Academic literature on the topic 'Agricultural productivity – Great Britain – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agricultural productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Popović, Goran, Ognjen Erić, and Jelena Bjelić. "Factor Analysis of Prices and Agricultural Production in the European Union." ECONOMICS 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0001.
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AbstractCommon agricultural policy (CAP) is a factor of development and cohesion of the European Union (EU) agriculture. The fundamentals of CAP were defined in the 1950s, when the Union was formed. Since then, CAP has been reforming and adapting to new circumstances. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union defines the goals of CAP: stable (acceptable) prices of agricultural products, growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture, growth in farmers’ income and supplying the common market. Factor analysis of the prices and production goals of CAP directly or indirectly involves the following variables: prices of agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agricultural GDP and EU GDP. The analysis results come down to 2 factors. The first – “internal factor” is a set of indicators homogenous in terms of greater impact of CAP on their trends (the prices of agricultural products in France, income from agriculture, the prices of agricultural products in EU and Great Britain and the milk price index). The second - “external factor” is made of general and global indicators (cereals prices, EU GDP and prices in industry). Factor analysis has confirmed high correlation of goals: production growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture as well as “reasonable” prices in agriculture. The analysis shows high correlation between agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agriculture GDP and EU GDP (classified into internal and external factors). In general, the results of the factor analysis justify the existence of CAP, while the EU budget support brings wider social benefits.
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Schwartz, Robert M. "Rail Transport, Agrarian Crisis, and the Restructuring of Agriculture." Social Science History 34, no. 2 (2010): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011226.
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During the late nineteenth century the transport revolution and growing agricultural output, especially in North America, engendered an agrarian crisis (1878–96) when intensifying international competition in foodstuffs led to dramatic price declines, particularly in wheat and other cereals. This comparative study of the process in Britain and France examines regional and local patterns of rural change in relation to the expansion of railways, the agrarian crisis, and the responses to the crisis by the governments and farmers of the two countries. Using spatial statistics and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to identify spatially varying relationships, it offers a new approach and results. Case studies of Dorset County in England and the Allier Department in France show that railways facilitated the shift from cereal production to livestock and dairy farming during the era of agrarian crisis. In Dorset the analysis using GWR provides an explanation for patterns of the agricultural depression that a pioneering article identified but could not explain and thus illustrates the promise of blending narrative and spatial history. Further, it argues that in France railway expansion and the construction of a secondary network reduced regional disparities in rail service and likely in agricultural productivity, too. More broadly, it concludes that the differing political economies of Britain and France led to different trade and railway policies during the crisis and to different agrarian outcomes in which agricultural productivity declined in Britain and improved in France.
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Martin, John. "The role of nitrogen in transforming British agricultural productivity production prior to and during the First World War." Global Environment 13, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 583–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130304.
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This paper explores the reasons why artificial or mineral sources of nitrogen, which were more readily available in Britain than in other European countries, were only slowly adopted by farmers in the decades prior to and during the First World War. It considers why nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia, a by-product of coal-gas (town-gas) manufacture, was increasingly exported from Britain for use by German farmers. At the same time Britain was attempting to monopolise foreign supplies of Chilean nitrate, which was not only a valuable source of fertiliser for agriculture but also an essential ingredient of munitions production. The article also investigates the reasons why sulphate of ammonia was not more widely used to raise agricultural production during the First World War, at a time when food shortages posed a major threat to public morale and commitment to the war effort.
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Pardey, Philip G., and Julian M. Alston. "Unpacking the Agricultural Black Box: The Rise and Fall of American Farm Productivity Growth." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 1 (March 2021): 114–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000649.
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Has the golden age of U.S. agricultural productivity growth ended? We analyze the detailed patterns of productivity growth spanning a century of profound changes in American agriculture. We document a substantial slowing of U.S. farm productivity growth, following a late mid-century surge—20 years after the surge and slowdown in U.S. industrial productivity growth. We posit and empirically probe three related explanations for this farm productivity surge-slowdown: the time path of agricultural R&D-driven knowledge stocks; a big wave of technological progress associated with great clusters of inventions; and dynamic aspects of the structural transformation of agriculture, largely completed by 1980.
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Evett, Steven R., Paul D. Colaizzi, Freddie R. Lamm, Susan A. O’Shaughnessy, Derek M. Heeren, Thomas J. Trout, William L. Kranz, and Xiaomao Lin. "Past, Present, and Future of Irrigation on the U.S. Great Plains." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 3 (2020): 703–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13620.
