the policy analysis, two main policies that might be undertaken by the government to promote the growth of the agricultural sector and farmers' per capita income are expansion of irrigated areas and improving farmers' access to agricultural credit.
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Швіндіна, Ганна Олександрівна, Анна Александровна Швиндина, Hanna Oleksandrivna Shvindina, and O. Y. Etongwe. "Knowledge management and improvement of agricultural productivity in Cameroon." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26429.
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Roy, Tanusree. "Agricultural productivity and regional imbalances in Malda District, West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/340.
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Rai, Kalyani. "Impacts of foreign assistance on less-developed countries' agricultural productivity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45882.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of foreign assistance on lessâ developed countriesâ agricultural productivity. The study employed a Cobb- Douglas production function model. Several alternative model specifications were utilized in an attempt to model the true relationship between agricultural inputs and output. First, the foreign aid variable was included as a distributed lag of past foreign aid receipts and then as a three years moving average of aid expenditures. Second, dummy variables were introduced to allow the effects of aid to differ by income levels, yearly factors, and geographical regions. An inter country pooled cross section and time-series data for a set of 59 countries was used in the models from 1975-1984.
The empirical results did not support the hypothesis that the aggregate effect of foreign aid on agricultural production ls positive. However, the results of the model including dummy variables which account for the regional differences of aid effects revealed that the contributions of aid differ by geographical regions.Master of Science
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Ndarishikanye, Barnabe. "Agricultural productivity and rural-urban migration : the case of Senegal." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31278.
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Rural-urban migration in Sub-Saharan African countries has been increasing since the 1960s. In Senegal from 1961 to 1996, it grew 7.6% per annum. Labour market in the modern industrial and service sectors is so depressed that urban workers face high unemployment and poverty rates, and live in substandard conditions in the fringe urban sector. The purpose of this study is to examine policies needed to reduce rural-urban migration through selected agricultural investments, especially given that a long run of low agricultural productivity has been a major cause of rural-urban migration flows.Based on a recursive system of equations, an estimate was made of rural-urban migration elasticity caused by agricultural inputs and their impact on migration. The model used combines a Cobb-Douglas agricultural production equation along with a rural-urban migration equation with agricultural output as an explanatory variable. The study period is 36 years from 1961 to 1996.
Our findings support the hypothesis that rural-urban migration is a positive outcome function of the urban-rural wage ratio that is proxied by the ratio of urban per capita income to rural per capita income. The results justify the design of a policy aimed at reducing rural-urban migration flows through increasing per capita earnings by means of increased agricultural investments. For instance, 10% increase of fertiliser lowers rural-urban migration by 20.5% while 10% increase of agricultural infrastructure reduces rural-urban migration of about 32.2%. If one extrapolates these results, fertiliser and infrastructure need to be increased respectively by 36% and 25% or both inputs by 13.09% to reach rural-urban migration annual rate of 2%, the level of industrial labour demand.
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Msulwa, Baraka. "The impact of credit constraints on agricultural productivity in Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20085.
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This paper uses a nationally representative sample of agricultural businesses in Tanzania to empirically investigate the determinants of credit constraint status and its impact on agricultural productivity. In particular, we directly elicit the nature of the credit constraints experienced by crop producers. Subsequently, we evaluate the effect on crop output value per hectare using an endogenous switching regression model, which simultaneously estimates the likelihood of being credit constrained and its impact on productivity. The results provide evidence that the relaxation of all credit constraints would significantly enhance agricultural productivity; hence, contributing favourably to rural development, poverty alleviation, and the improvement of living standards in Tanzania. Moreover, consideration of only quantity constraints was shown to underestimate the full impact of credit constraint status in the presence of transaction costs and risk constraints. We advocate for the Tanzanian agricultural policy framework to adopt a broader definition of credit constraint status in pursuit of agricultural and economic development.
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Pires, Gabrielle Ferreira. "Climate change and the sustainability of agricultural productivity in Brazil." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7491.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Há uma grande expectativa global de que produção agrícola total do Brasil irá aumentar como em nenhum outro país do mundo para atender ao aumento da demanda por alimentos até 2050. Ao tentar atender a essa expectativa, o Brasil terá de enfrentar os efeitos de uma grave mudança climática induzida pela mudança na composição atmosférica. Além disso, se o futuro aumento da produção total se assemelhar a dinâmica do passado e a fronteira agrícola avançar sobre biomas naturais como a Amazônia e o Cerrado, corremos um grande risco. Estudos recentes indicam que o desmatamento em grande escala causa mudanças significativas na disponibilidade de água no ambiente e poderia ter implicações para os sistemas agrícolas. Esta tese investiga como a mudança climática e o desmatamento adicional podem afetar a produtividade das principais commodities exportadas pelo país até 2050: soja e pastagens para criação de gado. Foi utilizado um modelo de culturas agrícolas para avaliar os efeitos do clima simulado por quatro modelos do CMIP5 sob o cenário RCP8.5 do IPCC AR5 na produtividade de soja e pastagens. Estes resultados foram contrastados com um segundo grupo de simulações que representam os efeitos de cenários de desmatamento mais severos da Amazônia e do Cerrado no clima regional. As simulações de soja indicam que, dentre as regiões mais produtivas no centro-norte do Brasil, os efeitos das alterações climáticas são dependentes das datas de plantio. A produtividade das cultivares de soja plantadas em setembro, semeadas mais cedo por agricultores que optam por adotar sistemas safra-safrinha (duas culturas no mesmo espaço no mesmo calendário agrícola) deve diminuir expressivamente. No entanto, cultivares de soja que são plantadas em datas posteriores (novembro- dezembro), semeadas principalmente por agricultores que optam por cultivar apenas uma cultura no mesmo calendário agrícola, mostram um aumento da produtividade. A diminuição da produtividade para datas precoces está relacionada a uma tendência de diminuição mais acentuada da precipitação durante estes meses do ano, enquanto o aumento da produtividade em datas mais tardias é devido a um déficit hídrico menor e os efeitos positivos de um aumento da concentração de CO 2 atmosférico. Regiões produtoras do Sul do Brasil também mostram aumento da produtividade de soja até o meio do século, independentemente da data de plantio. Para as regiões produtivas do centro e norte do Brasil, movendo-se as datas de plantio de setembro para datas posteriores pode levar a um aumento da produtividade de soja, mas diminui a probabilidade de adoção de sistemas safra-safrinha. Além disso, cenários de desmatamento mais severos levam a um aumento da perda de produtividade de soja. As simulações de produtividade de pastagens mostram que, assim como no caso da soja, a produtividade das pastagens deve diminuir em regiões centrais e do norte do Brasil e aumentar ligeiramente nas regiões sul. Além disso, níveis mais elevados de desmatamento provocam maior redução da produtividade, e conduzem a perdas de produtividade pelo menos duas vezes maiores. De acordo com todas as simulações deste trabalho, as regiões mais afetadas são onde estão localizados os maiores produtores agrícolas nacionais (Mato Grosso) ou em regiões que começaram a ser exploradas mais recentemente e ainda guardam elevado potencial agrícola como o MATOPIBA, indicando que investimentos do governo nessas regiões sem a consideração apropriada dos riscos climáticos é uma estratégia de elevado risco. Finalmente, em face às mudanças climáticas e com reduzida evidência de que o desmatamento na Amazônia e no Cerrado estejam chegando a um fim, o Brasil deverá rever suas políticas agrícolas e conservacionistas e alcançar imediatamente níveis de desmatamento zero nestes biomas, e criar mecanismos para identificar e traçar soluções para adaptar sua agricultura às mudanças climáticas.