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Highlights Irrigation is key to the productivity of Great Plains agriculture but is threatened by water scarcity. The irrigated area grew to >9 million ha since 1870, mostly since 1950, but is likely to decline. Changes in climate, water availability, irrigated area, and policy will affect productivity. Adaptation and innovation, hallmarks of Great Plains populations, will ensure future success. Abstract. Motivated by the need for sustainable water management and technology for next-generation crop production, the future of irrigation on the U.S. Great Plains was examined through the lenses of past changes in water supply, historical changes in irrigated area, and innovations in irrigation technology, management, and agronomy. We analyzed the history of irrigated agriculture through the 1900s to the present day. We focused particularly on the efficiency and water productivity of irrigation systems (application efficiency, crop water productivity, and irrigation water use productivity) as a connection between water resource management and agricultural production. Technology innovations have greatly increased the efficiency of water application, the productivity of water use, and the agricultural productivity of the Great Plains. We also examined the changes in water stored in the High Plains aquifer, which is the region’s principle supply for irrigation water. Relative to other states, the aquifer has been less impacted in Nebraska, despite large increases in irrigated area. Greatly increased irrigation efficiency has played a role in this, but so have regulations and the recharge to the aquifer from the Nebraska Sand Hills and from rivers crossing the state. The outlook for irrigation is less positive in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, and the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles. The aquifer in these regions is recharged at rates much less than current pumping, and the aquifer is declining as a result. Improvements in irrigation technology and management plus changes in crops grown have made irrigation ever more efficient and allowed irrigation to continue. There is good reason to expect that future research and development efforts by federal and state researchers, extension specialists, and industry, often in concert, will continue to improve the efficiency and productivity of irrigated agriculture. Public policy changes will also play a role in regulating consumption and motivating on-farm efficiency improvements. Water supplies, while finite, will be stretched much further than projected by some who look only at past rates of consumption. Thus, irrigation will continue to be important economically for an extended period. Sustaining irrigation is crucial to sustained productivity of the Great Plains “bread basket” because on average irrigation doubles the efficiency with which water is turned into crop yields compared with what can be attained in this region with precipitation alone. Lessons learned from the Great Plains are relevant to irrigation in semi-arid and subhumid areas worldwide. Keywords: Center pivot, Crop water productivity, History, Sprinkler irrigation, Subsurface drip irrigation, Water use efficiency.
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Abdullah, Shahino Mah. "Human Capital Development in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." ICR Journal 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i2.128.
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Improvement in standards of living can be attributed to emerging innovations and technological changes. Innovations in farming methods, for example, triggered the Agricultural Revolution in Britain, which then set off the Industrial Revolution in 1750. Back then, the coal-powered steam engine significantly benefitted the iron industry, textile trade, and transportation. Since then, a series of innovations have emerged and successfully solved certain human inefficiencies and increased overall productivity. Although the British initially prohibited the export of technology and skilled workers, the Industrial Revolution nevertheless spread to other European countries and the United States.
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Jackson, Christine E. "The Ward family of taxidermists." Archives of Natural History 45, no. 1 (April 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2018.0478.
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Three generations of Ward taxidermists practised their craft both in Britain and abroad. The grandfather, John, had a daughter Jane Catherine, and two sons, James Frederick and Edwin Henry, both of whom went to North America to collect birds (Henry with John James Audubon). Edwin Henry's own two sons, Edwin and Rowland, became two of the best known taxidermists in Great Britain. Edwin emigrated to California, where he taught his skills to his three sons. Rowland was the most famous, successful and wealthy member of the family, becoming world-renowned as a taxidermist.
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Li, Bozhong, and Jan Luiten van Zanden. "Before the Great Divergence? Comparing the Yangzi Delta and the Netherlands at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 956–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000654.
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This article tests recent ideas about the long-term economic development of China compared with Europe on the basis of a detailed comparison of structure and level of GDP in part of the Yangzi delta and the Netherlands in the 1820s. We find that Dutch GDP per capita was almost twice as high as in the Yangzi delta. Agricultural productivity there was at about the same level as in the Netherlands (and England), but large productivity gaps existed in industry and services. We attempt to explain this concluding that differences in factor costs are probably behind disparities in labor productivity.
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Zhou, Xun. "Re-examining the History of the Great Famine in China through Documentary Evidence." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t2pc70.
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This paper examines documentary evidence that has emerged from the Chinese state archives showing that from the outset, the Great Leap Forward failed as a method for improving agricultural productivity; that its failure was quickly evident and purposefully ignored; and that the level of human suffering and death was greater than has been suggested. In addition, in contrast to the image of a strictly disciplined communist society in which errors at the top cause the entire machinery to grind to a halt, the portrait that emerges from archival documents is one of a society in deliquescence, as people resort to every means available to get by as well as they can.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agricultural productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Gottwald, Carl H. "The Anglo-American Council on Productivity: 1948-1952 British Productivity and the Marshall Plan." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279256/.