There is a wide global expectation that Brazilian total agricultural output will increase like no other country in the world to meet the projected higher demand for food until 2050. While trying to meet this expectation, Brazil will face the effects of a severe climate change induced by the change in atmospheric composition. In addition, if the future increase in total production resembles the dynamics of the past and increasingly deforest natural biomes as the Amazon and the Cerrado, we run a great risk, as recent studies indicate that large-scale deforestation drives significant changes in water availability and could have implication for agricultural systems. This thesis investigates how climate change and additional deforestation may affect the productivity of the main commodities exported by the country until 2050: soybeans and cattle pasture. We used a gridded crop model to assess the effects of the climate simulated by four CMIP5 models under the IPCC AR5 RCP8.5 scenario on soybean and pasture productivity. We contrasted these results with a second group of simulations that account for the effects of more severe Amazon and Cerrado deforestation scenarios on regional climate. Soybean simulations show that, for central-northern Brazilian productive regions, the effects of climate change are dependent on the planting dates. The productivity of soybean cultivars planted in late September, sowed early by farmers who choose to adopt double-cropping systems (two crops on the same land in the same agricultural calendar) is predicted to expressively decrease. However, soybean cultivars that are planted in later dates (November- December), mainly sowed by farmers who choose to grow only one crop in the agricultural calendar, show increased productivity. The decrease in productivity for earlier dates is related to a sharper decreasing trend in precipitation during these months of the year, while the increased productivity in later dates is due to a smaller water deficit and the positive effects of an increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Southern Brazilian productive regions also show increased soybean productivity until the middle of the century, despite the planting date. For central-northern Brazilian productive regions, moving planting dates from September to later dates expressively increases soybean productivity, but decreases the probability of adopting double-cropping systems. In addition, increased levels of deforestation lead to increased soybean productivity loss. Pasture simulations show that, as well as in the case of soybeans, pasture productivity is predicted to decrease in central-northern Brazilian regions and slightly increase in southern regions. In addition, higher deforestation levels causes further productivity decrease, and lead to at least twice as large productivity losses. According to all simulations in this work, the regions most affected are either the major Brazilian production region (Mato Grosso) or where the exploration has begun more recently and still hold an expressive agriculture potential as MATOPIBA, indicating that government investments in these regions without the proper consideration of the climate risks are a high-risk strategy. Finally, in the face of climate change and with little evidence that deforestation in Amazonia and Cerrado is ending, Brazil needs to review its agriculture and conservation policies and immediately shift to a new standard of zero deforestation in Amazonia and Cerrado, and create mechanisms to identify and trace solutions to adapt its agriculture to climate change.
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Tangen, Alyssa. "The Impacts of Expected Structural Changes in Demand for Agricultural Commodities in China and India on World Agriculture." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29866.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the changes in import and export demand in China and India on the United States and global agriculture in 2018. A spatial equilibrium model is developed to optimize production and trade in China, India, and other major importing and exporting regions in the world. This research focuses on four primary crops: wheat, com, rice and soybeans. In the model China and India are divided into 31 and 14 producing and consuming regions, respectively. The model also includes five exporting countries and ten importing countries/regions. The results indicate that India will be able to stay largely self-sufficient in 2018 and China will increase its soybean and com imports to meet rising domestic demand. The research also gives perspectives on production and trade in the United States and other major exporting and importing countries.
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Sparger, John Adam. "Is the Share of Agricultural Maintenance Research Rising? Implications for Future Productivity Growth in U.S. Agriculture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31483.
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Agricultural research is susceptible to research deterioration due to biological, climatic, and economic forces. Research deteriorates as the base conditions it addresses change which leaves the resulting information or technology less effective, efficient, productive, and/or relevant. Maintenance research targets deterioration in an attempt to prevent any loss of previous gains. Maintenance research is in contrast to productivity enhancing research which attempts to increase efficiency or productivity beyond previously attained thresholds.
In 1986, Adusei and Norton conducted a survey of agricultural scientists across the United States to measure the amount of commodity based agricultural research devoted to maintenance research (1990). They discovered roughly 35% of all agricultural research related to commodities was spent on maintenance research. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2008 to see if the proportion of maintenance research engaged in agricultural research had risen. In this survey, the amount of maintenance research in non-commodity based agricultural research was also measured. The percentage of agricultural commodity research engaged in maintenance research was found to have risen to roughly 41%. In contrast, the percentage of maintenance research in agricultural non-commodity research was found to be roughly 29%.
An empirical model was developed to explain maintenance research expenditures. Agricultural research funding, climatic conditions, land degradation, pest and pathogen control, and agricultural production were thought to influence maintenance research expenditures. From these five categories, seven representative variables were included in the model. The model found each category except land degradation to have a statistically significant impact on maintenance research expenditures.Master of Science
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Ibanga, Imwa. "Formes d'organisation de la production agricole et son impact dans l'economie nationale cas du Zaïre de 1977 à 1987 /." [Kinshasa] : Faculté des sciences économiques, Université de Kinshasa, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22607086.html.
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Mirotchie, Mesfin. "Productivity analysis of private and socialized agriculture in Ethiopia." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54246.
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The system of cereal grain production in Ethiopia has been stratified into private, cooperative and state farms since the 1975 land reform. The private farms are being gradually replaced by the cooperative farms while the state farms are receiving increased technical and budgetary assistance by the Ethiopian government. lt is, however, not clear if these policies are consistent with the technical characteristics of these three modes of production. This study, therefore, evaluated technical efficiency, impacts of known and latent input factors, and returns to scale parameters for each farm type.
Sample data were collected from Ethiopia on five cereal crops, namely, barley, com, sorghum, teff and wheat and several input factors, including labor, land, oxen, traditional farm implements, tractors, machinery services, modern yield·increasing inputs, livestock, education and rainfall over 77 awrajjas for the 1980-1986 production period. A covariance regression model was applied with these data to determine an appropriate functional form between the Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions. The Translog functional form was selected for the analysis on the basis of statistical tests.
Results of the analysis suggest that the producer cooperatives collectively appear to have a potential to generate increased gross income per hectare at a declining rate with respect to an equiproportionate increase in all inputs, except land, upon an increasing average cost of production per unit of cereal output. The private and state farms appear to be operating with a close to fixed proportions type of production technology with a constant average cost of production per unit of cereal output per hectare. Moreover, the range of substitutability between input factors tends towards a complementary relationship as the institutional transformations and management techniques of the cereal producing farms shift from the traditional to a more advanced and centrally managed state mode of production.
Partial income elasticity parameters suggest that (a) the private sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to traditional hand tools, fertilizer, labor, human capital at primary level of education, and rain in August and September; (b) the cooperative sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to the use of tractors and September rain; whereas (c) gross income per hectare of the state farms is most responsive to the use of traditional labor, machinery services and rain in June and August. Thus, Ethiopia’s agricultural income production per hectare is likely to be revitalized by: (a) qualitative changes in the traditional inputs, water management, and introduction of modem technical inputs such as fertilizer and farmer education in the private sector; (b) increased traditional labor employment, improved management of water, machinery and modem yield-increasing inputs on the state farms; and (c) a better usage of tractors and collaborative input factors, improved water management, and a substantial increase in capital investment to achieve full employment of the seemingly redundant labor and oxen input factors on the cooperative farms. It seems unlikely that the producer cooperatives will achieve the goal of maximum cereal output per hectare with the most prevalent composition of the redundant traditional input factors which contribute insignificantly at the margin without a major change in the current production techniques and structural policies of the sector.Ph. D.
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Hu, Fan. "Agricultural price protection and productivity in high and low income countries." Thesis, Montana State University, 1992. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1992/hu/HuF1992.pdf.
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It is argued that agricultural pricing policies can have an effect on agricultural productivity through the effects that price expectations can have on the choice of technique by producers, on the incentives for discovering new knowledge and on investment in agriculture. It is hypothesized that there is a positive (negative) relationship between subsidy (tax), but this relationship depends on the degree of the subsidy or tax. The Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) is used as a proxy for agricultural policy, and is included as an explanatory variable in production function. Policy is also hypothesized to be an endogenous variable in the process of economic growth, so a simultaneous equations model is estimated consisting of an aggregate production function and a policy equation. Agricultural policy is found to have a positive and significant impact on agricultural productivity and this productivity effect is not the same for all countries. In particular, in the countries that subsidize or tax agriculture moderately, the response of productivity to the NPC is large with an elasticity greater than 2. The results imply that if the price interventions were to be eliminated, agricultural productivity would increase on average by more than 68% in developing countries and would on average by about 30% in developed countries. The results also suggest that it would be possible to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of agriculture caused by subsidies without significantly lowering agricultural productivity in developed countries.