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The United Kingdom's postwar economic recovery and the usefulness of Marshall Plan aid depended heavily on a rapid increase in exports by the country's manufacturing industries. American aid administrators, however, shocked to discover the British industry's inability to respond to the country's urgent need, insisted on aggressive action to improve productivity. In partial response, a joint venture, called the Anglo-American Council on Productivity (AACP), arranged for sixty-six teams involving nearly one thousand people to visit U.S. factories and bring back productivity improvement ideas. Analyses of team recommendations, and a brief review of the country's industrial history, offer compelling insights into the problems of relative industrial decline. This dissertation attempts to assess the reasons for British industry's inability to respond to the country's economic emergency or to maintain its competitive position faced with the challenge of newer industrializing countries.
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Lawrence, David. "British agricultural policy, 1917-1932." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55612.
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DORMOIS, Jean-Pierre. "Des machines ou des hommes? : etude des differentiels de productivite entre la France et la Royaume-Uni avant la Premiere Guerre Mondiale." Doctoral thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5785.
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Defence date: 12 March 1994Supervisor: A. Carreras
First made available online on 4 September 2018
L'histoire de la croissance et du développement et de leur conséquences exerce une fascination sur le chercheur en histoire économique. Joël Mokyr la qualifie de “the issue of issues” [Mokyr, 1990: 3]. En dépit de la masse de documents et d'interprétations accumulés, à propos de l'industrialisation en Europe occidentale depuis que la discipline acquît son autonomie, il semble que ce soit encore le domaine qui occupe le plus les chercheurs. La réalité (et la documentation) est si riche que les analyses et les synthèses s'y succèdent et s'y opposent dans des débats sans fin. L'étude comparée de la croissance en France et en Grande-Bretagne au cours des trois derniers siècles a pris, dans ce contexte, des proportions de cas d'école sur lequel plusieurs auteurs éminents, depuis Marx, ont livré leurs réflexions. Contre toute attente, le sujet semble encore loin d'être épuisé, peut-être parce que l'enjeu du débat a une portée qui dépasse l'aire géographique qu'il représente. Sans aller jusqu'à affirmer avec McCloskey que "l'histoire britannique guide les autres histoires” [McCloskey, 1990: 40], on doit reconnaître, -c'est une fait qui s'impose à nous- que les sociétés avec l'histoire la plus longue et la mieux documentée ont tendance à acquérir le statut de modèle qui pourrait, par exemple se résumer dans une formule simpliste comme "l'Angleterre a produit une révolution industrielle sans connaître de révolution politique et la France une révolution politique sans révolution industrielle". Avant même l'apparition des possibilités offertes par la comptabilité nationale le couple France, Grande-Bretagne était devenu un paradigme.
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Erickson, Tammy Marie. "A critique of Marx's theory of alienation." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18035.
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This dissertation is a critique of Marx's theory of alienation with emphasis on how Marx
constructed his definition of man and consciousness. The main premise of the theory is that
private property caused alienation but the hypothesis of this dissertation is that because the
theory defined man and consciousness in an erroneous manner alienation was not possible, and that the conditions observed by Marx were exacerbated by landlessness.Political Sciences
M.A. (Politics)
Books on the topic "Agricultural productivity – Great Britain – History"
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E, Caves Richard, ed. Britain's productivity gap. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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The agricultural revolution. Oxford, OX, UK: B. Blackwell, 1990.
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Sokoloff, Kenneth Lee. Agricultural seasonality and the organization of manufacturing during early industrialization: The contrast between Britain and the United States. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.
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V, Beckett J., and Afton B. 1948-, eds. Agricultural rent in England, 1690-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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Farmworkers in England and Wales: A social and economic history, 1770-1980. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.
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Charismatic cows and beefcake bulls. Ipswich: Old Pond Pub., 2007.
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McCann, James. A great agrarian cycle?: A history of agricultural productivity and demographic change in highland Ethiopia, 1900-1987. Boston, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1988.
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Jefferies, Richard. Hodge and his masters. Phoenix Mill, U.K: Alan Sutton, 1992.
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Harvey, Nigel. Fields, hedges and ditches. 2nd ed. Aylesbury: Shire, 1987.
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Weaver, Stewart Angas. The Hammonds: A marriage in history. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Agricultural productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Bonner, Thomas Neville. "An Uncertain Enterprise: Learning to Heal in the Enlightenment." In Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.003.0005.