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Gorst, Ashley. "Assessing climatic and technological constraints to agricultural productivity in South Asia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3613/.
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This thesis comprises of four essays that seek to advance understanding of the role that climatic constraints have on agricultural productivity in India and Pakistan. This work emphasises that the constraints posed to agricultural production must be understood within the context of an evolving set of environmental and technological conditions. The thesis employs empirical methods to understand these relationships, where particular emphasis is placed on methods suitable for learning about the challenges agriculture will face in the future. The first chapter studies the impact of climate change on rice yields in India by modelling the inter-annual distribution of yield conditional on projected temperature increases. The results suggest a decrease in average yield and a substantial increase in the probability of low yields. It is also shown that yields have become increasingly resilient to heat over time. The second chapter studies the e↵ect of drought on cereal production in India by estimating thresholds of drought impact. By examining thresholds over time, evidence is found of decreasing average impacts, but with evidence of an abrupt increase in average drought impacts in more recent years. Thresholds of precipitation are also estimated, indicating substantial heterogeneity in resilience to drought across crop types and regions of India. The third chapter examines how changes in agricultural technology brought about by the Green Revolution a↵ected the relative importance of agro-climatic factors in determining crop yields. Using a detailed measure of crop suitability it is found that yields increased relatively more in areas of higher suitability, indicating complementarity between agricultural technologies and favourable agro-climatic characteristics. The final chapter uses farm-level data from a specifically-designed survey to assess the impact and determinants of climate change adaptation strategies on crop productivity in Pakistan. Adaptation has a beneficial e↵ect on rice yields, but not on wheat yields. This chapter also finds that a number of household and institutional factors are strongly related to whether households have adapted to climate change.
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Eng, Pierre van der. "Agricultural growth in Indonesia : productivity change and policy impact since 1880 /." New York : St Martin's press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377042331.
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Ogunyinka, Ebenezer Oluwayomi. "An examination of international agricultural productivity, technological bias, and efficiency gains /." Search for this dissertation online, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Ibrahim, Shakirat Bolatito. "Agricultural productivity, wage employment participation and welfare : effects of ill-health disability on agricultural households in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76775/.
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Health is a vital human endowment which detennines the amount and quality of time available for the maximization of individuals' and households' potentials in life. By utilizing the datasets obtained from the first two completed panel waves of the ongoing Nigerian Living Standard Measurement Study, Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), this study investigates the effects of ill-health disability on agricultural households' production, labour market productivity and welfare. Using the health infonnation in the LSMS-ISA panel dataset, different measures of household members' health status were constructed. These are: ill-health disability experience, ill-health disability days and categories of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) indexes (physical ability, participation difficulties, and sight and hearing impainnents). Endogeneity issue between ill-health disability, labour market outcomes and welfare were addressed with Instrumental Variable (IV) estimation methods. Likewise, possible bias arising from self-selection of individuals into labour market participation and healthcare utilization were addressed and corrected. In the first part of the thesis, panel data time-varying Stochastic Frontier Production (SFP) model was employed to examine the influence of ill-health disability on agricultural production through the dual pathway of reduction in households' labour capacity and the efficiency of agricultural inputs used in production. The results revealed that ill-health disability significantly lowers the value of agricultural output produced, but increases the inefficiency of agricultural production. The efficiency of agricultural production could be improved by about 50 percent of the current level through agricultural households' health improvement, encouragement of participation male heads and more members of the household in production and increasing the number of cultivated agricultural plots. The second part examines the influence of ill-health disability on working-age household members' participation, labour supply and earnings in wage employment using sample selection and IV estimation models. We found that increased days lost to ill-health disability pushes the individuals, particularly the males and rural ones into wage employment, but with poorer returns. Moreover, good physical and mental health enhances individuals' wage employment participation, labour supply hours and earnings. However, wage employed individuals with basic and physical difficulties in ADL worked more hours in a year compared to their counterparts without disability. Using IV estimation and poverty dynamics models, the third part of this thesis investigates the consequences of ill-health disability on agricultural households' welfare indicators and poverty dynamics. Findings showed that ill-health disability experience imposed significant costs on households' economic resources. Ill-health disability impairs households' welfare through: increased out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure; reduced adult-equivalised monthly food consumption expenditure; and increased households' likelihood of poverty, either persistently or transitory. Lastly, findings from healthcare demand and utilization behaviour of ill-health affected households' members revealed that urban individuals' healthcare consultation was more at hospitals or clinics, but at chemists and pharmaceutical stores for the rural ones. Thus, there is need to carefully investigate issues limiting effective utilization of fonnal healthcare services for curative purposes in rural areas of the country.
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Wright, Aaron M. "A low-frequency paleoclimatic reconstruction from the La Plata Mountains, Colorado and its implications for agricultural productivity in the Mesa Verde region." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/a_wright_120806.pdf.
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Kyei-Baffour, Nicholas. "A study into the effects of sodicity on the capping of soils." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268933.
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Bergeron, Lyne. "Effet de la teneur en eau du sol sur le rendement et la qualité des fruits du bleuet nain /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Boakye-Dankwah, James. "Factors related to research productivity of agricultural educators in institutions of higher learning offering programs of agricultural education /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901658593.
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Dyer, Graham. "Class, state and agricultural productivity in Egypt : a study of the inverse relationship between farm size and land productivity /." London : F. Cass, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37734074p.
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Dotta, Graziela. "Agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in the grasslands of Brazil and Uruguay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648454.
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Glazyrina, Anna. "Contribution of Public Investments and Innovations to Total Factor Productivity." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29848.
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This study examines the importance of public research and development (R&D) expenditures and innovations (prices) to U S agricultural productivity employing panel vector error correction econometric technique Specifically, time-series and panel unit root tests, panel cointegration procedures, panel causality tests, and vector error correction model are used in the analysis. Empirical application to U S state-level data for 1960-2004 suggests positive and statistically significant influence of both supply-side
drivers, in the form of public R&D expenditures, and demand-side drivers, in the form of innovations (prices), on total factor productivity growth.
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Hughes, Gabriel C. "Agricultural decollectivisation in central Europe and the productivity of emergent farm structures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8345.
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Robinson, Gwendolyn A. "The impact of 'villagization' in Tanzania on agricultural productivity and urban migration." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29446.
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Ma, Yuan [Verfasser]. "Measuring and Decomposing of China’s Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Efficiency / Yuan Ma." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1235222721/34.
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Abdullah, Rahman. "The influence of settlement patterns on agricultural productivity in Central Sulawesi Indonesia /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009315102&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Dwesini, Nontembiso Eugenia. "The implications of smallholder agricultural productivity growth for poverty alleviation in post-apartheid South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021286.
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The adoption of the Millennium Development Goal 1(MDG 1) of reducing the rate of poverty to half of the 1990-level by 2015 has been a challenge faced by the developing countries including South Africa. The foundations of democracy have to be continuously assessed so that the obstacles faced by South Africa as it strives towards sustainable democracy are addressed. With agricultural sector identified as having the potential to alleviate poverty compared to the mining sector, manufacturing sector and services sector, it faced the challenges that include: (i) accelerating agricultural productivity; (ii) reducing poverty and vulnerability; and (iii) narrowing rural-urban income disparities. The identification of the critical linkages in the agricultural development framework allows for effective strategic planning, effective decision making and appropriate policy formulation. Expectedly, the sector has attracted considerable fiscal policy interest and public investments. The primary aim of this research study is to assess the extent to which smallholder agricultural productivity growth alleviates poverty in South Africa. The statistical and econometric techniques namely; Johansen technique of co-integration analysis (1995), analysis of covariance and correlation, Vector Error Correction Model, are employed in this research study. The data description, data sources, expected relationship between variables and indexation of data are done. The drivers and cause-effect relationships between agriculture and poverty reduction are investigated. The employed models allowed for an exploration of plausible future growth in agricultural elasticity of poverty and the possibility of reducing poverty level in South Africa. The data is obtained from the National Department of Agriculture from 1994 -2013. The analysis of the results strongly confirms that agricultural productivity has a significant inverse relationship to the levels of poverty in South Africa. The outcome of the analysis will contribute to improved decision making on the use of public funds in agriculture.