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There was no more turbulent yet creative time in the history of medical study than the latter years of the eighteenth century. During this troubled era, familiar landmarks in medicine were fast disappearing; new ideas about medical training were gaining favor; the sites of medical education were rapidly expanding; and the variety of healers was growing in every country. Student populations, too, were undergoing important changes; governments were shifting their role in medicine, especially in the continental nations; and national differences in educating doctors were becoming more pronounced. These transformations are the subject of the opening chapters of this book. These changes in medical education were a reflection of the general transformation of European society, education, and politics. By the century’s end, the whole transatlantic world was in the grip of profound social and political movement. Like other institutions, universities and medical schools were caught up in a “period of major institutional restructuring” as new expectations were placed on teachers and students. Contemporaries spoke of an apocalyptic sense of an older order falling and new institutions fighting for birth, and inevitably the practice of healing was also affected. From the middle of the century, the nations of Europe and their New World offspring had undergone a quickening transformation in their economic activity, educational ideas, and political outlook. By 1800, in the island kingdom of Great Britain, the unprecedented advance of agricultural and industrial change had pushed that nation into world leadership in manufacturing, agricultural productivity, trade, and shipping. Its population growth exceeded that of any continental state, and in addition, nearly three-fourths of all new urban growth in Europe was occurring in the British Isles. The effects on higher education were to create a demand for more practical subjects, modern languages, and increased attention to the needs of the thriving middle classes. Although Oxford and Cambridge, the only universities in England, were largely untouched by the currents of change, the Scottish universities, by contrast, were beginning to teach modern subjects, to bring practical experience into the medical curriculum, and to open their doors to a wider spectrum of students.
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Roberts, Patrick. "The Tropical ‘Anthropocene’ A Modern Battleground or a Long-Term Framework?" In Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0012.
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Although referencing temperate, rather than tropical, rainforest destruction in the United States of America the above passage highlights the shift in landscape valuation driven by modern demographic and economic pressures. Firstly, as a greater proportion of the world’s population shifts to the tropics over the course of the twenty-first century, more and more local smallholders will rely on tropical forests as a source of freshwater, agricultural land, and urban land, as well as timber, medicine, and food (Ghazoul and Sheil, 2010; The State of the Tropics Project, 2016). Furthermore, rather than solely being contexts for local subsistence and use, tropical forests are now also national and international ‘mines’ that provision high value wood, minerals, fuels, and land for multi-national businesses and markets. Notions that tropical forests should be removed, rather than managed or maintained, in order to increase local productivity and land value, have led to them becoming the most threatened terrestrial environments on the face of the Earth after the polar ice-caps. Certainly, the increasingly dramatic impacts these pressures are having upon them form part of broader discussions of a new, human-driven era of earth systems domination known as the ‘Anthropocene’ (Malhi et al., 2014). Disproportionate biodiversity, the regulatory role these habitats play in local and regional soil structure and chemistry, and their position within local, regional, and even global climate systems mean that human alterations to tropical forests, that have been argued to have changed in nature and scale since the European industrial revolution of the eighteenth century and the ‘Great Acceleration’ of the 1960s, have massive implications for the planet as a whole (Malhi et al., 2014; Malhi, 2017). As a result, tropical forests are a focal political, economic, and cultural battlefield between local populations reliant upon living within them, and business and governmental interests seeking to extract from them. This chapter explores the tensions that exist in the human occupation and use of global tropical forest regions today, including the advance of urbanism and industrialization, exploitation of mineral, floral, and faunal resources by local groups and multi-national corporations, and their key position in discussions of anthropogenically induced climate change.
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Polishchuk, Rostyslav. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN PARALLEL WITH THE FORMS OF AXIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOCIETY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-3-4.
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This article describes the hypothesis that sport originated and developed with forms of axial performance. It is noted that the physical education tradition was formed and modernized according to the axial principles of development of each era. What determines the transition of society from one level of development to another? Among the many reasons, the most important are socio-cultural revolutions, such as agricultural, industrial and scientific information. That is, it is progress, certain evolutionary steps that affect the development of society as a whole. We propose to consider the concept of axial time for each era (a combination of axial and wave approaches), ie the axial principle and the impact of human civilization on the formation and formation of physical education and sports culture. D. Bell considers the "axial principle" of the division of civilization "axis of production" and the knowledge used. For example, for industrial society such a criterion is the use of machines for the production of goods, and for post-industrial - scientific and primarily theoretical knowledge (which is a strategic resource, the axial principle of society). According to our concept, the whole historical process can be divided into large stages. The change of each of them is a change of the basic qualitative characteristics of the corresponding step of the historical process. The concept of the principle of axial productivity is not only production, but also the formation of a new worldview, which can be such a basis that describes the great qualitative steps in the development of world history. The revolution in the worldview is an integral part of the historical process. With its help there are profound qualitative changes in socio-cultural life, in political and economic relations, the public consciousness changes. In these periods, socio-cultural relations, on the one hand, are approaching the leading productive forces, and on the other hand, they themselves create a new level, which gives impetus to generate new worldview principles. Worldview trends were the guiding factor first in the formation and then the transformation of the system of physical education, physical culture and sports. Each stage of such development was permeated with the spirit of the corresponding cultural and historical epoch. It is emphasized that compared to the sport of the last century, the sport of the XXI century will develop much faster and more powerfully, and its main task will be to take care of leisure and human health in the economic globalization of the information society.