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Patron, Galeana Eunice. "Neighborhood effects, convergence and growth in open economies of U.S. and Mexico." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4866.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 27, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Khatri, Yougesh J. G. "Technical change and the returns to research in UK agriculture 1953-1990." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385213.
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Chakrabarti, Anjan. "Trends in Agricultural Productivity in post land reform period : a study of employment and the economy of West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1507.
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Ianovali, Daniela. "A agricultura quilombola no Vale do Ribeira - SP: comparação entre as agriculturas itinerante e permanente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-23062015-151615/.
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O sistema agrícola itinerante (SAI), uma das formas mais antigas de agricultura, continua sendo praticado pelas comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira-SP. Entretanto, as atuais restrições da legislação ambiental brasileira, a maior integração ao mercado, e a influência de instituições e políticas públicas, estão entre os principais motivos da diminuição desta prática. A produção para o consumo doméstico do SAI está sendo substituída pela agricultura permanente e comercial de pupunheira para palmito, apoiada por incentivos governamentais como créditos financeiros e assistência técnica especializada. Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade entre os diferentes sistemas de cultivo e entre áreas submetidas a diferentes tempos de pousio, discutindo os motivos e os impactos desta transição, sua sustentabilidade, assim como os impactos econômicos para as comunidades. Utilizamos a unidade doméstica como unidade de análise para a organização social do trabalho; para cada atividade reconstituímos o itinerário técnico através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e visitas a campo; e para estimar a capacidade de remuneração dos diferentes sistemas agrícolas utilizamos o cálculo do valor agregado líquido. Durante onze meses acompanhamos a implantação das roças para consumo doméstico e o manejo do cultivo permanente de pupunheira para palmito. Os resultados mostram que há uma tendência de que em capoeiras mais jovens (entre 10-15 anos de pousio) o tempo destinado ao trabalho seja menor quando comparado com o tempo destinado ao trabalho em capoeiras avançadas (com mais de 25 anos de pousio). Entretanto, devido ao tamanho reduzido da amostra não foi possível testar sua significância. Já para a avaliação da produtividade entre os diferentes sistemas, a agricultura permanente se mostrou mais eficiente em termos de renda e no uso do trabalho, do que o SAI. Entretanto, ao considerarmos a multifuncionalidade da agricultura, o SAI desempenha um papel não só de produção de alimentos e fibras, mas também é parte de um complexo de relações socioambientais que incluem a manutenção da diversidade cultural, da agrobiodiversidade e da preservação ambiental.The shifting cultivation system (SCS), one of the oldest forms of agriculture, is still practiced by quilombola communities in the Vale do Ribeira - SP. However, current restrictions of the Brazilian environmental legislation, increased market integration, and the influence of institutions and public policies, are among the main reasons for the decrease in this practice. The production of SCS for domestic consumption is being replaced by permanent and commercial cultivation of peach palm, supported by government incentives such as financial claims and specialized technical assistance. This project aimed to assess the productivity of the different cultivation systems and between areas under different fallow lenghts, discussing the reasons and the impacts of this transition, its sustainability and economic impacts for communities. The household was used as the unit of analysis for social work organization; for each activity we recomposed the technical itinerary through semi-structured interviews and field visits; to estimate the remuneration capacity of the different farming systems used the added net value. During eleven months we monitored the implementation of the cultivated fields for domestic consumption and the management of permanent cultivation of peach palm. Our results showa tendency for lower worktime in fields with younger fallows (10-15 years) when compared to older ones (25 years).However, due to the small sample size after the abandonment of the fields by some farmers it was not possible to test its significance. As for the evaluation of productivity between the two different systems, permanent agriculture was more efficient in terms of income and the use of labor than SCS. However, when the multifunctionality of agriculture is considered, SCS plays a role not only in food and fiber production, but is also part of a complex socio-environmental relations that include the maintenance of cultural diversity, agrobiodiversity and environmental preservation.
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Zhuo, Shuai He. "Agricultural productivity growth in chinese economy : a provincial panel data analysis after 1980." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1783730.
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Mugenyi, Patrick. "Understanding the Persistent Low Productivity of the Agricultural Sector in Sub Saharan Africa." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30866.
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